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Ch02_Meiosis & Mitosis

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Figure 8.00d

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Figure 8.1

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Extra Photo 08.01x

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Figure 8.00c

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Figure 8.5

DNA PACKAGED IN A CHROMOSOME

(ONE DOUBLE HELIX in each chromosome, very long – hundreds of millions of nucleotides!)

NOTE two chromatids: (halves): this chromosome already has duplicated and they are about to separate

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Figure 8.6

MITOSIS – “Double and Divide”

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Unnumbered Figure 08_UN141a

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interfase

• Fase G1• Fase S• Fase G2

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Fase G1

• Berlangsung rata-rata 12-24 jam• Fase kekosongan ?• Tidak ada aktivitas pembelahan nukleus• Fase pertumbuhan • Nukleus membesar dan sitoplasma bertambah• Terjadi pembentukan RNA,Protein,tubulin dan

enzim

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• Fase G1 memakan 30-50% dari siklus interfase• Ada sel yang tidak melakukan fase G1• Karena sel akan segera membelah, ex awal embrio

mamalia, Physarium• Pada sel dewasa fase G1 memakan waktu 151 jam• Sel somatis yang sudah tidak membelah ( ex neuron

) hanya dalam fase G1 saja

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Fase S

• Terjadi replikasi DNA• Terjadi pembentukan histon• Memakan waktu 35-45% total siklus

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Kromosom eukariotik terdiri atas komponen DNA dan protein yang dikenal sebagai protein histon dan non histon. Protein histon berperan secara struktural pada kromosom sedangkan protein non histon berperan dalam meregulasi ekspresi gen.Protein histon mengemas DNA menjadi bentuk nukleosom sedangkan protein non histon protein dalam bentuk benang-benang yang menstabilkan kromatin. Histon bersifat basa sehingga dapat menetralkan DNA.

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Fase G2

• DNA tumbuh menjadi kompleks• Memakan waktu 10-20% dari total siklus

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Extra Photo 08.07x

MITOSIS: all duplicated chromosomes separate

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Chromosomes in the prometaphase stage of mitosis, from a cell in the flower of Haemanthus.

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Figure 8.8a

MITOSIS steps 0-1 – Interphase and Prophase

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Figure 8.8b

MITOSIS steps 2-4– Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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Extra Photo 08.08x1

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Extra Photo 08.08x1a

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Extra Photo 08.08x1b

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Extra Photo 08.08x1c

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Extra Photo 08.08x1d

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Extra Photo 08.08x1e

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Extra Photo 08.08x1f

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Centromere locations and designations of chromosomes based on centromere location. Note that the shape of the chromosome during anaphase is determined by the position of the centromere.

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The phases of the cell cycle. Following mitosis (M), cells enter the G1 stage of interphase, initiating a new cycle. Cells may become nondividing (G0) or continue through G1, where they become committed to begin DNA synthesis (S) and complete the cycle (G2 and M). Following mitosis, two daughter cells are produced and the cycle begins anew for each cell.

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The length of time spent in each phase of one complete cell cycle of a human cell in culture. Actual times vary according to cell types and conditions.

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Mitosis in an animal cell with a diploid number of 2n = 4. The events occurring in each stage are described in the text. Of the two homologous pairs of chromosomes, one contains longer, metacentric arms and the other, shorter, submetacentric arms. The maternal chromosome and paternal chromosome of each pair are shown in different colors. Part (g) illustrates the formation of the cell plate and lack of centrioles in a plant cell.

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the formation of the cell plate and lack of centrioles in a plant cell.

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The three major checkpoints within the cell cycle that regulate its progress.

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MEIOSIS

• MAKING REPRODUCTIVE CELLS (SPERM AND EGG) inr eproductive organs (testis, ovary)

• SIMILAR TO MEIOSIS BUT TWO STEPS, the idea is to reduce a double set to single –

so single sets from two parents can join in fertilization to produce baby’s double set

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Unnumbered Figure 08_UN141b

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Figure 8.14

[for NEXT generation!]

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Figure 8.13

Homologous (matching) chromosomes come from your two parents – you have TWO SETS of chromosomes!

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Overview of the major events and outcomes of mitosis and meiosis. Two pairs of homologous chromosomes are followed.

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The substages of meiotic prophase I

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The major events during meiosis in an animal with a diploid number of 2n = 4 beginning with metaphase I. Note that the combination of chromosomes in the cells produced following telophase II depends on the random alignment of each tetrad and dyad on the metaphase plate during metaphase I and metaphase II. Several other combinations (not shown) can also be formed.

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Profase I

-Fase ini berlangsung sangat lama ( mingguan- bulan )- Pada perempuan fase ini berlangsung dalam tiap oosit primer sejak fetus berusia 12-16 minggu sampai terjadinya ovulasi- fakta menunjukkan bahwa oosit beberapa orang dalam kondisi profase 1 sampai berakhirnya siklus reproduksi ( menopause ) sehingga profase 1 bisa berlangsung hampir 50 tahun- Profase 1 terdiri dari stadia: Leptoten,Zigoten, Pakiten, Diakinesis

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Leptoten

Kromonemata merenggang dan kelihatan sebagai benang-benang halus. Kromomernya menjadi kelihatan dan serabutnya mungkin telah mengganda tetapi tidak kelihatan. Biasanya nukleolus dan selaput inti masih ada.Filamen protein mulai terbentuk secara lateral dan kemudian melekat pada sentromer.

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 Zigoten

Kromosom homolog saling tarik-menarik dan mulai berpasangan (sinapsis). Peristiwa ini merupakan perbedaan yang jelas antara meiosis dan mitosis, pasangan kromosom homolog itu disebut bivalen.Sinapsis ini memungkinkan pertukaran bahan genetik dari kromosom induk dan kromosom bapak.

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PakhitenTahap pakhiten merupakan tahap akhir dari proses berpasangan.

Pada tahap ini terjadi proses-proses berikut:Kromosom makin pendek karena makin berpilin.Masing-masing bivalen menjadi dua dan terlihat empat benang yang disebut tetrad.Terjadi pindah silang dengan pertukaran timbal balik antara bagian kromosom homolog. Beberapa sintesis DNA tetap berlangsung yang mungkin ada hubungannya dengan pindah silang.

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Diploten

Pada tahap diploten terjadi proses kromosom yang berpasangan mulai memisah. pemendekan kromosom berlangsung terus;mulai terjadi pemisahan pasangan kromosom;

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Diakinesis

Pada tahap diakinesis terjadi proses-proses berikut:

Pemendekan kromosom mendekati maksimum.Kiasmata mendekati ujung dan jumlahnya makin berkurang.Benang gelendong mulai terbentuk dan selaput inti mulai hilang.

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Spermatogenesis and oogenesis in animal cells.

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Mitosis and Meiosis Compared

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Alternation of generations between the diploid sporophyte (2n) and the haploid gametophyte (n) in a multicellular plant. This is an angiosperm, where the sporophyte stage is the predominant phase.

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A diagram of the mitotic chromosome and its various components, showing how chromatin is condensed into it.

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