CDMA Fundamental&

ZTE CDMA 2000 solutions

Academus Tian

田锋CDMA Division

ZTE CO.

Band Class

• There are totally 8 band class by IS-2000 ：

– Band Class 0 USA Cellar UP824-849 Reverse869-894 ；– Band Class 1 USA PCS UP1850-1910 Reverse1930-1990 ；– Band Class 2 TACS UP872-915 Reverse917-960 ；– Band Class 3 JTACS UP832-870 Reverse887-925 ；– Band Class 4 KOREA PCS UP1750-1780 Reverse1840-1870 ；– Band Class 5 NMT-450 UP412-420 、 450-460 、 479-

483 ， Reverse420-430 、 460-470 、 489-493 ；– Band Class 6 IMT-2000 UP1920-1980 Reverse2110-2170 ；– Band Class 7 USA700MHz CELLAR UP776-794 Reverse746-764 。

G !!!• 1G 2G 3G

• ？？？？？？？？• G = Generation

• 1G: AMPS, NMT

• 2G: IS95, GSM

• 3G: IMT-2000(cdma2000, WCDMA,SC-TDMA)

BASIC CONCEPTIONS

• CHANNEL

• CODE

• DIVERSITY

CHANNEL

• Legacy communication• A physical connection is set up

• PCM. TD(Time Division Multiplex) more capacity

LE

FDMA /House

Certain frequency is allocated for a channel

TDMA /ApartmentCertain frequency and time slot is allocated for a channel

CDMA /City HallAll frequency resource and all time are allocated for a channel .

?

Why is Qualcomm so rich?

• CDMA technology has used a long time before Qualcomm introducing to public– For its high security, CD technology has been

used for military for a long time

– Power control gives the CD technology real capacity.

• Without good Power control algorithm, a CDMA system is unstable and with little capacity.

NoisenInformatio

Now we can communicate But they are not cellar/mobile system yet

• Capacity?

• cellar/mobile system need more capacity than 1 pairs or several pairs of channels

• 1000~2000 per basestation is suitable

CDMA Rules No. 1

• Forward : limitation is Power– More channels means more RF power needed– More channels leads to PA over-load

• Reverse: limitation is Channel– CSM5000 chip-set has 64 forward channel

elements, only 32 reverse channel elements

Code in CDMA

• Code Division Multiple Access

• CDMA uses code to differentiate channel.

• Code:– Walsh Code. 64/IS95, 128/2000 1x, 256/2000 3x

• To identify channel

– PN Code.• To identify Base Station

CDMA communication core

• Bandwidth– Sharon

– C(b/s)=Hlog2(1+S/N)

• Capacity– Power control

BS antenna diversity

BS BSMS

t

Time Diversity

200 - 300 KHz

1.25 MHz

RF Diversity

Spatial diversity

Correlator

Correlator

Correlator

Rake Receiver Soft hand off

MS

RX1

RX0

Two antenna

Diversity Technique

• 3 receive unit is used in MS; BTS use 4 recei

ver for diversity

System Architecture

System Architecture

MSC VLRBSCBTS

MSC EIR IWF

HLR

AUC

SCSC

ESME

MS

VLR

A B

CD

E F L

Q

M

M H

G

Abis

Um

Network Architecture: The Components

•PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network•MSC - Mobile Switching Center•BSC - Base Station Controller•BTS - Base Transceiver Station (a cell)•HLR - Home Location Register•VLR - Visitor Location Register•MS - Mobile Station •IWF- Interworking Function•Internet

MSC

•Provides and controls mobile access to the PSTN– Interprets the dialed number

– Routes and switches call to destination number

•Manages mobile’s mobility•Manages mobile’s calls•Manages mobile’s supplementary services•Coordinates intersystem handoff

BSC

•Radio interface management (through BTS, MS)– Centralizes radio frequency (RF) resources

– Provides allocation and management of radio resources

•Handoff coordination

BTS

•A group of modems operating in parallel– “MODEM POOL” equals to CHM board

•RF Interface to the mobile (Tx, Rx)– Antennas

– RF signal modulation/demodulation

– Time distribution

A minimum BSS system

MSC BSC BTS

System Architecture

BSS

BTS BSC

HIRS

NC

M

NIM

GPST

M

SVIC

M

SVM

SVBS

CPM

CPS

BSC

_CD

SU

BSM

系统

子系统

模块

CE

C

HP

SVE

SVP 单元

SIE

PAM

CDSUTS

TC

M

RFS BDS

TR

XH

PAR

FE

CH

M

CC

M

RFIM

BT

S_CD

SU

FDM

GPST

M

RFC

MT

XU

TX

UR

SUIQ

U

SAM

TC

M

TFS

BT

M

System Platform

• The Base of the whole system

• Inner System Data bus

• Like other system: Handset, Router….

