Ch7 motivation concepts

Ch7Motivation Concepts

Editer：陳亭竹

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Motivation

• Definition

- the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

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Early Theories of Motivation

• Hierarchy of Needs Theory

- within every human being, there exists a hierarchy of five needs.

(1) physiological

(2) safety

(3) social

(4) esteem

(5) self-actualization

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• Theory X and Theory Y

- two distinct views of human beings: basically negative, labeled Theory X and basically positive, labeled Theory Y.

- managers tend to mold their behavior toward employees according to these assumptions.

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• Two-factor Theory

- individual’s relationship to work is basic and that toward work can very well determine success of failure.

- two factors: Motivator / Hygiene factor

(1) satisfaction vs. no satisfaction

(2) no dissatisfaction vs. dissatisfaction


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• McClelland’s Theory of Needs

- focuses on three needs:

(1) Need for achievement (nAch)

(2) Need for power (nPow)

(3) Need for affiliation (nAff)

- has had the best research support, but has less practical effect than others.


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• Self-Determination Theory

- people prefer to feel they have control their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation.

Contemporary Theories of Motivation

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- much research focused on Cognitive Evaluation Theory, which hypothesizes that extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in task.

- a recent outgrowth: self-concordance

- people who pursue work goals for intrinsic reasons are more satisfied with their jobs.


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• Goal-Setting Theory

- “ do your best “ vs. goal-setting

- intentions to work toward a goal are a major source of work motivation.

- factors influence the goals: feedback, goal commitment, task characteristics and national culture.


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- implementing goal-setting: MBO


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• Self-Efficacy Theory

- an individual’s belief that he/she is capable of performing task.

- four ways self-efficacy can be increased

(1) enactive mastery

(2) vicarious modeling

(3) verbal persuasion

(4) arousal


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• Reinforcement Theory

- reinforcement conditions behavior.

- people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don’t want.

- behaviorism: people learn to associate stimulus and response, but their conscious awareness of this association is irrelevant.


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- social-learning theory: behavior is a function of consequences.

(1) attentional processes

(2) retention processes

(3) motor reproduction processes

(4) reinforcement processes


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• Equity Theory/Organizational Justice

- individuals compare their job inputs and outputs with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.

- four referent comparisons: self-inside/ outside, other inside/outside.


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- meaning of equity/fairness


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• Expectancy Theory

- strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of our expectancy of a given outcome and its attractiveness.


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Integrating Contemporary Theoried of Motivation

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• Most current motivation theories were developed in the U.S. by and about U.S. adults.

• Cross-cultural transferability.• Cross-cultural consistencies:

(1) the desire for interesting work

(2) job-preference outcomes

(3) equitable distribution of rewards

Global Implicaitons

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Ch7 motivation concepts