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the (hur(h had areed to pay a vountary

(ontri3ution every "ive years to the state4/ Cery were aso

radi(ay divided sin(e the hiher (ery stemmin

"rom astri(o(ati( "amiies shared the interests o" the

no3iity whie the parish priests were o"ten poor

(ommoners4 8he se(ond estate

/ 8he se(ond estate was

the no3iity, peope who athouh made up a sma

portion o" the (ommunity owned 2 to ;% per(ent o"

the and4/ and

ouis =>$ the no3iity (ontinued to pay an important

and even (ru(ia roe in "ren(h so(iety hodin many

o" the eadin positions in the overnment the

miitary the aw (ourts and the hiher (hur(h o""i(es4

8he "ren(h no3iity was aso divided4 8he no3iity o"

the ro3e derived their status "rom o""i(ehodin apathway that had o"ten ena3ed (ommoners to attain

no3e rans4/ 8hese no3es now

dominated the roya aw (ourts and important

administrative o""i(es4 8he no3iity o" the sword

(aimed to 3e des(endants o" the oriina medieva

no3iity4 As a roup the no3es souht to e7pand their 

priviee at the e7pense o" the monar(hy- to de"end

i3erty 3y resistin the ar3itrary a(tion o" the

monar(hy as some no3es asserted and to maintain

their monopoisti( (ontro over positions in themiitary (hur(h and overnment4

8he third estate/ 8he third estate the

(ommoners o" so(iety (onstituted the overwhemin

ma?ority o" the "ren(h popuation4/ 8hey were divided 3y

vast di""eren(es in o((upation, eve o" edu(ation and

weath4/ 8he peasants who

aone (onstituted 5 to 6% per(ent o" the tota

popuation were 3y "ar the arest sement o" thethird estate4 8hey owned a3out ; to @% per(ent o"

the and athouh their andhodins varied "rom area

to area and more than ha" had no or itte and on

whi(h to survive4 Ser"dom no oner e7isted on any

are s(ae in "ran(e 3ut "ren(h peasants sti had

o3iations to their o(a andords that they deepy

resented4 8hese rei(s o" "eudaism in(uded the

payment o" "ees "or the use o" viae "a(iities su(h

as the "our mi, (ommunity oven and winepress as

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we as tithes to the (ery4 8he no3iity aso

maintained the riht to hunt on peasants and4/ Another part o" the

third estate (onsisted o" sied artisans,

shopeepers and other wae earners in the (ities4/ Athouh the 16th

(entury had 3een a period o" rapid ur3an rowth, 9%

per(ent o" ren(h towns had "ewer than 1%,%%%

inha3itants ony nine (ities had more than %,%%%4/ Bne historian has

(harted the ups and downs o" revoutionary (hanes

in 3read pri(es, 3y showin their (orreation with

(hanes in 3read pri(es4/ A3out 6 per(ent, or 24;

miion peope (onstituted the 3oureoisie or midde

(ass who owned a3out 2% to 2 per(ent o" the and4/ 8he roup in(uded

mer(hants industriaists and 3aners who (ontroed

the resour(es o" trade, manu"a(turin and "inan(eand 3ene"ited "rom the e(onomi( prosperity a"ter

15;%4/ 'any mem3ers o" the

3oureoisie souht se(urity and status throuh the

pur(hase o" and4/ 8hey hand their own

rievan(es 3e(ause they were o"ten e7(uded "rom

the so(ia and poiti(a priviees monopoied 3y the

no3es4/ 8he resistan(e o" the

midde (ass were "or a on time assumed to 3e ama?or (ause o" the "ren(h revoution4 :ut athouh

these tensions e7isted the situation was not a simpe

(ase o" a uni"ied 3oureois aainst a uni"ied no3e

(ass4/ As is evident neither

roup was monoithi(4 Do3es were separated 3y

vast di""eren(es in weath and importan(e4 A simiar

u" separated weathy dei(a(ies "rom o(a awyers

in the "ren(h provin(ia towns4/ $t was sti possi3e "or

weathy midde (ass individuas to enter the rans o" the no3iity 3y o3tainin pu3i( o""i(es and enterin

the no3iity o" the ro3e4● Both aristocratic and

bourgeois elites, long accustomed to a new

socioeconomic reality based on wealth and

economic were increasingly frustrated by a

monarchical order based on the concept of

estates !he opposition of these elites to the old

order ultimately led them to ta"e drastic action

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against the monarchical regime, although they

soon split o#er the $uestion of how far to

proceed in eliminating tradionation pr#il#ages● !he %e#olution had

its origins in political grie#ances● Food shortages also

played a part● !he number of poor

estimated by some at almost & of the population

reached crisis proportions on the e#e of the

re#olution● '!his is a po#erty

that stri"es at the root of national prosperity(● other causes

included) *deas of  

the philosophies+

*

ncreased criticism of eisting

pri#ileges as well as social and

political situation also

characteri-ed the 1.th century+

A

lthough the philosophers did not

ad#ocated a re#olution their ideas

were widely circulated among the

literate bourgeois and noble elites

of france ) Failure

to ma"e reforms+

F

rench parliament became stronger) Financi

al crises+

!