RFControl

SVBS

Clock

HIRS

HIRS High-speed Interconnect Router Subsystem

Et her net

NCM

NI M

BSC_CDSU

BTS_CDSU

NCM

NI MNI MNI M NI MNI MNI MNI M

di sco

I 2c

di sco

I 2c

SVI CM

网 关接 口单 元

模 块控 制单 元SVMSVMSVM

di scoI 2c

CCM

网 关接 口单 元

CHMCHMRFI M

模 块控 制单 元

di sco

I 2c

CPM主 用

Ser ver Cl i ent Cl i ent

LVDS

RFCM

TRXRFEHPA

I 2c

hi r s大 hi r s大

hi r s小

hi r s小

CPM备 用

MSC

DTI

E1

E1

HW

Main HIRS:16*19.44=311.04Mbps

Slave HIRS:8*5=40Mbps

HIRS

BSS

BTS BSC

HIRS

NC

M

NIM

GP

STM

SVIC

M

SVM

SVBS

CP

M

CPS

BSC

_CD

SU

BSM

系统

子系统

模块

CE

CH

P

SVE

SVP 单元

SIE

PA

M

CDSUTS

TC

M

RFS BDS

TR

X

HP

A

RF

E

CH

M

CC

M

RF

IM

BT

S_CD

SU

FD

M

GP

STM

RF

CM

TX

UT

XU

RSU

IQU

SAM

TC

M

TFS

BT

M

Main HIRS

NCMNCM

NIM NIM

disco

7 0 7 0

NCMNCM

NIMNIM

dis

co

077

BSC_CDSU

BSM

TS

TOD clkclk Ethernet 接口HIRS

CPMCPM

CPS

422

I 2 CI 2 C

非信道化 E1

U 形

网关

U 形网关

非信道化 E1SVBS

BTS_CDSU

BDS

BTS_CDSU

BDS

BTS_CDSU

BDS

CDSUSBSC_CDSU

SVBS

Sub HIRS

NCMNCM

NIM NIM

disco

7 0 7 0

NCMNCM

NIMNIM

dis

co

077

BSC_CDSU

BSM

TS

TOD clkclk Ethernet 接口HIRS

CPMCPM

CPS

422

I 2 CI 2 C

非信道化 E1

U 形

网关

U 形

网关

非信道化 E1SVBS

BTS_CDSU

BDS

BTS_CDSU

BDS

BTS_CDSU

BDS

CDSUSBSC_CDSU

SVBS

ZXC10-BSC/PCF Architecture

BSM

PCFS

CPS CDSUS TO BTS

TS

SVBS TO

MSC

TO

PDSN

HIRS

CPS ： Call Processing Sub-systemBSM: Base Station Management Sub-systemTS:Timing Sub-systemCDSU ： Channel Data Service Unit

HIRS: High-speed Interconnect Router SubsystemSVBS:Selector/Vocoder Bank Sub-systemPCFS ： Packet data Control Functions Sub-system

Real Picture of BSC

• HIRS: High speed inter routing system NCM: Network Control Module NIM: Network interface Module

• CDSU:Channel Data Service Unit• CPS: Call Processing Sub-system

CPM: Call Processing Module

• TS :Time sub-system TCM:Time Control Module GPSTM ： GPS/GLONASS Receiver

Module• SVBS:Selector/Vocoder Bank Sub-

system SVM:Selector/Vocoder Module SVICM: Selector/Vocoder Control Module

• PCFS:Pack data Control Function sub-system

PCF: Pack data Control Function PCFIM: Pack data Control Function

interface Module

PCF

PCF

PCF

PCF

PCF

PCF

PCF

PCF

PCF

PCF

PCF

PCF

PCF

PCF

PCF

PCF

PCF I M

PCF I M

BTS BTS BTS

E1sE1sE1s

High Speed Interconnection

Router Subsystem (HIRS)NIM: 2 * (8 + 1)NCM: (1 + 1)

