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8/14/2019 Câu chuyện triết học http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cau-chuyen-triet-hoc 1/123 Câu chuy n Tri ết hc @ Trung tâm Tu h c Đi h c NA LAN ĐÀ Trang ti ế ng Vi t Trang Nhà Qu ng Đc Trang ti ế Tri ế t hc Ph t Giáo Nha Tu Th ư và S ư u Kh o Vi n Đi H c V n H nh (1971) CÂU TRUY N TRI T H C Nguyên tác : The Story of Philosophy - Will Durant Trí Hi B u Đ ích d ch Ch ươ ng 1: PLATON Ch ươ ng 2: ARISTOTE Ch ươ ng 3: FRANCIS BACON Ch ươ ng 4: SPINOZA Ch ươ ng 5: Voltaire Ch ươ ng 6: IMMANUEL KANT Ch ươ ng 7: Schopenhauer Ch ươ ng 8: Herbert Spencer Ch ươ ng 9: FRIEDRich nietzche

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    Cu chuyn Tri t hc @ Trung tm Tu hc i hc NA LAN

    Trang ting Vit Trang Nh Qung c Trang ti

    Trit hc Pht Gio

    Nha Tu Th v S u Kho Vin i Hc Vn Hnh (1971)

    CU TRUYN TRIT HCNguyn tc : The Story of Philosophy - Will Durant

    Tr Hi v B u ch d ch

    Ch ng 1: PLATON Ch ng 2: ARISTOTE Ch ng 3: FRANCIS BACON Ch ng 4: SPINOZA Ch ng 5: Voltaire Ch ng 6: IMMANUEL KANT Ch ng 7: Schopenhauer Ch ng 8: Herbert Spencer Ch ng 9: FRIEDRich nietzche

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    Cu chuyn Tri t hc @ Trung tm Tu hc i hc NA LAN

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    Trang ti ng Vi t Trang Nh Qu ng c Trang ti n

    Tri t hc Pht Gio

    Nha Tu Th v S u K ho Vin i Hc Vn Hnh (1971)

    CU TRUY N TRI T HCNguyn tc : The Story of Philosophy - Will Durant

    Tr Hi v B u ch d ch ---o0o---

    Ch ng 1

    PLATON

    http://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/Mucluctongquat.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/Mucluctongquat.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/Mucluctongquat.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/Mucluctongquat.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/Mucluctongquat.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/index.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/index.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/index.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/index.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/index.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/menu2.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/menu2.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/menu2.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/menu2.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/index.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/Mucluctongquat.html
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    Vo khong nm 490 tr c Ty lch, hai tiu quc Sparte v Athnes qun mi hn thh p lc cng nhaunhui qun xm lng Ba Tlm le bin Hy lp thnh mt thuc a ca mnh. Trong cuc chin tranh ny, Sparte cuncp lc qun v Athnes cung cp thuqun. Khi chin tranh chm dt, Sparte gii ng quni v chu skhnghong kinh tdo sgii ng ny sinh ra. Trong khi th Athnes khn ngoan h n, bin hm i tu chin thnh mthm i tu bun v tr nn mt n c bun bn giu mnh nht th i th ng c. Sparteiu tn trong nghcanhnng v b c lp v i thgi i bn ngoi, trong khi Athnes tr nn thnh v ng v l mt n i giaoim ca nhiu

    chng tc, nhiu ngun tt ng, vn ho, schungng ny sinh sso snh, phn tch v suy nghim.

    Nhng truyn thng, l thuyt gp g nhau, chngi nhau, t o thi nhau v c cng li. Trong khi c hngngn tt ng chngi nhau, ng i ta c khuynh h ng hoi nghi tt cnhng tt ngy. C lnhng th ng gial nhng ng i nhiu hoi nghi nht v hthy qu nhiu, b tuyn truyn qu nhiu, hc khuynh h ng coi ng ikhc nu khng phi l nhng ng i ngu th cng l nhng ng i lu manh, hhoi nghi tt cnhng ngun t t ng. Theo v i th i gian hpht trin khoa hc; ton hc ny sinh nh sgiao hon, thin vn hc ny sinh v i nhucu hng hi. V i spht trin nn kinh t, con ng i c nhiu th gi nhn ri, c h ng nhiu tin nghi trong

    mt khng kh trt tv an ninh. l nhng iu kin tin quyt nghin cu v suy t. Ng i ta nhn vo ccngi sao trn tr i khng nhng tm ph ng h ng cho chic tuang lnhnh trn mt bin m cntm b mt ca v tr: nhng trit gia Ha lp u tin l nhng nh thin vn. Aristote ni rng sau khi thng cuc chintranh, cc ng i Hy lp tm cch pht huy chin quv m rng nlc vo nhiu lnh vc khc. Ng i ta ctmnhng l i gii p cho nhng bi ton tr c kia c giao ph cho cc thn linh qun tr, nhng tlt thuytnh ng b c cho khoa hc, trit l bt u t .

    Kh i u trit l l mt mn hc c tnh cch vt l, ng i ta quan st thgi i hu hnh v i hy vng tm thy yu t kh i thuca tt cvn vt. Mt li gii p tnhin l thuyt duy vt ca Dmocrite (460 - 360 tTL). Dmocriteni rng: "trong v trch c nguyn tv hkhng", l ngun tt ng chnh ca Hy lp, ng i ta lng qun ntrong mt th i gian nhng n li c sng dy v i tt ng ca Epicure (342-279 tTL) v Lucrce (98-55 tTL). nhin kha cnh quan trng nht vc sc nht ca nn trit hc Hy lp c thhin trong tt ng ca nhngngulun gia l nhng ng i i lang thang ryy mai tuyn truyn cho chngh a ca mnh, hgn b v itt ng ca mnh h n tt cmi vt trn i. Phn ng hl nhng ng i rt thng minh hoc rt thm thu, h bn ci vtt cnhng vn m ng i ng th i thc mc, h t cu hi cho tt ccc vn , hkhng s ngh i h h h h h h d h h h h hi

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    2. SOCRATE

    Nu chng ta suy xt trong khi ngm bc t ng bn thn ca Socrate cn st li tri qua bao nhiuiu tn hoangphth ta snhn thy rng Socrate c mt din mo khngp g. Mt ciu hi, ci mt l n v trn, mt cpmt su v nhn thng, lmi l n ... Ci mt lm ta lin t ngn mt ng i gc cng h n l mt trit gia danhting vo bc nht. Nhng nu nhn li ln thhai ta sthy rng, qua nhng nt khc trong, mt ci g ho nh vbnh d thot ra tbmt , nhng nty lm cho Socrate c hu ht cc thanh nin thnh Athnes knh mn.Ta bit rt t vSocrate, nhng ng th i ta hiu Socrate h n trit gia c vqu phi nhPlaton hoc thng thi nh Aristote. Sau h n hai ngn nm, ta cn m ng t ng c hnh dng ca Socrate v i chic o chong thng thnhb c tng b c khoan thai tr c ccn th , tm thon ton khng b nh h ng b i cc bin cchnh tr. ng t hp nhng thanh nin v nhng hc gixung quanh mnh vo nhng n i c bng mt tr c ca ccn th cngnhaumo.

    Nhng ng i i theo Socrate thuc rt nhiu thnh phn khc nhau, chnh nhng ng i ny to nn nn trit l typh ng. C nhng ng i con nh giu nhPlaton v Alcibiade, hthch li ch trch ch dn chca Socrate,cng c nhng kvphe x hi chngh aa thch np sng ngho nn ca Socrate v cho l mt du hiu ca s thnh thin, cng c nhng kchtr ng dit trt tnhAristippe, hchtr ng mt x hi khng c n lcngkhng c chn l, tt c u sng tdo v khng lo lng nhchnh Socrate. Tt cnhng vn lm con ng i suyngh v lm cho nhng thiu nin bn ci sut ngyu c em ra mxtrong ci nhm nh y, htin t ng mtcch thnh tht rng nu cuc i m khng c bn lun vtrit l th l mt cuc i khngng sng. Trong

    nhm nh y hu ht cc ngun tt ng ca nhn loi u c i din.Socrate lm gsng ? t ai bit n. ng khng bao gi lm vic, khng bao gi ngh n ngy mai. ngn khino c ng i m i, c lng i ta rt thch m i ng v xem ra ng cng bo tt ph

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    Trang ti ng Vi t Trang Nh Qu ng c Trang ti

    Tri t hc Pht Gio

    Nha Tu Th v S u K ho Vin i Hc Vn Hnh (1971)

    CU TRUY N TRI T HCNguyn tc : The Story of Philosophy - Will Durant

    Tr Hi v B u ch d ch

    ---o0o---

    Ch ng 2

    ARISTOTE(384 322 tTL)

    1. M T CHT L CH S :

    Aristote sinh ti Stagira ti tiu quc Macdoine cch Athnes 200 dm, vo nm 384 tTL. Cha ca ng lmnghthy thuc, bn thn ca quc v ng Macdoine Amyntas. ng ny l tphca Alexandrei . Hnh nh Aristote lon vin ca mt y s on danh ting th i y, ng c tt cnhng c hi thun tin hc hi v phttrin tri thc.

    C hai githuyt vth i k nin thiu ca Aristote. Mt githuyt cho rng ng l mt thiu nin thchnch i, phung ph tin ca n ni tr nn ngho nni rch, khng c nghsinh nhai phi vo lnh trong mt th igian. Min nm 30 tui m i n xin hc v tr thnh mnca Platon (427 348 tTL) . Githuyt thhaikhng chp nhn th i k n ch i v phung ph tin ca. Theo githuyt ny Aristoten Athnes t lc 18 tui vtr thnh mnca Platon bt u t .

    fil ///E|/S i i l%20Lib /Q %20D %20M /B k %20 f%20S i i l%20P /C %20 h %20 i %20h /142 h i h fil /142 h i h 2 h

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    sch, nhiu ng i cho l mt l i khen, nhng cng c ng i cho l mt l i ch c m ch n tinh thn quch trng vo sch v ca Aristote. Mt sbt ho khc quan trng h n xy ra vo cui i Platon. Aristote c v chng li t t ng ca Platon v nhiu khi khngng v i Platon. Thiny lm Platon rt bt bnh coi Aristotenhmt a con v n. Mt vi hc gicho rng Aristote lp mt tr ng hng bin. Trong scc mn sinh cHermias sau ny thnh ng i cm quyn tiu quc Atarneus.tlng nh n thy c, Hermias m i Aristote v sng ti triu nh v nm 344 tTL, Hermias gi i thiu ng i ch ca mnh lm v Aristote. Cuc hn nhn l mt s thnh cng mmn. Sau mt nm quc v ng Macdoine l Philippe m i Aristote vtriu nhdy cho thi t Alexandre. l mt vinh drt l n cho Aristote, v Philippe cng nhAlexandre l nhng v vua danh ting vhng mnh nht trong lch snhn loi. Philipe chinh phc Thrace nm 356 tTLchim nhng mvng v cngphong ph gp 10 ln svng ca Athnes. Thn dn ca Philippe l nhng nng dn khomnh, nhng chin s dng cm bit chu ng gian kh. Nh nhng yu t y Philippe v Alexandre thn tnh hng trm tiu quc v

    thc hin c sthng nht Hy lp. Philippe khnga chngh a c nhn ng th i mc d chngh a ny c ktqutt p i v i nghthut v i sng tinh thn ca dn Hy Lp. Philippe cho rng chngh a c nhn l ngungc ca s i trukinh tcng nhchnh tr. Chnh da vo chngh a ny m nhng klu manh chnh tr c th l i dng s tin t ng qu ddi ca dn chngmc tnh thao tng chnh tr ng gy nn b phi, giai cp, m muchng i nhau. Philippe quyt chm dt tnh trng trnthc hin mt n c Hy Lp thng nht v hng mnhxngng l trung tm chnh tr ca thgi i th i by gi . Trong th i nin thiu Philippe hc qun s ti Thbes.Nm 338 tTL ng chin thng ti Athnes v thc hin c sthng nht ca n c Hy Lp. ng mong mi s cng ng i con l Alexandre tip tc cuc chinh phc thgi i nhng gic mng ca ng b tan v v ng b m st.