he immediate cause of the french

re#olution was the near collapse ofgo#ernment finances

● %esults) !o

a#oid the dangers of another single

legislati#e assembly the constitution of

1/90 established a national legislati#e

assembly consisting of two chambers a

lower house "nown as the council of 022

who function was to initiate legislation

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and an upper house of 302 members the

council of elders composed of married or

widowed members o#er age forty which

would accept or re4ect the proposed laws) !he /02

members of the two bodies were chosen

by electors who had been owners or

renters of property worth between onehundred and 322 hundred days labor a

re$uirement that limited their number to

52,222 and e#en smaller base than the

constitution of 1/91 had pro#ided) !he

electors were chosen by the acti#e

citi-ens now defined as all male tapayers

o#er the age 31) !he

eecuti#e authority of directory consisted

of fi#e directors elected by the council ofelders from a list present by the council of 

022

.  Liberte, Fraternite, Egalite

● liberty, brotherhood, equality● !he motto "or the re#olution

.  roe o" nationaism

/ $ *DB+ +HA8 $S :

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woud re"orm "ran(e in its own way/ However some peope had reservations as most peope wanted to

mae (hanes within a "ramewor o" respe(t "or authority o" the in

reviva or re"orm did not mean the overthrow o" traditiona institutions40 indin the doors o(ed the third estate they moved

near3y to a tennis (ourt and too the tennis (ourt oath that they

woud (ontinue to meet unti they had produ(ed a "ren(h

(onstitution4

8he reat "ear

/ 8he ararian revots served as a 3a(drop to the reat "ear, a vast

pani( that spread ie wid"ire throuh "ran(e 3etween ?uy 2% and auust F4

ear o" invasion 3y "orein troops aided 3y a superposed histori( pot

en(ouraed the "ormation o" the more (itiens miitias and

permant(omitites4 8he reatest impa(t o" the ararian revots and the reat

"ear was on the nationa assem3y meetin in versaies4

ouis =>$ & 'arie Antoinette

/ ouis =>$ $nde(isive and aowed matters to dri"t, paid itte

attention to his advisors and had itte patien(e4 $nstead o" attempted to "i7

the pro3em ouis waited "or the ast minute where he had 3asi(ay nomoney e"t

/ 'arie Antoinette $nter"ered with the overnment, "re#uenty ave

ouis poor advi(e, 3een unpopuar "rom the 3einnin 3e(ause she was a

mem3er o" the roya "amiy o" Austria, spent so mu(h money that she

3e(ame nown as 'adame Ie"i(itJ

.  !a(o3ins, sans (uottes, Girondins

/ :y the mid 1951 the (on(erns "a(ed rowin opposition "rom (eri(s

ower (asses hurt 3y the rises in the (ost o" o" ivin resutin "rom the

in"ation o" the assinments, peasants remained opposed to dues that had

sti not 3een a3andoned and poiti(a (u3s o""erin more radi(a soutions40 8he most "amous were the !a(o3ins

8he "irst emered as a atherin o"

more radi(a deputies at the 3einnin o" the revoutions40 8he "ren(h revoution was a3out to enter a more

radi(a stae as power passed "rom the assem3y to the new paris

(omminuted (omposed o" many who proudy (aed themseves the

sans-(uottes ordinary patrioti( without "ine (othes40 Girondins wanted to a3oish the monar(hy and

esta3ish a repu3i(4

.  Committee o" Pu3i( Sa"ety

/ 8o meet the domesti( (risis the nationa (onvention and the

(ommittee o" pu3i( sa"ety esta3ished the rein o" terror4

.  Rein o" 8error 

Revoutionary (ourts were oranied to prote(t the repu3i( "rom its interna

enemies who either 3y their (ondu(t their (onta(ts their word or their writins

showed themseves to 3e supporters o" tyranny o" enemies o" i3erty4

>i(tims o" the terror raned "rom royaists su(h as mary antoinette to "ormer

revoutionary irondins in(udin oympe de oues the (hie" advo(ate poiti(a

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tihts "or women and even peasants4 8he rein o" terror ended with the e7e(ution

o" Ro3espierre and this then ead to the thermidorian rea(tion4 $n this period the

nationa (onvention 3ean to (urtai the power i" the (ommittee o" pu3i( sa"ety

shut down the ?a(o3in (u3 and attempted to provide 3etter prote(tion "or its

deputies aainst the parisian mo3es4 Chur(hes were aowed to reopen "or pu3i(

worship and a de(ree o" "e3 21 ave "reedom o" worship to a (uts4

.  Ro3espierre

/ eader o" the rein o" terror/ (ommittee o" pu3i( sa"ety/ he tried to tae over and then peope ied4/ mem3er o" the estates enera