TimingSubsystem

(1 + 1)

CallProcessingSubsystem

(1 + 1)

Base Station Controller

PacketControl

FunctionM + 1

PDSN

MSC

Selector &Vocoder Bank

Subsystem(N + 1)Channel Digital

Service UnitsN = 1 ~ 15

M = 1 ~ 9

ZTE BSC /Backup Mechanism

ZXC10-BSC Specification

• Max. 170,000 subs at 30mErl/sub• 240 E1 links to MSC;• 380 E1 links to BTSs; • 7,200 selector/vocoder; • Vocoder: 8k,13K,EVRC;• 5,040 Erl traffic capacity; • BSC/PCF supports up to 2,400 active sessions and

40,000 dormant PPP sessions• MTBF > 20 Years• Recovery Time < 15 Minutes• Dimension ： 810mm x 600mm x 2000 mm• Weight ： 290kg• Power consumption ：

– Central Rack ： 750W

– SVM Rack ： 750W

TCM

SVMSVM

SVM

BTSBTSBTS

LAN

TO OMC

ATM

BSC

MSCE1

SVICM

E1

CPMH I R SNCMSTM-155

CDSU

Abis Abis

Gps orGlonass

ATMGATEWAY

Other

BSC

SVBS

SVBS

• Codec for QCELP,EVRC and 64kb/s PCM• CDMA system power control functions• Signaling interface between MSC and BSC(SS7)• Selector

Selector : process the routines of Handoff/Handover

CODECSVBS64K PCM

Wireless

Wireless

8K EVRC

SVBS

NIM

DIS

CO

SVM ... SVM SVM

HW

SVICM

E1MSCSVBS

•One SVM can handle 15 channels

• One SVBS sub-system can handle 120 channels

•One ESVIM can handle 6 IWF channels

•One SVBS rack can hold 10 SVBS sub-system

•One BSC can support 6 SVBS racks

TCM

SVMSVM

SVM

BTSBTSBTS

LAN

TO OMC

ATM

BSC

MSCE1

SVICM

E1

CPMH I R SNCMSTM-155

CDSU

Abis Abis

Gps orGlonass

ATMGATEWAY

Other

BSC

CDSU

CDSU

BSC BTS

CDSU

CDSU

CDSU

CDSU

CDSUAbis

Non-channelized E1

SDHPDH

SatelliteMicroWave

….

•192 channels per 1 E1.•Based on Packet data mode

CDSU

CCM

CHM

CPM

SVI CM

SVM

Am

Abi sc

Abi sdAv

Aba

Abi st

BTS BSC

AbisBased

OnCDSU

•Data communication between BTS and BSC

•Using normal E1

•Daisy chain networking

BTS BTSBTS

E1 E1

To BSC

TCM

SVMSVM

SVM

BTSBTSBTS

LAN

TO OMC

ATM

BSC

MSCE1

SVICM

E1

CPMH I R SNCMSTM-155

CDSU

Abis Abis

Gps orGlonass

ATMGATEWAY

Other

BSC

BTS

BTS /Base Station

 

BDS

TFS

 

RFSE1

Monitoring

CDSU

GPS

RFS:Radio Frequence Sub-systemBDS:Base band Data Sub-systemCDSU:Channelized Data Service UnitTFS ： Timing Frequence Sub-system

ZXC10-BTS1x80 BTS Architecture

BTS Architecture

CCM2:1

CHM1

CHM2

CHM12. . . . . .CHM

3RFIM

2:1

C DS U

C DS U

BSC

E1CO

DI S

. . ..

