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Charles Dickens Charles Dickens (1812-1870) (1812-1870)

Charles Dickens (1812-1870) The Victorian Period The Critical RealismMay,11

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Charles DickensCharles Dickens(1812-1870)(1812-1870)

The Victorian The Victorian PeriodPeriodThe Critical RealismThe Critical Realism

May,11May,11

Charles DickensCharles Dickens1812-18701812-1870

Charles DickensCharles Dickens(1812-1870)(1812-1870)

Charles Charles DickensDickens

"Whether or not I shall become the hero of my own

life remains to be seen."

Charles Dickens’ s Charles Dickens’ s Museum Museum

狄更斯的故居狄更斯的故居

WhoWho

Charles John Hufman Dickens Charles John Hufman Dickens (1812-1870)(1812-1870)

An English writerAn English writer

pen-name was "Boz”pen-name was "Boz”

A Victorian era writerA Victorian era writer

His lifeHis life

Charles DickensCharles Dickens was born on was born on February 7February 7, , 18121812 in in PortsmouthPortsmouth, , EnglandEngland. .

His His parentsparents were John Dickens, a were John Dickens, a navalnaval pay clerk, and Elizabeth Barrow.pay clerk, and Elizabeth Barrow.

At five, Charles moved to At five, Charles moved to ChathamChatham. . When Charles was ten years old, his When Charles was ten years old, his

family moved to family moved to CamdenCamden, , LondonLondon. .

Family LifeFamily Life Father – John DickensFather – John Dickens

Mother – Elizabeth BarrowMother – Elizabeth Barrow

Father was a Navel clerkFather was a Navel clerk

Financially comfortable and then Financially comfortable and then destitutedestitute

Parents were sent to a Debtors PrisonParents were sent to a Debtors Prison

Dickens’ early yearsDickens’ early years

Young Charles forced to Young Charles forced to work in shoe factory: work in shoe factory:

Warrens Blacking FactoryWarrens Blacking Factory

Mostly self-educated – Mostly self-educated – erratic schoolingerratic schooling

In 1827, he took a job as a In 1827, he took a job as a legal clerklegal clerk

He then worked as a He then worked as a reporter in courts and in reporter in courts and in Parliament Parliament

LIFELIFEAttended William Giles where he was a good Attended William Giles where he was a good studentstudent

When John Dickens, his father, was jailed in the When John Dickens, his father, was jailed in the Marshalsen Prison for debts, his family went Marshalsen Prison for debts, his family went with him except Charles (12) who worked at with him except Charles (12) who worked at Warren’s Show Blacking Factory pasting labels Warren’s Show Blacking Factory pasting labels on boxes to help supprt his family. on boxes to help supprt his family.

During this time he lived at a boarding house in During this time he lived at a boarding house in Canden Town.Canden Town.

His working conditions were bad and he was His working conditions were bad and he was introduced to the hardships of the world.introduced to the hardships of the world.

Dickens hard timesDickens hard times Dickens's hard times in this Dickens's hard times in this

blackening factory served as the base blackening factory served as the base of ideas for many of his of ideas for many of his novelsnovels. .

When his When his uncleuncle died and he died and he inheritedinherited moneymoney, Charles's father paid off his , Charles's father paid off his debts and was released from prison.debts and was released from prison.

Then his father arranged for Charles Then his father arranged for Charles to attend the Wellington House to attend the Wellington House Academy in London as a day pupil Academy in London as a day pupil from 1824-1827. from 1824-1827.

Temporary JobsTemporary Jobs Charles Charles got a got a jobjob as an as an officeoffice boy for boy for

an an attorneyattorney. After finding that job . After finding that job dull, he taught himself dull, he taught himself shorthandshorthand and became a and became a journalistjournalist that that reported on the government. He reported on the government. He published his first book, published his first book, The Pickwick PapersThe Pickwick Papers, in , in 18361836..

Dicken falls in love with Dicken falls in love with Maria BeadnellMaria Beadnell, the , the daughter of a banker, whom he had courted for daughter of a banker, whom he had courted for four years. However, her father sent her to four years. However, her father sent her to finish school and their relationship eneded in finish school and their relationship eneded in 1833.1833.

