Chapter 1 Two-Phase Flow and Boiling Heat Transfer

1Engineering & System Science Boiling Heat Transfer and Multi-phase Flow Lab.

Two-phase Flow and Boiling Heat Transfer (ESS 6430)

Instructor : Prof. Chin Pan ( )Office : ESS 507

Tel : 03-5715131-34320Email : [email protected]

TA : (office : ESS 425W, ext : 34291)Email : [email protected]


1. Scope of the Course

2. Historical Review

Course Outline for Fall SemesterChapter 1

Introduction


1. Nucleation Theory

2. Bubble Dynamics

3. Interfacial Instability

4. Quality and Void Fraction

5. Two-phase Flow Patterns

Chapter 2Fundamentals of Boiling Heat Transfer and

Two-phase Flow


1. Boiling Incipience and Hysteresis Effect

2. Mechanisms of Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer

3. Correlation Development

4. Nucleation Site Interactions

5. Boiling Chaos

Chapter 3Nucleate Pool Boiling Heat Transfer


1. Boiling Incipience and Hysteresis Effect

2. Subcooled Boiling Heat Transfer

3. Saturated Boiling Heat Transfer

4. Forced Convective Evaporation

5. Correlation Development for Saturated Flow Boiling and Forced Convective Evaporation

Chapter 4Nucleate Flow Boiling Heat Transfer and

Forced Convective Evaporation


1. Pool Boiling Critical Heat Flux

2. Departure from Nucleate Boiling

3. Dryout Heat Flux

4. Correlation Development

Chapter 5Critical Heat Flux


1. Film Boiling under Pool Boiling Conditions

2. Forced Convective Film Boiling

3. Dispersed Flow Heat Transfer

4. Leidenforst Point -Minimum Film Boiling

5. Transition Boiling

Chapter 6Post Critical Heat Flux Heat Transfer


1. Review of Conservation Equations for Single-phase Flow

2. Local Instant Equations for Two-phase Flow

3. Three-dimensional Two-fluid Model

4. One-dimensional Two-fluid Model

5. One-dimensional Homogeneous Flow Model

6. One-dimensional Drift Flux Model

Chapter 7Conservation Equations for Two-phase Flow


1. Interfacial Area Density

2. Interfacial Mass Transfer Rate

3. Interfacial Momentum Transfer Rate

4. Interfacial Energy Transfer Rate

5. Interactions Between Each Phase and Wall

6. Turbulent Model for Two-phase Flow

Chapter 8Closure Issues of Two-phase Flow Models


1. Two-phase Flow Pressure Drop Based on Homogeneous Flow Model

2. Two-phase Flow Pressure Drop Based on Two-fluid Flow Model

3. Two-phase Flow Pressure Drop through Fittings

Chapter 9Two-phase Flow Pressure Drop


1. Boiling Channel Analysis Based on One-dimensional Drift Flux Model

2. Boiling Channel Analysis Based on One-dimensional Two-fluid Model

3. Boiling Channel Analysis Based on Three-dimensional Two-fluid Model

4. Multi-dimensional Analysis of Bubbly Pipe Flow

Chapter 10Steady-state Analysis of Two-phase Pipe Flow


1. Classification of Two-phase Flow Instability 2. Analysis of Ledinegg Instability3. Linear Stability Analysis4. Nonlinear Stability Analysis

Chapter 11Two-phase Flow Instability

3 6 9 12 15 18 21Npch

0

2

4

6

8

10

Nsub UNSTABLE

STABLE

3-Channel System (Neutron Feedback and Interaction)

(No Nuclear Coupling )

C2C4CNormal Operating State

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100t+

-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

u

i+

-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3TF

+

-10.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

N

+

-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3TF

+-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

TF+

Subcore 1 Subcore2 Subcore 3

Chaos oscillationsNsub = 3.702Npch = 5.219

Channel 1

Channel 2

Channel 3


Chapter 12Two-phase Flow in Microchannels

1. Definition of Microchannels

2. Two-phase Flow Patterns in Microchannels

3. Pressure Drop in Microchannels

4. Bubble Dynamics in Microchannels

5. Boiling Heat Transfer in Microchannels


Grade :

