cb'jf v]lt k|ljlw k'l:tsf

cb'jf k|lt:kwf{Tdstf clej[l¢ cfof]hgf

(MTF/NEP/068/STF)

@)&)

2

© ;+o'/fi6« ;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g @)!$

;+o'/fi6« ;+3Lo ejg, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/, g]kfn

kf]i6 jS; g+= @%, sf7df8f}+

kmf]g g+= ))((&–!–%%@#@)), %%@#@#(, %%@#(()

ˆofS; g+=))(&&–!–%%@^#%*

d"b|0fM

3

E"fldsf

vfB j:t'sf] vfB :jR5tf / u'0f:t/ sfod /fVgsf] nflu jfnL

pTkfbg b]lv ljl ljt/0f ;Dd s[ifsx?n] cjnDag ug]{'kg]{ c;n k|s[ltsf

;j} lofsnfkx?nfO{ ;du|df c;n s[lif cEof; elgG5 . c;n s[lif

cEof;sf] cg';/0faf6 sfdbf/sf] lxt Pj+ jftfj/0fLo tyf dfgjLo :jf:Yo

;'/Iffdf d2t ldNb5 .

vf; u/L cg'ko' tl/sfn] pTkfbg, e08f/0f / k|zf]wg ul/Psf s[lif

pkhx?sf] ;]jgaf6 jftfj/0f Pj+ dfgj tyf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/x?nfO{

ltgLx/sf] :jf:Yodf cfpg ;Sg] hf]lvdx?af6 hf]ufpg c;n s[lif

cEof;sf] yfngL ePsf] xf] . pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, Kofs]lhË tyf ahfl/s/0fsf

qmddf xfgLsf/s ;'IdhLjx? / cvfB j:t'sf] ;+d0f -h:t} /f;folgs

cjz]if_ af6 vfB a:t'x? cg'kof]ulzn x'g ;Sb5g\ .

w]/} b]zx?n] ;/sf/L jf gLlh If]qaf6 cf–cfˆgf c;n s[lif cEof;sf

cfwf/x? lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\ . ;fdfGotof c;n s[lif cEof;sf cfwf/x?

lgof{t Aofkf/ k|a4{gsf] nfuL tof/ ul/Psf x'G5g\ . vfBfGgsf]

u'0f:t/k|lt ;r]t cfGtl/s pkef]fx?sf] dfunfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ klg c;n

s[lif cEof;sf cfwf/x? tof/ ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . c;n s[lif cEof;sf

cfwf/x?sf] s]lx pbfx/0fsf ?kdf Unf]jnUofk (GLOBALGAP) ,

cfl;ogUofk (ASEANGAP), So'Uofk jf yfO{Uofk (QGAP), O{lG8ofUofk

(INDIA GAP) / h]–Uofk jf hfkfgUofk (JGAP) nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]g]{ xf] eg] c;n s[lif cEof;sf] s'g} cfwf/ agL

;s]sf] cjZyf 5}g . cb'jf h:tf] lgof{tof]Uo j:t'sf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg

u/L cfo cfh{g ug{ :jR5 Pj+ u'0f:t/Lo jfnL pTkfbg ug'{kg]{ 68\sf/f]

r'gf}tL xfd|f] ;fd' 5 . t;y{ g]kfndf cb'jfjfnL pTkfbgsf] vfB :jR5tf

sfod ub}{ cGt/fli6«o ahf/sf] dfkb08 cg's"n u'0f:t/o' cb'jf

pTkfbgdf ;3fp k'¥ofpgsf nflu cb'jf pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ x]t'

c;n s[lif cEof;nfO{ dWo gh/ ub}{ of] cb'jf v]lt k|ljlw k'l:tsf tof/

ul/Psf] xf] . o; k'l:tsfsf] cGtdf g]kfn cb'jf pTkfbs tyf Joj;foL ;+3,

g]kfnn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cb'jf u''0f:t/ dfkb08x? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

4

ljifo ;"rL

cfj/0f k[i6 !

e"ldsf #

ljifo ;"rL $

c;n s[lif cEof;sf nflu v]lt of]hgf 1

hUuf 5gf}6 1

afnL rqm 2

jLp Joj:yfkg 2

jLp 5gf}6 2

jLp b/ 3

jLp pkrf/ 3

hUufsf] tof/L tyf df6f] pkrf/ 4

/f]Kg] ;do 5

/f]Kg] tl/sf 5

dnvfb Joj:yfkg 6

5fkf] Joj:yfkg 7

emf/ Joj:yfkg tyf uf]8d]n 7

a|'gL -dfpjLp_ lgsfNg] 8

l;+rfO{ 8

ps]/f nufpg] 9

cGt/afnL 9

cb'jf jfnL] Plss[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg 10

cb'jfdf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux? 10

cb'jfdf nfUg] sL/fx? 12

Plss[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg ljlw 14

e08f/0f ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox? 16

jfnL tof/L, ;+sng tyf ahfl/s/0f 17

jfnL tof/L cjlw 17

jfnL vGg] 17

s[ifs:t/ ;kmfO,{ u|]8LË, KofsLË, e08f/0f / ahfl/s/0f 17

;+sng s]Gb|:t/ ;kmfO{, KofsLË / e08f/0f 18

cg';"rL !M tfhf cb'jfsf] u'0f:t/ 19

cg';"rL @M l;+uf] ;'7f]sf] u'0f:t/ 20

cg';"rL #M 6'f ;'7f]sf] u'0f:t/ 21

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L 22

1

c;n s[lif cEof;sf nflu v]lt of]hgf

c;n s[lif cEof; ckgfO{ v]lt ug{ rfxg] s[ifsn] ;j{ k|yd cfkm\gf] v]tjf/Ldf cb'jf

pTkfbgsf] of]hgf agfO{ cfkm\gf] ;d"xdf k]z ug'{ k5{ . p of]hgfdf lgDgfg';f/sf

ljj/0fx? ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .

s[ifssf] gfd, 7]ufgf -lhNnf, uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=, j8f g+=, ufpF÷6f]n_

kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"dL -hDdf kl/jf/ ;+Vof, s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof,

v]lt ug]{ u/]sf] hUufsf] If]qkmn tyf :jfldTj_

s[ifs ;d"xsf] gfd / ;d"xdf ;Dxfn]sf] lhDd]jf/L÷kb

ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] ;fn

cb'jf pTkfbg ug]{ hUuf tyf To;sf] If]qkmnM -km/s km/s lsQf ePdf

Kn6g+j/_

v]lt ug{ g;lsPsf] If]qkmn -/f]kgL÷s¶f÷laufxf_

cb'jf v]lt ug{ vf]h]sf] hdLgsf] v]lt Oltxf; cyf{t ljutsf jif{x?df ;f]

hdLgdf nufO{Psf jfnLx?, ltgdf nfu]sf /f]u Pj+ sL/f / /f]u÷sL/f ;+ldt

hUufdf ;'wf/sf nflu ckgfO{Psf pkfox?

ut jif{sf] jfnL r of]hgf

hUuf 5gf}6

cb'jf v]lt ug{ Gofgf] tyf cf]l;nf] 7fpF+ clt pko' x'G5 . cb'jfjfnLn] xn'sf 5fofF

dg k/fpF5 . lk=Pr=dfg %=% b]lv ^=%;Dd ePsf] df6f]df cb'jf v]lt /fd|f] x'G5 .

cb'jf v]ltsf] nflu hUuf 5gf}6 ubf{ lgDg k|s[lt ePsf] hUuf 5fGg' pko' x'G5 .

k|;:t dfqfdf k|fËfl/s kbfy{ ePsf] hUuf

kfgLsf] /fd|f] lgsf; ePsf] hUuf

Psbd} lrD6\ofO{nf] jf v;|f] jfnf}6] df6f] gePsf] hUuf

sDtLdf #) ;]=ld= ulx/f] bf]d6 lsl;dsf] df6f] ePsf] hUuf

aif{}lkR5] lg/Gt/ ?kdf cb'jf v]lt gul/Psf] hUuf

cb'jf v]lt ;fdfGotof le/fnf] hldgdf ul/g] xF'bf ;+efljt e"–Ifo lgoGq0fsf

nflu cfnL (contour bund), vf]N;f (contour ditches) / 5fkf]sf] oyf]lrt Joj:yf

ug'{ kb{5 . ;fy} jiff{sf] kfgLnfO{ /fd|f] / ;'/lIft lgsf; lbO{g' k5{ .

2

afnL rqm

cb'jf jfnLsf] nflu hUuf 5gf}6 ubf{ jfnL rqmdf ljz]if Wofg k¥'ofpg' k5{ .

k|To]s jif{ Pp6} hdLgdf cb'jf v]lt ubf{ vfBtTjsf] sdL x'guO{ pTkfbg sd

x'g ;S5 . ;fy} cb'jfsf] ufgf] s'xfpg] d'Vosf/s 9';L -h:t} lklyod /

ˆo"hfl/od_ tyf JoS6]l/ofsf] ;+qmd0f qmdzM j[l4 x'Fb} hfG5 .