In 1836, he married In 1836, he married Cataherine HogartCataherine Hogart, the , the daugher of the Evening Chronicle editor. They daugher of the Evening Chronicle editor. They had ten children together but seperated in had ten children together but seperated in 1858.1858.

Rumors has it that Dickens had affairs with both Rumors has it that Dickens had affairs with both of Catherine’s sistersof Catherine’s sisters

Died in Gadshill from stroke on July 8th, 1870Died in Gadshill from stroke on July 8th, 1870

Mary Beadnell

Married Life and FamilyMarried Life and Family Katherine Hogarth: not a Katherine Hogarth: not a

happy womanhappy woman

9 children9 children

Mistress: Ellen Turner- Mistress: Ellen Turner- London ActressLondon Actress

Spent much of his time in Spent much of his time in LondonLondon

Not a good family manNot a good family man

Settled down to comfortable, married, middle class life

Early Writing Career

He wrote short humorous sketches with pictures by Boz which became known as Pickwick Papers

Became famous in a short period of time and wildly popular among devoted readers awaiting his next installment

Gave numerous public readings for $$$, worldwide

Success as a NovelistSuccess as a Novelist Nickolas NicklebyNickolas Nickleby18391839 Oliver Twist Oliver Twist 18391839 The Old Curiosity ShopThe Old Curiosity Shop

18411841 Barnaby RudgeBarnaby Rudge 1841 1841 Martin ChuzzlewittMartin Chuzzlewitt 1843 1843 Dombey and SonDombey and Son 1849 1849 David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield 1850 1850 Bleak HouseBleak House 1853 1853 Hard TimesHard Times 1854 1854 Little DorrittLittle Dorritt 1857 1857 A Tale of Two CitiesA Tale of Two Cities 1859 1859 Great ExpectationsGreat Expectations 1861 1861

Charles Dickens’s NovelsCharles Dickens’s Novels

《《雾都孤儿雾都孤儿》》( ( Oliver Twist Oliver Twist )) (1837-1839)(1837-1839) 《《老古玩店老古玩店》》( ( The Old Curiosity Shop The Old Curiosity Shop )) (1840-1841)(1840-1841) 《《董贝父子董贝父子》》( ( Dombey and Son Dombey and Son )) (1846-1848) (1846-1848) 《 《 大卫大卫 ··科波菲尔 科波菲尔 》》( ( David Copperfield David Copperfield )) (1849-1850) (1849-1850) 《《荒凉山庄荒凉山庄》》( ( Bleak House Bleak House )) (1852-1853) (1852-1853) 《《艰难时世艰难时世》》( ( Hard Times Hard Times ) ) (1854)(1854) 《 《 双城记 双城记 》》( ( A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities )) (1859)(1859) 《《远大前程远大前程》》( ( Great Expectations Great Expectations )) (1860-1861)(1860-1861) 《《我们共同的朋友我们共同的朋友》》( ( Our Mutual Friend Our Mutual Friend )) (1864-1865)(1864-1865)

His graveHis grave

Charles Dickens died on Charles Dickens died on June 9June 9, , 18701870. .

He was buried in He was buried in Poet's CornerPoet's Corner in in

Westminster AbbeyWestminster Abbey..

ImpactImpactTravelled and Travelled and campaigned against campaigned against social evils and brought social evils and brought awareness to social evilsawareness to social evils

Some say that he forced Some say that he forced child labor laws into child labor laws into existence existence

Others also say that he Others also say that he changed the way poor changed the way poor were viewed and also the were viewed and also the amount of assistance and amount of assistance and regard given to themregard given to them

London in Dickens’ timesLondon in Dickens’ times

Major Themes in Dickens’ Major Themes in Dickens’ fictionfiction

Loneliness of childhood Loneliness of childhood Oppression of poverty Oppression of poverty Uncertainty of love and marriageUncertainty of love and marriage Indifference of social institutionsIndifference of social institutions Sustaining joy of family lifeSustaining joy of family life Perseverance and sacrifice in face of Perseverance and sacrifice in face of

untold hardships and injusticeuntold hardships and injustice

ThemesThemes

Aristocracy- wealth, rich, land and powerAristocracy- wealth, rich, land and power Child labor- Child labor- David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield and and Oliver Oliver

Twist Twist Lost love and unattainable womenLost love and unattainable women Dickens’ main characters greatly Dickens’ main characters greatly

resemble himself and his life: many resemble himself and his life: many autobiographical links between life and autobiographical links between life and writings of Dickens.writings of Dickens.

