Chapter 5

By Coach Murray

Sponges – Filters of the Sea (5-30)

• Phylum Porifera – 10,000 species mistaken for plants, heterotrophs, up to 16 ft wide, filter 20 x volume in 1 min., secrete mucus to avoid clogging

• Multicelluar: collar cels (move H2O), amoebocyte (absorb/distribute nutrients), osculum (or oscula),

Sponges – Filters of the Sea (5-30)

• Special Attributes of Sponges– Larvae are free swimming and attach themselves

to reef/structures and begin growing into adults– Defense: needlelike spicules (Fig 5-30 in green)

made of glass/calcium or some secrete toxic chemicals

– Can regenerate

Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish (5-33)

• Phyllum Cnidaria – soft/hard corals, sea anemones, hydroids, sea fans, and jellyfish– Radial symmetry, umbrella shaped body polyp or

medusa (tentacles/mouth facing up or down)– Nematocysts – stinging cells on tentacles

Examples of Cnidarians

Cnidarian Anatomy

Speical Attributes of Corals and Anemones

• Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa – 6000 species of sessile polyps (corals and anemones)– Hard corals build reefs made of calcium carbonate

grow for 100+ yrs and shape entire coastlines

– Feed at night on drifting plankton and look fuzzy – tentacles of genus Symbiodinium a dinoflagellate

– Corals get their color from these dinoflagellates

Special Attributes of Fire Corals and Siphonophores

• Class Hydrozoa – colonial, alternate b/w polyp and medusa in their lifecycle

• Examples: Portuguese man-of-war– Has a fish like wish the same name

• Siphonophores all sting

Special Attributes of Jellyfish

• Class Scyphozoa – jellyfish, drift w/current, pulsate bodies to move, eat plankton + fish, grow up to 10’ long, larvae blooms can cause clouds 100 mi. long, prey of Leatherbacks/fish– Examples • Box Jellyfish

– Kills humans

Simple Marine Worms (5-41)

• 22 Phyla of 32 animal Phyla are worms (Whoa!)

• You need to know 3 Phyla – Platyhelminthes – flat worms, mostly parasitic, 1

opening in body– Nemertea – semi-flat worms, carnivores, – Nemotoda – round worms, parasitic, 1 way

digestive system,

Simple Marine Worms (5-41)

Platyhelminthes – the flat worms

Simple Marine Worms (5-41)Nemertea – the ribbon worms

Simple Marine Worms (5-41)Nematoda – round worms

Mollusks – Bag, Scraper, and a Foot (5-43)

• Phyllum Molluska – 100,000 species, 3 classes – Classes Gastropoda , Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda

• General Characters of all Mollusks (Fig 5-46)– Mantle = muscular bag for motion/feeding– Muscular foot/tentacles, radulla are like teeth

Special Attributes of Class Gastropoda

• Characters: (most have 1 shell) snails, slugs, sea slugs, conch

• Undergo torsion in development: body twists into a loop that rearranges organs and bring them back together into a spiral shell

• Those w/o shells use toxins for defense

Special Attributes of Class Gastropoda

Special Attributes of Class Bivalvia

• Characters: (2 hinged shells) – no head, mantle acts as bag for filter feeding

• Close shell for protection, pearls form layers of nacre (dirt surrounded by calcium carbonate)

• Ex. 10,000 species of clams, oysters, and scallops

Special Attributes of Class Bivalvia

Special Attributes of Class Cephalopoda

• Characters: (head-footed) – cuttlefish, squid, octopii

• No shell, muscular foot = tentacles/arms, eyes• Siphon – water propeller• Chromatophores – color changing cells• Suckers for gripping

Special Attributes of Class Cephalopoda

Echinoderms – Stars of the Sea (5-57)

• Phylum Echinodermata = means “spiny skin”– Exoskeleton, madreporite, water vascular system,

tube feet, radial (adult), bilateral (larvae), eyespots• Examples: starfish, sea urchins, basket stars,

Echinoderms – Stars of the Sea (5-57)

• More Phylum Echinodermata Examples: Sand dollar, sea cucumber

Crustaceans- Underwater Arthropods – (5-51)

• Phylum Arthropoda – (“bugs”)1 million species, segmented bodies, jointed legs, exoskelton of chitin.– Superclass Crustacea – 2 antennae, manibiles for

chewing, pair of appendages for each body segment, molt their exoskeletons

Crustaceans – Underwater Arthropods

• Special Attributes of Class Cirripedia– Barnacles– Free swimming larvae fuses itself to hard surface– Has a carapace and uses cirri to gather food

Crustaceans – Underwater Arthropods

• Class Copepoda – small, teardrop shaped, < 1mm (5-53)

• Eat phytoplankton and zooplankton• Eaten by fish, krill, whale sharks, baleen

whales• Fecal pellets recycle ocean nutrients rapidly

Invertebrate Chordates (5-62)

• Characters• Examples

Vertebrates – 40,000 species

• Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata (64)– Characters of Subphylum Vertebrata– Top of all food webs, large, fast, complex, highly

developed organisms w/ 4 limbs, complex eyes– Anthropomorphism - making human things

human when they are not

Vertebrates (The Significance of Class Agnatha 5-64)

• Jawless fish, shark/bony fish ancestor(?) where 1st three gill arches became the jaws of bony fish/sharks

• Ex. Lampreys, hagfish, eels

Sharks and Rays – Teeth and Wings (5-65)

• Class Condrichthyes, Subclass Elasmobranchii: 1000 species, have jaws, skeleton of cartilage a swim bladder, lateral line, gill slits, energy efficient, quick, inconspicuous predator

• Efficient: cartilage lighter than bone, fins sit at angles and asymmetrical tails to provide lift, elastic skin, denticles not scales, teeth grow as conveyor belt (25,000 teeth in lifetime)