35% 35% 20% 10%

----------------------------------------------Total : 100%


REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Butterworth,D. and Hewitt, G.F., Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer, Oxford University

Press,19802. Carey,V.P.,1992,Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Phenomena, Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA,

USA3. Collier,J.G. and Thome, J.R., 1994,Convective Boiling and Condensation,3rd Ed.,

Clarendon Press,Oxford,UK4. Hsu,Y.Y. and Graham , R.W.,1986, Transport Process in Boiling and Two-Phase Flow

System , ANS,USA5. Hewitt,G.F.,Delhaye,J.M. and Zuber, N., Multiphase Science and Technology,

Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 19866. Lahey Jr.,R.t.(ED),1992,Boiling Heat Transfer ,Modern Development and Advances,

Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, USA7. Thome ,J.R., 1990, Enhanced Boiling Heat Transfer, Hemisphere Pub. Corp., New York,

USA8. Tong, L.S. and Tang, Y.S., 1997, Boiling Heat Transfer and Two-Phase Flow ,2nd Ed.,

Taylor and Francis, Bristol , PA, USA9. Whalley, D.B., 1996, Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer, Oxford University Press,

Oxford, UK 10. , 2001, , .11. N.I. Kolev, 2007, Multiphase Flow Dynamics: 1.Fundamental, 3rd Ed., Springer.12. N.I. Kolev, 2007, Multiphase Flow Dynamics: 2.Thermal and Mechanical Interactions,

3rd Ed., Springer.


Chapter.1 Introduction

Ref.: A.E.Bergles ,Two-phase flow and heat transfer,1756-1980, Two-phase Flow and Heat Transfer in the Power and Process Industries,ch24, Hemisphere Publishing Co.,Washington, 1981.

First literature on boiling : A Tract About Some Qualities of Common Water, By Johann GottlobLeidenforst in 1756

1-1 Historical Review of Two-phase Flow and Heat Transfer


Evaporation of a water droplet on hot surface.

TW=1800C TW=2400C

TW=5400C


q"

ln(Tw-Tsat)

Nucleate boiling Transition boiling Vapor film boiling

The minimum film boiling point is now referred to as the Leidenforst Point

CHFq

Minq CHFT tLeidenfrosT


1750-1850 Industrial Revolution The application of steam engine Steam boat and steam train Problem of explosion due to crud deposition

Burstall, 1965Pudney, 1974 Reed, 1965


1850-1930 The laws of thermodynamics 1861 Joule on the surface

condensation of steam 1892 Critical flow of steam-water

mixtures was noted by Sawage and Adam

1916 Nusselt published his classical paper on film condensation process

1917 Lord Rayleigh published his very important work on vapor bubble collapse

1930 suggests the point of significant literature generation on boiling heat transfer and two-phase flow


Condensation augmentationGregorig ( 1954 )

Pool boilingNukiyama ( 1934 )Pool boilingFritz ( 1935 )

Flow patternsBaker ( 1954 )Pool nucleate boilingRohsenow ( 1952 )Two-phase pressure dropMartinelli ( 1948 , 1949 )Subcooled flow boilingMcAdams ( 1949 )

Pool nucleate boilingBonilla ( 1941 )Static instabilityLedinegg ( 1938 )

Pool boilingJakob & Fritz ( 1931 ,1936 )Area of activityInvestigator

Film boilingBromley ( 1950 )

Two-phase Flow and Heat Transfer during 1930-1970


Correlations of flow boiling burnoutMacBeth ( 1963, 1964 )Two-phase film behaviorHewitt ( 1963 )

Area of activityInvestigator

Pool nucleate boilingBorishanskii ( 1956 )Pool nucleate boilingNishiklawa ( 1956 )

Saturated convective boilingChen ( 1963 )Boiling incipienceHsu ( 1962 )Pool boiling burnoutZenkevich ( 1959 )Pool boiling burnoutDoroschchuk ( 1959 )