Pp6} hdLgdf jif]{gL cb'jf v]lt ul/of] eg] t];|f] / rf}yf] jif{ ;Dddf cb'jfsf]

pTkfbg gLs} 36\g hfG5 . ;f]af6 jRg slDtdf b'O{ jif{ Tof] 7fpFdf k'gM cb'jf

v]lt ug'{ x'Fb}g .

gofF hftsf] jLp j[l4sfnfuL ljut jif{df cb'jfv]tL gul/Psf] hUuf x'g' kb{5 .

klxnf] jif{ cb'jf nufPsf] :yfgdf bf];|f] jif{ klg cb'jf nufO{Pdf klxn] 5f]8LPsf

cb'jfsf ufgf]x? pd|LG5g\ / csf]{ jif{ /f]lkPsf] hft ;+u ldl;P/ hftLo z'4tfdf

klg sdL cfpF5 .

To;}n] tn lbO{P cg';f/ afnL r ckgfpg' k5{ . Pp6f tLgjif]{ afnL rdf

sd;]sd Pp6f sf];]jfnL ;dfj]z u/fO{g' k5{ . pbfx/0fsf]nflu afnLr

lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;Sg]5 .

Tflnsf != cb'jf v]ltsf] ltg jif]{ jfnL r

jif{ klxnf] bf]>f] t]>f]

ljsNk != cb'jf ds}–ux'F ds}–d6df;–tf]/L

ljsNk @= cb'jf±ds} e6df; ds}–tf]/L

ljsNk #= cb'jf ds}±af]8L sf]bf]

jLp Joj:yfkg

jLp 5gf}6

;kmn cb'jf v]ltsf nflu jLp ufgf]sf] plrt 5gf}6 g} klxnf] dxTjk"0f{ kfOnf

dflgG5 . u'0f:t/Lo jLp ufgf] 5gf}6 ubf{ lgDg s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 .

k|of]u x'g] jLpsf] >f]t v'n]sf] x'g' k5{ .

jLp ufgf] s'lxg] /f]u gnfu]sf] v]t÷af/Laf6 ;+sng ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .

ufgf] s'lxg]/f]u gePsf] / sL/f gnfu]sf] :j:y jLpufgf] x'g'k5{ .

gfFuf] cfFvfn] 9';L b]Vg ;lsb}g t/ /f]usf] nIf0fx? b]Vg ;lsG5 . olb

ufgf]sf] jflx/L efu c;fwf/0f WjfF;] (Water soaked) b]lvPsf] 5 jf ufgf]sf]

leqL efu (Pith) Wjf+;] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] 9';Lsf] cfd0f e};s]sf] 7fgL jLpsf]

nflu sbfkL 5gf}6 ug'{ x'+b}g .

jLp ufgf]sf] cfsf/, /+u / u'0f hft cg';f/sf] -hftLo ?kdf z'4_ x'g'k5{ .

3

jLp ufgf]sf] af]qmf v'O{lnPsf] x'g'x'+b}g .

jLpsf nflu slDtdf Pp6f 6';f lg:sg ;Sg] kf]l6nf] ufgf] x'g'k5{ .

jLp b/

cb'jfsf] gof+ -jRrf_ ufgf]nfO{ jLpsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 .

cb'jfsf] hft x]/L jLp ufgf] $) u|fd b]lv ^) u|fd ;Ddsf] x'g'k5{ .

k|lt O{sfO{ If]qkmndf jLp slt nfU5 eGg] s'/f cb'jfsf] hft, ufgf]sf] cfsf/

tyf /f]Kg] tl/sfdf e/ kb{5 . h:t} 8\ofª jf j]8 tl/sfn] /f]Kbf k|lt /f]kgL

@@% ls=u|f jLp rflxG5 eg] ljgf 8\ofª nuftf/ nfOgdf /f]Kbf k|lt /f]kgL

@&% ls=u|f ;Dd jLp nfUb5 .

jLp pkrf/

ufgf] s'lxg] /f]usf] ;d:of g]kfnsf] k|foM ;j} If]qdf b]lvPsf]] 5 . g]kfnsf] k|foM ;j}

If]qdf ufgf] s'lxg] /f]usf] ;d:of ePsfn] cb'jf v]ltdf ufgf] s'lxg] /f]u lgoGq0fsf

nflu jLp pkrf/ ug'{ cToGt dxTjk"0f{{ lofsnfk dflgG5 . o; /f]usf] /f]syfdsf]

nflu jLp pkrf/ g} k|efjsf/L Pj+ Jofjxfl/s pkfo k|df0fLt ePsf] 5 . 5gf]6

ul/Psf jLp ufgf]nfO{ tn lbO{Psf h}ljs jf /;folgs dWo] s'g} Ps ljlwjf6

pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

s_ h}ljs ljlwaf6 pkrf/ tl/sf

!)) ln6/ kfgL c6fpg] -! km"6 rf}8fO{, ! km"6 prfO{ / $ lkm6 nDafO{_ Ifdtfsf]

vf8n agfpg] . ;f] Vff8ndf kfgL c8\g] u/L Knfl:6s laR5fpg] . !)) ln6/

kfgLdf ! lsnf]u|fd -!) u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf_ 6«fO{sf]8df{ lel/l8 jf xlh{ofgdsf]

sNr/ ld;fO{ 3f]n agfpg] . ;f] 3f]ndf @&% lsnf] jLp pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ;a}

ufgf]x?nfO{ 3f]ndf 8'afP/ ufgf]sf] jflx/L ;tx tyf sfl6Psf] jf efFlrPsf] efudf

n]k nfu] h:tf] agfpg' kb{5 . jLp ufgf]x?nfO{ al8df Ps 3G6f ;Dd 8'jfP/

lgsfNg] / ufgf]df nfu]sf] n]k g;'sf]; eGgsf nflu Knfl:6sn] 9fSg] Joj:yf

ldnfpg' kb{5 . pkrf/ kl5 ;f]xL lbg jLp /f]Kg] Joj:yf ug{ ;s] jl9 k|efjsf/L

x'G5 . 6«fO{sf]8df{sf] pkrf/ kl5 jLpnfO{ 3fddf sbfkL ;'sfpg' xFb}g . pkrf/sf]

k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu jLp /f]k] kl5 df6f]df lr:ofg e}/xg' cfjZos 5 . jLp pkrf/

kl5 6«fO{sf]8df{sf] 3f]n ar]df To;nfO{ cb'jf nufpg] s'n];f]df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

o;af6 df6f]df 6«fO{sf]8df{sf] ;+Vof j[l4 x'g hfG5 .

4

v_ /;folgs ljlwaf6 pkrf/ tl/sf

5gf]6 ul/Psf jLp ufgf]x?nfO{ d]6fNofS;Ln *% / DofGsf]h]a ^$% ePsf] l/8f]dLn

jf d]6sf] gfds ljiffbL k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf @ u|fd / AofS6]l/ofhGo /f]usf] ;Defjgf

ePdf :6«]K6f]dfO{l;g ;Nkm]6 ( % / 6]6«f;fO{{SnLg xfO{8«f]Snf]/fO{8 ! % ePsf] cn;Lg

jf cg';Lg gfds ljiffbL k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ! u|fdsf b/n] /fvL tof/ kfl/Psf] k|lt

ln6/ 3f]ndf Ps ls=u|f= jLpsf] b/n] Ps3G6f 8'jfO{ pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . pkrfl/t

jLpnfO{ 5fFofdf /fd|/L cf]efO{ ;s]kl5 /f]Kg'k5{ . dfyL pNn]v u/] h:t} !)) ln6/

Ifdtfsf] vf8n tof/ ug]{ . olb @&% lsnf] aLp pkrf/ ug'{ 5 eg] !)) ln6/ kfgL

lng] . To;df @)) u|fd d]6fNofS;Ln *% / DofGsf]h]a ^$% ePsf] ljiffbL

/ !))u|fd :6«]K6f]dfO{l;g ;Nkm]6 ( % / 6]6«f;fO{{SnLg xfO{8«f]Snf]/fO{8 ! % ePsf]

ljifbL ld;fO{ 3f]n agfpg] . pSt 3f]ndf jLpsf nflu 5gf]6 ul/Psf cb'jfsf] kfgfx?

Knfl:6s ]6df jf hfnL emf]nfdf /fvL Ps 306f ;Dd 8'jfO{ /fVg] . klxnf]

k6sdf ;a} ufgfx? 8'jfpg g;lsPdf #–$ k6s ;Dd klg pSt ljiffbLsf] 3f]n

k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 t/ kfgL yKg' k/]df pk/f]St b/n] kfgLsf] cfotg cg';f/ ljiffbL

yKb} hfg' kb{5 . Ps 3G6f ;Dd 8'jfO{Psf jLp ufgfx? aflx/ lgsfn]/ 5fFofdf

cf]efP kl5 t'?Gt} jf !–@ lbgkl5 ;Dd /f]Kg ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{ cb'jfsf 6';fx?

