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Caiet de seminar DISCURS EUROPEAN
1
PRACTICI DISCURSIVE. DISCURS EUROPEAN
Caiet de seminar
MA, I
Lect. univ. dr. Mihaela Culea
2014
Caiet de seminar DISCURS EUROPEAN
2
CAPITOLUL 1. CTRE O IDENTITATE CULTURAL COMUN ? UNIUNEA EUROPEAN: INSTITUII, VALORI, SIMBOLURI.
PRELIMINARII
1. Notai cinci cuvinte (oameni/concepte/locuri/evenimente) care v vin
in minte atunci cnd auzii sintagma Uniunea Europeana (UE).
2. Rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri i motivai rspunsurile:
1. La intrebarea De unde esti? Raspusul meu este a. sunt romn, b.
sunt european, c. altul, d. ambele
2. Mndria mea este c a. sunt romn, b. sunt european.
3. Ca urmare a aderrii la UE la data de 1 ianuarie 2007 Romnia a. a
beneficiat de...; b. a avut parte de numeroase dezavantaje/probleme...
4. Personal, ca urmare a aderrii Romniei la UE am avut parte de a.
beneficii cum ar fi; b. dezavantaje cum ar fi.c. nici una, nici alta.
5. Cei apropiai au fost afectati de noul statut al Romniei .............
6. Atunci cnd cltoresc vorbesc despre Romnia in urmatorii termeni
7. Atunci cnd cineva denigreaz Romnia ii spun ca
8. Cea mai mare realizare a UE pn acum a fost
9. Ce mai mare provocare cu care se confrunta UE este...
10. Cel mai mare eec al UE pn acum a fost
3. Studiai cu atenie harta Europei. Analizai experimentul realizat pe un
grup de studeni americani in legtura cu localizarea statelor pe harta
Europei.1 Ce concluzii putei trage?
4. Avnd in vedere obiectivul UE semnalat prin motto-ul sau Unitate in
diversitate, impreuna cu ideile lui V. Havel sau cu faptul ca o
componenta esentiala a identitatii culturale o constituie istoria comuna
sau existenta unui tazaur de memorii comune credeti ca putem vorbi
despre o identitate culturala europeana? mprtesc popoarele
europene o identitate culturala comuna? O vor putea face in viitor?
5. Avnd in vedere ultimele evenimente din sfera economica sau politica
europeana, ce imagine a Europei previzionati?
6. Considerati ca exista un decalaj intre teoriile si practicile la nivelul UE i
a discursului su instituional in ceea ce privete diverse aspecte ale
1 Disponibil la http://www.buzzfeed.com/summeranne/americans-try-to-place-european-countries-on-a-map.
Caiet de seminar DISCURS EUROPEAN
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vietii? Discutati ideile si temele principale care pot fi desprinse din
interviul Euronews Worldview acordat de Presedintele Comisiei
Europene, J.M. Barroso.2
7. Care credeti ca este cea mai mare problema cu care se confrunta UE la
momentul actual?
8. Considerati ca putem vorbi despre opozitia centru periferie la nivelul
UE? Motivai rspunsul.
9. Ziarele europene scriu adesea despre criza finaciara din unele tari
europene cat si despre cea care poate afecta Europa in anii urmatori.
Vizionati documentarul BBC The Great Euro Crash (2012).3 Care este
legatura dintre ceea ce semnaleaza filmul si viziunea unei uniuni care sa
manifeste mai multa putere si mai multa adeziune?
10. Studiati arhiva programului Cest a lEurope?! difuzat de TV 5 Monde.
Programul dezbate chestiuni legate de tineretul european, aspecte de
gen, cetatenie europeana, emigrare etc. Vizionati una dintre aceste
emisiuni pe o tema la alegere; expuneti ideile principale si argumentati
daca sunteti de acord sau nu cu ideile expuse.
11. Studiati parerile unor cetateni romani intervievati de revista Formula As
in cadrul anchetei De ce a pleca din Romnia? De ce am rmas.4
Extrageti parerile pro si contra cu privire la tema abordata (fenomenul
emigrii in contextul contemporan). Care tip de argumente vi se par
solide si care nu? Sunteti de aceeasi parere cu cei intervievati? ncercai
s gsii rspunsuri similare sau diferite oferite de cei apropiai.
12. Considerai c resursele electronice oferite de site-ul official al UE
(http://europa.eu/index_ro.htm) ar ajuta/ajut n procesul educaional?
Consultai Colul copiilor (http://europa.eu/kids-corner/index_ro.htm)
i Spaiul profesorului (http://europa.eu/teachers-
corner/index_ro.htm).
2Disponibil la http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xifPWIhaviI. 3https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyNekAJ6rA8. 4 Vezi http://www.formula-as.ro/2012/1010/asul-de-inima-45/de-ce-as-pleca-din-romania-de-ce-am-ramas-14840, http://www.formula-as.ro/2012/1005/ancheta-72/trei-scriitori-doua-intrebari-de-ce-as-pleca-din-romania-de-ce-raman-14712, http://www.formula-as.ro/2012/1006/ancheta-72/au-cuvantul-studentii-de-ce-as-pleca-din-romania-de-ce-raman-14748, accesat la 3 noiembrie 2012.
