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8/7/2019 Ch17Bonds MBA2
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Salaar - Finance
Investment Analysis & Portfolio Theory
MBA-IISpring Semester 2011
Lahore School of Economics
Salaar Farooq ² Assistant Professor
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Salaar - Finance
Chapter 17
Fixed Income Securities:
Bonds
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Salaar - Finance
Chapter 17
Bond Yields & Prices
Objectives
Bonds & Valuation
Interest rates
Bond Yields
Bond Prices
Bond Price Changes Duration, Modified Duration & Convexity
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Salaar - Finance
Bonds
What is a Bond?
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Salaar - Finance
BondsWhat is a Bond
Debt instrument to raise money (Loan)
Issued by Corporations & Govts
Interest Only LoanHas a standard Face Value of $1000 (Corp)
Coupons are paid semi-annually
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Salaar - Finance
Fixed-Income Securities
BONDS
Capital Markets:
Where debt & equity capital is raised. Market f or long-term securities (stocks &bonds)
Fixed-Income Securities:Securities with specified payment dates and amounts, primarily Bonds
Bonds:
Future stream of cash flows are known at issue.
Principal is paid at maturity.IF, bond is sold bef ore maturity, price will reflectcurrent interest rates.
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Salaar - Finance
Fixed-Income Securities
Bond Characteristics
Par Value:
Term Bond:
Term to Maturity:
Coupon:
Coupon Rate:
Zer o Coupon:
Bond Prices: add zer o
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Salaar - Finance
Fixed-Income Securities
Bond Characteristics Par Value: Face Value of most Bonds is $1000 paid at maturity
Term Bond: Bonds typically mature on a specified date
Term to Maturity: how much longer the bond will exist
Coupon: Periodic interest paid by issuer. Typically semi-annual. Quoted APR
Coupon Rate: Is fixed at issuance & cannot vary
Zer o Coupon: Bond with no coupons sold at discount & redeemed at FaceValue
Bond Prices: Quoted as a %age of Par Value. Use 100 as conventional par
rather than 1,000. So, Price 90 = $900 (90% of 1000). Each point, or a change of 1,represents 1% of 1,000 or $10.
Easy conversion: since quoted in %age, just add an extra ZERO to get price.
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Salaar - Finance
Fixed-Income Securities
More «Bond Characteristics
Indenture:
Registered Form:
Bearer Form:
Security:
Debenture:
Sinking Fund:
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Salaar - Finance
Fixed-Income Securities
More «Bond Characteristics
Indenture:Written agreement b/w corp & creditor
Registered Form: Owner is named w/registrar at corp
Bearer Form: Owner is not named w/registrar
Security: collateral (financial) or mortgage (real) used as backing
Debenture: Unsecured debt (mat >10yrs)
Sinking Fund: account managed by bond trustees f or early bondpymts
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Salaar - Finance
Fixed-Income SecuritiesBond Examples
A 10% coupon Bond has what dollar coupon?:
$100 coupon & $50 semi-annual coupon payments.
A Bond¶s quoted Px is 101 3/8. What¶s the $ price?
Represents 101.375% of 1,000, theref ore $ price is $1013.75
Price above PAR Premium (& discount)? Interest Rates declined, so priceincreased.
Interest rates are inversely related to price. More coverage later chapter.
Interest Rate & Bond Price:
Bond will be exactly worth its face value at maturity. But till then it fluctuates ar ound$1000 to adjust yield according to market interest rates.
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Salaar - Finance
Fixed-Income Securities
Bond Characteristics
Call Pr ovision:
When is it attractive to the issuer?
Call Premium
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Salaar - Finance
Fixed-Income Securities
Bond Characteristics
Call Pr ovision:
Gives the issuer the right to call in a security & retire it by paying off theobligation.
When is it attractive to the issuer? When interest rates dr op in the markets enough to save the issuer money.
additional cost f or the issuer called CALL PREMIUM
Issuer will CALL & then issue new ones at lower cost.
