CAMPBELL Outline BIOLOGY - Napa Valley College Pages …napavalley.edu/people/sburns/Documents/Biol 120 Lect… · · 2016-08-08Plagiarism is a form of cheating, if you copy

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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

CAMPBELL

BIOLOGYReece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

TENTH

EDITION

1Evolution, the

Themes of Biology,

and Scientific Inquiry

Dr Burns

NVC


Outline

Introduction

Class organization, exams, grading

Levels of Organization

Energy

Characteristics of life.

Evolution

How do we organize the biological world

How do we study biology? What is the scientific method, how

do we set up an experiment.


Course Overview

Biol 120 is a general biology class for science

majors

This class will focus on the cellular and molecular

aspects of biology

After this class you will take Zoology and/or

Botany.

The prerequisite for this class is Chemistry 120.

You will need a good understanding of basic

chemistry including metric system, molarity,

atoms, and bonding


The Path to Success

Lecture attendance is critical for success in this course, most of the material that you are required to master is given in lecture.

Come to lecture prepared. Read the assigned chapter before lecture.

Do the homework assigned on the Mastering Biology website.

Review material after each class, focus on the “important concepts”. Make study notes.

Study daily, don’t cram for exams.

Come to office hours


Exams

There are four lecture exams and one final exam.

The final will be comprehensive

There will be two lab practical exams.

There may be pop quizzes given in class and lab. The quizzes will not be announced ahead of time. They are given at the start or end of class/lab. There is no make-up for missed pop quizzes (Come to class/lab on time)

There will be homework assigned on the Mastering Biology website

Exams will cover: The lectures and reading


Early Exams

If you need to take the exam early, contact me as

soon as possible.

Early exams will only be allowed in rare cases.

2


Late Exams

If you have to miss an exam, you must contact me before the exam. If you have a documented medical excuse, you may make up the exam.

But you must contact me before the scheduled exam. If you don’t contact me before the scheduled exam you will receive zero points for the exam.

There will be no make up exams for the final, you will receive zero points if you miss the final.

There are no make ups for the lab practicals


Exams

If you miss an exam and don’t contact me

before the scheduled exam you will receive

zero points for the exam.

You may leave a message for me on my phone,

or the biology dept phone number or email me.

All make-up exams are given during the last

week of lecture (the week before finals).


Cheating

Cheating will not be tolerated

If you cheat you will receive a zero for the exam and your name will be given to the VP of student services. A second incident will result in a zero in course.

During exams, all packs, bags, phones, notes, jackets, hats, etc will be left at the front of the class.

If you have notes or a cell phone with you at your desk during an exam you will receive a zero for the exam.


Cheating

If you copy answers from another student you will be given a zero for the exam/homework.

Plagiarism is a form of cheating, if you copy information from the internet, books, friends, etcand use it as your own work in a report, you will receive zero points.

If you cheat, a report will be submitted to the VP of Student Services.


Course Points

Midterm Exams = 150 points (600 pts total)

Final Exam = 200 pts

Lab exams = 60 points each (120 pts total)

Quizzes = 5 -10 points each

Lab Participation= 28 points

Homework = 5-20

Mastering Biology = 50 points

In general the course will be graded on a straight 90, 80,

70, 60%


Lab

There will be 2 exams given in the laboratory, covering the material in laboratory.

Read the lab assignment prior to the lab.

3


Lab

Occasionally laboratory time may be used to cover material that will be covered in the lecture exam.

I will check lab notebooks at the end of each lab period – therefore to get the points for the lab you need to be present at the beginning and the end of each lab


How many lecture exams (not including the final) are there?

1. One

2. Two

3. Three

4. Four


Is the final comprehensive?

1. Yes

2. No


Can you take an exam early?

1. Yes

2. No

3. Possibly, if you contact me

early, and have permission

Yes

No

Possib

ly, i

f you co

ntact

me ..

.

33%33%33%


Can you take an exam late?

1. Sure – no problem

2. No possible way

3. Yes, if you contact me

before the scheduled exam,

and have a documented

medical excuse

Sure

– n

o pr

oble

m

No p

ossib

le w

ay

Yes

, if y

ou co

ntact

m...