The Characteristics of The Characteristics of Charles Dickens’sCharles Dickens’s Novels Novels

1)He intended to expose and criticize 1)He intended to expose and criticize in his works all the in his works all the poverty, injustice, poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness.hypocrisy and corruptness.

2)Most of his works are deeply rooted in his knowledge of that petty-bourgeois urban world which he knows under the skin.

.

The Characteristics of The Characteristics of Charles Dickens’sCharles Dickens’s Novels Novels

3)All of his works present a criticism of 3)All of his works present a criticism of the more complicated and yet most the more complicated and yet most fundamental social institutions and fundamental social institutions and morals of the Victorian Englandmorals of the Victorian England

4)In language, Charles Dickens is famous for his adeptness with the vernacular and large vocabulary with which he brings out many a wonderful verbal picture of man and scene.

.

The Character-The Character-Portrayal of Charles Portrayal of Charles

DickensDickens 1) Character-portrayal is the most 1) Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of Dickens’s works.distinguishing feature of Dickens’s works.

2)Among a range of various characters, 2)Among a range of various characters, marked out by some peculiarity in physical marked out by some peculiarity in physical traits, speech or manner, are both types traits, speech or manner, are both types and individuals.and individuals.

3)The characters are the embodiments of 3)The characters are the embodiments of human beings, with some particular human beings, with some particular features exaggerated and highlighted , features exaggerated and highlighted , exposed to the degree of extremity.exposed to the degree of extremity.

Dickens’ legacy Dickens’ legacy He remains the foremost 19He remains the foremost 19thth century century

British writer of fiction;British writer of fiction; Amazing and detailed depiction of lifestyle Amazing and detailed depiction of lifestyle

and issues of a transforming industrial and and issues of a transforming industrial and urban landscape;urban landscape;

Vivid and dramatic dialogue;Vivid and dramatic dialogue; Profession as court reporter enhanced Profession as court reporter enhanced

awareness of social inequities.awareness of social inequities.

Charles Dickens and Charles Dickens and his charactershis characters

David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield

““ With the With the exceptionexception of the heel of a of the heel of a Dutch cheese—which is not adapted to Dutch cheese—which is not adapted to the wants of a young family,” said Mrs. the wants of a young family,” said Mrs. Micawber— “there is really not a scrap of Micawber— “there is really not a scrap of anything in the anything in the larderlarder. I was . I was accustomed to speak of the accustomed to speak of the larderlarder when when I lived withI lived with papa papa and and mammamamma, and use , and use the word almost unconsciously. What I the word almost unconsciously. What I mean to express is, that there is nothing mean to express is, that there is nothing to eat in the house.”to eat in the house.”

David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield

““ I never thought.” Said Mrs. Micawber, I never thought.” Said Mrs. Micawber, when she came up, twin and all, to show when she came up, twin and all, to show me the apartment and sat down to take me the apartment and sat down to take breath, “beforebreath, “before

I was married, I was married, when I lived withwhen I lived with papa papa and and mammamamma, that I should ever find it , that I should ever find it necessary to take a lodger. But Mr. necessary to take a lodger. But Mr. Micawber being in difficulties, all Micawber being in difficulties, all considerations of private feeling must considerations of private feeling must give way.”give way.”

I said, “Yes, ma’am.” I said, “Yes, ma’am.”

The Characteristics of The Characteristics of Charles Dickens’sCharles Dickens’s Novels Novels

1)He intended to expose and criticize 1)He intended to expose and criticize in his works all the in his works all the poverty, injustice, poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness.hypocrisy and corruptness.

2)Most of his works are deeply rooted in his knowledge of that petty-bourgeois urban world which he knows under the skin.