.  Ie-Christianiation

/ in an attempt to (reate a new order the nationa (onvention aso

pursued a poi(y o" de (hroniation4 8he word saint was removed "rom

street names, (hur(hes were piaed and (osed 3y revoutionary armies

and priests were en(ouraed to marry4

.  Bympe de Goues

/ She re"used to a((ept this e7(usion o" women "rom poiti(a rihts4

E(hoin the words o" the o""i(ia de(aration she penned a de(aration o"the rihts o" woman and the "emae (itien in whi(h she insisted that

women shoud have a the same rihts as men4

.  eclaration o" the %ights o" 'an and o" the Citi(en K1569L

/ on auust 2F, the assem3y provided the ideooi(a "oundation "or

its a(tions and an edu(ationa devi(e "or the nationa 3y adoptin the

de(aration o" the rihts o" man and the (itien4 8his (hara(ter o" 3asi(

i3erties re"e(t the ideas o" the ma?or phiosophers o" the "ren(h

enihtenment4/ 8he de(aration aso raised another important issue4 Iid the

pro(amation idea o" e#ua rihts "or a men in(ude women4 'any

deputies insisted that it did at east in terms o" (ivi i3erties provided that as

one sad women do not aspire to e7er(ise poiti(a rihts and "un(tions4J

. 

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mo3 "or whi(h he was promoted to the ran o" ma?or enera4/ Dapoeon did not hesitate to a3andon his army and return to paris

where he parti(ipated in the (oup dMetat that utimatey ed to his virtua

di(tatorship o" ran(e4 He was ony ;% years od4/ +ith the (oup o" 1599 a new "orm o" the repu3i( was pro(aimed

with a (onstitution that esta3ished a 3i(amera eisative assem3y

ee(ted indire(ty to redu(e the roe o" ee(tion40 E7e(utive power in the new overnment was vested

in the hands o" three (onsus4 Arti(e @2 o" the (onstitution said

8he de(ision o" the "irst (onsu sha su""i(eJ 4 As "irst (onsu

Dapoeon dire(ty (ontroed the entire e7e(utive authority o" the

overnment40 He had overwhemin in"uen(e over the eisature

appointed mem3ers o" the 3ureau(ra(y (ontroed the army and

(ondu(ted "orein a""airs40 $n 16%2 Dapoeon was made (onsu "or i"e and in

16%@ he returned ran(e to monar(hy when he (rowned himse"

Emperor Dapoeon $4 8his step sta3iied the reime and

provided permanen(e not possi3e in the (onsuate4 8he revoution had started with an

attempt to imit ar3itrary overnment and had ended with a

overnment "ar more auto(rati( than the monar(hy o" the

od reime4

.  Iire(tory

/ See resuts o" the revoution a3ove

.  domesti( re"orms KCode )apoleonL

/ 8he (ode Dapoeon preserved most o" the revoutionary ains 3y

re(oniin the prin(ipe o" e#uaity o" a (itiens 3e"ore the aw the riht o" 

individua to (hoose their pro"essions reiious toeran(e and the a3oitiono" ser"dom and "eudaism4

/ Property rihts (ontinued to 3e (are"uy prote(ted whie the

interests o" empoyers were sa"euarded 3y outawin trade unions and

strie4/ undid most divor(e eisation4 8he (ontro o" "athers over their

"amiies was restored4

.  "orein poi(y, in(udin wars aainst Austria and Great :ritain

/ +hen Dapoeon 3e(ame (onsu in 1599 "ran(e was at war with a

se(ond european (oaition o" Russia, Great :ritain and Austria4/ 8he pea(e Dapoeon souht was a(hieved at Amiens in 'ar(h

16%2 and e"t ran(e with new "rontiers and a num3er o" (ient territories"rom the north sea to the adriati(4 :ut the pea(e did not ast 3e(ause the

3ritish and "ren(h 3oth rearded it as temporary and had itte o" intention o" 

adherin to its terms4/ in 16%; war was renewed with :ritain whi(h was soon ?oined 3y

 Austria and russia in the third (oaition4/ At "irst Prussia had re"used to ?oin the ;rd (oaition 3ut a"ter

Dapoeon 3ean to reoranie the erman state Prussia reversed its

(ourse4/ Dapoeons empire (oapsed amost as "ast as it had 3een "ormed4

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.  Concordat 

● )apoleon*s concordat +ith the papacy● solidi"ied the roman catholic church as the maority church in

France

.  to what e7tent his rue 3oth "orwarded and undermined (hanes 3rouht a3out

3y the ren(h Revoution

/ oo at the notes a3ove0 he soidi"ied a ot o" the i3era rihts that were

instituted durin the ren(h revoution4 Re(onied the prin(ipe o"

e#uaity reiious toeran(e a3oition o" "eudaism0 However revoed (ertain divor(e rihts and

reinstated the man as the head o" the househod0 'oreover his was an authoritative ruer worse than

ouis and marie Antoinette4

Chapter 31pi pp -.-/-0 

*ey Event, Personor Con(ept

+hat you need to now

Conress o"

>ienna 

8he #uadrupe

aian(e restored

the 3our3on

monar(hy to

"ran(e in the

person o" ouis=>$$$ and areed

to meet at a

(onress in vienna

in septem3er to

arrane a "ina

pea(e settement4

.  *emens von 'etterni(h and other ma?or payers

/ 8he eader o" the (onress o" >ienna was the austrian "orein

minister 'etterni(h4/ Bther 'a?or PayersN orein 'inister 8aeyrand Kran(eL, 8sar

 Ae7ander KRussiaL, *in rederi( KPrussiaL, orein 'inister Casereah

and Iue o" +einton K:ritainL

.  Rise o" conser#ati#e ideooy

/ 8he pea(e arranements o" 161 were the 3einnin o" aconser#ati#e reaction determined to (ontain the i3era and nationaist