Eg] ;'Sg' x'Fb}g .

hUufsf] tof/L tyf df6f] pkrf/

cb'jf v]ltsf nflu hldgsf] ulx/f] vghf]t cfjZos kg]{ ePsf]n] hdLg $–% k6s

hf]t]/, 8Nnf k'm6fO{ df6f]nfO{ dl;gf] kfg'{k5{ . To; kl5 df6f]df ePsf emf/kftx?

x6fpg' k5{ . hdLgsf] v]lt Oltxf;sf] ljZn]if0f cg';f/ ;+ldt hUuf eP h}ljs ljlw

ckgfO{ df6f] pkrf/ ug'kb{5 . ;+ldt df6f]sf] h}ljs pkrf/sf nflu hldgdf

sDkf]i6 dn k|of]u ug{' !) lbg cufj} @) lsnf]u|fd /fd|/L kfs]sf] sDkf]i6 dndf !

lsnf]u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{ lel/8L cyjf xlh{ofgd ld;fO{ @% b]lv @* l8u|L ;]= tfkddf

/fVg'kb{5 . pSt sDkf]i6nfO{ !) lbg;Dd @÷@ lbgsf] cGt/df

cf]N6fO{ kN6fO{ 6«fOsf]8df{sf] a[l4 ug]{ . o;l/ pkrfl/t sDkf]i6nfO{ kfs]sf] sDkf]i6df

/fd|/L ld;fP/ %)–^) 8f]sf] -!=% 6g_÷/f]kgLsf b/n] cb'jf jLp /f]Kg] s'n];f]df k|of]u

ug]{ .

5

v'd|] sL/fsf] k|sf]k jl9 b]lvg] 7fpFdf ;f] sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ d]6f/fO{hLod -

d]6f/fO{hLod Plg;f]lknLof _ ! lsnf]u|fd k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] dfly eg] em}+ sDkf]i6df

/fv]/ jf gLdsf] lkgf @% lsnf]u|fd k|lt /f]kgL sf b/n]] df6f] pkrf/ ug]{ .

/f]Kg] ;do

cb'jf /f]k0f ug{] ;do cb'jf v]lt ug{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] :ynsf] xfjfkfgLdf

e/kb{5 . ;dfGotof dWo kxf8L -;d'b| ;tx b]lv !^)) ld6/ prfO{_ If]qdf r}q

dlxgfsf] z'?df cb'jf nufpg pko' x'G5 . To; kl5 k|To]s #)) ld6/ tNnf]

prfO{df @ xKtf kl5 cb'jf nufpg 7Ls x'G5 . ;d'b|L ;tx b]lv &)) ld=

cUnf] :yfgdf a}zfvsf] bf];|f] xKtfdf cb'jf nufpg pko' x'5 . l9nf] u/L cb'jf

nufPdf ufgfx? ;fgf x'g] x'Fbf pTkfbg / u'0f:t/ dzM 36\b} hfG5 . To;}n]

kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds pTkfbgsf nfuL 7fpF / xfjfkfgL cg';f/ pko' ;dodf

cb'jf nufpg sf]lz; ug'{kb{5 .

/f]Kg] tl/sf

cb'jf /f]Kg tof/ kfl/Psf] hldgdf #) ;]=dL=sf] km/sdf !) ;]=dL= ulx/f] s'n];f]

agfpg] . jLp ufgf]x? #) ;]=dL=sf] b"/Ldf /fVg] / df6f]n] k'g]{ . o;l/ /f]lkPsf jLp

ufgf]x? % b]lv * ;]=dL= df6f]n] k'l/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . 8ØfËdf jLp nufp+bf

hldgsf] ;fdfGo ;tx eGbf dfly g} kg]{ u/L jLp /fKg' kb{5 . o;af6 jiff{ofddf

ufg]f jl/kl/ lgsf; /fd|f] x'G5 . al8 ulx/fO{df jLp /f]lkPdf ufg]f jl/kl/ lgsf;

cj?4 eO{ ufg]f s[lxg] ;d:of b]lvg ;S5 . kfgLsf] plrt lgsf; ePsf dWokxf8L

If]qsf 7fpFdf x/]s $ nfO{g -!@) ;]dL_ kl5 Ps nfO{g 5f]8\b} /f]Kg ;lsG5 .

t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]; hxfF kfgL hDg] ;d:of x'g ;S5, To:tf 7fpFdf ^) ;]=dL=

rf}8f / !% ;]=dL= cUnf] 8\ofË agfO{ k|lt 8\ofË @ nfOgsf b/n] pk/f] b"l/df cb'jf

/f]Kg' k5{ . o;/L agfPsf] 8\ofËdf k|To]s @ nfO{g kl5 kfgLsf] plrt lgsf;sf]

nflu ;lhn} kfgL aUg ;Sg] s'n];f] agfpg' kb{5 .

lrq != cb'jf /f]k0f ljlw

6

jLpsf] ?kdf k|of]u ePsf] dfp ufgf] -a|'gL_ pld|P kl5 jfnL tof/ x'g' cufj} ;fpg–

ebf}df lgsfNg' 5 eg] pk/f] cg';f/ jLp nufpg] b"/L / ulx/fO{ ldnfP/ ;a} jLp

ufgf]sf 6';fx? Ps} lbzftk{m kmsf{O{ /f]Kg'k5{ . o;/L /f]Kbf dfp jLpsf] :yfg kQf

nufpg / efFr]/ lgsfNg ;lhnf] x'G5 . jLpsf] pd|g] efu leq kf/L tn e'msfP/

/f]Kbf a|'gL efFr]/ lgsfNg ;xh x'G5 ;fy} a|'gL lgsfNbf cb'jfsf] ;/fdf sd bvn

k'Ug] x'G5 .

dnvfb Joj:yfkg

cb'jfjfnL nfO{ k|z:t dnvfbsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . h}ljs, /;folgs / ;+d0fd'

k|f+ufl/s dn k|of]u u/]/ cb'jfnfO{ rflxg] vfBtTj cfk"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 . dnsf]

dfqf :yfg ljz]if km/s kb{5 . k|f+ufl/s v]lt ug'{ kbf{ k|lt /f]kgL @ 6gsf b/n]

/fd|f];+u kfs]sf] sDkf]i6dn k|of]u ug'kb{5 . k|lt /f]kgL v]t÷af/Ldf, ;fwf/0ftof

#=&% lsnf]u|fd gfO{6«f]hg, @=%) lsnf]u|fd km:kmf]/; / @=%) lsnf]u|fd kf]6f; k|of]u

u/]df clwstd pTkfbg lng ;lsg] cg';Gwfg glthfn] b]vfPsf] 5 . pk/f] b/

cg';f/ k|lt /f]kgL -%)) ju{ ld6/_ l8=P=kL=, o"l/of / Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f;sf] dfqf

lgDgfg';f/ k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

tflnsf @= cb'jfjfnLdf /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u

dn vfbsf] gfd kl/df0f÷/f]kgL k|of]u ug]{ ;do

l8=P=kL= %=) lsnf]u|fd hdLgsf] clGtd tof/Ldf

o"l/of ^=) lsnf]u|fd b'O{ k6s, cfwf cfwf,

klxnf] M pd|]sf] ! dlxgfkl5 klxnf] uf]8d]n kZrft

jf]6sf] rf/} lt/ df6f]df ld;fpg]

bf]>f] M pd|]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 bf];|f] uf]8d]n kZrft

Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; $=) lsnf]u|fd b'O{ k6s, cfwf cfwf klxnf] hldgsf] clGtd tof/L

bf]>f] pd|]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 bf];|f] uf]8d]n kZrft

s[ifs cg'ejsf cfwf/df jLp nufpg] vf]N;fdf /f;folgs dnvfb /fVbf

jLpsf] ;Dks{df cfp+bf / cb'jf jfnLdf /f;folgs dnvfb -o'l/of_ 6k8«]; ubf{ ufg]f

s'xfpg] /f]usf] k|sf]k a9\g] ePsfn] /f;folgs dnvfbsf] k|of]u eGbf /fd|f];+u kfs]sf]

k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]udf g} hf]8 lbg' plrt x'G5 .

df6f]df lr:ofg arfO{ /fVg / vfBtTj cfk"lt{df ;Gt'ng ldnfpg k|fËfl/s dnn]

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ub{5 . t;y{ cb'jf /f]Kg' eGbf @ xKtf klxnf /fd|f];Fu

kfs]sf] ;+d0fd' k|f+ufl/s dn -sDkf]i6 jf uf]7]dn_ %) b]lv ^) 8f]sf k|lt /f]kgLsf

7

b/n] cb'jf nufpg] hdLgdf ;dfg ?kn] km}nfO{ 3fddf ;'Sg glbO{ hf]t]/ df6f]df

ldnfpg' k5{ .

o;sf] cnfjf tf]/Lsf] kLgf k|lt /f]kgL !)) lsnf]u|fdsf] b/n] w"nf] kf/]/ cb'jf /f]Kg'

cuf8L s'n];f]df k|of]u ul/Pdf vfBtTjx? ylkg'sf ;fy} ufgf]s'lxg] /f]usf] /f]syfd

ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5, kmn :j?k pTkfbgdf ;d]t j[l4 x'G5 .