Most Corp Bonds are callable
Call Premium
Often equals one years interest (if called within a year), then decreases
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Salaar - Finance
Fixed-Income Securities
TYPES OF BONDS4 Major Types
Govt Treasuries: Since Govt can print money to pay off, it is consideredrisk free (no default risk). Size is 5k,10k,100k,500k & million
Notes = Maturities b/w 1 year & 10 years (Bills = < 1year)
Bonds = Maturities b/w 10 & 30 years
Govt Agencies: To help specific sectors of the economy, loans areguaranteed by the Govt thr ough agencies.
Municipals: Typically States & Cities. Also called Serial Bonds. Taxexempt, so yield is lower compared with taxable.
Corporates: Securities issued by Corporations to finance their operations.Typically 20-40yrs maturity, pays semi-annual, callable, par value $1000.
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Fixed-Income Securities
Characteristics of Corporates
Senior Securities:
Convertible Bonds:
Rating Agencies:
Bond Ratings:
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Salaar - Finance
Fixed-Income Securities
Characteristics of Corporates
Senior Securities:Corp Bonds are senior to preferred stock, common stock in case of bankruptcy.
Convertible Bonds:
Bonds which are convertible (at holders option) into shares of common stock.
Rating Agencies: 3 agencies S&P, Moody¶s, Fitch pr ovide Bond ratingsrepresenting current opinions on relative credit quality of the firm. (PACRA)
Bond Ratings: Letters of the alphabet assigned to Bonds to expresspr obability of default.
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Salaar - Finance
Fixed-Income Securities
Bond Ratings
AAA:Best Quality & lowest default risk
AA:
More common: Very Good Quality.
D:
Lowest rating: means debt is in default.
BBB:
Investment Grade ± Medium grade. Adequate capacity to pay.
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Prices
Valuation Principle
Bond Valuation
R1
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Bond Prices
Valuation Principle
Price of a security is based on estimated values based on
expectations. This is also called the Intrinsic Value.
It is the PV of all EXPECTED Cash Flows fr om thatasset
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Prices
Cash Flows fr om a security can be in any f orm:
Example??
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Prices
Cash Flows fr om a security can be in any f orm:
Dividends
Interest Payments
Coupons
Redemption value
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Prices
Since C/F¶s are in future, they must be
Discounted
And converted to PV.
Sum of all the PV¶s of C/f¶s = Estimated Intrinsic Value
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Prices
Formula f or any asset:
Value = E ??
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Prices
Formula f or any asset:
Value = E C/F¶s / (1+i)^n
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Valuation
Bond has TWO types of Cash Flows:?
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Valuation
Bond has TWO types of Cash Flows:
1. Coupons
2. Face Value
Both of these are known in advance
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Prices
Formula f or Bonds:
Value = E C/F¶s / (1+i)^t + FV/(1+i)n
Note: Coupons are ?
t =
n =
i =
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Prices
Formula f or Bonds:
Value = E C/F¶s / (1+i)^t + FV/(1+i)n
Note: Coupons are semi-annual
t = period on semi-annual basis
n = periods also semi-annual
i = semi-annual rate
John Burr Williams published this eq. in 1938
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Bond Prices
Formula Breakdown:
Value = E C/F¶s / (1+i)^t + FV/(1+i)^n
3 stages:
1) Coupons??
2) FV is single C/F: Find simple PV
3) Add all PV¶s together
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Prices
Formula Breakdown:
Value = E C/F¶s / (1+i)^t + FV/(1+i)^n
3 stages:
1) Coupons make it an annuity: Find Annuity PV
2) FV is single C/F: Find simple PV
3) Add all PV¶s together
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Salaar - Finance
M55
Calculating Bond Price
Example bond AA new 8% coupon bond with 10 year maturity, PAR of 1000, semi-annual is issued.
What is the Price of the Bond?
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Salaar - Finance
Calculating Bond Price
Example bond AA new 8% coupon bond with 10 year maturity, PAR of 1000, semi-annual is issued.
What is the Price of the Bond? Ordinary annuity of 40
APV = 40 x ((1- 1/1.04^20) / .04
= 40 *( 1-0.4563)/ .04 = 40*13.59
= 543.61 (coupons PV)
FV PV = (1000) / (1.04)^20 = 1000*.45638 = 456.38
Bond PV = 543.61 + 456.38 = 1000 (same as Face value)
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Salaar - Finance
Calculating Bond Price
Example bond A ±
NOW INTEREST RATES GO UP
Same 8% coupon bond with 10 year maturity, PAR of 1000, semi-annual is issued. But market interest rates are at 10%.