TCM

G P S

I 2C

FDM

RFCM6:1

TOD 10M 16CHI P PP2S、 、

PP2S

16CHI P

10M

CDMA前 反 向数 字 基 带 数 据

BDSRS232

R FSCDMA前 反 向

模 拟 基 带 数 据

12M

HIRS

GPS

BDS

CDSU

BasebandSubsystem

CEs

TRXs HPAs/LPAs RFEs

Local RF Subsystem

TRXs HPAs/LPAs RFEs

Remote RF Subsystem

Cable

Fiber

GPS* BTS

BTS

GPSGPS + GPSGPS + GlonassGlonass

BTS Data flow

Max. 3 sectors

RFE

TRX

HPA

TX

RX0

RX1

RFE

TRX

HPA

TX

RX0

RX1

1 Sector

BTS RF Subsystem

ZXC10-BTS

• RFS:RF sub-system RFE: RF element HPA: High Power Amplifier TRX: Trans-receiver

• TFS ： Time Frequency sub-system– GPS– TCM– FDM

• BDS:Base band Digital sub-system RFIM: RF Interface Module CHM32/64: 1x Channel Board CCM: Communication Control

Module• CDSU:Channel Data Service Unit

ZXC10-BTS 1x 80 Specification

• Frequency: 450MHz, 800MHz, 1.9GHz• Sector: 1 - 3 sectors• Carrier: 1 - 4• RF power: 30watts （ 450MHz, 800MHz ）• 20watts （ 1.9GHz )• Forward Link: 256 - 768 Channels/Carrier• Reverse Link: 128 - 384 Channels/Carrier• Capacity: 48 simultaneous calls/sector-carrier• 3x144kbps data/sector-carrier• Dimensions: 180cm x 70cm x 60cm (H x W X D)• MTBF: > 10 Years • Recovery Time < 5 Minutes

ZTE CDMA 1X Provides Total Solutions to Our Customers

MSC (ZXC10) Common Platform Architecture

GMSC

Common Platform

STPMSC/VLR SSP

GMSCMSC/VLRHLR/AC

STP SSP

The ZTE common platform architecture will REDUCE YOUR INVESTMENT!!!• Integrated solutions for the suburban and rural coverage areas• Distributed solutions for the dense urban and urban coverage areas• Reduced resources in the system Operation, Administration & Maintenance

HLR/AC

Distributed Integrated

CDMA Cellular Mobile Communication System Network Structure

A MSC/VLR

GMSC

E L

IWF

HLR/AC

C

SMSC

N

SME

BTS BSC Ai

Q

Abis

PDSN

M

PSTN

PSDN

STP

SS7

MSC Highlights

Call Model: 75 mErl/Sub

MSC Loading: 75%

Max. Capacity: 280K Subscribers

Call processing ability: 5000K BHCA

Max. traffic : 21000Erl

Max. number of SS7 : 640 Links

Dimensions: 200cm x 81cm x 60cm (HxWxD)

Weight: ≤ 250Kg

Power Supply: -48VDC

Voltage tolerance : –57V to –40V

Power: ≤700w (MPM module)

≤1170w (CSM module)

ZXC10-HLR/AUCZXC10-HLR/AUC

Max. Capacity: 1,200K Subscribers

Reliability: Active/Standby or Load Sharing

Virtual HLR Configurable

SS7 Links: 32 for a Single Module & 192 for

Multiple Modules

Message Loss Probability < 10-7

MTBF > 10 Years

MSC1 MSC2 MSC3

HLR

VHLR1 VHLR2 VHLR3

Flexible HLR Configurations

MSC

HLR

MSC1 MSC2

HLR1:1 1:N

1:N & logically 1:1

Max. N = 256

VHLR = Virtual HLR

ZTE SMSC: Some Key Parameters

• System Capacity: 4.32M BHSM

• Supporting 8.64M Subscribers at 0.5 BHSM

• Up to 1200 Short Messages/Second

• Short Message Storage Delay < 1 Second at 95% Probability

CDMA Network

GSM MSBSS

Shared Short Message Center

MSC/VLR

MSC/VLR BSS

CDMA MS

Cost Effective Design: SMSC Sharing Between Systems

• ZTE Short Message Center Can Be Shard Between CDMA and GSM Networks• The Investment, Operation and Maintenance Cost Can Be Reduced

GSM Network

Another Cost Effective Solution: SMSC GatewayAllows SMSC Services Sharing

GSM Network

CDMA Network

NSS/BSS

GSM MS

CDMA MS

NSS/BSS

SMPP

CDMA SMSC

GSM SMSC

ZXSC100-GW

ESME

ESME

ESME

SMPP

SMPP SMPP

SMPP

• ZTE Short Message Center Gateway Allows Operators to Share The Value Added Extended Short Message Services (ESMEs) Between CDMA and GSM Networks• The Investment, Operation and Maintenance Cost Can Be Reduced