    Khi Aristoten nhn vic th Alexandre l mt cu b 13 tui bng bt vm yu,a c i nga v tpnga. Nhng cgng ca Aristotelm du sbng bt ca Alexandre hnh nhkhngem li nhiu kt qu.Theo mt vi sgia Alexandre coi Aristote nhcha rut ca mnh v vphn Alexandre cng tng tuyn b mun hc hi v coi trng shiu bit h n l chinh phc thgi i. Nhng ch l nhng l i lx giao v khngng v i s tht. Alexandre lun lun l mt chin s thch chinh phc, sau khi thgio 2 nm v i Aristote,Alexandre ni ngi cha v bt u chinh phc thgi i. Sthnh cng ca Alexandre c lmt phn no donhh ng ca Aristote v ng i ta th ng so snh thin ti ca Aristote trong lnh vc trit l v i thin ti caAlexandre trong lnh vc chnh tr. Chai v nhn nyu c cng v i nhn loi: mt bn thng nht thgi i, mtbn thng nht trit l.

    Sau khi ct qun chinh phc chu, Alexandreli Hy Lp nhng chnh phtrung thnh v i ng nhng khng c dn chngng h. Truyn thng dn chca ng i Hy Lp khng thmt s m mt chiu b lu m tr c scmnh ca i qun Alexandre. Ti nhng chnh phny, nhngng ln cm quyn c mnh danh lngMacdoine hay lng thn Alexandre. Nm 334 tTL Aristote tr vAthnes sau mt cuc du hnh v lcnhinkhng du cm tnhi v i ng Macdoine ti . Cng trnh kho cu khoa hc, trit l, chnh tr ca Athnes tuyrt bao la nhng khng phi l hon ton theoui trong syn t nh. Nhiu bin cchnh tr lun lune do Aristote v nhm cng svin, cng trnh ny hon ton tu thuc vo sthnh cng ca Alexandre trn lnh vcchnh tr. Nhng nhn xt trny cn cho php chng ta hiu r tt ng chnh tr ca Aristote.

    2. CNG VI C C A ARISTOTE:

    Mc d trong mt tiu quc ang si sc v nhng bin cchnh tr, Aristote thnh cng trong vic lpnn mt tr ng hc ly tn l Lyceum. Rt nhiu mn n xin thgion ni cn phi t ra nhng php tc lutl gign trt t. Nhng mnny tbu cmt ubancai qun cc cng vic ca tr ng. Hth ng liv n ung ngay trong tr ng, cc bui hc th ng c tchc ngoing trng. Tr c kia Platon cng thnhlp mt tr ng ly tn l Academy chuyn nghin cu vton hc v chnh tr. Lyceum ca Aristote chuyn nghincu vsinh l hc vng vt hc Alexandre ra lnh cho cc nh sn bn v chi li phi em np cho Aristote tt

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    cp. Ngoi ra, Aristote cn su t m 158 bn hi n php.

    Tuy nhin chng ta phi nh rng nhng ph ng tin nghin cu ca Aristote v cng th s so v i nhngph ng tin nghin cu ti tn ca chng ta ngy nay. ng phi o l ng th i gian m khng cng h, o l ngnhit m khng c hn thbiu, xem thin vn m khng c vin vng knh,on th i tit m khng c phong v biu. Nhng ph ng tin duy nht m Aristote sdng l mt ci th c v mt ci compas. Sc ht ca trit,hin t ng phtin, p lc khng kh, nguyn l nh sng, nhit l ng v hu ht nhng l thuyt tn tin ca khoahc hin i u hon ton cha c pht minh.

    Nhng tc phm ca Aristote lnn hng trm cun. C ng i bo 400 cun, c ng i bo 1000 cun.Nhng cun cn li n d i nay ch l mt snhnhng cng c thlp thnh mt tsch. Tr c ht l nhng tc

    phm vlun l dy cc cch xp t v phn loi cc ngh . Ri n cc tc phm khoa hc nhvt l hc, thinvn hc, kh t ng hc, vn vt hc, nhng sch ni vspht trin v suy tn, vlinh hn, vc thsinh vt, vc ng v vssinh. Loi thba l nhng sch dy vcch vit vn v lm th . Loi thtl nhng sch vtritl nh o c hc, chnh tr hc v siu hnh hc.

    Ton thcc tc phm c thxem l mt bbch khoa ca Hy Lp nhng khc v i bbch khoa ca ccn c khc chch do mt ng i vit ra. Cng trnh ca Aristote xng ng c so snh v i cng trnh caAlexandre. Vn ch ng ca Aristote khng bng by v thi v nhca Platon, l mt loi vn ch ng chnh xcv khoa hc. Aristote phi t thm nhiu tngm i c thdin tt t ng. Nhng tngu Mhin nay phim n nhng tc phm ca Aristote nh"faculty, mean, maxim, category, energy, actuality, motive, end, priciple,form ...". Nhng chny khng khc g nhng vin gch xy dng tt ng v gp phn rt l n trong cng cucpht trin tt ng i sau. Aristote cn vit nhiu tc phm vn ch ng nhngn nay tht truyn.

    C ng i cho rng nhng tc phm ca Aristote khng phi do chnh Aristote son tho m do cc mn son tho sau khi ghi ch cc bi ging ca Aristote. Phn l n nhng tc phm ny c xut bn sau khi Aristotequa i. Ch c mt st tc phm vlun l v vn ch ng c xut bn khi Aristote cn sng. Mt snhng tcphm khc vsiu hnh hc v chnh tr c su tm t ng giy t do Aristoteli. C ng i cho rng trong ttccc tc phm v Aristote chng ta c thtm thy mt li vit vn ging nhau,iu ny chng trng cc mn ca Aristote thm nhun tt ng ca thy mt cch su xa, nu khng phi t tay Aristote son tho ra cc tc phmca mnh th cc tt ng trnh by chc chn l ca Aristote.

    3. N N T NG C A LU N L H C

    Gi tr ca Aristote l chng pht minh mn hc m i, hon ton khng da vo cc tc phm ttr cli. Li suy lun ca ng i Hy Lp tr c th i Aristote khng c minh bch, chnh Aristote chn chnh tnhtrng ny bng ccht ra nhng quy lut cho ssuy lun. Ngay cPlatoni khi cng vp phi li lm suy lunkhng chnh xc. D i th i trung c, mt ngn nm sau khi Aristote qua i ng i ta cn hng say dch li cc schvlun ltheo m h ng dn tt ng.

    Lun l c ngh a l nghthut v ph ng php suy ngh chnh xc. l ph ng php ca tt ccc khoahc , tt ccc nghthut kcm nhc. Lun l hc l mt khoa hc v n c th c trnh by d i nhiu nhlut ging nhccnh lut vt l v hnh hc, n cng l mt nghthut v n tp cho t t ng quen v i li suyngh chnh xc.

    Socrate rt ch trng n nhng nh ngh a, l b c u ca lun l hc. Platon lun lun tm cch lm file:///E|/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20P y/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/142cauchuyentriethoc files/142cauchuyentriethoc2 htm

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    c 2 phn: phn thnht ch r vt y thuc loi no, phn thhai ch r trong loi y, vt y c nhng gc bit ?V dng i l mt con vt c l tr.nh ngh a ny nu r 2 phn: phn thnht ch r ng i l mt con vt, phnthhai ch r ng i khc nhng con vt khc chno: l tr.

    C mt vn lm cho Aristote bt ng v i Platon v gy ra nhiu cuc tranh lun si ni. Theo Aristote thnhng danh tnh: ng i, sch, cy ... ch nhng vt tng qut v tru t ng khng c trn thc t. Nhng vt ctht phi c xcnh bng nhng tn gi nhng Athnes, ng B.

    Theo Platon th nhng vt tng qut c thc cht v tn ti lu di h n nhng vt c xcnh. V l y mPlaton cho rng Quc gia c tr c c nhn. Scch bit ny cnh h ng rng l n trong t t ng ca hai tritgia. Aristote th thc t, lun lun ch trng n hin ti v c mt thikhch quan. Trong khi Platon th m

    mng, lun lun ngh n t ng lai v c mt thichquan. Mt trong cc pht minh ca Aristote trong lnh vclun l l tamon lun. l mt li suy lun theo 3 phn, phn thba hay l phn kt lun theo sau phn thnhtv phn thhai. Th dng i l con vt c l tr, Socrate l ng i, vy Socrate l mt con vt c l tr. Tamonlun c th c p dng trong ton hc theo cc cng thc sauy: A = B, B = C vy C = A.iu kh khn cnphi gii quyt trong mt tamon lun l nu phn thnht khng c chnh xc th phn kt lun lcnhincng sai. Tuy nhin, ng i ta th ng ch trng n phn kt lun h n l phn thnht, do tamon lun khngemn nhng kt qutt. V i s trnh by cc ph ng php lun l Aristote c cng l n v i nhn loi lt nntng cho ph ng php suy lun chnh xc mc d mn lun l hc gp nhng chng gai v c coi nhmt mnhc kh hiu.

    4. H TH NG KHOA H C :

    4.1. Khoa h c Hy L p tr c th i Aristote:

    Hc giRenan cho rng Socrateem trit l cho nhn loi, cn Aristoteem khoa hc cho nhn loi. nh rngtr c Socrate v tr c Aristote cng c khoa hc v trit l nhng cn trong trng thi th s . c nhiu cucnghin cu ca ng i Hy Lp pht trin khoa hc nhng nhng cuc nghin cu y ngy nay khng thxem lkhoa hc m ch c thxem nhmt loi thn hc. Ni mt cch khc, dn CHy Lp c khuynh h ng ging giitt cnhng hin t ng thin nhin nhl hnh vi ca cc thn linh.

    Mt vi ng i tin phong tm cchi ra khi ng b y. Thals (649 - 550 tTL) c coi l chaca trit l xutthn l mt nh thin vn ln ting cng kch thi m tn, xem cc tinh t trn tr i nhnhng thn linh. MncaThals l Anaximandre c cng vnhng v tr ca nhng tinh t va ra thuyt to bo rng v trtr c kia ch lmt khi long, cc hnh tinh vnh tinh ttrong khi y m ra. V trxoay vn theo tng chu k h p ri tan, tanri h p. Trit nm trn khng trung nh sc ht, tt ccc hnh tinhu c cht lng, dn dn cht lngy bch i donh h ng ca mt tr i. i sng bt u d i bin v ln ln xut hin trn mt t v bin b bc h i.Nhng con vt khng cn n c sng dn dn tp th khng kh, l thutca nhng ging vt sng trnt.Ngay cloi ng i cng phi c mt hnh dng khc by gi . V nu loi ng i qu yu t lc s sinh vi hi qunhiu th i giantr ng thnh nhngy nay th khng sao c thtn ti n ngy nay.

    Mt trit gia khc Anaximnes cho rng v trbt u bng mt khi cht long. Khi y dn dn cng li thnhgi, my, n c, t v. Ba trng thi ca vt l trng thi kh, lng vc l 3 giaion ca sc ng.ng tl do sc ng cht lng trong lngt. i sng v linh hn l mt sc mnh tim tng c mt khp n i.

    Anaxagoras tm cch ging gii nht thc v nguyt thc. ng l thy hc ca danh t ng Pericls. ng khm ph

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    | p y Q g y p y y y y

    thi. Nhng bphn nopng v i nhu c u v thch h p v i hon cnh s c t n ti trong khi nhng bphnkhc khng thch h p sb o thi. Mt vi hc gikhc i gn n thuyt nguyn td mt cch rt th s . H cho rng ngoi thgi i hin ti cn c v sthgi i khc. Cc hnh tinh trong v trth ng va chm nhau v lmtan v nhiu thgi i. Trny l nhng iu m cc hc giHy Lp d i th i Aristote tm thy. Cn phi cngnhn mc d v i nhng dng cth s , cng trnh pht minh ca hkhng phi nh. Mt khc, chnh ch n l lm tr hon cc pht minh khoa hc gip ch i sng: trong khi cc n llm tt cnhng cng vic nng nhc thkhng ai ngh n vic pht minh my mc lm g. Tri li phn l n tt ng cc hc gih ng vcc vn chnhtr v x hi trong mt n c Hy Lp b chia rb i nhiu phe nhm chng i nhau gay gt. Do trit l v khoahc chnh tr c phn phong ph h n nhng ngnh khoa hc khc.