High Heat fluxesGambill et al ( 1958 ,1961)Critical flowsIsbin ( 1957 )

Industrial heat exchangersKatz et al ( 1955 )Photographic studiesWestwater ( 1954-66 )

Pool boiling burnoutZuber ( 1958 )


Dynamic instabilitiesStenning and Veziroglu ( 1969 )


Nucleate boiling analysisHan and Griffith ( 1965 )TextbookTong ( 1965 )

Correlations of flow boiling burnoutOrnatskiy ( 1969 )AugmentationBergles ( 1969 )Drop condensationRose ( 1967 )Boiling near the critical pointGrigull ( 1967-68 )

Two-phase flow modelsLevy ( 1966 )Literature reviewsGouse ( 1966 )

Fluid-to-fluid modelingStevens and Kirby ( 1964 )Acceleration effects on pool boilingMerte and Clarke ( 1964 )

Pool boiling of mixturesVan Stralen ( 1966 )


Pool boiling burnoutLienhard (1970 )Two-phase film behaviorDucker ( 1970 )TextbookWallis ( 1969 )



Boiling Heat Transfer Two-phase flow in 1980s and early 1990s

After the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 and Chernobyl accident in 1986, boiling heat transfer and two-phase flow related to nuclear safety become very important issues .

Boiling heat transfer and two-phase flow using alternative refrigerants becomes important due to concern of global warm-up problem.

Application of boiling heat transfer in microelectronic cooling. Nonlinear stability analysis of two-phase flow. Multidimensional two-phase flow analysis becomes feasible. Two-phase flow and boiling heat transfer in microchannels.


Compendex Web


0 100 200 300 400Superheating (K)

20

40

60

80

100

Q

u

e

n

c

h

i

n

g

T

i

m

e

(

S

e

c

)

0

40

80

120

160

200

H

e

a

t

F

l

u

x

(

k

W

/

m

2

)

Working Fluild : WaterMatter : Steel

Quenching Curve

Boiling Curve

1-2 Boiling Curve Obtained from Quench of Hot Metal Ball

Quenching Curve

Boiling Curve


20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Quenching Time (Sec)

0

40

80

120

160

200

H

e

a

t

F

l

u

x

(

k

W

/

m

2

)

A

B

C

D

EF

G

H

I


Film boiling Film boiling and transition boiling

Transition boiling and CHF CHF and nucleate boiling

Water


R-141b

Film

CHF

Nucleate

Single


Nukiyamas boiling curves for a platinum wire (Nukiyama, 1934)

1/1


Lockhart-Martinelli correlation (1949)

vv

ll

vl

FdzdPF

dzdP

FdzdPF

dzdP

FdzdPF

dzdPX

)/()(

)/()(

)/()(

2

2

2

=

=

=

1/2


2/2

Value of as a function of pressure and mass quality (Martinelli-Nelson)20l

020 )/()( ll Fdz

dPFdzdP=


1/1

Rohsenow, 1952


1/1

Models for the peak flux in nucleate boiling. (Zuber, 1958)


1/2

Flow pattern map for horizontal flow. (Baker, 1954)


2/2


Low subcoolingHigh subcooling

L Low GH High G

1/1

)ln( lw TT

)ln( q

H

L

)ln( satw TT

)ln( q H

LMcAdams, 1949

Tw-Tsat=(Tw-Tl)-(Tsat-Tl)


1/1

Journal of heat transfer, august 1962, pp207


1/2Chens correlation, 1963 A correlation for Boiling Heat Transfer to Saturated Fluids in Convective Flow

))((][])1([023.0 4.08.0 FDk

kCpDxGh ll

lc

=

)(][00122.0 75.024.024.024.029.05.049.045.079.0

SPTi

Cpkh satsatvlvl

lllNcB =

Reynolds number factor, F(Chen) Suppression factor, S(Chen)


Temperature profiles for pool boiling for convective boiling same supterheat. (Chen)

2/2


1/1

Bergles, 1969

Documents

Chapter 1 Two-Phase Flow and Boiling Heat Transfer