Virtual SMSC Provides You Flexible Marketing Strategies

• A ZTE SMSC can be configured as multiple virtual SMSCs (max. 256)

• These virtual SMSCs are independent of each other

• Each virtual SMSC serves a designated network (market)

• Depending on the market needs, a virtual SMSC selects the required ESME services

ZTE Reduces Your Investment in The Initial Network Deployment

Mobile Wireless Evolution

Mobile WirelessEvolution

Packet Voice/Data

Internet

PSTN

IP

MSCIP

PDSN

RANt

All IP

Internet

PSTN

RAN

IP

VoIP

t

Packet Data

PSTN

RAN

MSC

BSC

IP

PDSN

Packet

TDM

Circuit-Switched Voice/Data

PSTNRAN

MSC

BSCBTS

IP

TDM

ZTE CDMA Packet Data Solution

Mobile Station

Visited AccessProvider Network

MSC/VLR

VisitedAAA

ZXPDSS-A100

BSC / PCF

R-P Interface A10/A11 MIP/GRE

PDSN/FAZXPDSS-P100

FirewallFirewall

ZTE CDMA2000 Data Services Solution is Shown in “Green”

Home IP Network

Home AAA

ZXPDSS-A100

Home ISPPrivate NetworkVisited ProviderHome Provider

HLR

Home AccessProvider Network

Broker AAA

ZXPDSS-A100

AAA Broker Network

HA

ZXPDSS-H100

SS7Network

IPNetwork

IPNetwork

BTS

Radio Access Network (RAN)

t

t

NetworkManagement

DNS ServerDHCPServer

Packet Data Services Support

• Internet Access Services– Through Home ISP– From CDMA2000 service provider network

• Intranet Access Services– A user can access its private network– Private network can uses non-registered pool of address for

mobile users– Overlapping non-registered IP address pools from different

private networks also supported• Simple IP Services

– Similar to traditional ‘dial in’ type of services– Different IP address assigned for each network access– Limited mobility, changing point of access disrupts service co

nnection• Mobile IP Services

– User able to move/roam without disrupting service connection– User terminal maintains fixed IP address

ZTE 900ZTE802

ZTE806

ZTE818

ZTE826

ZTE805

Our CDMA Handset Portfolio

99-11-29 60

ZTE CDMA2000 1XINTEROPERABILITY

ZTE Supports Open Architecture and Standard Interfaces

ZTE BaseStation

Subsystem

3rd PartyNetworkSwitch

Subsystem

IOS 4.0

IOS Interoperability

ZTE BSS Complies with IOS 4.0 and Testedwith Third Party MSCs:

• Nortel• Lucent• Shanghai Bell (Alcatel in China) • Datang (China)• Eastcom (china)

Validated and Certified by China Government

ZTE NSS3rd Party

BSSIOS 4.0

IOS Interoperability

ZTE NSS Complies with IOS 4.0 and Testedwith Third Party BSSs:

• Nortel• Motorola• Ericsson

Validated and Certified by China Government

Packet Data Standards Compliance (1)

• 3GPP2 TSG-P standard, Wireless IP Network Standard (P-S0001-A)

– Defines overall architecture of a CDMA2000 networks, including enhanced Mobile IP, authentication, authorization, carrier-class accounting, data compression, security etc.

• 3GPP2 TSG-A, Inter-Operability Specification (IOS) for CDMA 2000 Access Network Interfaces, (A-S0001-A)

– Focuses on the radio network architecture and the specifies interfaces between radio network entities and the PDSN

Packet Data Standards Compliance (2)

• MS/PDSN – PPP (RFC1661/1662)

• PCF/PDSN – A10/A11, Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)

• FA/HA – IP Tunnel (IPSec, IP In IP, GRE)

• PDSN/AAA Client – RADIUS (RFC2865/2866)

• HA/AAA Client– RADIUS (RFC2865/2866)

• VAAA/HAAA– RADIUS (RFC2865/2866)

ZTE PCF3rd Party

PDSNA10/A11

PCF Interoperability

ZTE PCF Complies with A10/A11 Interface and Tested with Third Party PDSNs:

