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217林業研究季刊 40(3)：217-221, 2018
研究報告
臺灣產龍膽科新紀錄屬及新紀錄種：鋪地穿心草
陳志雄1 呂碧鳳2 王秋美1＊
【摘要】本文發表臺灣龍膽科 (Gentianaceae) 的新紀錄屬與新紀錄種－鋪地穿心草 (Canscora diffusa
(Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. &
Schult.)。此物種分佈於華西、熱帶亞洲、熱帶非洲、和熱帶澳洲等地區，被首度發現於南台灣的低海拔，約海拔 100-200
公尺山區。本文提供分佈圖，分類特徵描述，手繪圖，照片以供區分鑑定。
【關鍵詞】鋪地穿心草、龍膽科、新紀錄屬、臺灣、分類
Research paper
Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.
(Gentianaceae), a newly recorded genus and species in
Taiwan
Chih-Hsiung Chen1 Pi-Fong Lu2 Chiu-Mei Wang1＊
【Abstract】 Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.
(Gentianaceae), a newly recorded genus and species from Taiwan, is
so far known only from one locality on a low-elevation (ca. 100~200
m) moist rocky slope in southern Taiwan. This species is native to
western China, tropical Asia, tropical Africa, and tropical
Australia. We provide a taxonomic description, an illustration, and
photographs to facilitate identification.【Key words】Canscora
diffusa; Gentianaceae; newly recorded genus; Taiwan; taxonomy
1國立自然科學博物館生物學組Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural
Science2台灣植物分類學會 Taiwan Society of Plant Systematics*通訊作者。40453
台中市館前路1號Corresponding author. 1 Guancian Rd., Taichung 40453,
TaiwanEmail: [email protected]
IntroductionThe genus Canscora was first established
by Lamarck (1785), and the diagnostic characters include two- or
three-flowered inflorescence, four unequal petals (two larger and
two smaller), and four unequal stamens. Previously, about 30
species were recorded in the genus (Ho & Pringle 1995).
Subsequently, about 10 species were circumscribed, and Canscora was
represented as being monophyletic by the morphological cladistics
analysis, including zygomorphic corolla
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218 臺灣產龍膽科新紀錄屬及新紀錄種：鋪地穿心草
and anisomorphic androecium (Thiv & Kadereit 2002; Thiv
2003). After that, two species were separated to Canscorinella
according to an actinomorphic corolla and isomorphic stamens in a
recent treatment, so 11 species in total were recorded in a
revision of the Canscora (Shahina & Nampy 2014). In Taiwan, six
genera and about 30 species of the Gentianaceae have been recorded
(Wang & Chen 1998; Wang et al. 2009; Hsu & Chung 2012). In
the present study, we recognized this unrecorded genus and species
from a botanical exploration of the southern part of Central
Mountain Range in Taiwan.
Systematic TreatmentCanscora is a newly recorded genus for
the
flora of Taiwan.Canscora Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 601. 1785. 穿心草屬
Annual or perennial . Leaves s imple, opposite, sessile or
petiolate, with 1 or 3 main veins. Inflorescences cymes axillary or
complex. Flowers 4 merous, sessile or pedicellate, salver-funnel
shaped. Calyx usually tubular, winged or wingless, persistent;
corolla zygomorphic, usually with 2 smaller and 2 larger lobes,
smaller lobes fused together near apex, sometimes separated, white,
cream, or pink, usually tubular, campanulate, or salverform;
stamens inserted on apical or middle part of corolla tube,
sometimes with 1~3 sterile anthers; ovary 1 locular, globose or
cylindrical; stigma bilobed, lobes oblong or capitate, papillose.
Capsules globose, oblong-ovate, unilocular, 2-valved. Seeds
numerous, suborbicular, seed-coat usually reticulate.About 11
species: tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia, and Australia; only
one species in Taiwan.
Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg.
3: 301 1818. 鋪地穿心草(Figures 1-2)
Gentiana diffusa Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 47 (1794). Type: Vahl s.n.
(holo C), India orientalis.
Erect herb, annual, up to 60 cm tall , glabrous throughout.
Branched from base, ridges smooth. Leaves subsessile-petiolate,
opposite, membranous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, ca 0.5~4 cm long,
0.4~2 cm wide, apex acute, cuneate at base; veins 3~5.
Inflorescences cymes terminal or axillary, dichasial, pedicels 1~3
cm long, slender. Flowers usually 4-merous, irregular. Calyx
without wings or striations, persistent; lobes 4, tube 4~8 mm long,
lobes unequal, linear to lanceolate, ca. 1~2 mm long, ca. 0.6~1 mm
wide, apex acuminate. Corolla tube cylindrical, white, 4~8 mm long;
lobes lanceolate to ovate, unequal, 2 shorter and 2 longer (also
wider), ca. 2.5~4 mm long, 1~2 mm wide; filaments unequal, 1
longer, always inserted higher up in the corolla tube, 3 shorter;
anthers up to 0.5 mm long, oblong, 1 or 2 perhaps sterile. Ovary
3~5 mm long; style 1.2~2 mm long; stigma ca. 1~2 mm long, bilobed,
papillose. Capsule oblong to ellipsoid, 4~7 mm long, 2~3 mm
diameter. Seeds numerous, up to 0.3 mm in diameter, surface
reticulate-pitted.
Distribution: Native to tropical Asia, including W. China,
Bhutan, India, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and
Vietnam; tropical Africa and Madagascar; and Australasia. In
Taiwan, it occurs at about 100~200 m in elevation in southern
Taiwan (Figure 3). Only one small population was found on a moist
rocky slope, or in grasslands and roadside earth cuts. The
Taiwanese population flower from November to February and fruit
from January to April. The plants withered or dried after
fruiting.
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219林業研究季刊 40(3)：217-221, 2018
Figure 1. Canscora diffusa. A, habit; B, flower, calyx removed
and corolla opened; C, calyx; D, flower; E, pistil; F, stamen; G,
capsule; H, seeds. (C. H. Chen 11510)
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220 臺灣產龍膽科新紀錄屬及新紀錄種：鋪地穿心草
Figure 2. Canscora diffusa. A, habit; B, leaves; C, flower, side
view; D, flower, front view; E, fruit, with persistent calyx and
corolla; F, seed. Bars, A= 5 cm; B= 1 cm; C, D, E= 2 mm; F=0.1
mm
Specimens examined: Pingtung Co.: Chunrih Township, Lili (力里), 7
Jan. 2017, C.H. Chen 11510 (TNM); same loc. 22 Jan. 2017, C.H. Chen
11511(TNM); same loc. 16 May 2017, C.H. Chen 11582 (TNM); Chichia
(七佳), 31 Dec. 2016, P.F. Lu 30229 (TAIF).
Notes: Canscora diffusa has large morphological variations,
including variations in habit size and sometimes has the appearance
of an actinomorphic corolla, and a different length range of the
stamen; so different synonyms have been published and merged
(Shahina & Nampy 2014). Corollas of
C. diffusa are often rose, or sometimes white or orange, but in
the ethnic group in Taiwan, only individuals with white flowers
have so far been found. Around the habitat, the main associated
plant is Arundo formosana Hack. (Poaceae), which also grows on wet,
steep rocky slopes.
AcknowledgementsWe are thankful to Ms. Shang-Yu Hung
for the nice line drawings, and also to Ms. Yi-Wen Chen for
information and support with photographic assistance.
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221林業研究季刊 40(3)：217-221, 2018
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