33%33%33%


Can you make up missed quizzes

1. Yes

2. No

3. Yes, with a medical excuse

Yes N

o

Yes

, with

a m

edic

al ..

.

33%33%33%

4


The biosphere

Ecosystems

Tissues

Organs andorgan systems

Communities

Populations

Organisms

OrganellesCells

Atoms

Molecules

Figure 1.4


Molecules and Atoms

Molecules

Atoms

Chlorophyllmolecule

Molecule consists of two or more atoms bonded together,

atoms are the smallest unit of an element.


Organelles

Chloroplast

1 m

Organelles

Organelles are membrane-bound internal compartment in

cells for specialized functions


Cell

The cell is the smallest unit with the capacity to live and

reproduce independently or as part of a multi-celled organism


Tissues

Tissues are organized collections of cells that function

together in a specialized function


Organs

Organs are a combination of tissues that function together for

a particular function.

5


Multi-celled Organism

Multi-celled Organism = Individual consisting of

interdependent cells typically organized in tissues, organs, and

organ system © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Population

A population is a group of individuals of the same species,

living together in the same area


Communities

Communities are populations of all species living together in

the same area


Ecosystem

An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a particular

area, along with all the nonliving components of the

environment with which life interacts.


Biosphere

Biosphere: All regions of the Earth’s crust, water, and

atmosphere with all the living species.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

All of the gray squirrels that inhabit Skyline Park

describes a/an:

1. Ecosystem

2. Biosphere

3. Community

4. Population

1 2 3 4 5

20% 20%20%20%20%

6


Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of

Energy and Matter

The input of energy from the sun and the

transformation of energy from one form to

another make life possible

When organisms use energy to perform work,

some energy is lost to the surroundings as heat

As a result, energy flows through an ecosystem,

usually entering as light and exiting as heat


Figure 1.9

ENERGY FLOW

Light

energy HeatChemical

energy

Plants take

up chemicals

from the soil

and air.

Chemicals

Decomposers

return

chemicals

to the soil.

Chemicals

pass to

organisms

that eat the

plants.


Organisms Interact with Other Organisms and the

Physical Environment

Every organism interacts with its environment,

including nonliving factors and other organisms

Both organisms and their environments are

affected by the interactions between them

For example, a tree takes up water and

minerals from the soil and carbon dioxide from

the air; the tree releases oxygen to the air


Animals eat

leaves and fruit

from the tree.

Leaves take incarbon dioxidefrom the airand releaseoxygen.

Sunlight

CO2

O2

Cycling

of

chemical

nutrients

Leaves fall tothe ground andare decomposedby organismsthat returnminerals to thesoil.

Water andminerals inthe soil aretaken up bythe treethroughits roots.

Leaves absorblight energy fromthe sun.

Figure 1.5


Figure 1.6

Heat

Producers absorb lightenergy and transform it intochemical energy.

Chemicalenergy

Chemical energy infood is transferredfrom plants toconsumers.

(b) Using energy to do work(a) Energy flow from sunlight toproducers to consumers

Sunlight

An animal’s musclecells convertchemical energyfrom food to kineticenergy, the energyof motion.

When energy is usedto do work, someenergy is converted tothermal energy, whichis lost as heat.

A plant’s cells usechemical energy to dowork such as growingnew leaves.


Structure and Function Are Correlated at All Levels of

Biological Organization: Form Fits Function.

Structure and function of living organisms are

closely related

For example, a leaf is thin and flat, maximizing

the capture of light by chloroplasts

For example, the structure of a bird’s wing is

adapted to flight


7


Figure 1.7

(a) Wings(b) Wing bones


Is it alive?

Sounds like an easy question to answer.

Usually we can look at something and know if it alive.


Is it alive?