"or(es uneashed 3y the ren(h Revoution4 'etterni(h and his ind were

representatives o" the ideooy nown as conser#atism4/ As a modern poiti(a phiosophy (onservatism dates "rom 159%

when Edmund :ure wrote his Re"e(tions on the revoution in ran(eJ in

rea(tion to the ren(h revoution, espe(iay its radi(a repu3i(an and

demo(rati( ideas4/ :ure maintained that so(iety was a (ontra(t 3ut the state ouht to

not 3e (onsidered as nothin 3etter than a partnership areement in a trade

o" pepper and (o""ee to 3e taen up "or temporary interest and to 3e

dissoved 3y the "an(y o" parties4/ Do one eneration has the riht to destroy this partnership ea(h

eneration has a duty to preserve and transmit it to the ne7t4 He advised

aainst the vioent overthrow o" the revoution 3ut was not anti (hane4

.  Prin(ipes o" eitima(y and intervention

/ 'etterni(h (aimed that he was ?uded at >ienna 3y the prin(ipe o"

eitima(y40 8o reesta3ish pea(e and sta3iity in europe he

(onsidered it ne(essary to restore the eitimate monar(h who

woud preserve traditiona insuations4

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0 8his had aready 3een done in ran(e and Spain with

the restoration o" the 3our3ons, "oowin the "a o" Dapoeon as

we as in a num3er o" $taian state where rues had 3een returned to

their thrones40 Esewhere however the eitima(y was arey

inored and (ompetey overshadowed 3y more pra(ti(a

(onsiderations o" power40 8he (onressMs treatment o" Poand to whi(h Russia,

 Austria and Prussia a aid (aim iustrates their approa(h40 prussia and austria were aowed to eep some poish

territory4/ Prin(ipe o" $nterventionN the idea that the reat power have the riht

to use miitary "or(e to restore order in (ountries threatened 3y Revoution

.  :aan(e o" power and Con(ert o" Europe

/ $n main these territoria rearranements the dipomats at vienna

3eieved they were "ormin a new 3aan(e o" power that woud prevent any

one (ountry "rom dominatin Europe4 or e7ampe to 3aan(e russian ains

prussia and austria had 3een strenth4/ Consideration o" the 3aan(e o" power aso di(tated the aied

treatment o" ran(e4 ran(e had not 3een sini"i(anty weaenedO it

remained a reat power4/ 8he "ear remained so stron K that "ran(e woud upset European

pea(e that (on"erees attempted to esta3ish ma?or de"ensive 3arriers

aainst possi3e "ren(h e7pansion4 8o the north o" "ran(e they (reated a

new enared indom o" the netherands (omposed o" the "ormer dut(h

repu3i( and the austrian netherands under a new ruer *in wiiam $ o" the

house o" orane4 8o the southeast Piedmont K o""i(iay part o" the indom

o" sardiniaL was enared4

/ !oseph de maistre another (onservatism 3eieved that ony a3soutemonar(hy (oud uarantee order in so(iety and avoid the (haos enerated

3y movements ie the "ren(h revoutions/ Iespite their di""eren(e most (onservatives hed to a enera 3ody o" 

3eie"s0 8hey "avored o3edien(e to poiti(a authority0 3eieve that oranied reiion was (ru(ia to so(ia

order 0 hated revoutionary upheavas and were unwiin to

a((ept either the i3era demand "or (ivi i3erties and representative

overnments or the nationaisti( aspirations enerated 3y the

ren(h revoutions40 8he (ommunity too pre(ean(e over individua rihts4

4

Hoy Aian(e .  mem3er (ountries aenda

was a (oaition (reated 3y a monar(hist reat powers o" Russia, Austria and

Prussia4

Rise o" i3eraism .  ideooyMs ma?or tenets

/ E(onomi( i3eraism

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0 aso (aed (assi(a e(onomi(s, had its primary tenet

the (on(ept o" aisse "aire, the 3eie" that the state shoud not

interrupt the "ree pay o" natura e(onomi( "or(es espe(iay suppy

and demand40 Governments shoud not restrain the e(onomi( i3erty

o" the individua and shoud restri(t itse" ony three primary "un(tions Ie"ense o" the (ountry poi(e prote(tion o" individuas the (onstru(tion and maintenan(e o"

pu3i( wors too e7pensive "or individuas to undertae4/ Poiti(a i3eraism

0 Poiti(ay i3era (ame to hod a (ommon set o"

3eie"s0 Chie" amon them was the prote(tion o" (ivi i3erties

or 3asi( rihts o" a peope whi(h in(uded e#uaity 3e"ore the aw40 reedom o" spee(h and press0 "reedom "rom ar3itrary arrest0 A o" these "reedoms shoud 3e uaranteed 3y a