What is the NEW Price of the Bond?
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Salaar - Finance
Calculating Bond Price
Example bond A ± NOW INTEREST RATES GO UPSame 8% coupon bond with 10 year maturity, PAR of 1000, semi-annual isissued. But market interest rates are at 10%.
What is the NEW Price of the Bond? Ordinary annuity of 40
APV = 40 x ((1- 1/1.05^20) / .05
= 40 *( 1-0.3768)/ .05 = 40*12.46
= 498.48 (coupons PV)FV PV = (1000) / (1.05)^20 = 1000*.3768 = 376.89
Bond PV = 498.48 + 376.89 = 875.36 (Now at discount since i is up)
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Price over time
FV = 1000 at issue FV = 1000 at end
Interest rate DROPSPrice RisesCos Discounting at lower rate
Interest rate RISESPrice DROPSCos discounting & higher rate
Bond Px
Converge to Par Value over time
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Price Changes
Why is this happening?
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Price Changes
Why is this happening?
1. Coupons are the same
2. Face Value is the same
3. If interest rates in the market change,ONLY the PV can & must change
to reflect the interest rates
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Salaar - Finance
Bond Price Changes
What does price change do?
1. Theref ore,
Capital Gain (LOSS) is built in to compensatethe investor f or the change in interest rates inthe market.
Discount = gain Premium = Loss
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Salaar - Finance
Calculating Bond Price
Example bond A ± NOW INTEREST RATES GO DOWN
Same 8% coupon bond with 10 year maturity, PAR of 1000, semi-annual isissued. But market interest rates are at 6%.
What is the NEW Price of the Bond? Ordinary annuity of 40
APV = 40 x ((1- 1/1.03^20) / .03
= 40 *( 1-0.55366)/ .03 = 40*14.87
= 595.099 (coupons PV)FV PV = (1000) / (1.03)^20 = 1000*.55366 = 553.66
Bond PV = 595.099 + 553.669 = 1148.775 (Now at premium since i is down)
S l Fi
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Salaar - Finance
R elationship Bond Px & Interest R ates
Bond Px is«?
S l Fi
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R elationship Bond Px & Interest R ates
Bond Px is«
INVERSELY Related TO Interest Rates
Salaar Finance
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Salaar - Finance
Measuring Bond Yields
There are 4 measures
Current Yield
Yield to Maturity
Yield to Call
Realized Compound Yield
Salaar Finance
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Salaar - Finance
Measuring Bond Yields
There are 4 measures
Current Yield (CY)
A Bond¶s annual coupon divided by current market price.
Yield to Maturity (YTM)
Pr omised Compound rate of return at the current market price till mat.
Yield to Call (YC)Pr omised return on a Bond fr om present till date it is likely to be called
Realized Compound Yield (RCY) Yield earned based on actual reinvestment rates-Historical
Salaar - Finance
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Salaar - Finance
Measuring Bond Yields
Current Yield (CY)
A Bond¶s annual coupon divided by current market price.
Ratio of coupon interest to current Mkt px.
e.g.A 3 year 10% coupon Bond with interest payments occurring exactly 6mths fr om now & so on. Current price of the Bond is $1052.42
What¶s the current yield?
Salaar - Finance
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Salaar - Finance
Measuring Bond Yields
A 3 year 10% coupon Bond with interest payments occurring exactly 6mths fr om now & so on. Current price of the Bond is $1052.42
What¶s the current yield?
C/Px = 100 / 1052.10 = 9.5%
Salaar - Finance
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Salaar Finance
Measuring Bond Yields
Yield to Maturity (YTM) ± semiannual rate
Pr omised Compound rate of return at the current market price till mat.
The rate most often quoted
Return based on fixed assumptions«???
Salaar - Finance
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Salaar Finance
Measuring Bond Yields
Yield to Maturity (YTM) ± semiannual rate
Pr omised Compound rate of return at the current market price till mat.