5fkf] Joj:yfkg

;'Vvf df};dsf] sf/0f cb'jf /f]k]kl5 6';fP/ hdLgsf] ;tx tyf 5fkf]dfyL cfpg !

b]lv @ dlxgf ;Dd nfUg ;S5 . cb'jf k|foM cl;+lrt hdLgdf v]lt ul/g] ePsfn]

nfdf] cjlw ;Dd df6f]df lr:ofg arfO{ /fVg 5fkf]sf] lgtfGt cfjZos k5{ . 5fkf]n]

rfF8} 6';f knfpg d2t u5{ . o;sf] cltl/ 5fkf]n] emf/kftsf] /f]syfd u5{,, le/fnf]

hldgdf e"–Ifo x'gaf6 arfpF5 / cGtdf jiff{sf] kfgLn] 5fkf] ;8\g uO{ df6f]df

k|fËfl/s kbfy{ ylkG5 / df6f]sf] pj{/fzl a9\5 . ljleGg 7fFpdf ljleGg lsl;dsf]

5fkf] xfNg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . wfgsf] e';, ;'s]sf] kfts/, c;'/f], kflt jf cGo

xl/of] :ofpnf / jfljof] v/ h'g pknAw x'g ;Sb5 5fkf]sf] ?kdf k|of]u

ug{ ;lsG5 . tL dWo] rf+8} ;8\g] lsl;dsf] 5fkf] -c;'/f], kflt, cGo xl/of] :ofpnf jf

cf+lzs ?kdf ;8]sf] kts/_ g} ;j}eGbf pko' 5fkf] dflgG5 . cb'jfsf] /f]kfO{+ kl5

k"0f{?kn] df6f] 9flsg] u/L $–% ;]=dL= jfSnf] 5fkf] xfNg' k5{ . ;'s]sf] kftx? eP

xfjfn] gp8fpg] u/L RofKg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ . 7"nf] 8f]sfn] $) b]lv %) 8f]sf

kft÷kts/ eP Ps /f]kgLsf nflu 5fkf] /fVg k'U5 . jLp /f]lk;s]kl5 Ps jf

b'O{ lbg leq} 5fkf] lbOg' kb{5 / pd|]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 ;Dd klg, vfnL 7fFpdf 5fkf]

yKb} hfg' k5{ .

emf/ Joj:yfkg tyf uf]8d]n

jif]{ df};ddf v]lt ul/g] ePsf]n] cb'jfjfnLdf emf/sf] k|z:t k|sf]k x'g]

ub{5 . ;fdfGotof b'O{ k6s uf]8d]n ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . stL k6s uf]8d]n

ug]{ eGg]s'/f k|of]u ePsf] 5fkf]sf] dfqf, :yfg ljz]ifdf x'g] jiff{sf] dfqf, df6f] Pj+

emf/x?sf] lsl;d cfbLdf e/ kb{5 . cb'jfdf 5fkf] /fVg' emf/kft /f]syfdsf] nflu

klg ;j}eGbf k|efjsf/L tl/sf xf] .

klxnf] uf]8d]n M pd|]sf] Ps dlxgfkl5 cb'jfsf kfgfx?nfO{ c;/ gkg]{ u/L

uf]8d]n ug]{ . klxn]sf] 5fkf]jf6 dfq hdLg g9flsg] eP k'gM yk 5fkf] xfNg] .

8

bf]>f] uf]8d]n M bf];|f] uf]8d]n, klxnf] uf]8d]nsf]] ! dlxgf kl5 cyf{t pd|]sf] b'O{

dlxgfkl5 kfgfnfO{ c;/ gkg]{ u/L ;Dej eP xft}n] emf/x? pv]Ng] . k"0f{ ?kn]

hdLg 9fSg 5fkf] gk'Ug] eP k'gM 5fkf] yKg] .

cb'jf afnLdf sDtLdf ebf} dlxgf ;Dd emf/sf] /f]syfd ul/g' cfjZos 5 . kl5

ufgf]df 3fp–rf]6 gkg]{ u/L 6';f gefFlrg] u/L emf/x? pv]Ng' k5{ . cb'jf jfnLdf

ufgf] s'lxg] /f]usf] ;Defjgf sd ug{ uf]8d]n jf dfpjLp lgsfNbf ;s];Dd cb'jfsf]

ufgfx?df rf]6k6s k'¥ofpg x'Fb}g .

a|'gL -dfpjLp_ lgsfNg]

cb'jf v]lt pTkfbg nfut sd ug{ /f]k]sf] $ dlxgf kl5 cyf{t\ ;fpg÷ebf}df

cb'jfsf] dfpjLp lgsfNbf lj?jfnfO{ c;/ kb}{g / clGtd pTkfbg klg

36\b}g . ;fy} ;fpg÷ebf} dlxgf cb'jfpTkfbgsf] j]df};d ePsf]n] lemlsPsf] dfpjLp

/fd|f] d"Nodf a]r]/ j9L kmfO{bf lng ;lsG5 . dfpjLpnfO{ kl5 ;Dd hdLgdf 5f8L

/fVbf vGg] j]nf ;Dddf %) k|ltzt dfpjLp gf]S;fg eO{;s]sf] x'g ;Sb5 . :j:y

jLp kfgf /f]lkPsf] 5 eg] tf}nsf lx;fan] () b]lv !)) k|ltzt ;Dd dfpjLp

lkmtf{ lng ;lsG5 . dfpjLp lgsfNg' 5 eg] jLp /f]Kg] j]nfdf cfjZos Wofg

k'¥ofpg' h?/L 5 h;n] ubf{ sd ;do Pj+ sd vr{df a|'gL lgsfNg ;lsG5 . a|'gL

lgsfnL ;s]kl5 6«fOsf]8df{af6 3fp pkrf/ ul/Pdf ;Defljt ufgf] s'xfpg] /f]usf]

hLjf0f'af6 s]lxxb ;Dd arfpg ;lsG5 .

Wofgfsif{0fM tkzLnsf] cj:yfdf a|'gL lgsfNg] sfo{ sbfkL ug'{ x'Fb}g

/f]lkPsf] cb'jfsf] ufgf #) u|fd eGbf sd;fgf] ePdf a|'gL lgsfNg' x'Fb}g .

ufgf] s'lxg] /f]usf] k|sf]k e}/xg]] cj:yfdf a|'gL lgsfNg] sfo{ ul/g' xFb}g .

jLp k|of]hgsfnflu v]lt ul/Psf] cj:yfdf klg a|'gL lemSg] sfo{ ul/g' x'Fb}g .

l;+rfO{

df6f]df lr:ofg 5}g eg] /f]Kg' cl3 l;+rfO{ u/]/ df6f] k'msf] ePkl5 cb'jf /f]Kg'k5{ .

df};d ;'Vvf /lx/x]df csf]{ Ps dlxgf kl5 b'O{ Jof8sf] jLrdf kfgL

k6fO{ l;+rfO{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] . o;} u/L cb'jf vGg' ! ;Ktfx cl3 l;rf+O

x'g ;s] cb'jf vGg ;lhnf] x'G5 .

9

ps]/f nufpg]

ufgf]x? jflx/ b]lvPdf ufgf]sf] km}nfj6 (Expansion) /f]lsG5 . ufgf]sf] /ª xl/of]

b]lvG5 / t';f/f] kg]{ 7fpFx?df vGg 9Lnf] ePdf t';f/f]n] klg Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . cb'jfsf]

jLp ufgf] ulx/f]df -* ;]=dL= d'gL_ g/f]lk+bf jf 8\ofËsf] 5]pdf ePsf ufgf]x? jiff{sf]

sf/0f e"–Ifoaf6 jflx/ b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf vfnL 7fpFaf6 df6f] NofO{ ufgf]x? /fd|/L

k'g'{ k5{ .

cGt/afnL

cb'jf jfnL tof/ x'g em08} cf7 dlxgfsf] cjlw nfU5 . t;y{ k|lt

OsfO{ If]qkmnjf6 clwstd kmfO{bf lng cGt/jfnL k|0ffnL

ckgfO{ cb'jfnfO{ cfFk, ;'Gtnf h:tf kmnkm"n] ju}+rfdf 3';'jf jfnLsf] ?kdf klg

nufpg ;lsG5 . o:tf] k|0ffnLaf6 v]lt ubf{ /f]u sL/fsf] k|sf]k sd x'G5 eg] s'g}

Pp6f jfnL lalu|P klg To;sf] Ifltk"lt{ csf]{ jfnLaf6 x'g;S5 . To:t} /x/, 9}+rf,

l;ld h:tf sf]z]jfnL;+u cb'jf v]lt ubf{ cb'jf jfnLsf] nflu rflxg] gfO{6«f]hg

dnsf] s]xL xb ;Dd kl/k"lt{ x'G5 . ljleGg cGt/jfnL k|0ffnL dWo] cb'jf±ds}

cGt/jfnL clwsf+z 7fpFdf ;kmn ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . cb'jf±ds} k|0ffnL ckgfp+bf

ds}nfO{ cb'jfsf] 8ØfË ljrsf] vf]N;fdf sl/j ! ld6/sf] cGt/df nufO{+bf /fd|f]

kfO{Psf] 5 . sl/j :yfgLo xfjfkfgL cg';f/ tk;Lnsf cGt/jfnL k|0ffnL

ckgfpg ;lsG5 .

tflnsf #= cb'jf v]lt cGt/ jfnL k|0ffnL

s= cb'jf±ds} v= cb'jf±/x/ u= cb'jf±v';f{gL 3= cb'jf±9}+rf -jLp_

ª= cb'jf±;"o{d'vL r=cb'jf ±/fdtf]l/of 5= cb'jf ± l;dL

lrq @= cb'jf v]ltsf] nflu v'nf cfsfz eGbf cf+lzs 5fof+sf] Joj:yf x'g' /fd|f] dflgPsf] 5 .