But sometimes it is not as easy to tell


Looking closer you see signs of life


Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms

1. Contain biological molecules including:

Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and

lipids


8



2. Cellular

Cells are the smallest unit of life

Some organisms are composed of only one

cells (unicellular)

Other organisms are composed of many cells

(multicellular)



The Cell Is an Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function

The cell is the lowest level of organization that

can perform all activities required for life

All cells

Are enclosed by a membrane

Use DNA as their genetic information

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cells

A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed

organelles, the largest of which is usually the

nucleus

By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler

and usually smaller, and does not contain a

nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles



Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cell

Cytoplasm

DNA

(no nucleus)

Membrane

Nucleus

(membrane-

enclosed)

Membrane

Membrane-

enclosed organelles

DNA (throughout

nucleus) 1 m



3. Reproduce

Simple one celled animals may reproduce

asexually by dividing in half – producing two

identical cells

More complex multi-celled organisms may

reproduce sexually, when genetic material is

combined to produce a unique individual

organism

9



4. Acquire and use energy - Metabolism

Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that

occur in a living organism

Energy is taken in and used to perform work




5. Growth and Development

Through metabolism, organisms obtain energy

from nutrients and use this energy to grow and

development



6. Respond to environment

Living organisms detect stimuli and

respond to it. This can include

movement



7. Maintain Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the relatively constant and self-

correcting internal environment of living

organisms


Feedback Mechanisms Regulate Biological Systems

Feedback mechanisms allow biological processes

to self-regulate

Negative feedback means that as more of a

product accumulates, the process that creates it

slows and less of the product is produced

Positive feedback means that as more of a

product accumulates, the process that creates it

speeds up and more of the product is produced

10


Animation: Negative Feedback


Animation: Positive Feedback



8. Populations of living organisms evolve and

have adaptive traits

Adaptive traits are those traits that

help you survive and reproduce

Members of the population that have

adaptive traits survive better than

members that lack those traits


Which of the following is not necessarily a characteristic of

life?

1. respond to environmental changes

2. metabolism

3. multicellular

4. reproduction

resp

ond to e

nviro

nmenta

l c...

meta

bolism

multi

cellu

lar

repro

ductio

n

25% 25%25%25%


What is the lowest level of biological organization

that can perform all the activities required for life?

1. organelle

2. cell

3. tissue

4. organ system

5. organism

1. org

anelle

2. cel

l

3. tiss

ue

4. org

an sy

stem

5. org

anism

20% 20%20%20%20%


Classifying the Diversity of Life

Approximately 1.8 million species have been

identified and named to date, and thousands

more are identified each year

Estimates of the total number of species that

actually exist range from 10 million to over 100

million


11


Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms


Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names

and classifies species into groups of increasing

breadth

Domains, followed by kingdoms, are the

broadest units of classification



Three Domains

Three domains:

Bacteria – (Eubacteria) prokaryotic (no nucleus)

Archaea – prokaryotic (no nucleus)

Eukarya – Eukaryotic, have a nucleus

(a) Domain Bacteria (b) Domain Archaea

(c) Domain Eukarya

2

m

2

m

100 m

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Fungi

Protists

Kingdom Animalia


Figure 1.15a

(a) Domain Bacteria

2

m


Figure 1.15b

(b) Domain Archaea

2

m

12


Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya:

Protist – most are unicellular, all are eukaryotic

Protozoans, algae, water mold, slime mold

Plantae – multicellular, produce their own food

using photosynthesis, eukaryotic, have cell walls

Fungi – do not photosynthesize, absorb

nutrients through hyphae, eukaryotic, have cell

walls

Animalia – multicellular, ingest other organisms

for food, eukaryotic, lack cell walls

(c) Domain Eukarya

100 m

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Fungi

Protists

Kingdom Animalia

Species

Ursus

Ursidae

Carnivora

Mammalia

Ursus americanus

(American black bear)

Chordata

Animalia

Eukarya

Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain


Binomial system

Binomial system of nomenclature

Names and classifies organisms

Basic unit is a species

Closely related species are grouped together in a genus (plural = genera)

Each species assigned a two-part name:

Name = genus and species (in italics)


Example

Gray wolf = Canis lupus (C. lupus)

Red wolf = Canis rufus (C. rufus)

Coyote = Canis latrans (C. latrans)