Caiet de seminar DISCURS EUROPEAN
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CAP. 2
METAFORA CONCEPTUAL I DISCURSUL EUROPEAN
1. Dintre domeniile surs des utilizate n mass-media pentru domeniul
int UE menionm: un EDIFICIU, O MAIN, O CREATUR, UN CORP
UMAN, O CLTORIE, O GRDIN, UN CMP DE LUPT, UN CLUB.
Utiliznd domeniul int UE, cutai expresii metaforice recurente n
mass-media care descriu un anumit domeniu surs, de exemplu UE este
o FAMILIE. Identificai i analizai scenariile/mini-naraiunile
desfurate de aceast cartare.
Ex. UE este o FAMILIE vedeti exemplul de la exercitiul 6
2. Pentru grupa LEPC Analizai expresiile metaforice din extrasele din
ziare de mai jos i identificai metafora conceptual pe care o
actualizeaz.
I. (1) Is the FrancoGerman couple really the heart of the European Union, as
[Chirac] said during the [election] campaign, or are Britains Conservatives
right to imagine they have found a fellow-sceptic to flirt with? (The Guardian, 18
May 1995)
(2) [] every time, over the past decade, that a new president or prime minister
has taken over in France, he briefly [] flirts with the Euro-sceptical British,
only to fall back in relief on the old liaison with Germany (The Economist, 5
December 1998).
(3) An adviser to Chirac says the FrancoGerman marriage remains
fundamental to French European policy; many Germans agree. So long as they
stick to the marriage metaphor, this makes Tony Blair either lover or mistress.
Thats a good reason for abandoning the metaphor, not the threesome. (The
Guardian, 19 February 2004)
(4) The reality behind the will-theywont-they, pre-nuptial dances among
aspirant members of Europes monetary union club is that as long as the []
economic slowdown doesnt turn into a full-blown recession the project will
probably go ahead. (The Guardian, 27 January 1996)
(5) The economic marriage that the eleven partners are about to embark upon
would have needed a longer engagement period. This was not to be. Lets hope
this marrying in haste does not lead to regrets at leisure. (The Economist, 8
February 1999)
Caiet de seminar DISCURS EUROPEAN
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(6) In the long gestation of Europes Economic and Monetary Union
conceived in Maastricht 1991, to be delivered in Frankfurt 1999it suddenly
seems likely this week that the anxious parents, Germany and France, are
expecting a soft baby euro. (The Guardian, 30 May 1997)
(7) While Europeans from 11 other countries celebrated the birth of a single
European currency, an ICM poll found Brits unmoved by the euros launch [].
(The Economist, 9 January 1999)
II. (1) [] how Western Europes grown-up democracies treat the foundling-
states appearing on their eastern doorstep. (The Economist, 7 December 1991)
(2) Britains European Union partners yesterday feted the new governments
return to Brussels with a warmth which would not have disgraced the biblical
welcome accorded to the prodigal son. (The Guardian, 6 May 1997)
(3) Slovakia remains the problem child of the European family. (Die Welt, 13
March 1998)
(4) One may well describe the relationship between Germany and France as
fraternal, but there is no doubt who in this family regards himself as the bigger
brother with older rights. Over decades the government in Bonn has supported
this feeling in Paris, and with good reason. (Sddeutsche Zeitung, 5 May 1998)
(5) In Europe-as-family the Commission played the role of mama, the great
dispenser of favours. Plainly the southern Europeans saw little wrong with a
Commission that created networks of allegiance []. (The Guardian, 17 March
1999)
(6) Greece, the currency union's greatest problem child, has failed to push
through necessary reforms. (Spiegel Online International, August 8, 2012)5
(7)"Everyone has to leave Mom at some point and that time has come for the
Greeks." (ibidem)
(8) After a year of unprecedented strife, Greece, the bad boy of Europe,
deserves sympathy more than censure says the Today presenter. (The
Telegraph, 12 February 2013)6
5 http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/ten-politicians-who-worsen-the-euro-crisis-with-aggressive-rhetoric-a-848762.html 6 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greece/8998359/Proud-but-powerless-the-Greece-that-I-love.html
Caiet de seminar DISCURS EUROPEAN
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III. (1) The Governments hopes of a prolonged honeymoon in Europe were
dashed last night as the Chancellor, Gordon Brown, fought a losing battle against
exclusion from the new single currency policy-setting group. (The Guardian, 2
December 1997)
(2) Labours honeymoon with the EU appeared to have come to an abrupt end
after a day of sharp exchanges between Mr Blair and President Chirac []. (The
Daily Telegraph, 13 December 1997)
(3) Labours honeymoon with Europe was under strain last night after France
and Germany demanded an end to Britains and other countries veto on
European tax decisions. (The Times, 2 December 1998)
3. Cutai texte media din presa scris sau vizual francez i identificai
domeniile surs pentru domeniul int FRANA (FRANA este...) n
raport cu activitatea, politicile i rolurile sale ca membr UE. Discutai
factorii istorici, sociali, politici etc. care au dus la apariia acestei MC,
identificai participanii i efectele produse.