.

3)All of his works present a 3)All of his works present a criticism criticism of of the more complicated and yet most the more complicated and yet most fundamental fundamental social institutions and social institutions and morals of the Victorian England.morals of the Victorian England.

4)In language, Charles Dickens is famous for his adeptness with the vernacular and large vocabulary with which he brings out many a wonderful verbal picture of man and scene.

The Character-The Character-Portrayal of Charles Portrayal of Charles

DickensDickens 1) Character-portrayal is the most 1) Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of Dickens’s works.distinguishing feature of Dickens’s works.

2)Among a range of various characters, 2)Among a range of various characters, marked out by some marked out by some peculiarity in physical peculiarity in physical traits, speech or mannertraits, speech or manner, are both types , are both types and individuals.and individuals.

3)The characters are the embodiments of 3)The characters are the embodiments of human beings, with some human beings, with some particular particular features exaggerated and highlightedfeatures exaggerated and highlighted , , exposed to the degree of extremity.exposed to the degree of extremity.

Dickens’s styleDickens’s style

Charles Dickens has a richness of Charles Dickens has a richness of expression expression

and generally succeeds in using and generally succeeds in using thethe right right words and phrases at the words and phrases at the rightright moment for themoment for the right right characters to characters to attain the attain the right right effects.effects.

Dickens depicts Mr. Micawber who uses Dickens depicts Mr. Micawber who uses a mixture of colloquial words and a mixture of colloquial words and

learned words — to show the learned words — to show the personality of the character.personality of the character.

The character of Mr. The character of Mr. Micawber Micawber

This This typical style of languagetypical style of language outlines outlines a very optimistic character of Mr. a very optimistic character of Mr. Micawber who never projects his future Micawber who never projects his future but always imagines an unexpected but always imagines an unexpected success or good fortune may hit on his success or good fortune may hit on his head. He is a little bit vulgar, vain but head. He is a little bit vulgar, vain but never loses the good nature of never loses the good nature of humankind, which is shown in the way humankind, which is shown in the way he treats little David Copperfield. he treats little David Copperfield.

And the same for Mrs. Micawber. And the same for Mrs. Micawber.

David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield

Chapter XIChapter XI

“ “Under the impressionUnder the impression,” said Mr. Micawber, ,” said Mr. Micawber, “that your “that your peregrinationperegrination in this in this metropolismetropolis have not as yet been extensive, and that you have not as yet been extensive, and that you might have some difficulty in penetrating themight have some difficulty in penetrating the arcanaarcana of the of the Modern BabylonModern Babylon in the in the direction of the City Road—in short,” said Mr. direction of the City Road—in short,” said Mr. Micawber, Micawber, in another burst of confidencein another burst of confidence, , “that you might lose yourself—I shall be happy “that you might lose yourself—I shall be happy to to callcall this evening, andthis evening, and installinstall you in the you in the knowledge of the nearest way.”knowledge of the nearest way.”

Questions Questions

Question 1. Question 1. Social truth revealed in this Social truth revealed in this

chapterchapter The sufferings of the middle and lower The sufferings of the middle and lower

class (David; the boys in the factory; the class (David; the boys in the factory; the Micawbers);Micawbers);

The lower and middle class as the main The lower and middle class as the main force of social development (working force of social development (working class);class);

The kindness and simpleness of the The kindness and simpleness of the common people;common people;

The implied contrast between the rich and The implied contrast between the rich and the poorthe poor

Question 2. Portray and the Question 2. Portray and the qualities of Mr. Micawberqualities of Mr. Micawber

Typical character under typical Typical character under typical circumstance;circumstance;

This typical style of language This typical style of language outlines a very outlines a very optimisticoptimistic character character of Mr. Micawber of Mr. Micawber who never projects who never projects his future but always imagines his future but always imagines an unexpected success or good an unexpected success or good fortune may hit on his head.fortune may hit on his head.

The qualities of the character The qualities of the character of of

Mr. Micawber Mr. Micawber He is a little bit vulgar, vain but He is a little bit vulgar, vain but

never loses the good nature of never loses the good nature of humankind, as humankind, as

is shown in the way he treats little is shown in the way he treats little David Copperfield. David Copperfield.

