Ch 2 - Biochemistry Slide 2 INORGANIC COMPOUNDS lack carbon
(with the exception of carbon dioxide) and tend to be simple, small
molecules water, salts, most acids and bases Slide 3 Water
Important Properties: High heat capacity - prevents sudden change
in body temp that could result from sun exposure, winter winds,
vigorous exercise, etc Polarity/solvent properties - universal
solvent allows chemicals to react in solution like blood plasma;
also important in lubrication, saliva, serous fluids and synovial
fluids Chemical Reactivity - hydrolysis reactions, water molecules
added to bonds of foods or large molecules Cushioning - protective
function, i.e. cerebrospinal fluid and amniotic fluid Slide 4 Salts
Most plentiful salts in body contain Ca and P, found in bones and
teeth All salts in the body are electrolytes - dissociate into ions
and conduct an electrical charge in solution Na and K ions are
essential for nerve impulses Fe forms part of the hemoglobin
molecules Ionic (electrolyte) balance is essential to homeostasis
Slide 5 Acids and Bases Acids - sour taste, release H+ ions, proton
donors; hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, carbonic acid Bases -
bitter taste, release OH-, proton acceptors; sodium hydroxide,
bicarbonate Neutralization Rxn: Acid + Base --> Water + Salt pH
scale, 0-14, 1 pH unit change = 10X change in [H+] Weak acids and
bases are important buffers in body fluids Slide 6 ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS Carbon-containing compounds, large covalently bonded
molecules Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids Slide
7 Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; end in -ose
usually in ratio of 1:2:1 (glucose is C6H12O6; ribose is C5H10O5)
Glucose (blood sugar) is called the universal cellular fuel. 1 g
carb= 4 Calories monosaccharide - one unit (simple sugars), single
chain or single ring; glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose,
deoxyribose disaccharide - double sugars; sucrose
(glucose-fructose), lactose (glucose- galactose), maltose
(glucose-glucose) polysaccharide - many sugars; long branching
chains, used for storage (not sweet); starch (plants), glycogen
(animals) Slide 8 Carbohydrates Slide 9 Dehydration synthesis and
hydrolysis Slide 10 Lipids most abundant lipids in body: fats,
phospholipids, steroids carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules
(mostly C and H) building blocks: fatty acids and glycerol most are
insoluble in water 1 g fat = 9 calories large amount of energy,
insulation, protection saturated-animal fats, butter, lard, grease
(solid at room temp) unsaturated-most plant oils, olive oil, fish
oils (liquid at room temp) Slide 11 Lipids Triglycerides (fats) -
insulation and energy storage Phospholipids - main component in
cell membranes Steroids - (cholesterol, Vit D, estrogen, cortisone)
many functions - stimulate growth, develop repro organs, sexual
function, anti-inflammatory, essential in brain function Waxes
Slide 12 Proteins building block = amino acids (C, H, O, N); amine
group, acid group, and variable R-group (makes a.a. chemically
unique) peptide = short chain of amino acids; polypeptide = long
chain of a.a. Humans must have 20 different a.a., but can produce
only 10, others must come from food Structure is VERY important for
function - pH and temperature can affect shape Food sources:
legumes, eggs, milk, fish, poultry, meat 1 g protein = 4 Calories
Slide 13 Slide 14 Protein Functions Over 50% of organic matter in
body is protein structural or fibrous proteins (bones, ligaments,
cartilage, tendons,skin) - collagen, keratin Globular or functional
proteins: defense against infection - antibodies hormones -
insulin, prolactin, nerve growth factor transport - hemoglobin
histones - spool around which DNA winds ENZYMES - speed up chemical
reactions in body, help break down molecules Slide 15 Amino Acid
Sequence One wrong a.a. sequence in the hemoglobin
protein=mis-shapen RBC and severely limits function Slide 16
Enzymes most end in -ase substrate = molecule the enzyme acts on
active site = location where enzyme fits with substrate Slide 17
Nucleic Acids made of nucleotides (pentose (5-C) sugar, phosphate
group, nitrogen base); in all cells bases: adenine (A), guanine
(G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) - double helix; genetic material; replicates itself;
provides instruction for building every protein in body A- T, G-C
ribonucleic acid (RNA) - single strand; makes proteins in the cell
A-U, G-C Slide 18 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) form of energy used
by all cells modified nucleotide: adenosine base, ribose sugar,
three phosphate groups when glucose is oxidized, energy is captured
by ATP and stored high-energy phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed to
release energy to do work