4. Cutai texte media din presa scris sau vizual englezeasc i
identificai domeniile surs pentru domeniul int MAREA BRITANIE
(MAREA BRITANIE este.../BRITANICII sunt ...) n raport cu activitatea,
politicile i rolurile sale ca membr UE. Discutai factorii istorici, sociali,
politici etc. care au dus la apariia acestei MC, identificai participanii i
efectele produse.
5. Cutai texte media din presa scris sau vizual romneasc i
identificai domeniile surs pentru domeniul int ROMNIA (ROMNIA
este...) sau ROMNII sunt n contextul european actual. Discutai
factorii istorici, sociali, politici etc. care au dus la apariia acestei MC,
identificai participanii i efectele produse.
6. Cutai texte media din presa scris sau vizual din rile europene
(Italia, Spania, Frana, Marea Britanie) i identificai domeniile surs
pentru domeniul int ROMNIA (ROMNIA este...) sau ROMNII sunt
n contextul european actual. Analizai metafora conceptual actualizat
de aceste expresii metaforice.
Caiet de seminar DISCURS EUROPEAN
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Ex.
Romnia este copilul srac al Europei
Contextul problemei/background: descriei factorii istorici, social, politici etc.
care au dus la apariia acestei MC (perioada comunista etc.). Contextualizarea
problemei i identificarea participanilor.
Identificarea metaforei conceptuale (MC) i a expresiilor metaforice care o actualizeaz (structura mintal, domenii conceptuale) Cartarea: Setul de corespondene care unesc cele dou domenii; cmpuri
semantice comune care permit identificarea metaforic.
Scenariul dezvoltat Romnia este doar un copil al familiei UE, relaii de
subordonare, protecie ; relaiile cu prinii, cu ali copii ; dificulti, proiecte,
stadiul de dezvoltare etc.
Effecte reacii publice la aceast conceptualizare ; reacii n mass-media ;
reacii personale, sentimente.
7. Pentru grupa LEPC n multe ziare europene domeniul int GRECIA a
fost intens abordat. Analizai expresiile metaforice din extrasele din
ziare de mai jos i identificai metafora conceptual pe care o
actualizeaz. Discutai factorii istorici, sociali, politici etc. care au dus la
apariia acestei MC, identificai participanii i efectele produse.
(1) With contagion spreading across Southern Europe, spreads on 10-year Greek
bonds exploded to almost 600 basis points over German Bunds in panic trading,
pushing borrowing costs close to 9pc. Rates on two-year debt rose to 10.6pc in
a market gone mad. (The Telegraph, 22 April 2010)7
(2) Germanys ruling coalition is still sending mixed messages. The finance
spokesman for Germanys Free Democrats, Frank Schffler, told Handelsblatt on
Thursday that Greece should voluntarily step outside the eurozone if it cannot
comply with austerity demands. Any other way is frankly a placebo to calm the
markets, he said. (ibid.)
(3) Suki Mann, of Societe Generale, said such a move (debt restructuring in
Greece) would be a major headache for Portugal, Spain and Ireland. (ibid.)
7 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/7621289/Escalating-Greek-default-fears-rock-Europes-debt-markets.html
Caiet de seminar DISCURS EUROPEAN
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(4) European leaders continue to believe that Greece will accept new economic
reforms and austerity measures, despite growing evidence that the population
is nearing breaking point. (The Guardian, 20 June 2011)8
(5) He said he was quitting because the measures agreed by the coalition were
painful for working people in Greece. (The Guardian, 9 February 2012)9
(1) Over the past few days it has been painfully evident that Greeces coalition
government was having real trouble securing agreement on the deal but it has
now been told to cut some more. Berlin wants a full pound of flesh. (The
Guardian, 10 February 2012)10
(2) In Greece, by killing off growth ensures that the countrys debt problem cannot
be cured. (The Guardian, 10 February 2012)11
(3) Greek officials say the shock therapy now being administered to Greece after
almost two years of savage spending cuts has dramatically hindered any
attempt to improve its economic position. (The Guardian, 15 February 2012)12
(4) "They want sound figures in the economy but with dead citizens, said another
insider, saying the austerity Greece was being forced to mete out in return for
aid was coming perilously close to killing the patient. (The Guardian, 15
February 2012)13
(5) (...) the actions taken by the European Central Bank over the past couple of
months have been sufficient to ensure no contagion effects from Greece to the
other debt-stricken eurozone members and, just as importantly, to the fragile
European banking system. (The Guardian, 10 February 2012)14
(6) In Greece, every time we try to heal a little wound another one comes along.