    4.2 Aristote m t nh nghin c u thin nhin:

    Nu chng ta bt u bng cch kho st mt tc phm ca Aristote nhanl V t l h c, chng ta sb tht vng.S tht l trong cun vt l hc y ch trnh by nhng khi nim siu hnh vvt cht, schuyn ng, khng gian,th i gian, nguyn l, v nhng khi nim t ng t. Mt on c sc trong tc phm trn lon cng kch khinim chn khng ca mt hc gi ng th i. Aristote cho rng trong v trkhng lm g c chn khng. Ngy naythuyt ca Aristote b khoa hc chng minh l sai, nhng chnh nh scng kch m chng ta bit c mtthuyt khoa hc c gi tr. Vkhoa thin vn Aristote khng tin bh n cc hc gi ng th i l bao. ng cngkch thuyt ca Pythagore cho rng mt tr i l trung tmim ca thi d ng h, ng mt dnh vinh d y cho trit. Tuy nhin ng cng c nhiu nhn xt gi tr vsc nng ca mt tr i lm bc h i n c bin, lm cn sng ngi,n c bc h i thnh my v r i xung thnh ma. ng cho rng xAi cp l cng trnh ca xng Nil: chnh ph saca n c sng ny trong hng ngn thk em li cho xAi cp nhng vngt ph nhiu. Aristote cng ging gii mt cch tho ng s thnh lp cc lc a trn trit, ng cho rng cc lc a c ny sinh v dn dnbin mt d i y bin cng v i tt cnhng nn vn minh trny trong mt s thayi tun hon. Con ng i it trng thi s khain trng thi vn minh cc ri str vtrng thi s khai do nhng bin cv i ca toho.

    4.3 N n t ng ca khoa sinh v t hc:

    Trong khi Aristote quan st nhng loi sinh vt trong v n bch tho rng l n ca ng, tnhin ng nhn thy rngnhng loi sinh vt c th c xp hng v gia nhng hngy c nhng mi lin hmt thit trong nhiu ph ngdin khc nhau chng hn nh trong scu to c th, cch sinh sng, s ththai, scm xc... Nhng mi lin h ny ni lin nhng loi sinh vt th s nhb nht n nhng loi sinh vt phc tp nht. Trong l nh vc nhng loisinh vt th s nhb ng i ta rt kh lng phn bit mt sinh vt v mt khong cht. Aristote cho rng ranh gi igia mt sinh vt v mt khong cht trong lnh vc ny rt m hv ng nghi ng . Mt khc, ng i ta khng th phn bit ng vt v thc vt. i v i mt vi loi c thxem l thc vt cng c m xem lng vt cng c.Trong nhiu tr ng h p khc rt kh phn bit mt loi ny v i mt loi khc. Ng i ta c thkt lun rng i sngtrn trit pht trin mt cch lin tc t trng thi th s nht n trng thi phc tp nht. Tr thng minh cng

    pht trin theo v i trng thi, ni cch khc: trng thi cng phc tp, tr thng minh cng pht trin. ng th i ccc quan kim sot cng ngy cng tp trung, thn kinh h c pht trin cng v i stp trung ny.

    Mc d c nhng nhn xt xcng ktrn, Aristote khng chtr ng thuyt tin ho. ngkch thuyt cho rngcc sinh vt u tranhsng v ch nhng sinh vt no thch h p nht m i c tn ti. ng cng phnhn thuytcho rng con ng i tr nn thng minh nh dng 2 taylm vic thay vdi chuyn. ng ni rng cn phi suyngh ng c li nghi l con ng i bit dng 2 taylm vic v tr nn thng minh.

    V cc ph ng tin nghin cu v quan st trong lnh vc ny cn thiu st nn Aristote c nhiu lm ln: ngkhng bit g vshin hu ca cc bp tht trong c th, ng khng phn bit ng mch v t nh mch, ng t ngrng khi c dnglm cho mu trnn lnh ng tin rng n ng c nhiu mnh xng shn n b ng tin

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    cch d dng. ng tm ra k t lun g n gi ng nhthuy t ca Von Baer v ccc tnh ca gi ng ni v thuy t caSpencer vst ng quan ca cc ging vt v spht trin ca chng. Ni mt cch khc, mt ging vt cng phttrin th ssinhcng t. ng nhn xt khuynh h ng bnhng ca cc ging vt ngh a l nhng phn txutchng, do sgiao cu v i cc phn tthp km h n dn dn smt ccc tnh ca mnh. Sau ht Aristote to nnmt khoa hc vspht trin ca bo thai. ng ni rng mun quan st svt mt cch chnh xc khng g bngquan st ngay trong th i k thai nghn. Hyppocrate cng p dng ph ng php ny bng cch quan st trng gln trong nhng th i k khc nhau v vit cun sch nhanl Ngun g c ca a tr . Aristote cng nghin cuhin t ng ny v nhng nhn xt ca ng cn lm cho cc nh khoa hc ngy nay phi ngc nhin. Chc ng lmnhiu th nghim vkhoa sinh sn v ng phnhn thuyt cho rng nam tnh hoc ntnh ca bo thai phthuc vov tr ca ngc hnh. ng cna ra nhiu vn th i svnhn chng chng hn nhng nhn xt mt cuchn nhn gia ng i n b da trng v ng i n ng daen. Tt cnhng a con sinh rau da trng nhng nthhthhai th nhiu a con daen xut hin. ch l mt nhn xt m u chonh lut danh ting vnhnchng hc mnh danh lnh lut Mendel. Ni tm li mc d nhng sai lm trong cc tc phm vsinh l hc cang, Aristote cng t nn mng cho khoa hc ny. Nu chng ta rng cc ph ng php su tm v nghincu th i y rt th s , chng ta phi cng nhn thin ti v i ca Aristote.

    5. SIU HNH H C V TH C CH T C A THIN CHA:

    C thni rng siu hnh hc theo Aristote l s tip tc ca sinh l hc. Tt cmi vt trong v tr u tin ho domt sc mnh ni tm. Mi mt thc thc th c xem nhmt hnh thdo mt nguyn thm pht sinh ra. V dcon ng i l hnh th, doa trl nguyn thpht sinh.a trl hnh thdo bo thai l nguyn thpht sinh.Bo thai l hnh thdo non chu l nguyn thpht sinh. Nu chng tai ln mi vo ngun gc ca nguyn th chng ta stm thy mt nim vnguyn thm khng c hnh th(tc l Thin cha). Tt cmi vt trong v tr u tin trin n mt cu cnh, cu cnh cui cng m i l quan trng. Nhng snhm ln ca to ho l nguyn doca nhng qui thai. Spht trin khng phi l mt vic ngu nhin m chnh c h ng dn tbn trong. V dci trng g c cu to thnh mt con g chkhng phi mt con vt, ht b c cu to thnh mtcy b chkhng phi mt cy lau. Do theo quan nim ca Aristote th quyn lc ca Thin cha c th hin trong cc hin t ng thin nhin.

    Aristote quan nim rng c mt Thin cha. ngi tquan nim c ng trong v tr: mi vt trong v tr u c ng xoay vn mi mi, nguyn do sc ngy l u ? Aristote cho rng nguyn doy l Thin cha, l v cha t lm cho cc tinh t v hnh tinh trong v trhoc cc yu tnhh n c xoay vn c ng theo mtnh lut bt di bt dch. V cha tny khng c hnh th, khng thphn chia, khng ththayi, khng thb hu dit. Theo Aristote th Thin cha khng to nn v tr, ngi ch lm cho v trc ng. Ngi l cu cnh cui cngca svt, l nguyn thca v tr, l lsng, l ton thnhng din tin sinh l, lng lc ca ton th. Ngi lnng lc hon ton, c thso snh c v i quan nim nng lc ca nn khoa hc v trit l hin i.

    Aristote cn quan nim rng th ng l mt thc thc nhiu b him v ngi khng bao gi lm g, khng c mun, khng c mc ch, khng c hnhng. V ngi lng ton nng nn khng bao gi ngi c mun, vkhng c mun nn khng bao gi ngi hnhng.

    6. TM L H C V B N CH T C A NGH THU T :

    Tm l hc ca Aristote cng c nhiu kh hiu v mu thun. Trong ca tc phm c nhiu on ng, chngh A i l i i bi h l hi h hi h hh i i i

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    mu n c khen v s b ch trch, chnh y u t ny lm cho hphi chn la v cng chng minh stdo chn laca con ng i. L lun ny cng khngng vng v chnh skhen chnhat hnh vi ca con ng i chkhngphi stdo la chn.

    Aristote cna ra mt l thuyt vlinh hn. Theo ng th linh hn l sc sng ca mi sinh vt. Trong ccy thlinh hn ch l khnng dinh d ng v sinh sn, trong loing vt linh hn l khnng di chuyn v cm xc,trong loi ng i linh hn l khnng l lun v suy t. V l mt khnng, linh hn khng thtn ti ngoi thcht.Tuy nhin trong mt on khc bng mt li l lun dng di, Aristote li cho rng linh hn c thtn ti. Li l lunny tra mu thun v c nhiu chti ngh a.

    Trong mt tc phm khc, Aristote bn vnghthut v thm m. ng ni rng nghthut pht minh do nhu cu cacon ng i mun din tnhng cm ngh , cm gic ca mnh. Trong bn cht, nghthut l mt sbt ch c v phnnh thin nhin ging nhci king thu nhng hnhnh ca to vt. Trong tt cmi ng i u c bn nng btch c, mt bn nng m th vt thp km khng c. Tuy nhin mc ch ca nghthut khng phi l din tb ngoi ca svt m chnh l din t ngh a bn trong.

    Nghthut cao cnht va nhng l tr va nhng tnh cm, to nn mt khoi cm cao cnht cho conng i. Do cc cng tc nghthut phi h ng vs ng nht. V dmt v kch phi c ct chuyn ng nht,ngh a l khng c c nhng giaion i ra ngoi. Sau cng nhim vca nghthut l s thanh lc: nhng cmgic cht cha trong con ng i do i sng x hi to nn c thtm thy nghthut mt li thot mp thay vgy ra sbo ng. Nhng ngh trny ngy nay vn cn c gi tr v m mn cho nhng thuyt tn k vscmnh ca nghthut.

    7. O C H C V B N CH T C A H NH PHC:

    Smn n xin hc v i Aristote cng ngy cngng, mn hc cng ngy cng m rng tvn khoa hc ncc vn o c. Nhng cu hi sauy c t ra: cuc i l t ng phi thno ? Ci g l mc ch tith ng ca cuc i ? o c l g ? Lm sao c thtm thy hnh phc ?

    Thica Aristote rt thc ttr c nhng vn ny. ng khng khuyn bo mnphi theo nhng l t ngqu cao xa. Quan nim vbn cht con ng i ca Aristote l mt quan nim rt lnh mnh: tt cnhng l t ng uc mt cn bn thin nhin v tt cnhng ci g thin nhinu c thny n thnh l t ng. Aristote chp nhnmt cch thng thn rng mc ch trc tip ca cuc i khng phi l ci hay cip m chnh l hnh phc.Aristote ni rng ng i ta tm kim tin ti, danh vng, khoi lc v ng i ta t ng rng nhng th emn hnhphc. Tuy nhin cn phi bit r hnh phc tht sl g v con ng noa n hnh phc. Aristote trl i cu hiny bng cch tm nhng c im phn bit loi ng i v nhng loi vt khc. ng cho rng hnh phc l sphttrin hon tony ccc tnh ca con ng i. c tnh ni bt nht ca loi ng i l khnng suy lun, chnhnh c tnh ny m loi ng i ng trn tt cloi vt khc. Chnh v vy m khnng suy lun mt khi c phttrin hon tony s emn hnh phc hon ton cho con ng i.

    iu kin ca hnh phc do l spht trin ca khnng suy lun. o c tu thuc vo ssuy lun chnh xc,skim sot tinh thn, squn bnh ca lng ham mun. khng phi l nhng c tnh ca nhng ng i th ngm l kt quca s tp luyn v kinh nghim trong nhng ng i hon ton tr ng thnh. Con ng i n mcch l nim trung dung. Mi mt c tnh c thxp thnh 3 loi: loi u v loi cht l nhng c tnh qukhch, ch loi gia m i lo c . V dsnht nht v tnh liu l nh thuc vloi u v loi cht, ngh a lnhng c tnh qu khch. Tnh rng ri nm gia tnh bin ln v phung ph. Tnh khim nh ng nm gia tnh rt T h i i h h b h

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    chnh l mt thi quen. Ng i ta cn nh cu ni b t hca Aristote v v n ny: "Mt con n khng lm n i mtma xun". Tui trl th i k qu khch: nu mt thiu nin lm li th chc chn li lm l do squ khch mra. Skh khn ca tui trl lm sao khngi t thi cc nyn thi cc khc v ng i ta th ng c khuynhh ng sa sai mt cch qung. Nhng ng i mt thi cc c khuynh h ng cho rng o c khng phi nm im trung dung m nm thi cc kia.

    Hc khuynh h ng sa mnh nhmt ng i un mt khc tre cong: mun lm khc tre thng hphi un cong v chiu ng c li. Cng c tr ng h p nhng kqu khch xemim trung dung nhmt li lm l n, ng i canmb knht nht xem l liu l nh trong khi nhng ng i liu l nh li xem nhng ng i canm nh l nht nht.Trong lnh vc chnh tr nhng kn ho b kqu khch xem l bo thv b kbo thxem l qu khch.