10

cb'jf jfnL] Plss[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg

cb'jfdf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?

s_ ufgf] s'lxg] (Rhizome Rot) /f]ux?

cb'jf v]ltdf ufgf] s'lxg] /f]u cflYf{s ?kdf 7'nf] Iflt k'¥ofpg] ;d:of xf] . of]

;d:of lklyod / km\o'hfl/od k|hftLsf ljleGg 9';Lx? tyf /fN;6f]lgof gfds

zfsf0f' -JofS6]l/of_sf] ;+qmd0faf6 x'g] ub{5 . ufgf] s'lxg] /f]ux? jLp / df6f] b'j}

dfWodaf6 ;g{ ;Sg] ePsfn] cb'jf v]ltdf /f]u ;+ldt jLp / hldgsf] k|of]u b'j}

t/xn] /f]usf] k|sf]k x'g ;Sb5 . /f]u ;+ldt hldgdf ul/Psf] cb'jf v]ltdf

vghf]t, uf]8d]n, emf/kfft lgsfNg], 5fkf] /fVg], a|'gL lgsfNg] sfo{ ubf{ / sL/fsf]

cfd0faf6 ufgf]df rf]6k6s nfUgfn] ufg]f s'lxg] /f]usf] k|sf]k x'ghfG5 . cb'jf

jfnLdf ufgf] s'lxg] /f]usf sf/0f tLg lsl;dsf nIf0fx? b]vfkg{ ;Sb5g\ .

lrq #= cb'jfdf nfUg] ;8gx? -a / b – 9';L k|hfltaf6 x'g] ;8g, c / d – Zffsf0f'af6 x'g] ;8g _

a b

d c

11

1= lunf] ;8g (Soft rot) cb'jfsf] ufgf] km\ofQ k/]/ ;8\g] of] /f]u lklyod k|hftLsf

ljleGg 9';Lx?af6 x'g] ub{5 . ;qm+ldt jLpjf6 pd|g] ljlQs} 6';fx?df kfgL o'Qm

(Water soaked) wAafx? b]lvG5g\ . /f]u a9\b} uPdf 6';fx? g} db{5g\ . df6f]jf6

lj?jfdf /f]u ;/]sf] eP ;/f (Pseudostem) sf] tNnf] kftsf] 6'Kkf] kx]+lnG5 /

kftsf] b'j} lsgf/f x'Fb} ;Dk"0f{ kftx? g} kx]+lnG5g\ . cGtdf ;/fx? dlng x'g'sf]

;fy} ;'s]/ hfG5g\ . df6f] d'lgsf ufgf]x?jf6 /f]u nfu]sf] ;/f ;lhn} pv]Ng

;lsG5 . /f]usf] pu| cj:yfdf kx]+nf] b]lvg] ;Dk"0f{ ;/fx? hdLg dfyL n8]sf

b]lvG5g\ . /f]u ;+ldt ufgf] pv]n]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] ufgf] km\ofQ ;8]sf] kfO{G5 / s]xL

uGxfpF5 .

2= ;'Vvf ;8g (Dry rot) k'/} jf]6 kx]+lnP/ ;'Sg] / ufgf] dzM ;'s]/ rfpl/b} hfg] of]

/f]u km\o'hfl/od k|hftLsf ljleGg 9';Lx?af6 x'g] ub{5 . of] /f]u nfO{ kx]+lng] /f]u

(Yellows) klg elgG5 . of] /f]u nfu]sf] Zf'?sf] cj:yfdf ;+ldt lj?jfsf kftx?

6'Kkfjf6 kx]+lng yfN5g\ / dzM k'/} kft kx]+lnG5 . /f]un] pu| ?k lnb} hfFbf k'/}

jf]6 kx]+lnG5, ;'S5 t/ cfk}m 9Nb}g. 9';Lsf] ;+d0f kl5 ufgf]sf] j[l4 /f]lsG5 .

ufgf] dzM ;'s]/ rfpl/b} hfG5 .

3= cf]O{nfpg] /f]u (Bacterial wilt) kftsf lsgf/f tnlt/ kms]{/ j]l/g] / cf]O{nfPsf]

h:tf] b]lvg], ;/fx? ;'Sb} hfg], ufgf]sf] ;8]sf] efu lgrf]bf{ lkk h:tf] n]bf] jflx/

cfpg] tyf ;8]sf]efuaf6 c08f s'x] h:tf] g/fd|f] uGw cfpg] nIf0fx? Zffsf0f'

(Ralstonia solanacearum)af6 x'G5 . of] ctLg} xfgLsf/s /f]u xf] . cf]O{nfpg]

/f]unfu]sf] Kn6df pTkfbLt cb'jf, jLp k|of]hgsfnflu cGoq n}hfg' x'Fb}g .

v_ kftdf nfUg] yf]Kn]/f]u

kftdf c08fsf/ jf nfDrf ;–;fgf yf]Knf h:t} b]lvg] of] /f]u Phyllosticta zingiberi

gfds 9'l;sf] ;+d0faf6 x'G5 . of] /f]u ljz]if u/L ;fpg–ebf}df al8 b]vfk5{ . /f]un]

pu| ?k lnof] eg] yf]Knfx? Ps csf{df hf]l8G5g\, yf]Knfsf] larsf] efu ;]tf] g]kfnL

sfuh h:tf] b]lvG5 / lar lardf RofltPsf] klg x'g ;S5 . of] /f]u nfu]sf]

cj:yfdf kftdf xl/ts0f 36\g hfg] ePsf]n] pTkfbgdf Iflt x'g hfG5 . g]kfndf of]

/f]u lgs} Jofks ePsf] kfOG5 tfklg pTkfbgdf eg] vf;} 7"nf] Iflt ePsf] b]lvFb}g .

u_ e08f/df nfUg] 9'l;/f]ux?

cb['jf vg]kl5 pkef]f ;Dd k'Ubf e08f/df nfUg] 9'l;/f]ux?sf] sf/0f pNn]vgLo

IftL x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cb'jfsf] af]f v'Olnof] eg] e08f/0fdf ljleGg lsl;dsf 9';Lx?

nfUb5g\ / ;8fpg] sfd ub{5g\ . e08f/0fdf ;+d0f ug]{ cg]sg 9';Lx? dWo]

a b

c c d

12

P:k/lhn;\ ˆn]e;\ (Aspergillus flavus) cToGt xfgLsf/s dflgG5 . of] 9'l;n] cb'jf;+u

ldn]/ æckm\nf6lS;gÆ (Aflatoxin) gfds SofG;/hGo ljiffn' kbfy{ pTkGg ub{5 .

cb'jfnfO{ plrt tl/sfn] e08f/0f ug{ ;lsPg eg] tfhf cb'jf jf e08f/0f

ul/Psf] ;"7f] P:k/lhn;\ ˆn]e;\af6 ;+ldt e} u'0f:t/lxg Pj+ ljiffn' x'g ;Sb5 .

cb'jf Pj+ ;"7f]af6 lgld{t s'g} klg vfB j:t'df Pkm\nf6lS;gsf] c+z x'g' x'b}g .

lgof{t x'g] cb'jf Pj+ k|zf]lwt j:t'x?df Pkm\nf6S;Lgsf] dfqf Ps ca{ efudf !)

efu eGbf Hofbf kfO{Pdf cd]l/sf tyf o"/f]ksf s'g} klg b]zdf lgof{t x'g ;Sb}g .

cb'jfdf nfUg] sL/fx?

g]kfndf cb'jf jfnLdf /f]usf] t'ngfdf s'g} sL/fn] pNn]Vo cfly{s Iflt k'¥ofPsf]

b]lvPsf] 5}g tf klg lgDg sL/fx?af6 Iflt x'g] u/]sf] s[ifsx?sf] cg'ej 5 .