(The Guardian, 15 February 2012)15
(7) But the package is dependent on Greece implementing further austerity
measures, whose unpopularity is underlined by the painful negotiations
8 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/jun/20/greece-bailout-impasse-europe-stockmarket 9 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/feb/09/eurozone-crisis-live-greek-bailout-deal 10 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/economics-blog/2012/feb/10/european-debt-crisis-germany-against-greece?intcmp=239 11 - http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/economics-blog/2012/feb/10/european-debt-crisis-germany-against-greece?intcmp=239 12 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/feb/15/greek-german-hostility-eurozone-crisis 13 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/feb/15/greek-german-hostility-eurozone-crisis 14 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/economics-blog/2012/feb/10/european-debt-crisis-germany-against-greece?intcmp=239 15 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/feb/15/greek-german-hostility-eurozone-crisis
Caiet de seminar DISCURS EUROPEAN
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between Papademoss coalition government in the days leading up to the crisis,
and the regular protests on the streets of Athens. (The Guardian, 21 February
2012)16
(8) But Greeces economic agony will go on. (The Guardian, 27 November 2012)17
(9) (...) a lack of confidence that the effort to resurrect the Greek economy will
bear fruit or that three years of European bailout policy was working. (The
Guardian, 27 November 2012)18
(10) Tax evasion is endemic in Greece, making it more difficult for the
government to shore up its finances under its 240bn international bailout.
(The Telegraph, 24 December 2012)19
(11) Austerity policies imposed by the bailed-out countrys international
lenders to shore up public finances have taken a toll on the battered economy,
which was shrinking at an annualised rate of nearly 7pc in the third quarter.
(The Telegraph, 10 January 2013)20
8. Pentru grupa LEPC n multe ziare europene domeniul int GRECIA a
fost intens abordat. Analizai expresiile metaforice din extrasele din
ziare de mai jos i identificai metafora conceptual pe care o
actualizeaz acest tip de discurs jurnalistic. Discutai factorii istorici,
sociali, politici etc. care au dus la apariia acestei MC, identificai
participanii i efectele produse.
(1) Hostility levels have reached maximum as savage austerity measures
threaten to bring Greece to its knees. (The Guardian, 15 February 2012)21
(2) (...) on Wednesday it was clear relations between Europes paymaster and
its most indebted state had reached a new level of hostility. (The Guardian, 15
February 2012)22
16 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/feb/21/eurozone-reaches-second-greece-bailout-deal 17 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/economics-blog/2012/nov/27/greek-bailout-deal-should-work-for-now 18 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/nov/27/eu-imf-greek-debt 19 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/9764757/Greece-not-doing-enough-to-fight-tax-dodgers-say-EU-and-IMF.html 20 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/9793154/Greek-youth-unemployment-edges-toward-60pc.html 21 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/feb/15/greek-german-hostility-eurozone-crisis, accessed May 5, 2012. 22 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/feb/15/greek-german-hostility-eurozone-crisis
Caiet de seminar DISCURS EUROPEAN
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(3) City economists believe fresh funding could be rushed forward for Greece if
Papandreou is defeated. (The Guardian, 20 June 2011)23
(4) If there was any doubt that the gloves were off it was removed by
Evangelos Venizelos, the Greek finance minister early in the day. Our country,
he said, is waging a battle of survival within the eurozone. (The Guardian, 15
February 2012)24
(5) (...) international lenders were determined to force the Greek people into
concentration camp conditions." (The Guardian, 9 February 2012)25
(6) This is very good news conservative leader Antonis Samaras, who messiah-
like, emerged from last nights marathon talks saying that he had "fought"
throughout the negotiations for pensions to be dropped from the draconian
package of austerity measures. (The Guardian, 9 February 2012)26
(7) "Greece will pay its debts back, if you let us. But not with a German knife
held to our throats." (The Telegraph, 11 February 2012)27
(8) (...) give Greece the aid it needs, so long as it has met its minimum
requirements. Otherwise, he warned, Europe would face a big potential
explosion ". (The Guardian, 9 February 2012)28
9. Cutai tipuri de metafore conceptuale i n alte tipuri de text sau de
discurs care abordeaz tematica european (discurs religios, poetic,
vizual, economic, politic etc.). Discutai factorii istorici, sociali, politici
etc. care au dus la apariia acestei MC, identificai participanii i efectele
produse.
23 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/jun/20/greece-bailout-impasse-europe-stockmarket 24 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/feb/15/greek-german-hostility-eurozone-crisis 25 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/feb/09/eurozone-crisis-live-greek-bailout-deal 26 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/feb/09/eurozone-crisis-live-greek-bailout-deal 27 Disponibile la http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/9076124/Greece-will-pay-its-debts-back-if-you-let-us.-But-not-with-a-German-knife-held-to-our-throats.html 28 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/feb/09/eurozone-crisis-live-greek-bailout-deal
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CAP. 3
REPREZENTRI STEREOTIPE N DISCURSUL EUROPEAN
1. Analizai stereotipurile difuzate de emisiunea Big Fat Gipsy Weddings produs
de Channel 4.29
2. Discutai contextul, cauzele i efectele stereotipurilor etnice prezentate in
desenele sau benzile desenate din ziare sau prezentate de posterele greceti
aprute in contextul recentei crize financiare.30 Cteva exemple sunt:
3. Alegei un discurs politic al unui lider politic european i analizai funciile
retorice i efectele stereotipurilor in discursul politic.
4. Pentru grupa LEPC - Printai urmtoarele pagini de manual care abordeaz
problema stereotipurilor naionale i rezolvai subiectele propuse pentru
discuie:http://www.eoilangreo.net/ana/ni2/exercises/national_stereotypes.p
df.
