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Cassava breeding potential Cassava breeding potential for bioethanolfor bioethanolfor bioethanolfor bioethanol
Becerra LópezBecerra López‐‐Lavalle L A Dufour DLavalle L A Dufour DBecerra LópezBecerra López Lavalle, L.A. , Dufour, D., Lavalle, L.A. , Dufour, D., Sánchez, T. and H. CeballosSánchez, T. and H. Ceballos
OutlineOutline
I t d ti• Introduction
• High stable and reliable productivityHigh, stable and reliable productivity
• Novel traits
• Processing methods X root quality interactions
• Perspectives
OutlineOutline
I t d ti• Introduction
• High stable and reliable productivityHigh, stable and reliable productivity
• Novel traits
• Processing methods X root quality interactions
• Perspectives
Cassava originCassava originFlooded landFlooded land
Low Low Soil Soil FFertilityertility
Degraded SoilsDegraded Soilsgg
Slopped LandSlopped Land
Cassava modern productionCassava modern productionSubSub--humid environmenthumid environment Acid Acid ––Soil environmentSoil environment
19’000,000 hectares19’000,000 hectares
Near Hanoi, VietnamNear Hanoi, Vietnam GuanGuan--Xi Province, ChinaXi Province, China
Cassava modern productionCassava modern productionSubSub--humid environmenthumid environment Acid Acid ––Soil environmentSoil environment
19’000,000 hectares19’000,000 hectares
233 000233 000 TT233,000 233,000 TonnesTonnes
Near Hanoi, VietnamNear Hanoi, Vietnam GuanGuan--Xi Province, ChinaXi Province, China
Main uses of CassavaMain uses of CassavaFresh Fresh -- boiledboiled Farinha Farinha -- GariGari
Human consumptionHuman consumption
Cassava leavesCassava leaves FufuFufu
Main uses of CassavaMain uses of CassavaChicken factoryChicken factory Dry chips for animal feedDry chips for animal feed
Animal feedstockAnimal feedstock
Near Hanoi, VietnamNear Hanoi, Vietnam Pressed cake Pressed cake
Main uses of CassavaMain uses of CassavaBioBio--EthanolEthanol StarchStarch
Industrial use of CassavaIndustrial use of Cassava
FriedFried--ChipsChips GorenGoren--KrupukKrupuk
OutlineOutline
I t d ti• Introduction
• High stable and reliable productivityHigh, stable and reliable productivity
• Novel traits
• Processing methods X root quality interactions
• Perspectives
Crop PotentialCrop PotentialSouth China 5
Breeding successfully increased fresh-root (FR) productivity & dry-matter (DM) content. We now need
South-China 5
matter (DM) content. We now need STABLE -DM contents
SM 1433-484 t/ha FR in a 9.5 ha commercial field
(~25 t/ha DM)
Crop PotentialCrop Potential
The case of “watery” roots for ethanol
Fresh root yield (t/ha)
Dry matter content (%)
Dry matter yield (t/ha)
(%)
SM 2775‐2 53.8 32.1 17.3
At two location: Codazzi (Cesar) and Barrancas (Guajira)
SM 2775‐4 35.3 35.9 12.7
SM 2775 2 37 3 30 7 11 5
At five location: Patalito, Sto Thomas & Molinero (Atlantico), La Union (Sucre) and Chinu (Cordoba)
SM 2775‐2 37.3 30.7 11.5
SM 2775‐4 27.1 36.9 10.0
Crop PotentialCrop Potential
The case of “watery” roots for ethanol
Fresh root yield (t/ha)
Dry matter content (%)
Dry matter yield (t/ha)
(%)
SM 2775‐2 53.8 32.1 17.3
At two location: Codazzi (Cesar) and Barrancas (Guajira)
SM 2775‐4 35.3 35.9 12.7
SM 2775 2 37 3 30 7 11 5
At five location: Patalito, Sto Thomas & Molinero (Atlantico), La Union (Sucre) and Chinu (Cordoba)
High Dry Matter content does not seems critical to ethanol production
SM 2775‐2 37.3 30.7 11.5
SM 2775‐4 27.1 36.9 10.0
OutlineOutline
I t d ti• Introduction
• High stable and reliable productivityHigh, stable and reliable productivity
• Novel traits
• Processing methods X root quality interactions
• Perspectives
Cassava “Novel” traitsCassava “Novel” traits
Amylose-free (“waxy”)Amylose free ( waxy ) starch mutation
•Amylose is difficult to degrade•Amylose-free starch should cost less to convert into ethanol
Cassava “Novel” traitsCassava “Novel” traits
F biliFermentability: assess their potential in bio-ethanol, bio-plastics, sweeteners
Cassava starch fermentation: with and without starch
400
250
300
350
Total etTotal ethanol
100
150
200
Total et(ml eth
kg sta
Total ethanol (mL/Kg of starch)
CM 523 7
With enzyme0
50
100
CM 523-7Rayong 60
NEPWAXY
Without enzyme
Clone 4 1/3 days
Small granule/high amyloseSmall granule/high amyloseh
mal
Sta
rch
Nor
m
• A small granule and a rough surface
e St
arch
A small granule and a rough surfacefacilitate the action of enzymes (less consumption of enzymes, lower costs of conversion).
all g
ranu
le
)
• But higher amylose content would increase costs….