    Thuyt trung dung l mt c im chng nhng ca Aristote m cn ca nn trit l Hy Lp. Platon xemo c lnhng hnhng iu ho khng qu khch, Socrate xemo c l do ssuy lun m c, trongn th Apollonng i ta c khc nhng ch meden agan c ngh a l khng lm ci g qu tr n. Ng i Hy Lp cho rng s am m t n khng phi l mt iu xu, n l nguyn liu to nniu xu hoc iu tt tu theo cch sdng c chng mchoc khng c chng mc.

    Tuy nhin thuyt trung dung cha phi l b quyt emn hnh phc. Aristote cho rng nhng nhu cu vt chtcng cn thit. Sngho tng qulm cho con ng i m ra bin ln, mt ti sn va phi emn cho conng i mt i sng tdo khng tham lam ginh git qung, cng l mt c im ca ch qu tc. Mt yutkhc rt cn thit cho i sng hnh phc l skt bn. Cng c san s, hnh phc cng tng tr ng. Khi nimvcng bng khng quan trng trong tnh bng hu, khi l bn, ng i ta khng ngh n scng bng soo tnhton trong vic giao thip. Mt khc, sbn chn tht khng thc nhiu: kno c qu nhiu bn tht ra khng cng i bn no. Lm bn v i tt cmi ng i l mt iu khng ththc hin c. Tnh bn chn tht phi c th thch v i th i gian, ni hi s n nh trong tnh tnh. Mt khi tnh tnh khngn nh th skt bn lcnhincng b nh h ng. Bnhng l mt yu tcn thit trong sgiao thip, sbit n khng lm cho sgiao thip c lu di. Nhng kthi n lun lun mun ng i khc chu n mnh mi mi trong khi nhng kchu n lunlun mun xa lnh kthi n cng s m cng tt. Do, sgiao thip khng thno c vng bn.

    Mc d cc tin nghi vt cht cn thit cho i sng hnh phc, yu tchnh l ssng sut ca tm hn. Nhngkhoi lc gic quan khng phi l cha kho ca hnh phc. Mt i sng chnh tr nhlm lnh tmt quc gia hocmt ng phi khng th i i v i hnh phc. Nhng ng i lm chnh tr phi chiu theo s thch ca qun chngm khng c g thayi bp bnh bng s thch qun chng. Hnh phc phi l skhoi lc ca tm tr.

    Con ng i l t ng ca Aristote khng lm vic nguy him mt cch v ch nhng gp tr ng h p cn thit hcthhy sinh tnh mng v c nhiu lc i sng tht khng cnng sng. Hsn lng gip kkhc nhng nhnsgip mt cch rt d dt. Hkhng tm cch ph tr ng, hthng thn ni ln nhng iua v ght, hnhng mt cch chn tht.

    Hkhng bao gi khen ai qung v hnhn thy rng trn i tht skhng c ci gng khen c. Hkhngthsng a dua v i kkhc v tnh a dua lc tnh ca kn l. Hkhng bao gi mun lm hi ai v sn lng thathtt cnhng li lm ca kkhc. Hkhng mun ni chuyn nhiu, cng khng mun c ng i khc tng bchoc ch trch ng i khc. Hkhng ni xu ng i khc d l kth ca h. H i ng khoan thai, ni nng ntn, khng bao gi hp tp v tm tr hkhng b bn rn b i nhngiu phc tp. Hkhng bao gi hng hi quv hbit rng trn i ny khng c ci g quan trng. Hchu ng nhng sbt trc i mt cch vui vvoan trang, ging nhmt t ng lnh gii cm qun ngoi mt trn nm vng chin thut chin l c. Hthch sngmt mnh v khng s sc n. l con ng i l t ng ca Aristote.

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    khc Aristote thin vch qu tc. Mt khc, v i tcch l thy hc ca mt v hongv chng ca mt v cng cha, Aristote khng c l dothin vthuyt dn chhoc c cm tnh v i giai cp th ng gia: Ti tin cachng ta nm u, trit l ca chng ta nm .

    Thm vo t t ng n ho ca Aristote c thxem l hu quca nhng t oan do mt nn dn chqu b bi.ng c mong tm li nn an ninh trt tv ho bnh. ng cho rng cn phi chm dt nhng cuc phiu lu chnhtr. Ch trong nhng tnh th n nh con ng i m i c quyn qu khch. Aristote ni rng :"ng i ta c thi quenthayi lut lqu ddng, lm nhvy l i bt cp hi. Chng ta cn phi chu ng nhng im thiu st nhnhtca nh lm lut h n li thayi lut php. Quc gia skhng c l i g mt khi dn chng lm quen v i thi bt phc tng v lun luni thayi lut php. Stun hnh lut php (rt cn thit cho s n cchnh tr )th ng bt ngun tp tc. Thayi lut php khc g ph v ngun gc ca s tun hnh lut php.

    Aristote ch trch ch cng sn ca Platon, cho l mt ch khng t ng. ng khngng v i cuc sngtp thca giai cp thng tr theo kiu Platon; ng thch nhng c tnh c nhn, stdo, shu hiu v trt txhi. ng khng mun xem tt cng i xung quanh l anh ch, xem tt cng i c tui l cha m. Nu tt c u lanh ch, ltt nhin khng c ng i no thc s l anh ch. Th rng c mt ng i b con xa, song tht sl b concn h n c nhng ng i b con theo kiu Platon. Trong mt x hi m tt cphnv nhing u l ca chung,tnh yu th ng sphai nht. Ch nhng ci g thc sca ta m i c chiu chung v gn b.

    Rt c thrng trong qu khxa xi c mt x hi sng theo ch cng sn. Trong x hi mt gia nh c coinhmt quc gia v tt chot ng kinh ttp trung vo vic cy rung v nui sc vt. i v i mt x hi phttrin h n, cn c sphn cng phc tp h n, khnng ca con ng i khng th ng nht nhxa v do khngthp dng ch cng sn c. Cn phi c s thcy tm l con ng i m i chu trn luyn m nhnnhng cng vic chuyn mn, cn phi c phn th ng ca tsn con ng i m i chu hng hi pht trin knghvchn nui. Khi tt cti sn l ca chung, th khng mt ai chu lo lng gign ti sn y, ng i ta c khuynh h nglo lng cho ci g thuc ring mnh v hon ton l l tr c cc vn chung. Cuc sng tp ththeo kiu cng snto nhiu vn nan gii, khng chng th chy cc c nhn stm cch gy gnhauphn chia ca ci.

    Ng i ta th ng ch trch ch tsn, cho l nguyn do ca tt ccc t oan x hi. Stht th nguyn do cacc t oany khng phi ch tsn m bn tnh con ng i. Khoa hc chnh tr khngsc lm nnnhng con ng i m i m phi quan tmn c tnh hin hu ca con ng i. Ni mt cch tng qut, con ng i gncon th h n l gn cc thin thn. Phn ngu u m v l i bing. D trong ch noi chng na nhngng i y cng nm vo hng cht. Chtr ng giphkhng khc g chtr ngn c vo mt ci thng b.Hphi c cai tr trn ph ng din chnh tr v sai bo trn ph ng din kinh t, s ng ca hhon tonkhng cn thit. Tlc ra i c nhng ng i sinh rab sai khin v nhng ng i khc sinh rasai khin.Nhng ng i c khnng suy ngh v tin liu l nhng ng i sinh ralm ch, nhng ng i ch c thlm vicbng chn tay l nhng ng i sinh rab sai khin. Sphn cng trong x hi khng khc g sphn cng trong c th: nhng ng i ch huy khng khc g bc, nhng ng i thi hnh khng khc g chn tay, chn tay phi phthuc

    vo bc cng nhng i tha hnh phthuc vo ng i ch huy. Ng i tha hnh l mt dng cc i sng vdng cl mt ng i tha hnh khng c i sng. Aristote tin liu stin trin ca x hi n mt i sng mymc khi ng vit nhng dng sauy: "Nu tt ccc dng c u t ng lm vic, nu my dt tdt ly qun o,nu cin tpht ra nhng m thanh... th lc ng i ta khng cn n nhng ktha hnh hoc nhng n l na".

    Li suy ngh trn chng tthikhinh nghlaong chn tay ca ng i Hy Lp. Nguyn do l i sng lc bygi cn th s v cng vic laong chn tay khngi hi nhiu khnng nhby gi . Aristote xem nhng ng ilaong chn tay nhnhng ng i hon ton khng bit suy ngh . Nhng cng vic y ch thch h p v i giai cp nlv cng dn lho con ng i. Aristote cho rng cng vic laong chn tay lm cho tr c cn ci, khng c thgihoc nng lc suy ngh vchnh tr Do Aristote cho rng ch nhng ngi rnh rang mi c quyn tham

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    8.2. Hn nhn v gio d c :

    n b l n l, n ng l ch. S t ng quan gia n b vn ng khng khc g st ng quan gianhng ktr thc v nhng klaong chn tay hoc gia nhng kman r v nhng cng dn Hy Lp. Aristotecho rng n b ch c thtun lnh. Theo bn cht, phnkhng c ch, do khng tht lp. Vic lm thchh p nht i v i phnl coi sc nh ca. Khng nn lm cho phn c ngang quyn v i nam gi i nhPlatonchtr ng. Tri li scch bit cn phi c tng thm v chnh scch bit y khuyn khch gn gi gia namgi i v ngi i. Scanm ca nam gi i khng ging nhscanm ca ngi i nhSocrate chtr ng.Aristote cho rng scanm ca nam gi i thhin trong vic ch huy, scanm ca ngi i thhin trong sphctng. Gi im lng l svinh quang ca ngi i.

    Trn thc tAristote cng nhn rng sphn chia khnng trn t khi c thc hin. Th ng th ng tronggia nh chin thng khng phi vtay kc sc mnh vt cht m vtay kbit ni nhiu v ni dai.cu vnnam gi i khi thit thi, Aristote khuyn nam gi i ch nn lp gia nh vo lc 37 tui v ch nn c i nhng ng iv vo khong 20 tui. Mt thiu nvo khong 20sc ng u v i mt nam nhi vo khong 30, do cnphi ly ng i chng vo khong 37 th trt tgia nh m i bo ton. Mt khc, Aristote bnh vc cho thuyt camnh v i nhn xt rng v i stui chnh lchy, khnng sinh sn ca hai v chng m i c thchm dt vo mtlc. Nu ng i chng cn khnng ny hoc ng c li thi i sng gia nh skh khn. i v i nam gi i tui chmdt sinh sn l 70,i v i ngi i tui chm dt sinh sn l 50, do tui c i hi cn phi ph h p.

    Nu 2 v chng trqu th sc khoca con ci sb tn th ng. Nhng cp v chng trth ng sinh congi nhiu h n con trai. Sc khoquan trng h n tnh yu gia v chng. Nhng phnlp gia nh qu s m th ngdhhng, nhng thanh nin lp gia nh qu s m th ng khng pht trin c tt cnhng khnng vt cht vtinh thn ca mnh. Vn hn nhn l mt vn ti quan trng i v i quc gia x hi, v vy cn phi c

    h ng dn v kim sot b i chnh ph: chnh phphi n nh tui ti thiu v tui ti a kt hn cho mi cngdn nam n, nhng th i k no c php sanh sn v mc gia tng ca dn s. Nu mc ny qu l n cn phip dng ph ng php ph thai. Dn strong mi quc gia tu thuc vo cc ngun l i v v tr ca quc giay. Nudn squ t quc gia khng thttc, nu dn squ nhiu cc nguyn tc dn chskh p dng. Dn smtquc gia khng nn qu 10 000 ng i.

    Chnh phcng phi kim sot nn gio dc. Mun chnh th c lu di, nn gio dc phi thch h p. Nhng k xut chng phi c hun luyn tr nn nhng nh cai tr. Hssng mt cuc i hon ton v quyn l i chung,khngm xa n ca ci ring. Ton dn phi c hun luyn bit tun theo php lut. Nhng cng dn tttr c khi tr thnh ng i ch huy gii phi l ng i tha hnh gii. Nn gio dc cn c tc dng thng nht qucgia, v t ln trn nhng vn chia r a ph ng. Cc thanh thiu nin cn phi thm nhun cciu l i ch docuc sng tp th a li. Mt con ng i c gio dc l mt con vt (ng i ?) tt nht, nhng ksng cc lmnhng kthi nht. Nu sbt cng c sdng v kh th thi cng l n h n. Nhng kc gio dc khng bitho mnh vo i sng x hi cng ng s h n, chng l nhng con vt tham lam, ch skim sot ca x hi m iem chng vcon ng o c.Nh l i ni con ng i hp thnh mt x hi, nh x hi con ng i pht trin tr thng minh, nh tr thng minh con ng i sng trong trt t, nh trt tcon ng i i n vn minh. Chnh trong xhi con ng i m i c nhng c hi pht trin. Ch nhng th vt hoc nhng thnh hin m i sng cc.

