Can our Communities

Can it be that simple?

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Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) MA, Phd, CEng MICE, Cenv

Reader Emeritus in Environmental Sciences,

Norwich Business School

• Reduce Energy demand, • Cut Carbon Emissions,• Improve Energy Security, • Save Money and the Planet,

All at the same time?

Green Community Challenge 2011

Helping Norfolk Communities Save Energy

14th July 2011

Potentials for Saving Money and the Planet• In next 10 years the issues of Energy Security and Carbon Reduction of

Energy Supply must be addressed through:

• Energy Efficiency

• Energy Management

• Low Carbon Electricity Production

Moving from high carbon fuels: coal, oil, gas

to

• Nuclear

• Renewables

• Carbon Capture and Sequestration

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Reduction in Energy Use

Will not be available on scale required until 2025 at the earliest.

An important component to consider now because of inaction on renewables and conservation in past - but will not be available until 2019 at earliest

Available now but financial support needed for small scale and emerging technologies.

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2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020

Bil

lion

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Actual UK production

Actual UK demandProjected productionProjected demand

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Import Gap

Energy Security is a potentially critical issue for the UK

On 7th/8th December 2010: UK Production was only 39%: 12%

from storage and 49% from imports

Prices have become much more volatile since UK is no longer self sufficient in gas.

Gas Production and Demand in UK

UK becomes net importer of gas

Completion of Langeled Gas Line to Norway

Oil reaches $140 a barrel

• In recent years, electricity retail prices have varied much less than wholesale prices and have also risen less.

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Variation in Wholesale and Retail Electriity Prices

• In Real Terms, Electricity Prices have only recently returned to 1981 levels

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Pilot Lights £9 per week

Pilot lights

off

Pilot Lights turned off

during week

Awareness Raising and Good Record Keeping can result in significant savings

St Paul’s Church, Tuckswood

Heated by 3 warm air heaters

New Strategy: pilot lights off throughout summer and used strategically in winter resulted in an annual saving of:5400 kWh of gas; 1030 kg of CO2 ; and a monetary saving of £260Or a percentage saving of 38%

Opportunities to Reduce Energy Demand: A Case Study

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No of people in household

Electricity Consumption

1 person2 people3 people4 people5 people6 people

• Social Attitudes have a profound effect on actual electricity consumption

• For a given size of household electricity consumption for appliances [NOT HEATING or HOT WATER or COOKING] can vary by as much as 9 times.

Data courtesy of Karla Alcantar

• Significant savings in money can arise from effective awareness raising

• When income levels are accounted for, variation is still 6 times

Reducing Energy Demand: Raising Awareness

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Reducing Energy Demand: Raising Awareness

• A Toyota Corolla (1400cc): 1 party balloon every 60m.

• 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon.

• Standby on electrical appliances up to 20 - 150+ kWh a year - 7500 balloons. (up to £15 a year)

• A Mobile Phone charger: > 10 kWh per year ~ 500 balloons each year.

• Filling up with petrol (~£55 for a full tank – 40 litres) --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon)

How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g. 1400 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for 1 hour?

1.6 miles

At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai

上海徐汇区高第一小学

• A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost ~ £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO2.

School children at the Al Fatah University, Tripoli, Libya

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The best strategies to save energy, carbon and money in the home

This software will be available for you to explore options for your own home during the breaks

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Basic HouseNo Insulation

£1788100mm Loft Insulation

and Cylinder Jacket.

£1491

300mm Loft Insulation

£1465

Double Glazing

£1299

Cavity Insulation

£1196

All Strategies

£796

What are the best strategies in the home?

Try out you own home on the software during the breaks.

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What are the best strategies in the home?

Using a tumble dryer 4 times a week can cost £100 a year

ElectricityRenewable Obligation:• From 1st April 2002. Sets targets which all suppliers must meet –

otherwise they are fined for non-compliance (Buy Out). The fines are recycled to those bodies who held certificates (ROCs) of Renewable Generation. Currently worth around £0.3 billion.

• These “Buy-out Fines” are inflating unit price of electricity by around 0.1p or 0.5-1.0%.

• Used by both large scale - and small scale generators until 1st April 2010

Feed in Tariff:• From 1st April 2010 all small generators < 50kW were transferred to the

Feed In Tariff (FIT) Scheme as were all new small schemes. Medium sized schemes can opt to be in FIT or RO scheme. Large schemes can only be in RO.

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Incentives for Renewable Energy

• The Renewable Obligation encounters risk and much paperwork for small potential generator

• Led to Introduction of Feed in Tariff from 1st April 2010.

• A fixed amount is paid per unit and guaranteed for up to 25 years. However – schemes installed later will get less

• BUT General Capital Grants are generally no longer available• Payment is for electricity generated whether it is actually exported to

grid on consumed on premises.

A frequently asked Question

• Will I have electricity when there is a power cut – assuming of course the sun is shining (if I have solar) or the wind is blowing (if I have a wind turbine)?

• NO!! – unless you have facilities for both “Island Mode Operation” and Grid Connection which can be very expensive for the small generator.

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Feed in Tariff

Low Carbon Non-Electricity Options• Heating - [Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) – from June 2011 –

domestic from 2012]• Heat Pumps• Biofuel options for boilers• Biomass• Solar Thermal

Will be available retrospectively to those schemes installed after July 2009.

