女性生殖系统 Female Reproduction System

Department of Histology and Embryology

Vagina 阴道

Uterus子宫 oviduct

ovary

Ovary 卵巢

Oviduct 输卵管

Female reproduction system

Mammary glands

Introduction

Ovary: gametogenesis & steroidogenesis

Oviduct: transport ova and fertilization

Uterus: receives morula, fetal development

Vagina: fibromuscular tube

External genitalia

1. Female reproduction system

一、 Ovary卵巢

Capsule:被膜 ---Surface epithelium ---Tunica albuginea

Parenchema 实质: ---Cortex:皮质 Ovarian follicles + CT ---Medulla:髓质 CT+BV

Gross Structure: In nullipara women, the ovaries are pinkish white structures that are 3 cm in length, 1.5 cm in width and 1 cm in thickness

（一） Ovarian follicles 卵泡

Ovarian follicle: Oocyte + Follicular cells（卵子+卵泡细胞）

Appear : during the 3th months of fetal development

Number: infant --- 0.7- 2 million childhood --- 0.3 million puberty --- 40 thousand adult --- several hundred - thousand

Oogonia in early fetal stage Primary oocytes in fetus Primordial follicles Primary follicle secondary follicle Mature follicles

No further development until puberty

（二） developing ovarian follicles

the 3th weeks

the 3th months

Growing follicles 85d

1、Primordial follicle 原始卵泡

Primary oocyte (30~40µm)

Follicular cells ① Found in the stroma of the cortex

beneath the tunical albuginea ② Single layer of squamous follicle cells

surround the oocyte ③ Outer layer of follicle cells bounded by

a basal lamina ④ Primary ooctye in the center of follicle

Primordial follicle

（1）primary follicle：初级卵泡

2、 Growing follicle 生长卵泡

① Primary oocyte enlarges ② Surrounding follicle cells become simple cuboidal /columna --- proliferate ---

(5-6 cell layers) ③ Zona pellucida appears(gel-like material secreted by oocyte and follicle cells) ④ Follicle cells are now termed granulosa cells ⑤ Formation of Follicular theca

primary follicle

Zona pellucida: ZP1,ZP2, ZP3 透明带

（2）Secondary follicle 次级卵泡

① Primary Follicle moves deeper into the cortical stroma and increases in size ② Stratum granulosum is 6-12 cell layers ③ small, fluid filled cavities appear among granulosa cells ④ Cavities eventually coalesce and form the antrum ⑤ Granulosa cells associated with the oocyte are termed the cumulus oophorus which projects into the antrum ⑥ Cells of the cumulus oophorus that surround the oocyte will remain with it after

ovulation --- the corona radiata ⑦ Stromal cells surrounding follicle form theca ---Theca interna: Internal, highly vascularized layer

---Theca externa: Outer layer of CT, smooth muscle

Produce estrogen 雌激素产生

3、Mature follicle (20mm) 成熟卵泡 Graafian Follicle

① Extends through the entire cortex and causes a bulge on the outside of the

ovary ② Oocyte and cumulus cells loosen from the rest of the cells ③ Ovulation occurs: ④ Secondary oocyte is released from the Graafian follicle

Mature follicle

Before ovulation 36-48 hours，

Primary oocyte--first miosis-- secondary oocyte+ first polar body

Secondary oocyte--second miosis –stop on metaphase

（三） ovulation (排卵)

---The process of in which mature follicle ruptures and the secondary oocyte with zona pellucida & corona radiata is expelled into peritoneal cavity.

A B C

(四) Corpus luteum 黄体

Granulosa lutein cell Theca lutein cell

Progesterone（孕激素）

Estrogen （雌激素）

Menstruate corpus luteum Gastation corpus luteum

corpus albicans 白体

Corpus luteum

Corpus albican

① Follicles can degenerate and perish at any stage of their development and maturation

② From fetal development to birth, there is already a degeneration of about five out of the six million primordial follicles.

③ During the follicle’s regression, the cells of the theca interna increase in size and number, all the cells of the theca interna together form an ‘interstitial gland’.

④ Interstitial gland can secret estrogen.

（五）Atretic follicle

Interstitial gland

Hilus cell

• located at the hilum of ovary. • morphologically very similar to Leydig cells of the testis. • Those cells can produce androgen.

二、Oviduct 输卵管 Uterine tube / Fallopian tubes

conducts ova from the surface of the ovary to the uterine cavity is the site of fertilization by spermatozoa 4 parts: infundibulum

ampulla

isthmus

uterine cavity

Histological structure of oviduct

Mucosa ---The epithelium is simple columnar epithelium with Ciliated and nonciliated cells. Muscularis ---inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer Serosa ---mesothelium and CT

three layers:

三、Uterus 子宫

Fundus Body

Cervix

The wall of Uterus

Endometrium

Myometrium

Perimetrium

(一) Endometrium 子宫内膜

Epithelium:

--- simple columnar epi.

with two types of cells.

Laminar propria:

---C.T, stroma cells

---uterine glands

---spiral artery

Functional layer: ---dramatic changes throughout the menstrual cycle. --- supplied by spiral A, responsive to hormonal changes. --- shed during menstruation Basal layer: --- adjacent to myometrium --- little change --- supplied by straight A. --- capacity of proliferation.

Endometrium

Endometrium

Epithelium

Laminar propria:

螺旋动脉

基质细胞

子宫腺

基底动脉

（spiral artery） （uterine gland）

（stroma cell）

螺 旋 动 脉 Spiral artery

menstrual phase : first - 4th day proliferative (follicular) phase : 5th –14th day secretory (luteal) phase: 15th – 28th day

(二) menstrual cycle月经周期

* The cycle consists of three phases, namely proliferative, secretory and menstruation, and averages 28 days in cycle length.

Menstrual phase

menstrual phase Degeneration of the corpus luteum

The level of Estrogen & progesterone decreased

Spiral A constriction

Spiral A relax

Stratum functionalis is sloughed off

resulting in ischemia

endometrium discharges, necrosis

Estrogen increasing

Proliferative phase

The growth of follicles

regeneration of endometrium proliferation of stroma cell. uterine glands grow, lengthen and become closely packed. glycogen accumulates in glandular cell Spiral A elongate

Formation of corpus luteum

endometrium thickness.

glands lengthen, swell and coil.

glycogen secretes to the lumen of gland.

coiled A grow nearly to surface of endometrium

Secretory phase

Cyclic changes in the endometrium

Beginning with puberty and ending at the menopause, the endometrium undergoes periodic changes, which is called menstrual cycle.

Affect factor: estrogen by ovary

ovulation

MP PP SP MP

estrogen

Progestin 孕激素

Follicular phase Luteal phase

Regulation of ovary and endometrium changing

endometrium

ovary

estrogen progestin

pituitary

FSH LH

hyposalamus

GnRH ㈠

㈠ ㈠

㈠

(三) cervix

mucosa muscularis fibrosa

Cervical-uterine junction

四、Mammary glands

㈠ general structure

--- compound tubularacinous gland复管泡状腺 --- acinus：a simple cuboid / columna cells --- duct: intralobular duct interlobular duct lactiferous duct (输乳管）

Resting mammary glands Active mammary glands

Resting mammary glands Active mammary glands

Fewer glands and ducts Much CT and adipose tissue

Relatively more glands and ducts Less CT and adipose tissue

KEY POINTS

①structure of the follicles at the successive stages of maturation.

②Formation, structure and function of the corpus luteum.

③Structure of the uterine wall. ④Menstrual cycle and cyclic changes

of the uterine endometrium.

Thank you!