5. Analizai discursul umoristic in glumele cu tem naional care sunt vehiculate
in spaiul european (in orice limba cunoatei). Care este impactul acestor
reprezentri stereotipe ale caracterului naional la nivelul rilor vizate sau la
nivel european?
6. Alegei un volum din seria The Xenophobes Guide (Ghidul xenofobului - englezii,
olandezii, italienii etc., Bucureti, Nemira, 2010/2011) i extragei trsturile
29 Disponibila la http://www.channel4.com/programmes/big-fat-gypsy-weddings/episode-guide. 30 Exemple disponibile la http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2054406/Furious-Greeks-lampoon-German-overlords-Nazis-picture-Merkel-dressed-SS-guard.html, accesat la 11 ianuarie 2013.
Caiet de seminar DISCURS EUROPEAN
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dominante asociate cu un anumit grup etnic. Care sunt efectele acestei
reprezentri? Considerai c abordarea subiectului duce la intrirea
sentimentelor xenofobe i de discriminare sau la respingerea acestora?
7. Pntru grupa LEPC studiai proiectul interactiv lansat de cotidianul britanic
Guardian in anul 2012 cu privire la Stereotipurile europene.31 Analizai dialogul
stereotipurilor europene pentru fiecare ar in parte: What Europe said... and
What France/Germany/Poland/Italy/Spain replied... Facei referire la categoriile
de aspecte stereotipizate (de ex. limba, atitudini, credine, aspect fizic etc.). Care
sunt efectele acestui dialog jurnalistic?
8. Analizai stereotipurile referitoare la diferenele de sex transmise de o serie de
reclame televizate sau aprute in presa scris (romneti/englezei/franuzeti
etc.) Ce idei stereotipe sunt transmise i ce caracteristici sau roluri le sunt
atribuite celor dou sexe in aceste reclame?32
9. Pentru grupa LEPC - in cazul comunicrii vizuale, stereotipurile constituie
instrumente care faciliteaz transmiterea mesajelor intr-o manier mai clar,
mai simpl i mai expresiv. Se consider c impactul stereotipurilor vizuale
este mult mai puternic dect in cazul celor lingvistice. Analizai temele,
marcatorii si efectele stereotipurilor etnice transmise de filmele animate, de ex.
Manga Axis Powers Hetalia.33
10. Analizai utilizarea i impactul prejudecilor, clieelor i stereotipurilor etnice
n filme. Discutai un film la alegere sau abordai conflictul dintre culturi
(englez, arab i francez) bazat pe reprezentri stereotipe in I Love Prigord
regizat de Charles Nemes (2011) sau Aicha regizat de Yamina Benguigui
(2011).34
11. Stereotipurile etnice apar i n crile de benzi desenate, cum ar fi Asterix i
Obelix.35 Primele benzi desenate au fost create in 1959 de ctre Ren Goscinny
si Albert Uderzo. Discutai temele, aspectele caricaturizate si impactul public al
31 Consultai http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/interactive/2012/jan/26/european-stereotypes-europa, accesat la 23 noiembrie 2012. 32 De ex. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2012/oct/14/sexist-stereotypes-front-pages-newspapers. 33http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Manga/AxisPowersHetalia?from=Main.AxisPowersHetalia. 34 Disponibil la http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDngRk5vImU, accesat la 23 aprilie 2013. 35 Vedeti si http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/27/asterix-50th-birthday-france.
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stereotipurilor naionale vehiculate de benzile desenate sau de adaptarea lor
cinematografic.
12. Pentru grupa LEPC - Selectai i analizai temele europene actuale descrise in
desenele din colecia ziarului The Telegraph.36 Ce aspecte sunt reprezentate in
mod stereotip i care sunt tehnicile folosite? Care sunt cauzele si efectele?
13. Identificai si discutai temele politice reprezentate in desenele din coleciile
unor ziare europene (2012).37 Analizai rolurile discursive ale metaforelor
conceptuale actualizate de aceste reprezentri vizuale. Indicai legtura dintre
folosirea stereotipurilor i domeniile conceptuale.
14. Discutai i explicai stereotipurile naionale transmise de opera de art
Entropa creat de David Cerny.38 Considerai c diferitele reprezentri
naionale reflect imparialitate sau obiectivitate?
15. Pentru grupa LEPC - Discutai reprezentrile stereotipe nfiate ntr-un
episod al emisiunii auto Top Gear (realizat de BBC).39 De exemplu,
stereotipurile la adresa australienilor (Australia vs. England
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b94mPaCd1B8), mexicanilor
(http://juliorvarela.com/2011/02/02/the-bbcs-top-gear-and-mexican-
stereotypes/), sau romnilor
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQf_hkLKkSc). Discutai contextul,
partcipanii, disputele cauzate, gradul n care stereotipurile reflect realitatea.
36 Colecie disponibil la http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/cartoon/archive/. 37 Cteva exemple la http://www.businessinsider.com/bi-cartoons-of-the-week-2012-2?op=1 and http://www.businessinsider.com/cartoons-the-situation-in-greece-and-syria-2012-6?op=1#ixzz1zbFipSp6. 38 Selectie de imagini disponibila la http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2009/jan/14/entropa-eu-art-hoax#/?picture=341741461&index=4. 39 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006mj59/episodes/guide#b01bmpsx.