• Transport - [Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO)]

• Biofuels: Biodiesel and Bioethanol

Obligation on all suppliers to include a given percentage of biofuels in petrol and diesel

• Electric Vehicles• Fuel Cells

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Incentives for Renewable Energy

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The Technologies - Solar

Solar PhotoVoltaic (Electricity)

2.16 kWp ~ 16 sqm (Suffolk)Estimated annual performance ~ output 1650 kWh ~ income £735

3.70 kWp - ~ 25 sqm (Wales)Estimated annual performance ~ output 3000 kWh ~ income £1340

Most electricity generators provide DC power and inverters are needed to convert to AC with connection to the GRID – such inverters consume some electricity ~ seasonal efficiency ~ 92%.

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Other Feed in Tariff Technologies

Building Mounted - ~ 1kW machines ~ generally poor performance because of turbulence

Mast mounted away from buildings - 6kW Potential output 6000 – 12000 kWh depending on location

Vertical Axis machine – better in turbulence

Replaces normal boiler

Provides heat and electricity – would normally run on gas

Micro CHP

Micro-Hydro (Itteringham Mill)5.5kW: annual output depends on flow 12000 – 18000kWh

• Payments range from 4.7p per kWh to 43.3p per kWh depending on technology and capacity of generator.

– e.g. for small scale retro-fitted solar, the payment would be 43.3p for kWh generator and guaranteed for 25 years, but new entrants from 1st April 2012 will get 37.8p

• An additional 3p per kWh is paid for any electricity surplus to demand which is exported currently assumed to be 50% in domestic situations

– In addition householder will benefit from reduced consumption so effective benefit is ~ 56p per kWh

• FIT amounts to a renewable incentive of ~39p per kWh and £742 per tonne of CO2

( assuming current wholesale price of ~ 5p)

• Nearly 8 times the subsidy for wind generation under the ROC scheme

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Feed in Tariff

>>>44.85p per kWh for PV

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Energy Source Scale To 31/03/11

From 01/04/11

From 01/07/11

Duration (years)

Anaerobic digestion ≤250kW 11.5 12.1 14.0 20Anaerobic digestion >500kW 9 9.4 13.0 20Hydro ≤15 kW 19.9 20.9 20Hydro >15 - 100kW 17.8 18.7 20Hydro >100kW - 2MW 11 11.5 20Hydro >2kW - 5MW 4.5 4.7 20Micro-CHP***** <2 kW 10 10.5 10Solar PV ≤4 kW new 36.1 37.8 25Solar PV ≤4 kW retrofit 41.3 43.3 25Solar PV >4-10kW 36.1 37.8 25Solar PV >10 - 50kW 31.4 32.9 25Solar PV >50-150kW 31.4 32.9 19.0 25Solar PV >150-250kW 29.3 30.7 15.0 25Solar PV >250kW - 5MW 29.3 30.7 8.5 25Solar PV Standalone 29.3 30.7 25Wind ≤1.5kW 34.5 36.2 20Wind >1.5 - 15kW 26.7 28.0 20Wind >15 - 100kW 24.1 25.3 20Wind >100 - 500kW 18.8 19.7 20Wind >500kW - 1.5MW 9.4 9.9 20Wind >1.5MW - 5MW 4.5 4.7 20Existing generators transferred from RO 9 9.4 to 2027Export Tariff 3 3.1

Feed in Tariffs – Introduced 1st April 2010

***** for first 30000 installations

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 N NE E SE S SW W NW N

Azimuth

<20  

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Solar Rosette Diagram for East Anglia

Colour key: Figures show percentage output in particular orientation relative to maximum

Optimum orientation is 35 degrees tilt and Azimuth 190 i.e. 10 degrees west of South

Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004

Annual solar collection 750-910 kWh/annum

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Solar Thermal: The Broadsol Project

The Future of FITs ... From the National Infra-Structure Plan 2010 following Comprehensive Spending Review

The Government will (para 4.18):• Support investment in low carbon energy supply by:

maintaining Feed-In Tariffs for small-scale generation, funded through an obligation on electricity suppliers equating to a levy of almost £900 million over the period to 2014-15. At the same time, the efficiency of Feed-In Tariffs will be improved at the next formal review [2012], rebalancing them in favour of more cost effective carbon abatement technologies.

May be an issue for PV as carbon abatement using PV is

>£700 per tonne saved way above many other strategies cf

~£95 for wind, <£20 for cavity insulation

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For complete information see Section 4 ofhttp://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/nationalinfrastructureplan251010.pdf

Equivalent to 2.5% per household over and above changes in normal electricity prices rises.

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Conclusions• Current Renewable Electricity in UK is saving around 12

Mtonnes of CO2 a year.

• The Renewable Obligation is increasing electricity bills by around 1%, levied on all consumers.

• PV solutions are NOT the most cost effective way to reduce carbon ~ £750 per tonne for small scale PV; ~ £95 large onshore wind; ~ < £20 for cavity insulation

• The Feed in Tariff will see a further increase in bills, but will provide an income for those installing PV, etc as well as reduced electricity consumption.

• BUT those not installing will see their bills go up disproportionately.

• There is a greater return on capital if size of scheme is matched with demand.

• If you want to take advantage – do so before 1st April 2012 – but waiting lists are up to 3 months.