The rate most often quotedReturn based on fixed assumptions
1) The Bond is held to Maturity
2) Coupons are re-invested at the YTM
Means: Compounded return giving PV of Bond as its current price
Same as IRR f or the Bond
Salaar - Finance
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Salaar Finance
Measuring Bond Yields
Yield to Maturity (YTM)
Pr omised Compound rate of return at the current market price till mat.
Small letters = semi-annual
Capital letters = annual
PV = E c/(1+ytm)^t + FV/ (1+ytm)^n
FV = 1000
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YTM
Example on zer o-coupon
A zer o coupon bond has 12 yrs to maturity & is selling f or $300.
Calculate the ytm & BEY?
Salaar - Finance
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YTM
Example on zer o-couponA zer o coupon bond has 12 yrs to maturity & is selling f or $300.
Calculate the ytm & BEY.
PV = FV / (1+ytm)^n
300 = 1000 / (1+ytm)^24
1+ytm^24 = 1000/300
1+ ytm = 3.33^(1/24)
ytm = 3.33^.04166 = 1.0514 ± 1 = 5.14% ytm
5.14x2 = 10.28 BEY
Salaar - Finance
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YTM
Example on regular coupon bondA 10% coupon bond has 3 yrs to maturity & is selling f or 1052.42
Calculate the ytm & BEY.
Salaar - Finance
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YTM
Example on regular coupon bondA 10% coupon bond has 3 yrs to maturity & is selling f or 1052.42
Calculate the ytm & BEY.
PV = E 50/(1+ytm)^t + 1000/(1+ytm)^6
1052.42 = 50 x 5.242 (APVF) + 1000x 0.790 (PVF)
Trial & err or ± will cover after basic theory
Ytm = 4% semi annual
BEY = 4x2 = 8% annual
Salaar - Finance
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Measuring Bond Yields
Yield to Call (YTC)
Pr omised rate of return on a bond fr om present till called.
Steps to calculate: USE SAME FORMULA & MODIFY
a) find n till call date
b) Call Price substituted f or Face Value
Salaar - Finance
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Measuring Bond Yields
Realized Compound Yield (RCY)-historical
Yield earned based on actual re-investment rates (IRR)
Semi-annual realized compound yield is:
RCY = ( total wealth=FV / Pur. Px=PV ) ^ 1/n - 1
NOTE: comes from the FV=PV(1+i)^n, reshuffling for i
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R C Y (realized c yield)
Example on regular coupon bondAn investor had $1000 to invest 3 yrs ago. She purchased a 10%coupon bond with a 3 year maturity at Face Value. The YTM was 10%.
Assume the investor re-invested each coupon at the semi-annual rateor ytm of 5%.
What is the total ending wealth after 3 yrs?
What is the RCY?
Salaar - Finance
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R C Y
Example on regular coupon bondAn investor had $1000 to invest 3 yrs ago. She purchased a 10%coupon bond with a 3 year maturity at Face Value. The YTM was 10%.
Assume the investor re-invested each coupon at the semi-annual rateor ytm of 5%.
What is the total ending wealth after 3 yrs?
(1+.05)^6= 1.340095 * 1000 = 1340.09 (includes the initial outlay)
thus, earnings were 340.09
What is the RCY?
(1340.10 / 1000 )̂ 1/6 ± 1 = 1.05 ± 1 = .05 RCY x2 = 10% BEY
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R e-investment R isk
assumption
Part of interest rate risk resulting fr om
uncertainty abo
ut the rate at which futureinterest coupons can be re-invested
Assumption is unlikely in real life«why?
Salaar - Finance
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Bonds sources of returns
Coupons
Capital Gains
Interest on interest (coupon re-investment):
largest part of the RCY
POINTS to NOTE:
a) As maturity increases, reinvestment risk increases.
b) Higher the coupon rate, the higher reinvestment risk.
Salaar - Finance
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Bonds sources of returns
For a zer o-coupon bond«.
What is the RCY equal to?
Salaar - Finance
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Bonds sources of returns
For a zer o-coupon bond«.
What is the RCY equal to?
RCY = YTM since there are NO COUPONS &theref ore no re-investment risk
Salaar - Finance
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Illustration of re-investment portion
Example on regular coupon bondA 10% coupon bond with 20yr maturity purchased at PAR ($1000). If all coupons are re-invested at 5% on semi-annual basis, (ytm=5%),
then«.