    Nhng cuc cch mng bao gi cng ng trch. Chng c th em li mt vi ci cch, nhng con ng i phi tr gi qut. Khuyt im l n nht l tnh trng hn n c th a n sph hutrt tx hi v c cu quc gia.Nhng sci cchi khi c ththy c hoc tnh ton c nhng cciu bt tin th th ng th ng khng th nga tr c c m c khi li rt quan trng. S d ng i ta ph phn mt cch ddng l v ng i ta ch nhn svtmt cch h i h t. Nhng ng i trtui th ng db la gt v htin mt cch qu ddng. Hubnhng tp tc c xa l mt vic lm rt nguy him c th e dos n cca chnh th. Mc d c chnh thc hubcc tp tc

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    th n thnh gip ".

    8.3. Dn ch v qu t c:

    V i nhng bo m vph ng din tn gio, gio dc v nn tng gia nh, c cu chnh trm i c thvng chc.Trong tt cmi chnh th u c nhngu im v nhng khuyt im. Trn l thuyt, chnh thl t ng l s tptrung tt cquyn hnh chnh tr vo ng i khn ngoan nht. Thi s Homre c ni rng : "chomng cai tr lkhng tt, vic cai tr ch nn giao cho mt ng i". i v i mt ng i nhvy, lut php ch l mt ph ng tin h nl mt gi i hn. i v i ng i xut chng khng thc lut php no rng buc c : chnh hl lut php. Trnthc t, ch qun chth ng l ch d nht. Sc mnh vo c th ng khngi i v i nhau. Do ch tm dng c l ch qu tc trong mt sng i xut chng nm gigung my ca quc gia. Vic cai tr lmt vic qu chuyn mn khng thgiao cho dn chng ngu dt m nhim c. Trong ngnh y khoa, ch nhngbc s m i c hi kin, ti sao khng p dng nguyn tc ny trong lnh vc chnh tr. Mt nh ton hc c th chn la nhng nh ton hc, mt thuyn tr ng c thchn la nhng thuyn tr ng, do schn la nhng nhcai tr phi giao cho nhng nh cai tr.

    Skh khn ca mt ch qu tc cha truyn con ni l s thiu mt cn bn kinh t. Trong x hi lun lun cnhng ng i t nhin tr nn giu v do i quyn c tham dvo cng cuc chnh tr . Hsbtin ra mua bt cci g kcchc t c. l tnh trngng trnh v khnng chnh tr v khnng lm giu l 2 lnhvc hon ton tri ng c. cho klm giu ln nm chnh quyn tc l khuyn khch dn chng c nhng th onca kgian th ng v dn chng lun lun c khuynh h ng ngh theo v lm theo ng i lnho. Mt ch qutc khng cn ctrn khnng chnh tr khng phi l mt ch qu tc thc s.

    Ch dn chth ng th ng l kt quca mt cuc cch mng chng giai cp giu sang. Aristote c mt t t ng gn nhKarl Marx khi ng nhn xt rng : Scnh tranhlm giu khin cho giai cp trc ph cng ngycng b thu hp, m dn chng v sn cng ngy cngngo. Nhng phn tny slm cch mng lt giaicp thng tr." Schp chnh ca giai cp v sn c mt viu im. Xt theo tng c nhn th giai cp ny khng rag nhng xt theo ch chung th giai cp ny cng tm gi l c. Dn chng l nhng ng i tha h ng v trctip chunh h ng nhng ch chnh tr, v i tcch hc nhiu kinh nghim qu gi m giai cp lnhokhng c. Nhng kh ng dng nhng tin nghi ca mt to nh c thph bnh to nhy xcng h n l nhngkin trc s. Nhng thc khch trong mt ba tic c thph bnh nhng mnn xcng h n l nhng ng i nubp. Mt khc, mt u im khc ca ch dn chm Aristote nu ra l khii a sdn chng c tham d chnh quyn, skim sot ln nhau slm kh khn cho cc hnh vi tham nhng. Ng i ta c thlm d bn mt lyn c ddng h n lm d bn mt hn c. H n na, c nhn db chi phi v tham sn si v dc nhng xtonsai lm trong khion thkh b r i vo tnh trng trn.

    Tuy nhin, Aristote vn cho rng ch dn chkhng bng ch qu tc. ng khng chp nhn nguyn tc bnhng trong ch dn ch. ng cho rng mi ng i c thbnhng trn mt vi ph ng din nhng khng th

    bnhng trn tt cmi ph ng din. ng s rng trong ch dn chcc phn tsng sut sb hy sinh choquyn l i ca a s. ng cn s rng mt thiu ssnp saua sm thao tng chnh tr ng. V l , ng vn ch tr ng rng ch nn trao quyn u phiu cho nhng ksng sut. ng mun c mt sdung ho gia 2 ch dnchv qu tc.

    Mt nn cai tr theo hin php hnh nhl cu trl i cho gii php dung ho ni trn. Chng ta cn phi tm hiu th no l mt hin php tt p nht cho hu ht cc quc gia, thno l i sng l t ng nht cho hu ht cc cngdn. Chng ta khng nnt nhng tiu chun qu cao hoc chtr ng mt nn gio dc qu l t ng , chmt stng i theo kp. Tri li cn phi t nhng tiu chun trung bnh khin choi a sdn chng c th t c d dng. Cn da vo nhng lc l ng mun duy tr hin php. Lc l ng ny khng thgm ton dn chng, hocnhng kc ca ci hoc nhng qun nhn hoc nhng cng chc m phi bao gm tt cnhng thnh phn k

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    h h i h i h h hi i

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    ch nhng ng i chuyn mn m i c th thc hin mc tiu.

    9. PH BNH:

    i v i Aristote chng ta kh c nhng cm ngh khen hoc ch mt cch nng nhit v chnh Aristote cng ch tr ng rng khng c ci g lm chng ta hng hi qung, khng c ci gng khen. Aristote khng hng hi nh Platon cng khng c nhng t t ngc o, tr t ng t ng cao siu ca Platon. Tuy nhin, sau khi th ng thcnhng t t ng ng tr i ca Platon chng ta thy rng nhng t t ng ca Aristote khng khc g mt c n gi mtthi vo mt bui tra h.

    Chng ta c thbt ng kin v i Aristote vmt viim chng hn nhAristote cho rng tamon lun l mtli suy lun thng th ng v chnh xc trong khi ngy nay chng ta c khuynh h ng coi rng tamon lun cngch l mt mnh l i thuyt phc kkhc. ng t ng rng t t ng con ng i i tcc nguyn tmn ktlun trong khi trn thc tc rt nhiu tr ng h p con ng i i tm kt lun tr c ri m i c t ra nhng nguyn chng minh kt lun ca mnh.

    Nhng nhn xt ca Aristote vthin nhin cha rt nhiu sai lm quan trng. ng th ng cho cc tt ng siuhnhnh h ng n cc nhn xt khoa hc. y cng l mt c im ca nn vn ho Hy Lp : Cc hc gith i yth ng i n kt lun mt cch qu hp tp. Trong thgi i hin nay chng ta li gp mt tr ng h p tri ng c :chng ta c qu nhiu nhn xtn ni chng ta cm thy v cng bi ri khi phi i n mt kt lun v cc skin,cc con s, cc nhn xt khngn kh p v i nhau.

    Cng trnh nghin cu ca Aristote v o c hc b nh h ng qu nhiu ca lun l hc. Kt qul mt cng trnhqu kh khan khngsc thcy con ng i tci thin. L t ng ca Aristote thin vmt i sng qu bnhthn, qu n ho, mt i sng m ng i ta th ng gn cho giai cp th ng lu Anh-ct-l i. Mt im c bit lnhng tc phm v o c hc ca Aristote c 2 tr ng i hc danh ting ti Anh-ct-l i l Oxford vCambridge dng lm sch gio khoa. Nhiu thhsinh vin Anh-ct-l i xem tc phm ca Aristote nhkinh nhttng. Tc phm nhanl "chnh tr " gp phn xy dng tt ng ca ng i Anh em li mt nn chnh tr nho v hu hiu. Nu thay v mn chung nhng tc phm ca Aristote, ng i Anh li ham m v p dng nhng t t ng ca Platon th bmt ca thgi i c l i khc.

    Chng ta cn phi rng t t ng ca Aristote thuc vmt loi ring bit v khng c nhng c tnh ca nhngt t ng thun tu Hy Lp. Khi ngn thnh Athnes, mt thnh phHy Lp th ng l mt ng i tr ng thnh.V l ng khng b nh h ng b i c tnh bng bt ca ng i Hy Lp, lun lun tm sm i ltrong lnh vcchnh tr, i tci cch nyn ci cch khc chon khi st nhp vo mt chnh quyn trung ng. Tri li Aristotelun lun tm cch trnh squ khch.c tnh n ho ca ng lm cho t t ng ng mt i khi c vqu tmth ng. ng rt s nhng tnh trng hn lon trong x hi n ni ln ting bnh vc ch n l. ng s nhngsthayi v chtr ng mt x hi trung thnh v i cc tp tc cxa. ng qun rng ch cng sn ca Platon

    ch p dng i v i giai cp thng tr, mt giai cp l t ng m Platon coi nhhon ton gic ng, khng cntham lam v k. Mc dkch Platon, Aristote cng i n kt lun gn ging nhPlaton khi ng chtr ng rngcc ti sn trong x hi cn phi em ra sdng chung. ng bnh vc quyn s hu nhng ng khng thy rngquyn s hu ch c chi v i x hi khi vt s hu l nhng mndng c nhn khng quan trng . Tri li khiquyn s hu c nhn lin quann cc ph ng tin sn xut rng l n n s a n s tp trung quyn hnh qumnh v sbt bnhng qu l n trong x hi.

    Tuy nhin nhng nhn xt ktrn tht ra hon ton khng cn thit i v i mt hthng t t ng ra i cchy2500 nm. D saoi na Aristote nu cao ngn uc vn minh cho nhn loi ng soi chung. ng t nnmng cho mt hthng tt ng vng chc v gip cho cc thht ng lai da vo pht trin snghin cu t h h ti t g t h l Nh g i h kti g t ti h th i

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    gi h g G g IX th h l t b kh i tA i t t t hi 1260 th thi gi hi thi

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    gio hong Gregory IX thnh lp mt uban khai trAristote, tuy nhin n 1260 th thica gio hi thincha gioi v i Aristote hon ton thayi. Vic ging dy cc tc phm ca ng chng nhng khng b cm mcn b bt buc trong cc tr ng thin cha gio. Nhng thi s nhChaucer v Dante khng tic l i ca tng Aristote.Mt st t ng ca ng ngtr trong lch svn minh nhn loi hng chc thk tr c khi b lu m b i nhngchng minh khoa hc.

    10. TU I GI V CH T :

    Cuc i ca Aristote c rt nhiu ni trun chuyn. ng c sbt bnh v i vua Alexandre v nh vua x tmtng i chu ca ng. Nguyn do vn ny l v chu ca Aristote khng chu phc tng Alexandre. Trong lc,Aristote ln ting bnh vc Alexandre tr c nhng ch trch ca phe chng i ti Athnes. ng binh vc cho s thng nht cc tiu quc ng i Hy Lp v mun thy tnh trng chia rchm dt cng s m cng tt. ng mun dnhvai tr thng nht cc dn tc Hy Lp cho Alexandre cng nhsau ny vn ho Goethe mun dnh vai tr thng nhtcc dn tc u chu cho Napolon. Trong khi cc nhm chia rti Athnes cng ngy cng bnh tr ng, h c ng quyt phn i vic Alexandre choc mt bc t ng ca Aristote vt Athnes. Tr c tnh thnyAristote rt kh lng gi c vlnh lng v bnh t nh tr c cuc i nhng th ng cv trong tc phm oc hc. Nhng mnca Platon phha v i cc nhm chnh tr khc vn ng kt ti Aristote.