Sma
Small granule/high amyloseSmall granule/high amylose
h ( )
RVA Amylogram
Starch Viscosity (5%)
1000
1200
80
100
Waxy
600
800
osity (cP)
60
200
400
Visco
20
40
Small granules00 5 10 15 20
Temperature (minutes)
0
OutlineOutline
I t d ti• Introduction
• High stable and reliable productivityHigh, stable and reliable productivity
• Novel traits
• Processing methods X root quality interactions
• Perspectives
BioBio--ethanol productionethanol productionEthanol factory in Thai Nguan near Khon Kaen (Thailand)
5.27 kg of fresh root produce one liter of ethanol1.4 – 1.5 bath / kg fresh root1.4 1.5 bath / kg fresh root
25 bath / lt of ethanol produced
Ethanol from corn or cassava is more expensive because starch
Boiler
more expensive because starch need to be degraded to the
equivalent of sugar cane juices
Eth lEthanolMaize or Cassava
Distillation &dehydration
Starch degradationLiquefaction & saccharification
Fermentation
y
SugarcaneSugarcane juices
Sorce ofsatrch
Thermo-stableAlpha-amylase Yeasts
GrindingJet cooker>100 °C
Alpha amylase(Liquefacction)
YeastsStorage
tank
Grinding >100 C (5-8’)
onatio
nor
as)
tank Secondary
Liquefaction erm
enta
tio
acch
arifi
ca°C
(8-1
0 ho
latio
n &
ydra
tion
Slur
ry t Liquefaction
(95 °C – 90’)
FeSa 60 °
Dis
tilde
h y
Glucoamylase(Saccharification)
Solids
Sorce ofsatrch
Thermo-stableAlpha-amylase Yeasts
GrindingJet cooker>100 °C
Alpha amylase(Liquefacction)
YeastsStorage
tank
Grinding >100 C (5-8’)
onatio
nor
as)
tank Secondary
Liquefaction erm
enta
tio
acch
arifi
ca°C
(8-1
0 ho
latio
n &
ydra
tion
Slur
ry t Liquefaction
(95 °C – 90’)
FeSa 60 °
Dis
tilde
h y
New enzymesGlucoamylase(Saccharification)
Solids
yLiquefaction + saccharification
Sorce ofsatrch Yeasts
Grinding
Storagetank
Yeasts
Grinding
onatio
nor
as)
tank
erm
enta
tio
latio
n &
ydra
tion
acch
arifi
ca°C
(8-1
0 ho
Slur
ry t Fe
Dis
tilde
h ySa 60 °
New enzymesNew enzymes
+ yeasts
Solids
yLiquefaction + saccharificationLiquefaction + saccharification
+ fermentation
Digestion rate of different cassava starches (1 0 ml of pacreatic α-amilase)
100
(1.0 ml of pacreatic α amilase) pH 6.9 at 37°C
80
ex (%
)
~80%
40
60
rolis
is In
d
0
20Hid
~30%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (minutes)
Digestion rate of different cassava starches (0 5 ml of StargenTM 2)
80
(0.5 ml of Stargen 2) pH 4.0 at 37°C
60
ex (%
)
~60%
40
Hidro
lisis in
de
20 ~30%
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (minutes)
Root processing vs. qualityRoot processing vs. quality
• Starch degrading enzymes and yeast are being improved.
h h i h l l h• The process to convert starch into ethanol constantly changes.
• As in maize, there are genetic differences in cassava for ethanol
production (small starch granule).
• We are in a unique position to analyze the best germplasm –
processing method to maximize economic benefit and reduce
negative impact on the environment.
• What is the potential of “sugary” cassava?
OutlineOutline
I t d ti• Introduction
• High stable and reliable productivityHigh, stable and reliable productivity
• Novel traits
• Processing methods X root quality interactions
• Perspectives
Cassava BioCassava Bio--ethanol perspectiveethanol perspective
• Cassava is a competitive raw material for bio-ethanol production in Asia (Thailand, China, Vietnam, Indonesia?, Australia?)
• A large % of the ethanol production cost is constitute by the enzyme and yeast. y y y
• Advances in microbiology and enzymology can significantly reduceenzymology can significantly reduce ethanol production cost from starches
Cassava BioCassava Bio--ethanol ethanol prespectiveprespective
• There are clones with low dry mattercontent but maximum productivity per hectare that can now be used in ethanol production
• Different mutants could reduce costs of conversion from root to ethanol (including “sugary”?)
Energy crops: farms of 1-100 ha Cassava Banana Coffee residues Ethanol
(99,5%)
Sweet potato Sweet sorghumSugar cane
(99,5%)
Small rural communities Central Plant (dehydration)
Micro-plants1.000 – 2.000 lt/day
5 – 10 t crop/day< 1 ha crop/day< – 1 ha crop/day
Ethanol (50%)
Transport
( )
Cassava BioCassava Bio--ethanol perspectiveethanol perspective
• For ethanol production a key issue is the continuous supply of feedstock all year round.
• Processing of fresh roots (low dry g ymatter?) at harvest time and dried chips during off-season is one potential l ialternative.
Cassava BioCassava Bio--ethanol perspectiveethanol perspective
• Combining feedstock from different crops. For instance, cassava/sweet-sorghum has proved advantageous.
• We need to further analyze the by-• We need to further analyze the byproducts and their potential use for animal feeding.g