All of these are members of the Canis genus


Evolution, the Overarching Theme of Biology

Organisms are modified descendants of

common ancestors

Evolution explains patterns of unity and diversity

in living organisms

Similar traits among organisms are explained by

descent from common ancestors

Differences among organisms are explained by

the accumulation of heritable changes

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

13

Unity in the Diversity of Life

A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for

example

DNA is the universal genetic language common

to all organisms

Unity is evident in many features of cell structure


Cilia ofParamecium

15 m

Cross section of a cilium, as viewedwith an electron microscope

0.1 m

Cilia ofwindpipecells

5 m


Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection

Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by

Means of Natural Selection in 1859

Darwin made two main points

Species showed evidence of “descent with

modification” from common ancestors

Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent

with modification”

Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and

diversity

Figure 1.16


Darwin’s Observations

1. There is variation between individuals in a

species

2. Organisms produce more offspring than can

survive

3. Organisms compete for resources, those

with adaptive traits are better able to

survive


Population Dynamics

Malthus proposed that populations increase

geometrically but human food supplies

increase arithmetically.

14

POPULATION

FOOD SUPPLY

Population with

varied inherited

traits

Elimination of

individuals with

certain traits

Reproduction of

survivors

Increasing frequency oftraits thatenhancesurvival andreproductivesuccess

1 2 3 4


Natural Selection

In other words, the environment “selects” for the

propagation of beneficial traits

Darwin called this process natural selection


Evolution

Evolution is a genetically based change in a

population over successive generations


Natural Selection

Darwin proposed that natural selection could

cause an ancestral species to give rise to two or

more descendent species

For example, the finch species of the

Galápagos Islands are descended from a

common ancestor

Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated

with treelike diagrams that show ancestors and

their descendants

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fig. 1.6

15

COMMON

ANCESTOR

Green warbler finch

Certhidea olivacea

Gray warbler finch

Certhidea fusca

Sharp-beaked

ground finch

Geospiza difficilis

Vegetarian finch

Platyspiza crassirostris

Mangrove finch

Cactospiza heliobates

Woodpecker finch

Cactospiza pallida

Medium tree finch

Camarhynchus pauper

Large tree finch

Camarhynchus psittacula

Small tree finch

Camarhynchus parvulus

Large cactus

ground finch

Geospiza conirostris

Cactus ground finch

Geospiza scandens

Small ground finch

Geospiza fuliginosa

Medium ground finch

Geospiza fortis

Large ground finch

Geospiza magnirostris

Insect-ea

ters

Seed

-eater B

ud

-eater

Insect-ea

ters

Tree fin

ches

Gro

un

d fin

ches

Seed

-eaters

Cactu

s-flow

er-ea

ters

Warb

ler finch

es


Evolution

Population = A group of individuals of the same

species, living together in the same area

A species is one kind of similar organisms

whose members can interbreed with each other,

and are reproductively isolated from other

groups.

Populations can evolve (change over time) and

adapt to its environment


Evolution

There are differences between organisms in a

population

Adaptations = characteristics that give an

organism an advantage – increasing its chance

to survive and reproduce.


The Tree of Life

“Unity in diversity” arises from “descent with

modification”

For example, the forelimb of the bat, human,

and horse and the whale flipper all share a

common skeletal architecture

Fossils provide additional evidence of

anatomical unity from descent with modification



Evidence for Evolution

Fossil Record

Age of the Earth – 4.5 billion years old

Life on Earth – 3.5 billion years old

Genetics

Comparative anatomy

Molecular evidence – DNA, proteins


Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection

Fossils and other

evidence document the

evolution of life on Earth

over billions of years


16


Important concepts

Reading for next lecture: Chapter 2

Know the vocabulary covered in the lecture

What are the characteristics of living organisms

Know the definition of evolution and natural

selection, the observations Darwin made that led

to his theory, the evidence for evolution

Understand taxonomic classification (domains,

kingdom, phylum, etc), binomial system.

Characteristics of the domains and kingdom


Important concepts

Know the definition of evolution and natural

selection, the observations and inferences

Darwin made that led to his theory, the evidence

for evolution

Understand taxonomic classification (domains,

kingdom, phylum, etc), binomial system.

Characteristics of the domains and kingdoms