What is the total dollar return at end 20yrs?
What is the break down of returns? FV+Coupons+interest on interest
M20
Salaar - Finance
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Illustration of re-investment portion
Example on regular coupon bondA 10% coupon bond with 20yr maturity purchased at PAR ($1000). If all coupons are re-invested at 5% on semi-annual basis, (ytm=5%),
then«.
What is the total dollar return at end 20yrs? Ordinary annuity of 50
AFV = 50 x ((1+.05)^40 ± 1 ) / .05
= 50 *( 7.03-1)/ .05 = 50*120.79
= 6039.50 (includes coupons) + FV (1000) = $7040
What is the break down of returns? FV+Coupons+interest on interest
1000+2000+4040 = 7040 Note: 6040-2000 coupons = 4040
POINT: 4040/7040 = 57% comes fr om re-investment!!
Salaar - Finance
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W hat is one advantage of
Zer o-coupon bond«.in terms of risk?
Salaar - Finance
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W hat is one advantage of
Zer o-coupon bond«.in terms of risk?
NO Re-investment risk, since no coupons
Salaar - Finance
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Horizon R eturn
All yield measures have pr oblems.
How do investors solve this pblm?
1. They make future assumptions about the re-investmentrates.
2. Calculating the return on bonds based on futureassumptions is called, Horizon Return
NOTE: Yield curve moves based on this.
Salaar Salaar --FinanceFinance
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PART II
BONDS & INTEREST RATES
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Bonds
What is a Bond?
Skip
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BondsWhat is a Bond
Debt instrument to raise money (Loan)
Issued by Corporations & Govts
Interest Only Loan
Has a standard Face Value of $1000 (Corp)
Coupons are paid semi-annually
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Bond Yields
2 Components of Interest rates
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Bond Yields
Components of Interest rates
Real Risk Free rate:
opportunity cost of f oregoing consumption (given no inflation)
Nominal Interest Rates:
Real rate PLUS inflation adjustment
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Bond Yields
For T- Bills:
The nominal rate is a function of real rate &expected inflationary premium.
RF =(appr ox) RR + EI
Where: RF = T-bill rate
RR = real risk free rate
EI = expected inflation rate
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Bond Yields
Equation RF =(appr ox) RR + EI
Is called
Fisher Hypothesis (irving fisher)
Means:Nominal rate on ST, RF securities rises point f or point withexpected inflation, with RR unaffected (consumption opp cost)
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Fish
er Effect
The nominal rate R is a function of real rate r
& expected inflatio
nary premium h.
Equation is«?
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Fish
er Effect
The nominal rate R is a function of real rate r
& expected inflatio
nary premium h.
1+ R = (1+r) x (1+h)
Where: R = N
ominal Rate
r = real risk free rate
h = inflation rate
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M
EASUR
INGR
ETUR
NSFormula ± Real Returns
Real Return (inflation adjusted)
TRia (r) = ( (1+ R (nominal) ) / (1+h) ) ± 1
TRia = total return inflation adjusted
h = inflation rate
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PROBLEM Finding inflation adjusted returns
Suppose the nominal return on a stock is 28.5731%and the inflation rate is 1.6119%.
a) W h
at is th
e real rate?b) W hat is the inflation adjusted return?
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PROBL
EM
Finding inflation adjusted returns
Suppose the nominal return on a stock is 28.5731%
and the inflation rate is 1.6119%.
a) W hat is the real rate?
1.2857/1.0161 = 1.2653 ² 1 = 26.53%
b) Same as a!!
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PO
INT TO
NO
TE
Most financial rates are quoted in NOMINAL.
We will use the symbol R f or this nominal rate
START
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D
eterminants of B
ond Yields
Term Structure of Interest Rates
1) Real Rate (opportunity cost)
2) Expected Inflation (investors require higher nominal rates)
3) Interest Rate risk premium (coupon bonds) ± yield curve
Definition of TSIR
Nominal rate on default-free, pure discount bonds of all maturities
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D
eterminants of B
ond Yields
Inflation Premium
Portion of Nominal rate representing compensation f or Exp. Inflation
Interest Rate risk premium
Compensation f or taking on interest rate risk (coupons)
Longer maturity has higher interest risk, theref ore positive slope
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M5
Yield Curve
A chart of the yields of T-bills & Bonds w/maturity
Almost same as the term structure.