eljiodf sL/fx?n] cg's"n jftfj/0f kfPdf pNn]vgLo cfly{s Iflt k'¥ofpg ;Sg]

b]lvG5 .

s= ujf/f] (Stem borer)

o;sf] nfe|] ;/fsf] km]b b]lv %–& ;]=dL= dfly;Dd Kjfn kf/L u'jf] vf+Fb} 6'Kkf] lt/

a9\5 . ;/fsf] u'jf] kx]+nf] x'G5 / ;'S5, o; cj:yfnO{ u'jf] dg]{{ (Dead Heart) elgG5 .

of] sL/fsf] k|sf]k kmf6k'm6 b]vfk5{ . ;fpg / ebf}df sL/fsf] k|sf]k cln al9 x'G5 .

lrq $= cb'jfdf nfUg] ujf/f]

v= ufgf]df nfUg] lemFuf (Rhizome Fly)

ufgf]df nfUg] lemFufsf cf}+;f (Maggot)x?nfO{ ufgf]df nfUg] cf}+;f elgG5 . kf]yL

lemFufn] slnnf] 6';fpFb} u/]sf] ufgf]df cyjf 9';Laf6 u|;Lt ufgf]df cf};f kf5{,

kmn:j?k ufgf]sf] ;8g] ddf c? ltj|tf cfpF5 . ;8]sf] ufgf]df z'?df k|z:t cf}+;fx?

Pj+ s]xL lbg kl5 Ko'kfx? kfO{G5g\ .

13

lrq %= cb'jfsf] ufgf]df nfUg] lem+uf

u= kft j]?jf (Leaf roller)

dfp k'tnLn] kftdf km'n kf5{ . k'mnjf6 lg:s]sf] nfe|]n] kftnfO{ a]5{ / leqlt/jf6

kft vfG5 . Pp6f a]l/Psf] kftdf k|foM Pp6} nfe|] kfOG5 . dfp k'tnL sfnf] / ;]tf]

b'j} /Ëdf kfOG5 . xfn ;Dd cfly{s b[li6n] of] sL/f dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf] 5}g .

lrq ^= cb'jfdf v'd|] sL/fsf] gf]S;fgLÙ s[ifsx? cb'jfdf v'd|] sL/fsf] gf]S;fgL cjnf]sg ub}{

lrq &= cb'jfdf nfUg] wld/f

14

3_ v'd|], /ftf] sldnf, wld/f (White grubs, Red ants, Termites)

df6f] d'gL a:g] oL sL/fx?n] slnnf cj:yfsf cb'jfsf] j]gf{{ sf6g'sf] ;fy} /f]lkPsf

jLp ufgf] jf kmn]sf ufgf]x?df ;d]t cfd0f u/L IftL k'¥ofpF5g\ . ;du|df cb'jfsf]

u'0f:t/ 36fpF5 .

Plss[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg ljlw

jfnL lj?jfdf nfUg] /f]u jf sL/fnfO{ Pp6} dfq ljwL ckgfP/ bLuf] ?kdf /f]syfd

ug{ ;lsb}g . s[lif kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf s'g} klg gsf/fTds c;/ gkg]{ u/L, s[lif

sd{df ;'wf/ NofP/, /f]u k|lt/f]wL hft k|of]u u/]/, ljiffbLsf] sd tyf

a'l4dQfk"0f{ k|of]u u/]/ tyf h}ljs ljlw ckgfP/ jfnL lj?jfsf

zq'hLjx?nfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{ kb{5 .

zq'hLjsf] ;+d0faf6 jfnL hf]ufpg lgoGq0f ug]{{ tl/sf eGbf ;+d0f x'g glbg]

pkfo ;jf]{Qd x'G5 . ;+d0f sd ug{ tnsf pkfox? lglZrt ?kdf ckgfpg' k5{ .

v]lt ug]{ tl/sfdf Wofg k¥'ofpg]

pko' df6f] ePsf] hUufdf dfq jfnL r ckgfO{ cb'jf v]lt ug]{ .

:j:y / lg/f]uL jLp 5gf}6 u/L dfly eg] em}+ pkrf/ u/]/ /f]Kg] .

kfgL hDg] ;+efjgf ePsf] hUufdf cb'jf v]lt ubf{ 8\ofËdf cb'jf /f]Kg] .

hdLgdf kfgL lgsf;sf] plrt k|aGw ldnfpg] .

/f]uu|:t kft, 8f+7 / s'lxPsf ufgf]x? Vf]tjf6 lemsL gi6 ug]{ . jfnL

nufO{ /x]sf] Kn6df kmf6k'm6 ufgf] ;8]sf] kfOof] eg] vg]/ x6fpg] .

/fd|/L kfs]sf] / pkrf/ ul/Psf] uf]j/÷ sDkf]i6 dn dfq k|of]u ug]{ .

cb'jf nufpg] hdLgsf] clGtd tof/Ldf tf]/Lsf] lkgf w'nf] kf/]/ k|lt /f]kgL

!)) s]hL sf b/n] df6f]df ld;fpg] .

vghf]t ubf{ ufgf]df rf]6 k6s nfUg glbg] .

a|'gL -dfp_ lgsfn] kl5 df6f] pkrf/ ;lxt t'?Gt ps]/f lbg] .

jfSnf] u/L 5fkf] /fVg] .

h}ljs tl/sf

ufgf] s'lxg] /f]u lgoGq0f ;DaGwL s[ifs:t/Lo kl/If0fdf 6«fOsf]8df{sf] c;/

;sf/fTds /x]sf] 5 . 6«fOsf]8df{af6 jLp pkrf/ Pj+ df6f] pkrf/ ug{

;lsG5 .

15

v'd|], /ftf] sldnf, wld/f h:tf df6f] d'gL a:g] sL/fx?af6 cfd0f e} /xg]

hUufdf cb'jf /f]Kg' eGbf cufl8 oL sL/fx?sf kl/hLjL 9'l; -d]6f/fOlhod_

ld;fOPsf] -fortified_ uf]j/dn k|of]u ug]{ .

cb'jf /f]k] kl5 oL sL/fx?sf] k|sf]k a9g yfn]df d]6f/fOlhod % u|fd k|lt

ln6/ kfgLsf] b/n] agfO{Psf] 3f]n k|lt /f]kgL @%) ln6/sf] b/n] df6f]

lehfpg (drenching) l;sG5 .

6«fOsf]8df{ jf d]6f/fOlhod sf] k|efjsf/L glthfsf] nflu lgDg zt{x? k'/f

ug'{ kb{5 .

6«fOsf]8df{ jf d]6f/fOlhod zlzfnL k|hftLsf] x'g'kb{5 .

pTkfbg eP b]lv k|of]u :yn ;Dd 9'jfgL ubf{ jf e08f/ ubf{ @%

l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkd eGbf a9L x'g' x'+b}g .

hdLgdf lr:ofg ePsf] j]nf dfq k|of]u ul/g'k5{ .

6«fOsf]8df{af6 jLp jf df6f] pkrf/ ubf{ s'g} klg 9';Lgfzs ljiffbL k|of]u

ug'{ x'+b}g .

/;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u

jLp pTkfbgsf nflu cb'jf v]lt ul/Psf] ePdf sL/f tyf /f]u Joj:yfkg

ug{ /f;folgs ljiffbLx? k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

pd|]sf] ! dlxgf leq} @–$j6f jf]6x? Uffgf]s'lxg] /f]uaf6 ;+ldt ePsf 5g\ eg]

l/8f]dLn jf d]6sf] -d]6fNofS;Ln *% ± DofGsf]h]a ^$%_ gfds laiffbL !

u|fd cyjf cGo laiffbLx? h:t} ;fkm jf l:k|G6 -sfa]{08flhd ± DofGsf]h]a_ !

u|fd / e]ln8fdfO{l;g! u|fd ljiffbL k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] tof/ kl/Psf]

3f]nn] h/f ;Dd leHg] u/L 8«]lGrË ug]{ .

c;f]h dlxgf lt/ Uffgf]s'lxg] /f]usf] nIf0f kmf6k'm6 b]vf k¥of] eg] h] hlt

kmn]sf] 5 vg]/ a]Rg' g} pko' x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf ljiffbL k|of]u u/]df

s[ifsnfO{ cfly{s nfe x'+b}g ;fy} pkef]fsf] :jf:y Pj+ jftfa/0fnfO{ ;d]t

gsf/fTds c;/ kfb{5 . ctM of] cj:yfdf ljiffbL k|of]u ug{ plrt x'+b}g .

k|lt ufFh cf};t Pp6f ;/fdf ujf/f] nfu]sf] 5 eg] /f]u/ jf 8]l;;sf] )=!

k|ltztsf] 3f]n -!ldln÷ln=kfgL_ !% lbgsf] cGt/df @ k6s 5/]df /f]syfd

ug{ ;lsG5 .

ufgf]df nfUg] cf}+;f /f]syfd sf nflu 9';Lgf;s ljiffbLsf] ;fydf

Snf]/f]kfO{l/km; ls6gf;s ljiffbL @ ldln÷ln=kfgLsf b/n] ld;fO{ /f]uL jf]6sf]

jl/kl/ ufgf] leHg] u/L 8«]lGrË u/]df /f]u / sL/f b'j}sf] /f]syfd x'G5 .