written do(ument su(h as the ameri(an 3i o" rihts or the "ren(h

de(aration o" the rihts o" man and the (itien40 :eieved in some sort o" overnment 3ut with (he(s

and 3aan(es4

.  !ohn Stuart 'iMs ideas

/ +as very pro i3eraism/ eminist/ a3soute "reedom/ not a "an o" overnment

Eary-to-'id

19th Century

Revoutions

.  roe o" nationaism andQor i3eraism as uidin ideooyK-iesL

/ Dationaists (ame to 3eieve that ea(h nationaity shoud have its

own overnment4 8hus a divided peope su(h as the ermans wantednationa unity in a erman nation state with one (entra overnment4/ Su3?e(t peopes wanted su(h as the hunarians wanted nationa se" 

determination or the riht to esta3ish their own autonomy rather than 3e

su3?e(t to a erman minority in a mutinationa empire4/ a united ermany or united itay woud upset the 3aan(e o" power

esta3ished in 161/ At the same time in the "irst ha" o" the 19th (entury nationaism and

i3eraism 3e(ame stron aies4 'ost i3eras 3eieved that i3erty (oud 3e

reaied ony 3y peope who rued themseves4

.  ran(e in 162%s and 16;%s

/ 8he new ee(tions Chares = had (aed in 16;% produ(ed anothervi(tory "or ren(h i3eras at this point the in de(ided to seie the

initiative4/ Bn ?uy 2F,16;% (hares issued a set o" edi(ts K the ?uy ordinan(es L

that imposed riid (ensorship on the press dissoved the eisative

assem3y and redu(ed the ee(torate in preparation "or new ee(tions4/ Chares a(tions produ(ed an immediate re3eion- the ?uy revoution4/ 8he 3arri(ades went up in paris as a provisiona overnment ed 3y

a roup o" moderate propertied i3eras were hastiy "ormed and appeaed to

ouis phiippe the due o" oreans a (ousin o" (hares 7 to 3e(ome the

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12/20

(onstitutiona in o" ran(e/ Chares = "ed to 3ritain and a new monar(hy was "ormed4/ ouis-phiippe was soon (aed the 3oureois monar(h 3e(ause

poiti(a support "or his rue (ame "rom the upper midde (ass/ He even dressed ie the midde (ass in 3usiness suits and hats/ (onstitutiona (hanes that "avored the interests o" the upper

3oureoisie were instituted/ "inan(ia #uai"i(ations "or votin were redu(ed yet remained

su""i(ienty hih that the num3er o" voters in(reased ony a itte 3it whi(hmeant that ony the weathier peope woud vote

0 8he party movement ed 3y Adophe thiers "avored

ministeria responsi3iity the pursuit o" an a(tive "orein poi(y and

imited e7pansion o" the "ran(hise40 8he party o" resistan(e was ed 3y ran(ois uiot

who 3eieved that "ran(e had "inay rea(hed the per"e(t "orm o"

overnment and needed no "urther institutiona (hanes40 A"ter 16@% the party o" resistan(e dominated the

(ham3er o" deputies40 Guiot (ooperated with ouis in suppressin

ministeria responsi3iity and pursuin a poi(y "avorin the weathiermanu"a(turers and tradespeope4

.  Gree independen(e

/ 8he Grees revoted aainst their Bttoman 8ur masters4 A

(om3ined :ritish and ren(h "eet de"eated the are Bttoman armada4

Russia de(ared war on the 8urs the year a"ter and win4 8he 8reaty o"

 Adrianope stated that Russia ained (ontro o" two provin(es and

aowed :ritain, ran(e and Russia de(ide GreeMs "aith4 8he powers

de(ided to mae the (ountry independent4

.  why 16@6 revoutions arey "aied

/ i3eraism and nationaism (ontinued to row in many european(ountries

/ $n 16@6 these "or(es o" (hane erupted on(e more4 et aain

revoution in ran(e provided the spar "or other (ountries40 ran(e

a severe industria and ari(utura

depression 3einnin in 16@F 3rouht reat hardship to the

ren(h ower midde (ass, worers, and peasants Bne third o" the worers in paris were

unempoyed in paris 3y the end o" the 16@5 As ouis phiippes overnment

(ontinued to re"use to mae (hanes opposition rew Radi(a repu3i(ans and so(iaists

 ?oined 3y the upper midde (ass under the eadership o"

 Adophe 8hiers aitated "or the dismissa o" uiot4 Sin(e they were "or3idden 3y aw to

stae poiti(a raies they used the poiti(a 3an#uet to (a "or 

re"orms4 Athouh ouis now proposed re"orm

he was una3e to "orm another ministry and a3di(ated on "e3

2@ and "ed to :ritain4

8/19/2019 Chaps 19 20 21 AP Euro

13/20

a provisiona overnment was

esta3ished 3y a roup o" moderate and radi(a repu3i(ans

the atter even in(uded the so(iaist ouis :an(4 8he

provisiona overnment aso esta3ished nationa worshops

under the in"uen(e o" ouis :an(4 As 3an( enviosned them the wor

shos were to 3e (ooperative "a(tories run 3y the worers4$n

"a(t the worshiops priamary provided unsied ?o3s su(h asea" rain and dit(h diin "or umempoyed worers4 8he