Difference:1) Yield curve plotted based on coupon bonds (interest rate component)
2) Term structure based on pure discount bonds (no interest rate risk)
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Corp Bonds have additional
Premiums
Default risk premium
Compensation f or possibility of default
Taxability PremiumCompensation f or unfavorable tax implications
Liquidity PremiumCompensation f or lack of liquidity (ability to sell)
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Bond Determinants summary
Real RateAdjusted f or inflation
Expected Inflation
Compensation f or inflation expectations
Interest Rate riskCompensation f or future changes in interest rates
Default risk premium
Compensation f or possibility of default
Taxability PremiumCompensation f or unfavorable tax implications
Liquidity Premium
Compensation f or lack of liquidity (ability to sell)
Govt. Bonds
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W hat affects Bond Prices
Effects of Maturity? +ve
Effects of coupon size? -ve
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W hat affects Bond Prices
Effects of Maturity?
For a given change in rates, price of longer term
bonds will change more than shorter term bonds
Effects of coupon size?
Bond Px fluctuations (volatility) are inversely related to coupon rates.
The larger the coupon, f or same maturity, the lower the volatility
m40 Bond Px sensitivity ( 100bp chg on 10% & 100% coupons effect on %px chg!)
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F
orB
onds
Longer the maturity, higher the IR risk
WHY?
Cos Longer term has a greater discounting effect(compounding curve) on the Face Value receivedat maturity!
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For Bonds
Maturity exposure
Longer the maturity, higher the IR risk
Theref ore
Since the Principal is at end, Bond¶s Px ismore sensitive to time (maturity)
PV on 30yrs is more sensitive to PV on 1 year!! (f or Face Value)
NOTE: But it increases (term risk) at a decreasing rate
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For Bonds
The other factor
Coupon Rate risk
?
WHY?
M20
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For Bonds
The other factor
Coupon Rate risk
Lower Coupons have higher risk.
WHY?
M20
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For Bonds
The other factor
Coupon Rate risk
Lower Coupons have higher risk.
Lower coupons make Bond Px more dependant on FV!
(Risk = % changes in Bond px f or given chg in interest rates)
WHY?
Since C/F¶s are paid towards the back end of time line &
relative to Face value are smaller in size! (affected moreby discounting)
NOTE: compare PV of zer o-coupon vs regular
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Measuring Volatility:
Duration
Duration
A measure of a bond¶s lifetime which accounts f or the
entire pattern of cash flows.Measures the weighted average maturity of C/F¶s on a PVbasis.
To solve which pr oblem?
Changes in interest rates result in different % changes inBond Px¶s. Duration combines the coupon & maturity
(size & timing) of C/F effects into one yardstick.
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Measuring Volatility:
Duration Example
Duration of 4.054 (on 5 yr bond) means:
The TVM weighted average number of years
needed to
reco
ver the co
sto
f thisBo
nd is 4.054.
Although the bond has 5 yrs to maturity, interest paymentsare received in the first 4 yrs
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Calculating Duration
Duration (stated in yrs)
Co
nvert TIME to
a weighted time perio
d.
Concept
All time periods are weighted & summed. The result is
duration.