16

v'd|], /ftf] sldnf, wld/f sL/fx?af6 cfd0f e} /xg] hUufdf cb'jf /f]Kg' cl3

Snf]/fg6«flglnk|f]n )=$hL -h:t} km6]/f_ bfg]bf/ ljiffbL &%) u|fd÷/f]kgL sf

b/n] df6f]sf] pkrf/ u/L cb'jf /f]Kg] .

e08f/0f ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox?

e08f/0f ul/g] cb'jfdf /f]u tyf sL/f gnfu]sf] x'g'k5{ . ;+dLt cb'jfsf] ufgf]

e08f/ ul/of] eg] vf8nsf] k'/} cb'jf ;8fpg ;S5 .

e08f/ ul/g] :yfgsf] tfkd !@–!$ l8u|L ;]lN;o; / ;fk]lIfs cfb|{tf ^%–

&%Ü ;Dd x'g] u/L Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ .

vf8ndf e08f/0f ug]{ xf] eg] x/]s jif{, kfgL ghDg] 7fpdf, gofF vf8n

agfpg] . vf8nsf] lk+wdf jfn'jf, k/fn jf wfgsf] e'; /fVg] To; dfly /f]u

gnfu]sf] cb'jf gRoflkg] u/L /fVg] . vf8nsf] dfly ^ O{Gr efu vfnL /fVg] .

vf8nnfO{ kmNofsn] 5f]Kg], vf8ndf xfjf ;~rf/sf] nflu 9Ssgsf] jLrdf

Kjfn kf/L jfF; jf kf]lnlyg kfOk /fvL kfgL gk:g] u/L df6f]sf] u'Djhfsf/

agfpg] . 3fd / kfgLjf6 arfpg c:yfO{ 5fk|f] klg agfpg ;lsG5 .

dWo–kxf8L If]qsf !))) b]lv !%)) ld6/ pFrfOsf pQ/ tkm{ df]x8f

ePsf :yfgx?df hdLg d'gL jf 3fd gnfUg] tNnf] tnfdf klg cb'jf

e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|To]s ! dlxgfsf] cGt/df cb'jfsf] e08f/0f l:yltsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ .

vfog cb'jf 6«fOsf]8df{åf/f pkrf/ u/]/ e08f/ ul/Pdf cGo

9';Lx?sf] ;+d0fjf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .

jLpsf] nflu dfq cb'jf e08f/0f ul/g] eP DofGsf]h]j )=@%Ü sf] 3f]ndf !

306f 8'afP/ 5f+ofdf ;'sfP/ cf]efgf] e};s]kl5 e08f/0f ug]{ .

P:k/lhn; km\n]e;sf] ;+d0f tyf cˆnf6lS;gaf6 arfpg cb'jfnfO{ af]f

gv'Olng] u/L 9'jfgL Pj+ e08f/0f ug'{ kb{5 .

;"7f] agfpFbf af]f 5f]8fO{ ;s]kl5 3fddf jf 8«fo/df ^) b]lv ^% l8u|L ;]=sf]

tfkddf g;'s'Gh]n ;Dd nuftf/ ;'sfpg] .

w]/} nfdf] ;do ;Dd ;"7f] e08f/0f ug'{ k/]df Ps–Ps dlxgfsf] cGt/df

3fddf ;'sfO{ /xg' kb{5 .

e08f/0f ul/Psf] ;"7f]df lr:ofg -gdL_ sf] dfqf !@% eGbf a9L x'g' xFb}g .

17

jfnL tof/L, ;+sng tyf ahfl/s/0f

cb'jf jfnL vGg tof/ eof] ePg eGg] s'/f cb'jf pkof]usf] pB]Zo, ahf/sf] dfu,

cb'jfsf] hft, xfjfkfgL, cfbLdf e/ kb{5 . g]kfndf cb'jfsf] clwstd pTkfbg

Ifdtf $) d]=6g k|lt x]S6/ ;Dd kfOPtf klg cf};t /fli6«o pTkfbsTj !!=# d]=6g

k|lt x]S6/ /x]sf] 5 .

jfnL tof/L cjlw

Sof08L agfpgsf nflu /f]k]sf] 5}7f}+ dlxgf -!*)lbg_df, t]n / cf]lnof]/]hLg

k|zf]wgsf nflu ;ftfF} dlxgf -@!) lbg_df / ;"7f] agfpg / jLpsf nflu cf7f}+

dlxgf -@$)lbg_df vGgsf] nflu jfnL tof/ x'G5. ckl/kSs cj:yf cyf{t kft

tyf ;/f (Pseudo stem) xl/of] ePs} cj:yfdf cb'jf vlgof] eg] ;'7f] kf]6Lnf]

aGb}g / jLpsf] nfuL klg pko'St x'Fb}g .

;fdfGotof &%Ü ;/f kx]nf] eO{ 9Ng] cj:yf ePkl5 dfq jLpsf nfuL cb'jf

afnL tof/ ePsf] dflgG5 . afnL tof/ e} ;s] kl5 w]/} lbg df6f]df oyfl:yltdf

5f]8\bf /];f (Fiber) sf] dfqf a9\5 / kl5 agfOg] ;"7f]sf] u'0f:t/ 36\g hfG5 .

jfnL vGg]

/f]k]sf] & b]lv * dlxgfdf kftx? kx]nf] eO{ 9Ng yfn] kl5 jfnL vGg ;lsG5 .

jfnL vGg sf]bfnf]sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . jfnL vGbf lj?jfsf] ;Dk"0f{ efu;lxt

ufgf]nfO{ rf]6 k6s gnufO{ aflx/ lgsfNg' kb{5 .

ufgf]df 6f+l;Psf] df6f], h/f / ;'s]sf] kftx? x6fpg' k5{ .

s[ifs:t/ ;kmfO,{ u|]8LË, KofsLË, e08f/0f / ahfl/s/0f

ufgf]sf] df6f] ;kmf u/L ;kmf kfgLn] w'g] . o;l/ ;kmf u/L ;s]kl5 ufgfnfO{ s'g}

6«\] jf ;kmf Knfl:6s jf lqkfn jf sk8fdf lk+mhfO{ 5fofFdf cf]efpg lbg' kb{5 .

;kmfO{, u|l8Ë / KoflsË ub{f ufgf]df rf]6 k6s nfUgjf6 jrfpg' k5{ . rf]6

nfu]sf] v08df rf]6nfO{ 5fof+df /fv]/ /fd|f];+u ;'Sg lbg' kb{5 .

ahf/sf] dfu adf]lhd 5gf}6 / u|]8LË ug]{ . u|]8LËsf cfwf/ cg';'rL ! b]lv #df

lbO{Psf] 5 .

ufgfnfO{ rlDsnf], b]Vbf /fd|f] / ;'ulGwt agfpg s'g} klg /;fogsf] k|of]u gug]{ .

18

cb'jf h}ljs, ef}lts tyf /;folgs ?kdf ;+d0f gx'g] u/L ;kmf hfnLbf/ y}nf,

s6"{g jf Knfl:6s ]6df KofsLË ug'{ k5{ .

ahfl/s/0fsf nflu cb'jf 9'jfgL ub{f klg s'g} lsl;dsf] ;+d0f gx'g] u/L

hfnLbf/ y}nf, s6"{g jf Knfl:6s ]6df /fv]/} kl/jxg ug{' kb{5 . To:t} e08f/0f

ub{f / 9'jfgLsf nflu cb'jfsf] y}nf, s6"{g / ]6nfO{ w]/} cUnf] rf+u agfP/ /fVg'

x"+b}g .

lrq *= s[ifs:t/ lgld{t cb'jf jLp e08f/

;+sng s]Gb|:t/ ;kmfO{, KofsLË / e08f/0f

;+sng :yn ef}lts, /f;folgs tyf h}ljs ?kdf k|b'if0fd', ;kmf / :jR5 x'g'

kg]{ .

cb'jfnfO{ e'O{+df ;kmf j:t' la5\ofP/ jf pko' 6«]df dfq /fVg] .

ef}lts, h}ljs tyf /;folgs k|b'if0faf6 d' KofsLË ;fdfu|Lsf] k|of]u ug]{ .

ufgfsf] nfdf] cfo''sf] nflu s'g} /;fog k|of]u gug]{ .

19

cg';"rL !M tfhf cb'jfsf] u'0f:t/

s= tfhf cb'jf lgDgfg';f/ x'g'k5{ .