(ost o" the proram 3e(ame in(reasiny 3urdensome on the

overnment 8he resut was a rowin spit 3etween

the moderate repu3i(ans who had the support o" most o"

ran(e and the radi(a repu3i(ans whose main support

(ame "rom the Parisian worin (ass4 $n the ee(tion "or the

nationa assem3y %% seats werent to moderate repu3i(ans

and ;%% to avowed monar(hists whie the radi(as ained

ony 1%%4

8/19/2019 Chaps 19 20 21 AP Euro

14/20

reain (ontro o" rome esewhere in itaian ruers manaed to

re(over power on their own4 Bny piedmon was a3e to eep

its i3era (onstitution0 8he "aiures o" 16@6

Popuar revots had initiated

revoutionary upheavas that had ed to the "ormation o"

i3era (onstitution and i3era overnment4 :ut how (oud so

many immediate su((ess in 16@6 3e "oowed 3y so many

disasters ony months ater / 8wo reasons stand out

0 8he unity

o" the revoutionaries had made the

revoutions possi3e 3ut division soon

shattered their rans4 E7(ept in ran(e

moderate i3era "rom the propertied (asses

"aied to e7tended su""rae to the worin

(ass who heped a(hieve the revoutions4 3ut

as radi(as pushed "or universa mae su""raei3eras everywhere pued 3a(4 Con(erned

a3out their property and se(urity they raied to

the od ruin (asses "or the sae o" order and

out o" "ear o" so(ia revoutions 3y the worin

(asses4 A too soon esta3ished overnment

were 3a( in power0 $n 16@6

nationaities everywhere had aso revoted in

pursuit o" se" overnment4 3ut here too

"riht"uy itte was a(hieved as divisions

amon nationaities proved uttery disastrous48houh the hunarians demanded autonomy

"rom the Austrians at the same time they

re"used to their minorities the sovenes (roats

and ser3s0 $nstead

o" ?oinin toether aainst the od empire

minorities "ouht ea(h other4 8he austrians

e""orts to re(over the hunarian provin(es met

with itte su((ess unti they 3ean to pay o""

hunaryMs re3eious minority nationaities

aainst the hunarians4

Return o"

Conservatism

/ Con(ert o" Europe very in"uentia in ensurin the return o"

(onservatism4 G:Q RussiaQPrussiaQ Austria renewed their (ommitment

aainst any attempted restoration o" :onapartist power4/ Prin(ipe o" intervention (reated 3y 'etterni(h reat powers o"

Europe had the riht to send their armies to (ountries where revoutions

were to restore eitimate monar(hs to their thrones4

 

8/19/2019 Chaps 19 20 21 AP Euro

15/20

ran(eMs ConservatismN/ +as de(ided at the Conress o" >ienna to punish the ren(h peope

"or their enthusiasti( response to DapoeonMs return4 ren(h 3orders pushed3a( to those o" 159%

/ ren(hman, !oseph de 'aistre advo(ated "or (ounter revoutionaryand authoritarian (onservatism4

/ 161@, :our3on "amiy restored to the throne o" ran(e40 Su((essor o" ouis =>$$$, Chares $, meant a return o" 

ands to no3es, en(ouraed the Cathoi( Chur(h to reesta3ish(ontro over the ren(h edu(ationa system

 AustriaMs ConservatismN/ 'etterni(h payed a ey roe in (ontinuin Conservatism4/ $n response to a (rowed o" urschenscha"ten who 3urned wors 3y

(onservative authors, 'etterni(h had the diet o" the Germani( Conventiondraw up the 7arlsbad Decrees of 1.19, whi(h provided "or (ensorship o"the press, and pa(ed universities under (ose supervision and (ontro4

/ Austrian "or(es were aowed in 1621 to send troops to Dapes to(rush revot4

PrussiaMs ConservatismN

RussiaMs ConservatismN

Chapter 33 pp -3/-40 

*ey Event, Personor Con(ept

+hat you need to now

Dapoeon $$$ and

8he Se(ond

Empire

8#idence of his conser#atism

He se(ured a3soute rue- un(he(ed 3y popuary ee(ted eisature- to se(urenationa sta3iity and proress

$4 $nitiay, restru(tured overnment to ensure ten-year term asTpresidentM

$$4 Se(ures restoration o" the ren(h empire (reated 3y Dapoeon $ andassumed the tite o" Dapoeon $$$$$$4 Controed miitary, poi(e, and (ivi servi(e$>4 Reserved "or himse" aone the riht to de(are war >4 Ensured that the popuary ee(ted eisative Corps (oud neither

initiate eisation nor (ontro the 3udet in other words, Dapoeon $$$Mspower was e"t un(he(ed

8#idence of his use of nationalism/ He dispayed itte toeran(e "or a power"u 3ut trou3esomeeisature that unne(essariy (he(ed his power 