• Ampullae of Lorenzini for electroreception

Sharks and Rays – Teeth and Wings (5-69) Continued

• Class Condrichthyes, Subclass Elasmobranchii:– Most do internal fertilization, few (1-10) mature

offspring – some species do lay eggs– Shark fin soup is made by catching the sharks,

cutting off the fins and dumping the shark overboard

– Size of your hand to 46ft (Whale shark)

Subclass Elasmobranchii

Subclass Elasmobranchii

Bony Fish – Half the World’s Vertebrates – 25,000+ (5-73)

• Characteristics of Bony Fish– Class Osteichthyes– Skeleton of bone, true jaws, scales, external

reproduction (100++ eggs), fusiform shape– swim bladder (buoyancy control – get Nitrogen

from bloodstream)– Lateral lines (detect vibrations – schooling and

feeding), countershading (dark top, bright underside)

Swim Bladder

What is it? What does it do?

References:http://www.glossop-sea-angling-club.co.uk/webpages/venting_files/bladder1.gif

•Internal organ – an oblong gas sack•Controls buoyancy in the water column•Filled with Nitrogen and Oxygen gas•Gas comes from 2 places: gulping or from the bloodstream

Lateral Line

• A system of hollow fluid filled canals

• Most species can be seen externally

• Allow the fish to detect motion and vibrations

• Important for:– Schooling– Predator detection– Prey detection

• References• http://www.hatchesmagazine.com/images/12806.04.01.jpg• http://www.amazonian-fish.co.uk/images/plagioscon_squamo

sissimus.jpg

FusiformStructure: A type of shape…..

Side view: Spindle shaped which is broader at the head and a V-shaped tail.Front view: compressed

Function: reduces drag and turbulance

References: http://www.fullpullsportfishing.com/images/fish/bf_tuna.jpg

http://www.marinebiology.org/images/bodyshape.GIF

Special Attributes of Orders Clupeiformes and Gadiformes (5-75)

• Clupeiformes– Small silvery fish, low on food chain (eat diatoms)– Account for ¼ of all fish caught– Ex. Anchovies, sardines, pilchards

• Gadiformes– 1/6 of fish catch but close to commericial

extinction – Ex. Cods, whiting, and haddock

GadiformesMelanogrammus aeglefinus - Haddock

GadiformesOphiodon elongatus - Alaskan Ling Cod

Marine Reptiles – Cold Blood and Warm Water (5-77)

• Characters: few live in ocean, cold blooded, have lungs, internal reproduction(eggs)

• Order Crocodilia – alligators, crocodiles, and caimans

• Lives in estuaries, not truly a marine species

Order Crocodilia – Alligators, Caimans, and Crocodiles

Gators and Caimans vs. Crocs

• Jaw/Snout/Nose Width– Gators and Caimans: U shaped nose, wide jaws, built for

crushing turtles shells – Crocs: more V shaped nose, narrow jaws

Gators and Caimans vs. Crocs

• Tooth Placement– Gators: lower jaw more narrow so teeth in bottom jaw

almost hidden– Crocs: upper and lower jaw the same size, top and bottom

teeth interlock and show– Crocs: large 4th tooth

Special Attributes of Marine Crocodiles, Turtles, Snakes and Lizards

• Order Chelonia (turtles and tortoises) – 7 marine species which eat plants/animals, all bycatch hazards, lay 100 – 120 eggs in dunes

• Ex. Green sea turtle, Leatherback• Order Squamata – 61 sea snake species, cobra

relatives, deadly venom, – Marine iguana only marine reptile – swims, dives,

and is an herbivore (algae), Galapagos native

Order Chelonia – Chelonia mydas (Green sea turtle)

Order Chelonia – Caretta caretta – Loggerhead sea turtle

Order Squamata

Aipyisurus lavevis – Olive sea snakeLaticauda colubrina – Banded sea snake

Seabirds – At Flight Over and In the Ocean (5-81)

• Characters: Class Aves – 10,000 feathered species of birds, forelimbs, 4 chambered heart, internal fertilization of eggs,

• Prey on: fish, crustaceans, mollusks, Predators: sharks

• Indicate marine ecosystem health, guano• Adaptations: bills, longer wings, webbed feet,

Marine Mammals – Warm Blood in Cold Water (5-83)

• Class Mammalia: – top of food web, need extra energy for

thermoregulation, breathe air– Have myoglobin, mammalian diving reflex, flexible

skin, echolocation (dolphins and whales)• Examples– Dolphins, whales, seals, sea lions

Can you name these 3 pinnipeds?

Special Attributes of Seals and Sea Lions

• Order Pinnipedia – examples and characters– Seals: no ear flaps, hind flippers point backwards,

crawls on stomach– Sea Lions: ear flaps, hind flippers can rotate hind

flippers forward, sit more upright, run by pivoting – Walrus: no earl flaps, can rotate hind flippers like

sea lions

Special Attributes of Dolphins, Whales, and Porpoises (5-86)

• Order Cetacea – fish like mammals, breathe through dorsal blow holes, no hind limbs, muscular tail, blubber

• 2 suborders – use echolocation (hunting/communicating)– Mysticeti – baleen whales (humpback, gray, blue),

all big b/c consume at bottom of food chain– Odontoceti – toothed whales (sperm whale, orcas,

dolphins, porpoise) , keen ability to learn

Special Attributes of Dugongs and Manatees

• Order Sirenia (4 species, all mammals + herbivores)– Manatees – elephant relative, rare, killed by boat

screws, aka “sea cow”, native to northern S. America

Marine Mammals and Human Interactions

• http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504784_162-20011367-10391705.html