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CAP. 4
FENOMENUL EMIGRRII N SPAIUL EUROPEAN ACTUAL
1. Fenomenul de oc cultural reprezint experiena de tranziie de la o cultur la
alta i sentimentele de dezorientare sau nelinite pe care le poate simi
persoana implicat.40 n cartea The Psychology of Culture Shock (2001), autorii
Colleen Ward, Stephen Bochner i Adrian Furnham prezint aspectele eseniale
legate de acest fenomen i efectele sale pentru grupuri diferite. Discutai
apectele specifice ocului cultural n cazul emigranilor - abordate n cap. 9
(cauze, simptome, soluii).
2. Cultura manifest trei straturi: nivelul material, social i simbolic.
A. Descriei cteva elemente specifice pentru aceste trei niveluri cu privire la
cultura romn.
B. n ce mod au fost acestea afectate de fenomenul emigrrii ? Dar cele ale rii
gazd (Mare Britanie, Italia, Spania etc.) ?
3. Identificai i analizai marcatorii care reprezint trsturile definitorii ale
identitii romneti in cazul emigranilor romni in ri europene
analizai cazul unor romni cu profesii diferite, cum ar fi: cpunarii,
ngrijitoarele de copii/bonele, menajerele dar i profesii ca: avocat,
profesor, om de afaceri etc. Alegei un anumit canal media:
3.1. Documentare41
3.2. tiri TV
3.3. Articole de ziar
3.4. Comentarii de pe forumuri de discuii sau social media.
4. Ziarele europene abordeaz fenomenul emigrii destul de frecvent. Selectai i
studiai o serie de articole din ziare europene i descriei termenii n care este
40 Consultai http://agem-ethnomedizin.de/download/cu29_2-3_2006_S_142-146_Repr_Oberg.pdf. 41 Sugestii: Country File, BBC1, Fruit Pickers, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFuFezJaFnU&playnext=1&list=PL8DE1C0C675626A52&feature=results_video, or the Migrant Stories series: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQe0QB3el7M, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqOfK9TiOIY, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sq79woSCS0A, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAWfVTKaUmU&list=PLCC32EF6F32EB5059.
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prezentat acest fenomen, context, participani, cauze, efecte, etc.42 Alegeti
extrasele asociate unei anumte situatii.
5. Silvio Berlusconi a folosit teme ca identitatea etnic sau securitatea naional n
campania sa electoral pentru preedinia Italiei in anul 2008. Analizai
contextul campaniei, instrumentele folosite, temele recurente i efectele
acesteia n sfera public italian i/sau european). Exemple:
42 Sugestii: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2026723/Gypsies-immigration-officers-home-Proms.html;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2065454/Curb-Romanian-Bulgarian-migrants-lifted-years--Europe-insists-to.html; http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2001782/Romanian-migrants-send-home-500-000-day-UK.html; http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1345072/Fears-influx-immigrants-UK-Romanian-president-threatens-freeze-border-security-improvements.html; http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/9291493/Theresa-May-well-stop-migrants-if-euro-collapses.html; http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/jobs/9051418/British-bosses-hire-thousands-of-Romanians-as-UK-jobless-soars.html; http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/8527950/Romanian-families-use-Big-Issue-loophole.html ; http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/romanian-immigrants-were-left-in-trauma-14342492.html?action=Popup&ino=4; http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/feedarticle/10210288; http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2010/aug/20/roma-france; http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/mar/16/nicolas-sarkozy-illegal-immigration-eu; http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/4276482/Immigrants-flood-capital-ahead-of-Olympics.html; http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/bulgarian-and-romanian-immigrants-overwhelm-german-system-a-832027.html; http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/village-in-romania-makes-exodus-to-troubled-berlin-neighborhood-a-825933.html; http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/unwanted-in-france-unloved-in-romania-a-desperate-homecoming-for-deported-roma-a-714649.html.
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6. n 2007, grupul radical Forza Nuova din Italia a rspndit afie n spaii publice
din Italia, atacnd grupurile de imigrani i, n mod particular, populaia de
origine rom. Analizai mijloacele stilistice i discursive utilizate pentru a
transmite mesajul ntr-un mod ct mai sugestiv. Exemple:
7. Mediatizarea excesiv a delictelor svrite de imigranii romni din Italia au
amplificat adesea aversiunea fa de populaia de origine romn. Studiai cazul
Mailat din anul 2007 care a dus la identificarea romnilor cu ideea de
criminalitate. Cum a fost construit disursul mediatic i ce impact a avut acesta
n spaiul european?43
43 Consultati si http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/02/italy.international, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7858012.stm, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-491301/Brutal-sex-attack-forces-Italy-make-laws-kicking-EU-migrants.html for details.
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8. Pentru grupa LEPC - In 2011, o alt infraciune a cauzat un val de aversiune fa
de imigranii romni din Marea Britanie.44 Ce arat acest caz cu privire la
percepia despre romni aa cum este prezentat de presa britanica? Analizai
modul n care sunt nelese i prezentate conceptele romn rom
(Romanian/Romani) n presa britanic.