    Nm 323 tTL vua Alexandre cht. Dn chng thnh Athnes tha dp tuyn bly khai vnh ngMacdoine lng ng hAlexandre. Mt nh lnho tn gio cm u phong tro chng i Aristote v chorng Aristote phn li tn gio bng cch cv dn chng khng nn cu nguyn v cng t. Aristote bit tr cthno ng cng b em ra x tr c mt m dn chng cung tn v c nhiu c cm. ng bn r i bthnh ph Athnes i n i khc. Cch ny khng phi l mt cch n hn v theo tc lth i y, nu mt chnh tr giakhng mun b dn chng xt xhc quyn bthnh ph i n i khc.n Chalcis Aristote nhum bnh v cht.C ng i cho rng ng ung thuc c t tv qu ngao ngn cho nhn tnh ththi.

    Cng trong nmy v cng trong la tui 62, mt v nhn Hy-lp khc l Dmosthne cng ung thuc c t t.Thl trong vng mt nm dn Hy-lp mt mt nh lnho ti ba nht, mt nh hng bin hng hn nht v mttrit gia thng thi nht. Ngi sao ca Hy-lp m dn tr c s tin trin v t bc ca ng i La-m. Tuy nhin s lng ly ca La-m cn cvo sc mnh h n l vo nn vn ho. Sau nn vn minh La-m cng tn ri. Dnchng u chu phi tri qua 1000 nm en ti trong khi ch i sti sinh ca trit hc.

    Mc Lc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    ---o0o---Trnh by: Nh T ngCp nht: 2-2007

    Webmaster:[email protected] Tr vTrang Tri t Hc

    Bi i d T Kh Th h N T FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)

    T i Vi T Nh Q T i

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    Trang ti ng Vi t Trang Nh Qu ng c Trang ti

    Tri t hc Pht Gio

    Nha Tu Th v S u K ho Vin i Hc Vn Hnh (1971)

    CU TRUY N TRI T HCNguyn tc : The Story of Philosophy - Will Durant

    Tr Hi v B u ch d ch

    ---o0o---

    Ch ng 3

    Francis Bacon

    (1561 1626)

    1. T ARISTOTE N TH I PH C H NG:

    Khi b dn thnh Sparte bao vy vnh bi vo khong cui thkth5 tr c Ty lch, Athnes, bmca trit hc v nghthut Hy Lp, bmt htu thchnh tr, v hng kh cng nn c lp ca tm thcAthnes cng suy tn. Khi vo nm 399 tTL Socrate b kt n thnh, th linh hn ca Athnes cng chttheo ng, ch cn lng vng n i Platon, ng i mnkiu hnh. V khi vua Philippe xMacdoinenh biqun Athnes Charonea vo nm 388 tTL v 3 nm sau, khi Alexandre phng hosan bng th Thbesrng l n, ch ngo nghcha li ngi nh ca Pindare, th r rng l nn c lp ca Athnes vchnh tr vt t ng b ph huv ph ng phc hi. Sthng tr trit hc Hy Lp do ng i thnh Macdoine lAristote phn nh sthun thc chnh tr ca Hy Lp i v i nhng dn tc trtrung, hng tnh h n n t phng Bc.

    FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)

    Alexandre hy vng rng tnhng trm rn rp ny ttng Hy Lp cng nhhng ho Hy Lp stora

    http://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/Mucluctongquat.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/Mucluctongquat.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/Mucluctongquat.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/Mucluctongquat.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/Mucluctongquat.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/index.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/index.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/index.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/index.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/index.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/menu2.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/menu2.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/index.htmlhttp://e%7C/Spiritual%20Library/Quang%20Duc%20Monastery/Books%20of%20Spiritual%20Philosophy/Cau%20chuyen%20triet%20hoc/Mucluctongquat.html
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    Alexandre hy vng rng tnhng trm rn rp ny, tt ng Hy Lp, cng nhhng ho Hy Lp, stora chinh phc. Nhng ng nh gi qu thp str l v sc chng khng ca tm thc ng ph ng, cngnhchiu su v khi l n ca vn hong ph ng. Chung quy,y ch l mt t ng t ng ca tui tr, khigithuyt rng mt nn vn minh thiu tr ng thnh v khng bn vng nhvn minh Hy Lp c th umt nn vn minh v cng lan rng h n v c gc rtrong nhng truyn thng cknh nht. Sl ng ca chu r rng l qu nhiu i v i phm cht ca Hy Lp. Ngay chnh Alexandre, vo gi pht chin thng,cng b chinh phc b i linh hn ca ph ngng; ng c i (trong snhiu b) con gi ca Darius, ngdu nhp vo u chu quan nim ng ph ng vuy quyn thing ling ca vua cha; v cui cng nglm cho mt Hy Lp hoi nghi phi ngc nhin khi cng b, theo kiu long trngng ph ng, rng ng lmt v tr i. Hy Lp ph c i; v Alexandre ung r u cho t i cht.

    S tan ho tinh tny ca mt linh hn chu vo trong thxc mi mt ca mt v cha tHy Lp c tip ni mau chng b i ln sng th phng v tn ng ngng ph ng vo Hy Lp c tip ni mauchng b i ln sng th phng v tn ng ng ng ph ng vo Hy Lp dc theo chnh nhng con ng giaothng m v vua chin thng trtui m ra; nhng con v m li choi d ng tt ngng ph ngdu nhp vo nhngng bng ca tm thc chu cn nin thiu. Nhngc tin thn b d oan cm r trong nhng ng i ngho ca xHy Lp cxa by gi c tng c ng v lan khp; tinh thn thn nhinchu ng ca ng ph ng cng tm c mt mnh t sn sng trong xHy Lp tuyt vng. Sdunhp nn trit hc khc kvo Athnes do th ng gia ng i Phoenicia l Znon (khong nm 310 tTL) ch lmt trong nhiu sxm nhp ca ng ph ng. Chai thuyt khc kv h ng lc - s thn nhin chpnhn tht bi v nlc qun tht bi trong vng tay ca lc th - l nhng l thuyt vcch thc lm saoc thhnh phc trong khi vn b phc tng hay n l; ht nhthuyt khc kkiu ng ph ng bi quan caSchopenhauer v thuyt h ng lc tuyt vng ca Renan vo thk19, l nhng biu t ng ca mt nncch mng tan r v mt n c Phpiu linh.

    Khng phi nhng phn tnhin ny ca l thuyt o c hon ton m i m i v i Hy Lp. Ng i tagp chng trong mt Hraclite bun thm v "trit gia c i" Dmocrite; v ng i ta thy nhng mncaSocrate chia phn thnh ra hai phi d i slnho ca Anthisthnes v Aristippel, mt bn tn d ng s thn nhin chu ng, mt bn ca tng hnh phc. Tuy nhin ngay cvo th i y, y cng l nhng hnh thit t ng hu nhxa l: thAthnes v ng gikhng quen thuc v i chng. Nhng khi Hy Lp thyChaeronea trong mu v Thbes thnh tro, n m i lng nghe Diogne, v khi vinh quang r i bAthnesth th ny thun thc sn sngn Znon v Epicure. Znon xy dng trit hc ng vtnh thn nhintrn mt thuyt tt mnh m mt nh khc ksau ny, Chrysippus, nhn thy rt kh phn bit v i thuytnh mnh ca ng ph ng. Khi Znon, ng i khng tin chngh a n l, nhp ng i n lmnh v mtli no, ng i n l bnh thn bin hrng, theo trit hc ca ch, y b sphn tv th phi phmli y; Znon trl i rng ng cng th, c phn sphi nh y v li kia. Cng nhSchopenhauer chorng ch c nhn chng li ch phqut l vic v ch, nh khc kcng l lun rng thilnhmtrit l l thih p l duy nht trong mt i sng m stranhu sng cn phi chu sphn oan ung llun luna n tht bi tt yu. Nu schin thng l hon ton bt khth ng nn khinh b n. B quytca sbnh an khng phi l thc hin cho k c nhng ham mun, m ham mun tht tc ththchin. Seneca, nh khc kLa M (mt nm 65) bo: "Nu nhng g bn c d ng nhkhngcho bn, thd bn s hu cthgi i bn cng vn cn khs ".

    Mt nguyn tc nh thku ln thu tr i i hi nguyn tc i lp n, v Epicure -mc d chnh ng l

    FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)

    p khc"; ngay cngi kh c kcng tm th y ni m vui t nh trong skhc t. "Ta khngc trnh lc

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    p khc ; ngay cng i kh c kcng tm th y ni m vui t nh trong skh c t. Ta khng c trnh lcth, nhng phi tuyn chn chng". Nhvy, Epicure khng phi l kh ng lc; ng ca tng nhng ngunvui ca tr thc h n l ca gic quan; ng cnh co chng li nhng khoi lc kchng v quy ri linh hnmng lchng phi lm cho an t nh v lng du. Cui cng ngngh tm kim khng phi khoi lctrong ngh a thng th ng, mataraxia -san t nh, bnh lng, yn ngh ca tm hn, tt c iuy u rt gnv i ni thn nhin chu ng kiu Znon.

    Nhng ng i La Mn c p ph Hy Lp vo nm 146 tTL, tm thy nhng hc thuyt th nghch nyangphn chia chin tr ng trit hc v khng c snhn ri cng nh tnh tmnh tduy, mang nhngtrit hcy theo cng v i nhng ca ci l m c ch vLa m. Nhng nh tchc v i, cng nh nhng kn ltt yu, u h ng vtthi lnh lng thn nhin, tht kh m lm chhay t nu ng i taqu nhy cm. B i thnn trit hc La M phn l n thuc hc phi Znon, d n i Marc Aurele v v nghay n i pictte kn l; v ngay cLucrce cng ni vchngh a khoi lc mt cch khc k (nhng iAnh ca Heine bun b h ng lc), v kt thc Phc m khc khvkhoi lc bng cch tt. Bn tr ngca cao th ng ca ng nhan"V bn ch t ca s vt " m phng Epicure trong vic ca ng i khoi lc m ch trch n. Hu nh ng th i c i Csar v Pompey, ng sng gia snong v hn lon; ngi btbt an ca ng lun lun vit nhng l i nguyn cu cho an lc ho bnh. Ng i ta hnh dung ng nhmt linhhn rt r m tui tr b nhng ni s hi tn gio lm choen ti; v ng khng bao gi chn bo c gi rng khng ca ngc, tr y, v khng c nhng v thin thn trnhng thin thn ct cch sng trongmt khu v n ca Epicure trong nhngm my, v khng bao gi xen vo nhng cng vic ca ng i. ilp sth phng thin ng va ngc ang thnh hnh trong dn chng La M, nga ra mt thuyt duyvt tn bo. Linh hn v tm tr u cng tin trin v i thxc, l n ln v i sl n ln ca thxc,au v i s au ca thxc, v cht v i ci cht ca xc. Khng g hin hu ngoi ra nguyn t, khng trung vnhlut; vnh lut ca nhngnh lut lnh lut thnh hoi lan khp.

    Khng mt vt g dng tr, mi s u tun chy.

    Mnh ny bm ly mnh kia; vn vt c thl n dn.

    Chon khi ta bit vt tn chng.

    Dn dn chng tan r, v khng cn l nhng vt ta bit.

    c kt thnh hnh cu tnhng nguyn tr i nhanh hay chm

    Ti thy nhng mt tr i v nhng thi d ng hthnh hnh;

    V ngay nhng thi d ng hcng nhng mt tr i y

    St ttr vchu k vn xoay bt tn

    Ng i na, h i qu t - quc ng i, t, bin v nhng ngi sao nhnht trong ngn h,

    Cng nhchng, ng i thnh hnh tc n xoay vn v cng nhchng,

    FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)

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    V n i hong sa kia sc nhng bin khcn xo tan b vnh bng nhng l i hi trng ngn( Lucretius on life and death. pp.15-16 -Mallock di n ra Anh ng - !)

    Cng thm vo sthnh hoi ca cc tinh t l skh i nguyn v tn dit ca cc loi:

    Ngy xa qu t cng sn xut nhiu qui vt, nhng con vt ny c mt my chn tay k d...; cnhng con khng chn, c nhng con khng tay, c nhng con khng mm, c nhng con khng mt,... Miqui vt thuc loiy qu t sn xut, nhng v hiu; v thin nhin khngchng tng tr ng, chngkhng th t n tui hoa nin mong mi, cng khng kim n c, cng khng phi h p c trong hnnhn; ... v nhiu loi chc phi dit dn nh thv khng thsinh con hay tip tc sinh sng. V trongtr ng h p mi sinh vt m ta thy h hp h i th ca ssng, tkh i thumi loiu c hoc ti nnghoc canm, hoc vn tc che ch v bo tn cho n... Nhng loi m thin nhin khng cho mt ctnh no ktrnu sb ph mc lm mi cho nhng loi khc, chon khi thin nhina chngn ch tn dit ( p. 830ff, Munro d ch).