;Unf] / w]/} ;kmf tyf tfhf, rfp/L gk/]s]f / 6';fpg gnfu]sf]

ufgf df]6f] tyf v+lbnf], df6f] ;kmf u/]sf], xNsf v}/f] /+usf] lrKnf] jf]f / /fd|f]

cfsf/sf]

rf]6 gnfu]sf] jf gvf]l;|Psf]

sL/f n] xfgL gk'¥ofPsf]

gs'lxPsf] jf /f]u gnfu]sf], cgf}7f] jf:gf jf uGw gePsf]

jfXo kbfy{ -h:t} dnd'q, sDkf]i6, df6f], 9'Ëf, emf/kft, cflb_ ljlxg .

v= tfhf cb'jfsf] u|]8 jlu{s/0f tflnsf M

u'0f:t/ ljj/0fx? clt /fd|f] u|]8 /fd|f] u|]8 rfn'

kfgfsf] cfsf/ -;]=dL=_ !* ;]=dL= x & ;]=dL= eGbf

jl9

!) ;]=dL=x % ;]=dL=

!% ;]=dL=

nDjfO{

Kffgfsf] tf}n-u|fd_ %)) u|fd eGbf

jl9

@))-%)) u|fd @)) u|fd eGbf

sd

/Ë kl/jt{gdf lbO{Psf] 5'6 -tf}nsf]

cfwf/df clwstd_

!% % #)% $)%

tfhfkg -tf}nsf] cfwf/df Go"gtd_ ((% *%% &%%

/]zf ePsf] -tf}nsf] cfwf/df clwstd_ @-%% %-&% ;Ldf gePsf]

kfgfdf x'g] xfFufx? $ j6f eGbf

jl9 xf+uf

gePsf]

;Ldf gePsf] ;Ldf gePsf]

bfux? tyf rf]6 -tf}nsf] cfwf/df

clwstd_

@% !) % ;Ldf gePsf]

/f]ux? tyf ;8g 5'6 glbPsf] 5'6 glbPsf] 5'6 glbPsf]

jfXo kbfy{ 5'6 glbPsf] 5'6 glbPsf] 5'6 glbPsf]

sL/faf6 ePsf] gf]S;fgL -tf}nsf] cfwf/df

clwstd_

! % #% %%

hDdf v/fjL -tf}nsf] cfwf/df clwstd_ !% % #)% $)%

Kofs]hsf] ;fOh @) s]hL÷sf6'{g #) s]hL÷sf6'{g %)

s]hL÷sf6'{g

k|:t'tL M cb'jfnfO{ u|]8 cg';f/ KoflsË ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 . ->f]tM g]kfn cb'jf p'Tkfbs tyf

Aoj;foL ;+3_

20

cg';"rL @M l;+uf] ;"7f]sf] u'0f:t/

l;Ë} ufgf], af]qmf v'O{NofP/ r"g k|of]u u/]sf] jf

l;Ë} ufgf], af]qmf gv'O{NofO{ r"g k|of]u u/]sf]

l;+uf] ;"7f] lgDgfg';f/ x'g'kb{5 .

k"0f?kn] vf+lbPsf]

r"g k|of]u u/]sf] / Psgf;n] l3p jf xnsf v}/f] /+usf]

;txdf sf6]sf], sf]/]sf] jf cGo rf]6 gnfu]sf]

sL/fx?n] gf]S;fg gu/]sf]

;8g jf /f]ux? gePsf], cgf}7f] jf;gf÷uGw gePsf]

jfXo kbfy{ -h:t} dnd"q, sDkf]i6, df6f], 9'Ëf, emf/kft, cflb_ ljlxg

jfnL pTkfbg, s6fgL, e08f/0f / cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ ddf ckmnf6f]lS;g ;+d0f

gePsf] jf ckmnf6f]lS;g ;+d0f x'g] vt/f g/x]sf] / cb'jf cfoft ug]{ b]zsf]

lgod sfg'gn] tf]s] adf]hLd x'g'k5{ .

l;+uf] ;"7f]sf] u|]8 jlu{s/0f tflnsf M

u'0f:t/ ljj/0f clt /fd|f] u|]8 /fd|f] u|]8 rfn' u|]8

cfsf/ -;]=ld=_ %;]=ld=×@=%;]=ld=

eGbf jl9

#;]=ld=×!;]=ld=

eGbf jl9

#;]=ld=×!;]=ld=

eGbf sd

tf}n -u|fd_ !! u|fd eGbf

jl9

^—!) u|fd ^ u|fd eGbf

sd

6'qmfx? -tf}nsf] cfwf/df clwstd_ !% Ü @@ Ü @% Ü

hnf+z -tf}nsf] cfwf/df clwstd _ * Ü !! Ü !@ Ü

/]zf -tf}nsf] cfwf/df clwstd_ % Ü % Ü % Ü

p8\g]t]n -tf}nsf] cfwf/df Go"gtd_ @ Ü @ Ü @ Ü

/f]u tyf ;8g 5'6 glbO{Psf] 5'6 glbO{Psf] 5'6 glbO{Psf]

ls/fn] lauf/]sf] -tf}nsf] cfwf/df

clwstd_

! Ü # Ü % Ü

jfXo kbfy{–k|fËuf/Ls tyf ck|fËuf/Ls

-tf}nsf] cfwf/df clwstd_

!=% Ü !=% Ü !=% Ü

ld;fj6 :jLsfo{ l;df 5'6 glbO{Psf] 5'6 glbO{Psf] 5'6 glbO{Psf]

hDdf v/faL -tf}nsf] cfwf/df clwstd Ü_ !% Ü #) Ü $) Ü

Kofs ;fO{h pkef]Qmfsf]

cfjZostf

cg';f/

pkef]Qmfsf]

cfjZostf

cg';f/

pkef]Qmfsf]

cfjZostf

cg';f/

k|:t'tL M cb'jfnfO{ u|]8 cg';f/ KoflsË ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 . ->f]tM g]kfn cb'jf pTkfbs tyf Aoj;foL ;+3_

21

cg';"rL #M 6'qmf ;"7f]sf] u'0f:t/

af]qmf v'O{NofP/ r"g k|of]u u/]sf]

v;|f] af]qmf x6fP/ jf af]qmf gv'O{NofO{ r"g k|of]u u/]sf]

6'qmf ;"7f] lgDgfg';f/ x'g'kb{5 .

v+lbnf] / gefFlrPsf]

r"g k|of]u u/]sf] / Psgf;n] l3p jf xnsf v}/f] /+usf]]

;txdf sf6]sf], sf]/]sf] jf cGo rf]6 gnfu]sf]

sL/fn] gf]S;fg gu/]sf], ;8g jf /f]u gePsf] / cgf}7f] jf;gf÷uGw gePsf]

jfXo j:t'x? -h:t} dnd"q, uf]j/, sDkf]i6, df6f], 9'Ëf, emf/kft, sL/f, cflb_

ljNs'n} gldl;Psf]

jfnL pTkfbg, s6fgL, e08f/0f / cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ ddf ckmnf6f]lS;g ;+d0f

gePsf] jf ckmnf6f]lS;g ;+d0f x'g] vt/f g/x]sf] / cb'jf cfoft ug]{ b]zsf]

lgod sfg'gn] tf]s] adf]hLd x'g'k5{ .

6'qmf ;"7f]sf] u|]8 jlu{s/0f tflnsf M

u'0f:t/ laa/0f clt /fd|f] u|]8 /fd|f] u|]8 rfn' u|]8

cfsf/ -;]=ld=_ @=%;]=ld=×@=);]=l

d= eGbf al8

@=);]=ld=×!=%;]=l

d= eGbf al8

!=$;]=ld=×!=#;]=l

d=

eGbf al8

6'qmfx?sf] Go"gtd Jof; -;]=ld=_ @=% ;]=ld= @=) ;]=ld= !=$ ;]=ld=

6'qmfx?sf] df]6fO{ -ld=ld=_ #—$ ld=ld= #—^ ld=ld= #—^ ld=ld=

sf]l/P/ x'g] v/fjL 5'6 glbO{Psf] 5'6 glbO{Psf] 5'6 glbO{Psf]

sL/fn] ljuf/]sf] -tf}nsf] cfwf/df

clwstd_

! Ü # Ü % Ü

hnf+z -tf}nsf] cfwf/df clwstd_ * Ü !! Ü !@ Ü

/]zf -tf}nsf] cfwf/df clwstd _ % Ü % Ü % Ü

p8\g]t]n -tf}nsf] cfwf/df Go"gtd_ @ Ü @ Ü @ Ü

jfXo kbfy{ -tf}nsf] cfwf/df

clwstd_

!=% Ü !=% Ü !=% Ü

hDdf v/faL -tf}nsf] cfwf/df

clwstd_

!=% Ü !=% Ü !=% Ü

KoflsË ;fO{h pkef]Qmfsf]

cfjZostf

cg';f/

pkef]Qmfsf]

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22

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Programme, Kapurkot, Salyan. PP 18.

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Sharma, B. P., 2059. Storage Technology for Ginger (Nrepali). National Ginger Research

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