/ Championed nationa order and sta3iity over e7er(ise o" individuarihts

/ Championed tradition in the sense that he (onne(ted his ownimperia rue with that o" Dapoeon $O his was the 2nd ren(h Empire,(onne(ted to Dapoeon $Ms "irst ren(h Empire

/ He 3ased his eitima(y as an a3soute ruer in a history and ea(ythat he and his peope shared as (itiens o" the same reion4

8#idence of liberalism in his agenda

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16/20

/ :ases eitima(y as a3soute ruer in the peope themseves-throuh popuar votes

/ Prote(tion o" (ivi i3ertiesQ 3asi( rihts o" a peope/ reedom o" spee(h, press and assem3y/ reedom "rom ar3itrary arrest

%ole in the unification of *taly and ermany

/ Cavour (ame to an areement with Dapoeon $$$ in 1664 Dapoeon

areed to ay with Piedmont in drivin the Austrians out o" $tay4 Bn(e they

were driven out, $tay woud 3e re(onied4 --U ran(e woud re(eive Di(eand Savoy as a resut4

0 ren(h arey responsi3e "or 3eatin the Austrians in

2 ma?or 3attes, 3ut then made pea(e with Austria in 169 without

tein the $taians4/ 8he eisative (orps ave an appearan(e o" representative

overnment sin(e its mem3ers were ee(ted 3y universa mae su""rae "or

F year terms4 :ut they (oud neither initiate eisation nor a""e(t the 3udet4/ However in the 16F%s opposition (andidate were aowed reater

"reedom to (ampain and the eisative (ops was permitted more say in

a""airs o" state, in(udin de3ate over the 3udet4

Crimean +ar  %ole of nationalism : other causes

/ 16@-16F/ on story shortN 8he Bttoman Empire K(ontroed Southeastern

Europe 3ut in 1F99 ost HunaryQ8ransyvaniaQCroatia and Sovenia to

 Austrian empireL Russian Empire aso too Bttoman and 3y seiin Crimea

in 156;4 :AS$CAN Dationaisti( revot in Ser3ia and Gree(e "reed "rom

Bttoman Empire4/ +ar 3ean 3etween Russia & Bttoman in 16;, over prote(tin

Christian shrines in Paestine and Bttoman Empire de(ares war on Russia4

:ritain and ran(e de(are war on Russia 3e(ause didnMt ie aressive

Russia or the "a o" the Bttoman Empire4%esults

/ +as (osty to 3oth sides and 3roe up on-standin European

power reationships Q destroyed the Con(ert o" Europe40 Russia humiiated and withdrew "rom European

a""airs "or 2% years0 :e(ause Austria was neutra, it hurt itse" 3e(ause it

didnMt have "riends with any o" the super powers4

Btto von :ismar(

and German

8/19/2019 Chaps 19 20 21 AP Euro

17/20

>4 +ent aainst pariament de(ision re?e(t his 3i "or armyappropriations

 A4 +ent on to 3asi(ay rue Prussia "rom 16F2-16FF 3yinorin the pariament

>$4 Pra(ti(ed ReapoitiNis poiti(s or dipoma(y 3ased primariy on(onsiderations o" iven (ir(umstan(es and "a(tors, rather than e7pi(itideooi(a notions or mora or ethi(a premises4

 

>$$4 o(used on stron miitary and the reserve o" resour(es4>$$$4 Aied himse" with other (ountries to "iht wars

8#idence of using nationalism to push agenda$4 Pariament was dominated 3y Austrians, he used the idea o"

nationaism to arey 3ypass the pariament with his de(isions Kdid not wantto have Prussian poi(y approved 3y AustriansL

8#idence of

8/19/2019 Chaps 19 20 21 AP Euro

18/20

Chancellor >Bismarc"? responsible to the "ing

Erussia anneed olstein, leiswag, Fran"fort, etc, while the south erman states

remained independent but were forced to sign military agreements with Erussia

● FrancoErussian ;ar >e#en Honths ;ar? 1./21./1 France and Erussia were loo"ing for a fight

France was ner#ous of the growing erman state on

their border  6apoleon wanted to be diplomatic

 8cuse pain !here was a re#olution in pain that deposed Iueen

*sabella ** J need a new "ing J offered the throne to Erince a distant relati#e of the Erussian leaders?

J France didnGt want to be surrounded by ohen-ollerns J 7ing

;illiam of Erussia told his cousin to forget about it JFrance was

unsatisfied, and demanded a formal apology from ;illiam and a

promise that 8ms dispatch?K France was angry

and declared war  Bismarc" was completely behind the war and got

France to attac"

 Again, the Erussians had better weapons and

railroads, which benefited them

   Erussia won, France lost, and the 3nd 8mpire in

France ended●    %esults arsh peace for France  *ndemnity >had to pay 0 billion Francs to ermany for the cost of the

war? ermany too" AlsaceFirst erman 8mpire was the %8?