    Cc quc gia cng nhc nhn, ttl n ln v chc chn phi cht: "mt vi quc gia tri ln, vi quc giakhc tn t, v trong mt khong ngn th i gian, nhng sinh vt b bin i, v cng nhnhng kchy ua,chuyn li ngn n ca ssng". Tr c chin tranh v ci cht khng thtrnh, khng c skhn ngoanno ngoi ra trong thian nhinataraxia , - "nhn mi sv i ci lng bnh an". y, rt r, nim vui vthn c vcuc i mt, v mt tinh thn hu nhxa l ang chm mt chic n cm gy v . Lch s,vn ch l mt tr khi hi, cha bao gi a dai cho bng khi n tng danh t"h ng lc" cho con ng iym thbi trng v tit ny.

    V nu y l tinh thn ca mnEpicure, th ta hy t ng t ng nim lc quan phn kh i ca nhng nhkhc kr rt nhAurle, hay pictte. Khng c g trong mi nn vn hc li bun thm bng nhng bi"ngh lun" ca ng i n l, trphi nhng bi "Trm t" ca v hong. "ng tm cch lm cho svt xyra nhng i mun, m tt h n chng xy ra thno th hy la chn th y; nhvy ng i ssng phongph" ( Enchiridion and Dissertations of Epictetus, de Rolleston, p. 81 ). D nhin bng cchy ta c thlmcht ng lai v c tr. Chuyn krng ng i chEpictte th ng xuyni x tn nhn v i ng, mt ngykia kh i svn bmt ng chn Epicttetiu khin. Epictte bo: "Nu ngi tip tc, ngi slm gychn ti". Ng i chctip tc v ci chn gy tht. Epictte n tn nhn xt: "y, h ti chng bongi slm gy chn tiy sao ?. Tuy nhin c mt vg cao th ng huyn b trong trit l ny, nhtrongscanm yn lng ca mt ng i chho kiu Dostoevski. "ng bao gi bo rng : ti mt vt nvtkia; m phi ni : ti trn v. Con ca bn cht chng ? - n c trv. V bn cht chng ? - nng

    c trv. Bn b t c mt ht ti sn chng ? - h chng phi n cng c trv y hay sao ?" Trongnhngon vn nh thta thy gn ging v i Kit gio v nhng thnh t o anh dng ca tn gio ny;quth, h chng phi nn o c Kit gio vsqun mnh, l t ng chnh trKit vtnh huynh - gnnhkiu cng sn - gia ng i v i ng i v thuyt mt thKit gio vsthiu hucui cng ca ton th gi i - chnh l nhng mnh vn ca chthuyt khc k ang tri ni trn dng tt ng. Trong Epictte, linhhn Hy Lp - La M mt tnh cch v thn ca n, v sn sng cho mt nim tin m i. Sch ca ng chn hnh c bit l c gio ng Kit s thup dng nhmt cun yu l c tn gio. Tnhng "Ngh lun" ny v nhng "Trm t" ca Aurlen "Sm phngng Kit" ch cch nhau mt b c.

    T l bi h l h h h h i h C FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)

    ging gi ngc mnh mv gio dc h ng nm len li qua bin gi i; vn ho v th n nh ng b c cho tn

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    g g g g g g q g gng ng ng; v dn d, mt cch tinh vi,quc tr thnh Gio quc ca nh th Cng gio La m.

    Gio ng, vo nhng thk u tin, c ng hb i nhng v vua dn dn b ln quyn, pht trinnhanh chng vsl ng, ti sn v tmnh h ng. Vo thk13, n chim mt phn bat u chu(Robinson v Beard: Outlines of European History, Boston, 1914, I, 443) v nhng tst ca ny nhcnhng tng d(?) tng i giu v kngho. Trong mt nghn nm, v i ba php ca mt tniu khngthayi, n thng nht phn l n dn tc ca mt lc a; cha bao gi tr c y, v t y n nay, cmt tchc no lan rngn thhay ho bnhn th. Nhng sthng nht ny, theo gio ng ngh , ihi mt c tin chung c tng c ng bng nhng hnh pht siu nhin bn ngoi chuyn bin v s nmn ca th i gian; b i thnhng gioiu c nh v c gii thch kcng c c nn nhmt ci v cng trn tm thc m i l n ca u chu th i trung c. Chnh trong gi i hn l p vny nn trit hc kinhvin di chuyn hn hp t c tinn l tr v tr li, mc kt quanh qun trong mt vng trn gm nhnggithuyt khng c ph phn v nhng kt lun c tr c. Vo thkm i ba, tt ctnKit gio phigit mnh v kchng trong bn dch tc phm Aristote ra ting-rp v Do thi; nhng uy lc ca gio ng vn cn cqua thnh Thomas d' Aquin v nhng ng i khcbin ho Aristote thnh mt nhthn hc trung c. Kt qu y l skhn kho tinh ranh, chkhng phi minh trit. "Tr khn v tm thccon ng i - Bacon bo- nu tcng trn vt cht, n stu thuc vo nguyn liu m tcng, v do b nguyn liu hn ch. Nhng nu n tcng trn chnh n nhnhn ging t , tm lm kn, th n thnh ra vtn, v quthmang li nhng mng nhn ca suyn bc,ng phc v cng trnh tinh vi song li khngthc cht v v b". S m mun g tri thc u chu cng snhy ra khi l p vny.

    Sau mt ngn nm chm bn,t n hoa tr li; hng ho c tng bi thnh mt sthng dbuc phi cmu dch; v vic mu dch nhng con ng cho ca n li dng ln nhng thm i, n i ng i tac thcng tcbi d ng vn ho v dng li vn minh. Nhng cuc thnh chin m nhng con mgn u chu, vtrn vo mt dng xa x phm v t thuyt lm tiu ma chngh a khc khv gioiu.By gi giy du nhp rt rtAi-cp, thay thloi da thuc t lm cho vic hc tr thnhc quynca gi i tu s ; s n lot, t lu ch i mt ph ng tin t tn km, by gi bng ln nhmt cht n cchm ngi, v lan rng khp n i nh h ng ph hoi v soi sng ca n. By gi nhng thy thgan dli c trang b a bn, dm phiu lu vo bin choang vu v chinh phc sngu dt ca con ng i vtrit; nhng nh quan st kin nhn v i nhngng vin vng knh, phiu lu ra ngoi gi i hn ca gioiu,v chinh phc c sngu dt ca con ng i vbu tr i. Khp n i, trong nhngi hoc ng, trong ccchng vin v nhng n i n dt xa xi, ng i ta thi tranh lun v bt u tm ti. Tnlc bin kim kh loithp thnh vng, thut luyn kim d dm chuyn thnh ho hc; tkhoa chim tinh con ng i d ng vato bo va rt r,n khoa thin vn hc; v tnhng chuyn ngngn vloi vt bit ni, khoang vt

    hc ra i. Sbng tnhy bt u v i Roger Bacon (cht nm 1294); pht trin v i Leonardo da Vinci(1452 - 1519); v vin mn v i nn thin vn ca Copernic (1473 - 1543) v Galile (1564 - 1642), v inhng nghin cu ca Gilbert (1544 - 1603) vnam chm vin, ca Vesalius (1514 - 1564) vgii phuhc, v ca Harvey (1578 - 1657) vs tun hon ca mu. Khi hiu bit tng, ni s hi gim; con ng ib t ngh n vic th phng ci v hnh, v ngh nhiu h n n vic thng l t n. Mi sinh lc c nngcao v i mt nim tin t ng m i; nhng hng ro b ph hu; by gi khng cn gi i hn no cho nhng gcon ng i c thlm. "Nhng skin nhng chic tu nh, nhnhng thin th, c dong bum quanhkhp a cu, chnh l nim hnh phc ca th i i chng ta. By gi chnh l lc ta sdng tng plus ultra- xa thm n a- "n i m nhng ng i xa dng tng non plus ultra " ( Bacon; The Advancement of Learning;

    FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)

    2 S NGHIP CHNH TR CA BACON

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    2. S NGHI P CHNH TR C A BACON:

    Bacon sinh ngy 22 thng ging nm 1561, York House London, tdinh ca thn phng l Sir NicholasBacon, vin quan gi n trong 20 nm u ca nhong Elizabeth. Theo Macaulay, "danh ting ca ng icha b khut vo bng ti tr c danh ting ca ng i con. Nhng Sir Nicholas khng phi l ng i tmth ng".y liu ta khng l, v thin ti l mt tuyt nh m mt gia tc o luyn c qua nhn ti,ri qua nhn ti n i hu duca thin ti, gia tc li chm vo stm th ng ca con ng i nhc. Thnmu Bacon l Lady Anne Cooke, em du ca Sir William Cecil, quan gikho ca nhong Elizabeth, va lmt trong nhng ng i thlc nht Anh quc. Thn phb tng lm quan ph o chnh thc ca vuaEdwardlc; v chnh b l mt nh nghc v thn hc, khng ngh n vic g ngoi vic giao dch th

    tbng ting Hy Lp v i nhng v gim mc. B tlm thy dy dcon trai v khng tmt vic kh nhcno trong vic gio hun cu. Nhng v nui thc thca thin ti Bacon chnh l Anh quc vo th i n hong Elizabeth, th i i huy hong nht ca quc gia hng mnh nht trong cc quc gia tn tin. Stm raMchu chuyn h ng vic mu dch tbin a trung hi sangi ty d ng, nng nhng quc giavngi ty d ng -Ty ban nha, Php, Ho lan, Anh- ln ngi cha tvth ng mi v ti chnh m tr cy l ca khi mt phn na u chu bin thnh hi cng xut nhp trong vic mu dch ngph ng; v v i cuc bin i ny, sphc hng i tFlorence, La m, Milan, Venicen Madrid, Paris,Amsterdam v London. Sau trn ph huhi lc ca Ty Ban Nha vo nm 1588, nn th ng mi Anh bnhtr ng khp mi hi phn, nhng th thnh Anh quc phn thnh v i kngh, nhng thuthAnh li tuquanha cu, v nhng thuyn tr ng ca Anh chim c Mchu. Nn vn ch ng Anh n thnh th ca Spencer v tn vn ca Sidney; sn khu Anh quc rn rp v i nhng v kch ca Shakespeare, Marlowev Ben Johnson cng mt trm ngi bt vng mnh khc. Khng ai khng pht trin c trong mt th i i

    v xs nhth, nu trong hc sn ht mm.Nm hai m i tui, Bacon c g i n Trinity College Cambridge. ng y 3 nm, ri r i tr ng v imt mi th ght mnh lit i v i nhng bi hc v ph ng php ca n, mt mi th nghch su xai v is tn th Aristote v mt ch c ng quyt t trit hc vo mt con ng ph nhiu h n, chuyn n ts tranh lun kinh vin n vic soi sng v tng gia l i ch nhn sinh. Mc d cn l mt cu b m i su,Bacon c m i lm mt nhn vin ca toi sAnh ti Php; v sau khi tnh kl i hi, ng nhn l i.Trong l i Tngn cho cun Gii thch thin nhin ng bnn quyt nh c tnh cchnh mnhchuyn h ng ng t trit hc n chnh tr. y l mt on vn quan trng :

    Trong khi ti tin rng ti c sinh raphng snhn loi, v xem vic lo lngn l i ch chung l mttrong nhng nhim vchung, m ra cho tt ckhng phn bit, chng khc no n c v khng kh, ti thi

    iu g c thlm l i ch cho nhn loi nht, v thin nhin un nn tilm vic g ?Nhng khi ctm, ti vn khng thy cng vic no xngng bng s tm ti v pht trinnhng nghthut v pht minha n svn minh ho sinh hot con ng i ...

    Nht l nu mt ng i c ththnh cng, khng nhng trong vic a ra nh sng mt sphtminhc bit no d l i chn u m cn trong vic nhen nhm ln trong thin nhin mtnh sng c th, khi va bng ln, chiu ri mt t nh sng vo nhng gi i hn hin titrong nhng khm ph ca con ng i, ri sau, khi v n cao, slm hin lcho thy r ming ngch ca bng ti; i vi ti mt nh pht minh nhthsxng ngc gi l

    FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)

    d bit. Ti c mt am m tm ti, mt nng lc dng ngh sphnon mt cch kin nh n, l h h h h d d h h

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    mt nng lc trm ttrong hn hoan,chp nhn v i d dt, sn sng sa cha nhngcm t ng sai lc, vchu kh xp t t t ng cn thn. Ti khng kht vng ci m i,khng thn phc m qung ci c. Ti hon ton ght sgimo d i mi hnh thc. B i ttcnhng l l y, ti xt thy rng thin tv bn cht ti, d ng nhc mt thlin lc bcon v i chn l.