• CISCO, 3COM, Lawton, Starent• Nortel, Lucent, Ericsson,

Validated and Certified by China Government

Star

Ring

Daisy-Chained

Flexible Network Topologies forVarious Geographical RF Coverage Needs

ZTE CDMA Systems Operate Smoothlyin Various Environments

PSTN

ZXC10-BTS

ZXC10-BTS ZXC10-

BTS

ZXC10-MSC/VLR

HLR

PSTNPSTN

ZXC10- BSC

BTSBTS

ZXC10-BTS

ZXC10-BTS

ZXC10-BTS ZXC10-

BTSZXC10-

BTS

Central area

CHTF

ZXC10-MSC/VLR

HLR

China Telecom

Shenzhen CDMA System

146 BTSs with 350K Subs

Yantian Port

Antenna

Sector Antenna

• 20 、 30 、 65 、 90 、 105 、 120 、 180

Polarity single

Polarity Dual

Antenna choose 1

20 、 30 (normally with high gain)for narrow belt areas and highways65 :for density urban city. Standard antenna90 :for suburb areas105: for low traffic areas, like mountain areas with vast coverage needs120 、 180 : for some very wide angle coverage. Seldom use.

Antenna choose 2

• Antenna Gain– Higher gain, longer shooting range– Less gain , larger coverage near antenna

• Polarity– Dual polarized antennas are easy to be with

higher gains– Dual polarized antennas are easier to install

Installation

Antenna choose 2

• Antenna Gain– Higher gain, longer shooting range– Less gain , larger coverage near antenna

• Polarity– Dual polarized antennas are easy to be with

higher gains– Dual polarized antennas are easier to install

Antenna Gain

• Normal Gain Higher Gain Lower Gain

An

tenn

a

An

tenn

a

An

tenn

a

Polarity

• Single polarity antenna work in pairs. Engineering is very hard to do

• Dual polarity antenna work with one enough. Engineering is very easy.

• Omni antenna is single polarity only

An

tenn

a

An

tenn

a

An

tenn

a

Relative position has to

be carefully adjusted

Single polarity antenna Dual polarity antenna

PART II How to do configuration

• BSC– SVM/PCF Capacity– CDSU How many base stations

• BTS– CHM Capacity– RF Module Carriers/Sectors

PART II How to do configuration

• International market is special

• Making configuration is difficult then domestic market

Estimate

BSC: 5040Erl,7200

BTS: 4 carriers/ 3 sections. 0~50 channel per section

Indoor signal distribution system

• High voice/data traffic in buildings of Metro CDB

• Pilot pollution problems in high buildings of Metro

CDB

• Provide coverage at the blind point in buildings of

Metro CDB. Such as basement parking area, life

• Provide better performance.

ZTE BSS solution

ZXC10-BSC/PCF

ZXCBTS-M800+ZXICS-C800

城区

ZXCBTS-R800

ZXC10-BTS

ZXCBTS-M804

ZXCBTS-M800

MBTS

ESU

RU_8

RU_2

ESU

RURU_1

ZXCBTS-R800

ZXCBTS-M800

ZXRPT-C810

END

• Whenever you meet any problems, pls remember to ask help from us.

Modulation and Carrier

446AB_00

•Modulation is the process of having a baseband (voice, video, or digital) signal modify another, higher frequency signal, the carrier.At the receiver, an antenna picks up the signal which is then amplified and processed in other ways. It is then applied to a demodulator or a detector, where the original baseband signal is recovered.Different modulation schemes will determine the bandwidth requirement of selecting a channel.

Multiple Access Methods

Flat Fading

•If multipath delays are less than one CDMA spreading chip, then the receiver will experience a flat fading. In flat fading, the amplitudes of the signal changes with time, but the spectral characteristics of the transmitted signal are preserved at the receiver.

134AC_00

Frequency Selective Fading

137AC_00

•When the coherent bandwidth is greater than or equal to the transmitted signal's bandwidth, the received signal will undergo flat fading.•When the coherent bandwidth is less than the transmitted signal's bandwidth, the received signal will undergo frequency selective fading.

Time Diversity

12345678

12345678

N Chips

Time Diversity 12345678

Space Diversity

SpaceDiversity

Processing123

123

123

123

BTS123