9. Prejudecile i discriminarea ori sentimentul de respingere simite de
emigrani n general sunt mai puin abordate de mass-media european. Gsii
articole de ziar care denun acest fapt i discutai puntul de vedere sau
mesajul transmis n raport cu gradul de obiectivitate al emitorului, legile sau
reglementrile la care face apel etc.45
10. Pentru grupa LEPC Citii urmtoarele articole de ziar legate de fenomenul
imigrrii n Marea Britanie. Discutai aspectele similare i cele diferite, poziia
i atitudinea fiecrui jurnalist i impactul acestor opinii asupra prerilor dvs.
Government finally admits: Immigration is placing huge strain on Britain
(by James Slack)
Immigrants are placing a huge strain on public services, Labour finally
admitted. Crime is up, schools are struggling to cope with Eastern European
children, community tensions are rising, health services are coming under
enormous pressure and house prices are being driven up, the Government said.
The findings, based on a survey of public sector workers, are the first published
by ministers after ten years of an open door immigration policy.
Immigration Minister Liam Byrne said it was clear communities were
unsettled and a new balance should be struck between the needs of the
economy and society in general.
The report, to be presented to the Governments new Migration Impacts Forum
today, fails to put a figure on the full cost to society of mass immigration
which is increasing the population by 200,000 every year.
A Home Office study found that migrants helped to grow the economy by 6 billion
last year. But experts said this did not mean they had boosted GDP per head, a
crucial measure. (Daily Mail, October 17, 2007)46
44http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2026723/Gypsies-immigration-officers-home-Proms.html, http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/immigration-officer-returns-home-to-find-147986. 45De exemplu http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2007/sep/26/immigrationandasylum. 46 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-488005/Government-finally-admits-Immigration-IS-placing-huge-strain-Britain.html
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Migrants are a boon to UK economy, says study (by Alan Travis, home
affairs editor)
Migrants are more skilled and often more reliable and hardworking than
British workers, and are fuelling the countrys economic growth to the tune of
6bn a year, according to the first official study of their impact published
yesterday.
The report for the governments Migration Impact Forum also concludes that
migrants on average earn more and so pay more tax than UK workers.
The joint Treasury, Home Office and Work and Pensions study says that the
arrival of hundreds of thousands of Polish and other east European workers
has had no discernible impact on unemployment and has led to only a
modest dampening of wage growth for British workers at the bottom end of
the earnings league. The first regional soundings by the government also
published today show that in seven out of eight regions in England migration
has caused pressure on housing and five out of eight regions report difficulties
on crime and education. However, the overwhelmingly positive official verdict
of the economic and fiscal impact of the largest wave of migration to Britain in
recent years is bound to prove highly controversial. (TheGuardian, October 17,
2007)47
11. Pentru grupa LEPC - Romnii care studiaz sau lucreaz n Marea Britanie i-au
exprimat adesea nemulumirea fa de reprezentrile mediatice negative la
adresa lor. Lorina, o student de origine romn care studiaz n Marea
Britanie a postat pe Facebook scrisoarea intitulat Open Letter to Everyone that
Hates Romanians at the Moment48 in ianuarie 2014. Citii scrisoarea i extragei
ideile principale (temeri, insatisfacii, cauze, argumente pro-imigrare etc.)
12. Pentru grupa LFPC Vizionai emisiunea Cest a lEurope?! produs de TV 5
Monde. De exemplu, extragei ideile cu tematic european din episodul difuzat
la data de 22 februarie 2014.49 Urmrii episoadele scheciulul Les Feux de
lEurope inclus in emisiune i analizai aspectele stereotipe i reprezentarea
fenomenului migraiei n mod satiric.
47 http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2007/oct/17/immigrationandasylum.business. 48 www.facebook.com/groups/romaniansinuk/permalink/10152266920137573/ . 49 Disponibil la http://www.tv5.org/cms/chaine-francophone/Revoir-nos-emissions/C-est-ca-l-Europe-/Episodes/p-27548-Circulez-Y-a-tout-a-voir....htm.
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13. Pentru grupa LEPC - Care sunt aspectele pe care le accentueaz istoricul
britanic Tessa Dunlop n interviul din mai 2013 cu privire la eliminarea
restriciilor de pe piaa muncii in Mare Britanie ncepnd cu anul 2014?50 Care
este contextul politic si economic al acestei chestiuni?
14. Pentru grupa LEPC Studiai Ancheta Eurobarometru din primvara anului
2013. Care sunt seciunile i temele principale ale documentului i ce arat
rezultatete statistice cu privire la aceste teme?51
15. Pentru grupa LEPC Studiai site-ul Uniunii Europene cu privire la politicile de
imigrare in spaiul european. Alegei i discutai un tip de document, politicile
la care face referire i mecanismele de implementare.52
16. Alctuii un chestionar cu referire la teme principale legate de fenomenul
emigrrii i aplicai-l pe un eantion de aprox. 15-20 respondeni (colegi, rude,
elevi). Prezentai i discutai rezultatele obinute n raport cu obiectivele
propuse.
CAP. 5
PROMOVAREA IDENTITII ROMNETI N EUROPA
1. Selectai i discutai cteva simboluri culturale romneti (oameni, locuri,
obiecte, credine etc.) i semnificaia acestora cu privire la pstrarea valorilor
culturale romneti.