    Nhng dng di, sgio hun ca ti, tt c u h ng khng vtrit l m vchnh tr :ti hu nh c thm nhun vchnh tr tthu u th . V cng nhtr ng h p th ng thy cc thanh nin,i khi ti b lung lay b i nhng quan nim. Ti cng ngh rng nhim v iv i xs c nhng i hi c bit n i ti, nhngi hi m nhng nhim vkhc ca ikhng thln p. Cui cng ti nui hy vng rng, nu ti gimt chc vdanh dno trongquc gia, ti c thc nhng tr gip bo m cho cng vic ti, v i h ng hon thnhnhim v c dnh cho ti. V i nhngng lcy, ti b c vo chnh tr ( Do Abott d ch t

    La ng sang Anh ng trong cu n Francis Bacon, London, 1885, tr.37 ) .

    Nm 1570 Sir Nicholas Bacon cht bt ng . ng nh cp cho Francis mt gia ti, nhng ci cht c p khoch ng, v nh ngoi giao trtui, khi c gi gp vLondon, bng con mt dythy mnh khng cha, khng tin lc m i tm tui. ng quen v i phn l n nhng xa hoa ca th ii, nn by gi thy rt kh khn an phn v i np sngm bc bt c d . ng bt u hnhnghlut, trong khi khn cu nhng thn quyn cnh h ng tin cng vo mt chc vchnh tr noc thgii thot ng khi mi lo vkinh t. Nhng bc thhu nhvan xin ca ng khng c kt qubao nhiu so v i l i vn trng lhng hn v ti nghr rt ca tc gi. C lchnh v

    Bacon khngnh gi thp ti nghny, v xema v nh iu ng d nhin phi c, cho nn LordBurghley khngem li s png mong mi; v cng c lv nhng bc thkia qu long trngthnguyn trung thnh v i v Lord trong qu kh, hin ti cng nhv lai: trong chnh tr, cng nh trong tnh yu, khng nn thin mnh ton vn; ng i ta nn cho lun lun, nhng khng bao gi nn cho tt c. Lng bit n c nui d ng bng smong ch .

    Cui cng, Bacon leo ln c m khng cn snng tbn trn; nhng mi b c phi lm ng haotn nhiu nm. Nm 1583 ng c bu vo Ngh vin i din cho tnh Taunton, v nhng c tri thch ngn ni hti ccho ng nhiu ln. ng c mt ti hng bin mnh mtrong cuc tranh lun, v l mt nhhng bin khng r m l i. "Khng c mt ng i no tngn ni r rng, cht ch, hng hn h n -BenJohnson bo- hoc tng t b trng rng, v duyn h n trong nhng g mnh ni. Khng mt ch, mt cu notrong l i ni ng li khng c nhng duyn dng ring ca n. Nhng ng i nghe khng thho hay nhn

    sang pha khc m khng bmt mtiu g. ngiu khin mi khi ng ni ... Khng ai c nhiu quchung ca thnh gih n ng trong mnh lc thu hty. Ni s hi ca mi ng i nghe ng l s rng ngschm dt ( Nichol; Francis Bacon, Edingburg, 1907; p. 37 ). Nh hng bin ng thm !

    ng c mt ng i bn thlc rt giu lng v i ng -qun cng Essexp trai m nhong Elizabeth yukhng c nnm ra th. Nm 1595 Essex,b li stht bi ca mnh trong vic bo m mt a v chnh tr cho Bacon, tng Bacon mt c s p Twickenham.y l mt mn qu v i m ng i tanhng t ng n c thrng buc Bacon v i Essex sut i, nhng t ra khng. Vi nm sau Essex tchcmt m mu hngc Elizabeth v chn ng i kv b ln ngi. Bacon vit thlin tip cho n nhn mnh,

    FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)

    ho phng i v i ng.

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    Essex b xc ti v b thnh. Stham dca Bacon vo vic xn lm cho ng mt thanh danh mtth i gian; v t y tr i ng sng gia nhng kth i dp trth ng. Tham vng khng bit chn cang khin ng khng ngh ng i c; ng lun lun bt mn v lun lun ng tiu tr c l i tc ca ngkhong mt nm. ng tiu xi phung ph; schng byi v i ng l mt phn ca chnh sch. Khi, vonm bn m i tui, ng c i v , m tic knh kiu vt li mt lthng l n trong ca hi mnvn l mt trong nhng squyn r ca v phu nhn. Nm 1598 ng b bt v n nn. Tuy nhin ng vn tiptc tin. Ti nnga din v kin thc hu nhbt tn ca ng khin ng l mt hi vinng gi cho mihi ng quan trng, dn dn nhiu chc v cao c m ra cho ng: nm 1606 ng c lm Solicitor-General; nm 1613 tr thnh Attorney-General; nm 1618, vo nm nm m i by tui, cui cng ng tr thnh Lord Chancellor.

    3. NH NG BI TI U LU N:

    Stin thn ca ng d ng nh thc hin gic mng Platon vmt thnh v ng (v vua va l trit gia).V song song b c mt v i stro ln thlc chnh tr, Bacon lnn nh cao ca trit hc. Tht hu nh khng thtin c rng ti bc hc v nhng cng nghip vn ch ng ca con ng i ny li ch l nhngbin cv nhng chuyn h ng ca mt snghip chnh tr y sng gi. Chm ngn ca ng l: ng i tasng hay nht v i mt i n dt - Bene vixit qui bene latuit. ng khng thbit r ng thch i sng trmmc h n hay i sng hot ng h n. Hy vng ca ng l va lm trit gia va lm chnh khch nhSeneca,mc d ng e ngi rng h ngi songi ca i ng nhvy slm ngn tm mc tiu v gim thiu mcthu nhp ca ng . "Tht kh ni - ng vit (Valerius Terminus, on cu i)- xem spha ln suy tv i mt

    i sng hot ng, hay srt lui hon ton vo vic suy t, c lm mt khnng ca tm tr h n hay cn tr n h n khng?". ng cm thy rng shc tn khng thl cu cnh hay minh trit, v mt tri thc khng c p dng trong hnhng ch l mt tri thc thiu mu. "Dng qu nhiu th gi vo vic hc l l ;dng qu nhiu shc trang hong l lm b; phnon hon ton theo quy lut sch v l tnh kh camt hc gi. Ng i ti ln n shc, ng i ngu thn phc n, ng i minh trit sdng chnh n; b i v s hc khng dy sdng chnh n; nhngy l mt sminh trit bn ngoi v bn trn shc t c nh quan st ("V s hc"). y l mt im m i, nh du schm dt ci hc hn lm -ngh a l ly khai gia trithc v i thc dng v quan st- vt nng kha cnh kinh nghim v kt qu, lm ni bt trit l Anh v lnn tt nh ca n trong thuyt duy dng. Khng phi Bacon c lc thi yu mn sch v suy t; bngnhng l i khin ta nh n Socrate, ng vit: "nu khng c trit hc ti khng thit sng (" t ng cu nWisdom of the Ancients ); v ng tm tmnh, cui cng l "mt ng i c thin tnh thch h p cho vn hch n cho bt cvic g khc, v bmt nh mnh no a y vo i sng hot ng phn li khuynh

    h ng ca tnh kh mnh" (T ng ti n Tri th c).n phm hu nh u tay ca ng gi l"Ca t ng tri th c" (1592); tnh cch nng nhit ca ni v i trit hc khin ta phi trch dn m i c :

    "L i ca ng i ca ti sdnh cho chnh tm tr. Tm tr l con ng i, v kin thc l tm tr, mt ng i ch lnhng g m y bit ... H chng phi lc th ca tnh yu l n h n lc th ca gic quan, v h chng phi lcth ca tri thc l n h n lc th ca i tnh ? H chng phi lc th tnhin chn tht l thlc th m ng ita khng bao gi ngy chn ? H chng phi ch c tri thc m i gii totm tr khi mi vngng ? Bitbao nhiuiu chng ta t ng t ng song khng c tht ? Bit bao nhiuiu tanh gi v xem trng h nchnh thc bn cht chng ? Nhng t ng t ng v li ny, chnh l nhngm my lm li chuyn thnh

    FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)

    Sn phm vn chng tinh luyn nht ca ng cun "Tiu lun" (1597 - 1623) chng tng vn cn

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    Sn phm vn ch ng tinh luyn nht ca ng, cun Ti u lun (1597 1623) , chng tng vn cnb dn x gia hai tnh yu, yu chnh tr v yu trit hc . Trong bi"Ti u lun v danh d v ti ng t m",ng gn tt cmc danh dcho nhng cng trnh qun sv chnh tr , khng mt mc no c quycho cng trnh vn ch ng hay trit hc. Nhng trong bi tiu lun "Bn v chn l", ng vit: "S tm tichn l - sbt tnh v i n; tri thc vchn l - sca ng i n, nim tin vo chn l - sth ng thc n, liu kin ti cao ca thin tnh con ng i". Trong nhng cun sch "chng ta ni chuyn v i thnh hin,cng nh trong hnhng ta ni chuyn v i ng i ngu". Ngh a l nu chng ta bit la chn sch c. "Mt ssch ch ng nm qua" -trch mt on th i danh- "mt skhcng nut chng, v mt stng c nhai nghin v tiu ho"; tt cnhng nhm ny, chc hn, hp thnh mt phn rt nhcanhngi d ng v nhng thc mc trong hng ngy thgi i c tm ra, b u c v cht ui.

    D nhin "Ti u lun" phi c ktrong st schng c nhai nghin v tiu ho. Him khi tatm thy nhiu ho thin c gia v v gia h ng mt cch tuyt diu nhthtrong mt a n b nh.Bacon ght r m r, v khnga phung ph mt ting no; ng cho ta v vn ca ci trong mt cu ngn;mi bi tiu lun trong, v i khong mt, hai trang,em li stinh t c chng lc, ca mt tm tr bcthy vmt vn chnh yu ca i sng. Tht kh ni xem bn hnh thc, bn ni dung, bn no tuyth n; v y ngn ng n chtuyt xo vtn vn cng nhngn ngShakespeare tuyt xo vvnvn. y l mt li vn ging nhvn ca Tacite, hng mnh, cng nhng gt gia; v quvy mt phnssng sa khc trit ca n l nh sm phng kho lo nhng tngLa Tinh. Nhng kho tngn d ca nc bit c tnh cch ca th i i Elizabeth, v phnnh sdi do ca th i Phc hng; khng ng ino trong vn ch ng Anh li sung tc vli so snh hm sc v nh nh th. Schng by phung ph nhng so snh ny l khuyt im c nht trong li vn ca Bacon : nhngn dbng gi t ng trng bt

    tn xung nhnhng nht roi qut trn thn kinh ca ta v cui cng lm cho ta chn mt. Cun "Ti ulun" ging nhmnn nng nnhiu gia v, khng thtiu ho nhiu trong mt lc, nhng nu c mi lnbn hay nm bi, th chng l d ng cht tinh thn bkhonht bng Anh ng.

    Ta c thrt ra c g tsminh trit c rt ta ny ? C lkh i im tt nht, v schuynh ngng ch nht tnhng th i th ng ca trit hc trung cchnh l schp nhn hn nhin ca ngi v i o c ca Epicure. Quanim trit hc "ng sdngkhi mong mun, ng mong mun khi s hi, c vl mt du hiu ca mt tm thc yu ui rt r. V quthphn l n nhng hc thuytca cc trit gia d ng nhqu hoi nghi, v lo cho nhn loi qu mc cn thit. Hlm tng thm ni s cht khia ra nhng ph ng php chng li n; b i v khi hxem cuc sng ca con ng i ch l mt k lut chun b cho ci cht, th d nhin kthy phi l gh g m, stvchng li n c t ra trinmin" (T ng ti n tri th c, VII, 2). Khng g tai hi cho sc khobng stit chdc vng theo thuyt khck; ko di mt i sng ra lm g khi san phn thn nhin bin n thnh ra scht tr c k ? Ngoi ra,y l mt nn trit hc bt kh; v bn nng svt ra. "Bn nng th ng b che du, mt i khi b thngl t, nhng him khi cht hn. Sc mnh bn nng cn ddi h n khi quay tr li; l thuyt v sgio dclm n b t cp bch, nhng tp tc ch bin i, hng phc bn nng. Ng i ta ch nn qu tin vo s c