PV of each cash flow as a %age of the current price serves asthe weights, which are then applied to time periods. SUM of these equals 1.0
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Exercise
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Coupon 10% 5% 50
Maturity 5 10 coupon $
Price 1000
n t C/F PV Factor PV of CF PV /Px t x (PV /Px)
1 0.5 50 0.9524 47.6190 0.0476 0.0238
2 1.0 50 0.9070 45.3515 0.0454 0.0454
3 1.5 50 0.8638 43.1919 0.0432 0.0648
4 2.0 50 0.8227 41.1351 0.0411 0.0823
5 2.5 50 0.7835 39.1763 0.0392 0.0979
6 3.0 50 0.7462 37.3108 0.0373 0.1119
7 3.5 50 0.7107 35.5341 0.0355 0.1244
8 4.0 50 0.6768 33.8420 0.0338 0.1354
9 4.5 50 0.6446 32.2304 0.0322 0.1450
10 5.0 1050 0.6139 644.6089 0.6446 3.2230
TO TALS 1000 1.00 4.0539
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Coupon 10% 5% 50
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Maturity 5 10 coupon $
Price 1000
n t C/F PV Factor PV of CF PV /Px t x (PV /Px)
1 0.5 50 0.9524 47.6190 0.0476 0.0238
2 1.0 50 0.9070 45.3515 0.0454 0.04543 1.5 50 0.8638 43.1919 0.0432 0.0648
4 2.0 50 0.8227 41.1351 0.0411 0.0823
5 2.5 50 0.7835 39.1763 0.0392 0.0979
6 3.0 50 0.7462 37.3108 0.0373 0.1119
7 3.5 50 0.7107 35.5341 0.0355 0.1244
8 4.0 50 0.6768 33.8420 0.0338 0.1354
9 4.5 50 0.6446 32.2304 0.0322 0.1450
10 5.0 1050 0.6139 644.6089 0.6446 3.2230
TO TALS 1000 1.00 4.0539
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Duration
Shorter Formula :
Duration D = (1+ytm)/ytm . ( 1- (1/ytm^n))
Use semi-annual rateDouble the n
Divide answer by 2 to convert to annual basisM10
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Understanding Duration
Duration depends on 3 factors:
Final Maturity of Bond
Duration expands with time to maturity: directly related:For zer o coupon, D=Maturity
Coupon Payments
Coupon size is inversely related to duration.
YTM
YTM is inversely related to duration
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Understanding Duration
What does Duration tell us?
Difference b/w effective LIVES of bonds
Allows us to compare bonds on this basis
D is a measure of bond-price sensitivity to interest rate movements.
It measures interest rate risk
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d d
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Understanding Duration
Example
Given a 10% coupon bond, ytm of 10%..
If maturity is 5yrs, D = 4.054 (effective life!)
If maturity is 10yrs, D = 6.76
If maturity is 20yrs, D = 9.36
If maturity is 50yrs, D = 10.91 yrs
Reason is, C/F¶s in distant future result in smaller PV¶s
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Modified Duration
Defined
Mod Duration is Duration divided by (1+ytm)
Mod D* = D / (1+ytm)
Ytm = semi-annual
Mod D, is used to calculate % price change f or agiven change in interest rates (usually 100bp)
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Modified Duration
EXAMPLE
Using Duration of 4.054 yrs & YTM of 10%,
What is the Modified Duration?
Mod D* = D / (1+ytm)
Ytm = semi-annual
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Modified Duration
EXAMPLE
Using Duration of 4.054 yrs & YTM of 10%,
What is the Modified Duration?
D* = 4.054 / (1+.05) = 3.861
Now we use this to calculate change in Px f or a given interest rate change
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Modified Duration
EXAMPLE
To calculate %change in Price, use«
% Chg in Px = -D* x yield change
So, what¶s the change in Px of example, if yield
changes by + 20 bp?
M5
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Modified Duration
EXAMPLE
To calculate %change in Price, use«
% Chg in Px = -D* x yield change
So, what¶s the change in Px of example, if yieldchanges by + 20 bp?
-3.861 x (+0.002) x 100 = -0.772%100 is to convert to % basis.
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C it
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Convexity
rice ro i a ion in ra ion
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¢
£
¤
¥ ¦
¥ ¥
¥ §
¥ ̈
¥ ©
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¦ ¦ ¦ § ¦ ¦ © ¦ ¦ ¡ ¦ ¦ £ ¦ ¥ ¦ ¥ § ¦ ¥ © ¦ ¥ ¡ ¦ ¥ £ ¦ §
ie l
r i c e
PRICE EST. PRICE
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Finance Environment?
OVERVIEW
COVER HERE & Ref Charts
GDP (Equation, components, growth bands, & targets)
Inflation (result of growth)
Interest Rates (tool of central banks, fed funds & principle)
Yield Curve (fisher equation, expected inflation back end)
MARKET DASH BOARD!
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Chapter 17