!hey announced the creation of the new empire in ersaille, which really

rubbed it in FranceGs face

  anish 8ar, e#en 8ee:s 8ar +ith $ustria, Franco/;russian 8ar 

$taian

8/19/2019 Chaps 19 20 21 AP Euro

19/20

(onstitution to his peope4 Citiens in om3ardy and >enetia aso re3eed

aainst their Austrian overords4 8he venetians de(ared a repu3i( in

veni(e4 8he in o" northern itay state o" Piedmont (hares a3ert too up

the (a the assumed the eadership "or a war o" i3eration "rom austrian

domination4/ His invasion in om3ardy proved unsu((ess"u and 3y 16@9 the

austrians had esta3ished (ompete (ontro over om3ardy and venetia4

Counter Revoutionary "or(es were aso prevaied throuhout $tay4 ren(h"or(es heped pope Pius $= reain (ontro o" Rome4 Esewhere $taian ruers

manaed to re(over power on their own4 Bny Piedmont was a3e to eep

its i3era (onstitution4

.  Car3onari

/ roup o" itaians who wanted uni"i(ation were a se(ret so(iety4

.  *ey Payers

  Count Camillo Ca#our 

/ 8he itte state- Piedmont- seemed uniey to suppy the needed

eadership4 however unti the new in ictor 8mmanuel ** named count camillo

di ca#our as his prime minister in 1.03

/ he was a i3era minded no3eman who made a "ortune in ari(uture andwent on to mae even more money in 3ain rairoads and shippin4/ Cavour was a moderate who "avoured (onstitutiona overnment4/ A"ter 3e(omin prime minister in 162 he pursued a poi(y o" e(onomi(

e7pansion en(ourain the 3uidin o" roads, (anas and "osterin 3usiness

enterprises 3y e7pandin (redit and stimuatin investment in new industries4 8he

rowth in the piedmontese e(onomy and the su3se#uent in(rease in overnment

revenues ena3ed (avour to pour money into e#uippin a are army4/ He was aware that he (oud not (haene Austria dire(ty4 He woud need

the ren(h4 $n 166 (avour (ame to an areement with Dapoeon $$$4 8he emperor

areed to ay with Piedmont in drivin the austrians out o" $tay4 Bn(e the austrians

were driven our itay woud 3e reoranied4 Piedmont woud 3e e7tended into the

indom o" upper itay 3y addin om3ardy venetia parma modena and part o" thepapa states to its territory4 $n (ompensation "or its e""orts ran(e woud re(eive the

Piedmontese provin(es o" Di(e and Savoy4/ A indom o" (entra $tay woud 3e (reated "or Dapoeon $$$Ms (ousin Prin(e

Dapoeon woud 3e married to the youner dauhter o" *in >i(tor Emmanue4/ Con"ident that his pan woud wor (avour provoed the austrians into

invadin Piedmont in apri 1694/ $n the initia staes o" "ihtin it was the "ren(h who were arey

responsi3e "or de"eatin the austrians in two ma?or 3attes at maenta and

so"erino4 $t was aso the "ren(h who made pea(e with austria on !uy 11 1694

without in"ormin their itaian ay4 Dapoeon reaied that despite two osses the

austrian army had not yet 3een de"eated the strue miht 3e oner and more

(osty than he had anti(ipated4 'oreover, the prussians were mo3iiin in supporto" Austria and Dapoeon had no direse to tae on two enemies at on(e4

/ As a resut o" the pea(e dea Piedmont re(eived ony om3ardy venetia

remained under Austrian (ontro4/ Soon a"ter the war with austria had 3eun some northern $taian states

su(h as parma modena tus(any and part o" the papa states had ?ust 3een taen

over 3y nationaism, $n pe3is(ites hed in 16F% these states areed to ?oin

Piedmont4 Dapoeon areed to the anne7ation in return "or ni(e and savoy4

8/19/2019 Chaps 19 20 21 AP Euro

20/20

repu3i(an (ause o" youn itay raised an army of thousand red shirts as his

vounteers were (aed 3e(ause o" their distin(tive dress and on may 11 16F%

anded in si(iy where a revot had 3roen out aainst the 3our3on in o" the two

si(iies4/ Athouh his "or(es were reaty outnum3ered his ta(ti(s won the day 3y

the end o" ?uy 16F% most o" si(iy had 3een pa(i"ied under his (ontro4/ $n Auust ari3adi and his "or(es (rossed over to the mainand and 3ean

a vi(torious mar(h up the itaian peninsua4 Dapes and the two si(iies "ee in eary

septem3er/ At this point Cavour renterned the s(ene4 Aware that ari3adi panned to

mar(h on rome (avour "eared that su(h a move woud 3rin war with ran(e as the

de"ender o" papa interests4/ 'oreover ari3adi and his men "avored a demo(rati( repu3i(anism (avour 

did not and a(ted #ui(y to preempt ari3adi4/ 8he piedmontese army invaded the papa states and 3ypassin rome

moved into the indom o" napes4 Ever the patriot Gari3adi (hose to yied (avours

"ait a((ompi rather than provoe a (ivi war and retired to his "arm4/ Athouh the itaian army was de"eated 3y the austrians prussian vi(tory e"t

the itaians with >enetia4 $n 165% the "ran(o prussian war resuted in the withdrawa

o" "ren(h troops "rom rome4 8he itaian army then anne7ed the (ity and rome

3e(ame the new (apita o" the united itaian state4