2. Urmrii un episoad al documentarului Wild Carpathia (2011-2013)53, in care
Prinul Charles al Marii Britanii promoveaz natura i tezaurul cultural
romnesc. Cum i pstreaz comunitile prezentate identitatea cultural?
Care sunt ameninrile la adresa acesteia? Punctai cele mai importante aspecte
promovate de Prinul Charles.
3. n cea de a treia parte a documentarului, Wild Forever, Prinul Charles al Marii
Britanii susine ideea c tezaurul unic al culturii romneti ar putea fi pstrat
50 Disponibil la http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=homhnoMih0Y. 51 Disponibil la http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb79/eb79_en.htm. 52http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/immigration/integration/index_en.htm. 53Wild Carpathia series, produs de Travel Channel, http://www.travelchannel.co.uk/series-info.asp?ID=1535#.UnfbZdn8LIU.
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prin intermediul dezvoltrii durabile. Ce implic acest deziderat? Explicai i
discutai acest punct de vedere.54
4. Discutai modul n care fotograful american Kathleen Laraia McLughlin
promoveaz Romnia in albumul foto The Color of Hay. The Peasants of
Maramure (2011).55 Care sunt aspectele promovate?
5. Cum este vzut Romania turistic din Anglia? Discutai modul in care pagina
de cltorii administrat de cotidianul britanic The Guardian promoveaz
atraciile turistice romneti.56 Ce puncte tari sunt identificate i care sunt
aceste atracii turistice?
6. Discutai comparativ dou campanii de promovare a turismului din dou ri
europene. Marcai punctele tari dar i pe cele slabe in privina promovrii
identitii locale i/sau naionale.
7. Discutai o campanie de promovare a turismului romnesc sau reclame difuzate
de canale de televiziune din strintate.
8. Studiai informaiile de pe site-ul http://whydontyoucomeover.gandul.info/ i
grupai activitile care au facut parte din campania media lansat de
gandul.info. Britanicii au fost i ei impresionai de campania iniiat de ziarul
Gndul (a se vedea http://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/social/campania-gandul-a-facut-
impresie-buna-in-marea-britanie-ce-spun-jurnalistii-straini.html). Facei
referire la context, participani, implicarea media i implicarea publicului,
temele abordate (in mesajele postate pe Facebook de publicul romn),
relevana acestei campanii i posibile efecte (in ziare strine sau pe social
media).
9. Oferii exemple de campanii de denigrare a romnilor din presa francez. Facei
referire la context, participani, teme abordate, impact i efecte.
10. Pentru grupa LEPC - Studiai exemplul de comodificare identitar oferit de
Casa Regal Britanic cu ocazia organizrii Jubileului de Diamant al Reginei
54http://www.antena3.ro/en/world/such-beautiful-words-to-describe-our-country-uttered-by-prince-charles-romania-is-a-wonderful-country-with-remarkable-people-233257.html; fragmente la http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjZbBvByKlM. 55 A se vedea http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1949423456/transylvania-photo-book-of-europes-last-peasants, http://www.colorofhay.com/. 56 Consultati http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/romania+cultural-trips.
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Elisabeta a II-a (2012).57 Identificai cteva aspecte de comodificare cultural i
efectele acestui proces pentru identitatea britanic.
11. Reprezentani ai elitei intelectuale romneti contribuie/au contribuit la
transmiterea unei imagini pozitive despre Romnia n strintate. Adrian
Ionescu, profesor de Nanoelectronic la Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale din
Laussane, Elveia, a devenit faimos pentru proiectul tiinific Guardian Angels
(2012). Studiai informaia legat de acest proiect58, vizionai reclama acestui
proiect59 i discutai impactul exportului intelectual pentru reputaia Romniei
n Europa.
12. Romni obinuii au promovat Romnia prin intermediul calitilor deosebite
pe care le posed. Studiai exemplele oferite, cutai alte exemple i discutai
trsturile specifice identitii romneti demonstrate de aceste situaii.60
57 Site-ul oficial http://www.thediamondjubilee.org/; pentru aspecte teoretice consultati Jean Baudrillard, The System of Objects, London and New York, Verso, 2006 si Roberta Sassatelli, Consumer Culture. History, Theory and Politics, London and New York, Sage Publications, 2007. 58http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/cercetator-roman-in-finala-celei-mai-importante-competitii-stiintifice-din-ue-1019724.html. 59http://www.ga-project.eu/. Vedei i rezultatele FET Flagship la http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/programme/fet/flagship/. 60http://www.antena3.ro/externe/un-cersetor-roman-uimeste-norvegia-a-facut-curat-si-a-luat-cadouri-pentru-cei-care-l-au-lasat-singur-in-casa-116857.html, http://www.semneletimpului.ro/stirescurta/Romanii--entuziasmati-de-bebelusul-care-a-uimit-Anglia-6006.html, http://jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/un-licean-roman-a-uimit-cercetatorii-din-sua-cu-aparatul-sau-care-ajuta-orbii-sa-vada-cu-ajutorul-limbii-613577.html.