And the same for Mrs. Micawber. And the same for Mrs. Micawber.

Question 3. Style and Question 3. Style and languagelanguage

Touches of humor;Touches of humor; Peculiar language and gestures:Peculiar language and gestures:

Manner of speaking (Mr. Manner of speaking (Mr. Micawber’s)Micawber’s)

Manner of physical appearanceManner of physical appearance

( a quizzing-glass—for ornament)( a quizzing-glass—for ornament)

Dickens’s languageDickens’s language

Charles Dickens has a richness of Charles Dickens has a richness of expression and generally succeeds in expression and generally succeeds in using using the the right right words and phrases at the words and phrases at the righright moment for the t moment for the rightright characters to characters to attain the attain the rightright effects. effects.

Dickens depicts Mr. Micawber who uses Dickens depicts Mr. Micawber who uses a mixture of colloquial words and a mixture of colloquial words and

learned words — to show the learned words — to show the personality of the character.personality of the character.

It was the best of Times. It was the worst of Times.

Dr.Manette Lucie Manette Sydey Carton

Defarge Charles Darnay Evremonde

Main characters in the text:

Can you tell the relationships between them ?

Dr.Manette Lucie Manette Sydey Carton

Defarge Charles Darnay Evremonde

father friend

servant

wif

enephew

enemy

The websites we can useThe websites we can use

www.wikipedia.comwww.wikipedia.com www.bbc.co.ukwww.bbc.co.uk www.charlesdickenspage.comwww.charlesdickenspage.com www.victorianweb.orgwww.victorianweb.org http://http://www.underthesun.ccwww.underthesun.cc

/Classics/Dickens//Classics/Dickens/ humwww.ucsc.eduhumwww.ucsc.edu/dickens//dickens/ http://www.literature.org/authors/dickens-chttp://www.literature.org/authors/dickens-c

harlesharles

William Makepeace William Makepeace ThackerayThackeray

William Makepeace Thackeray was born in Calcutta in 1811. His William Makepeace Thackeray was born in Calcutta in 1811. His parents returned to England in 1817 and Thackeray was educated at parents returned to England in 1817 and Thackeray was educated at CharterhouseCharterhouse and Trinity College, and Trinity College, CambridgeCambridge. However, Thackeray . However, Thackeray became addicted to gambling and left Cambridge in 1830 without a became addicted to gambling and left Cambridge in 1830 without a degree and heavily in debt. degree and heavily in debt.

At first Thackeray tried to make a living as a painter but after this At first Thackeray tried to make a living as a painter but after this ended in failure he turned to journalism. Thackeray moved to Paris ended in failure he turned to journalism. Thackeray moved to Paris where he became the French correspondent for the radical where he became the French correspondent for the radical newspaper, newspaper, The ConstitutionalThe Constitutional. When . When The ConstitutionalThe Constitutional ceased ceased publication, Thackeray moved back to England and began publication, Thackeray moved back to England and began contributing articles to a wide variety of newspapers and journals, contributing articles to a wide variety of newspapers and journals, including including The TimesThe Times, , The Morning ChronicleThe Morning Chronicle, , Fraser's MagazineFraser's Magazine and and Punch MagazinePunch Magazine. .

Thackeray also began writing novels and in 1844 Thackeray also began writing novels and in 1844 Fraser's MagazineFraser's Magazine serialised serialised Barry LyndonBarry Lyndon. In 1847 Thackeray published his most . In 1847 Thackeray published his most famous novel, famous novel, Vanity FairVanity Fair. This was followed by . This was followed by The History of Henry The History of Henry EsmondEsmond (1852), (1852), NewcomesNewcomes (1853) and (1853) and The VirginiansThe Virginians (1857). (1857).

Although a successful novelist, Thackeray continued to write articles Although a successful novelist, Thackeray continued to write articles for journals such as for journals such as Punch MagazinePunch Magazine. In 1859 he became editor of . In 1859 he became editor of the the Cornhill MagazineCornhill Magazine, a monthly literary journal published by , a monthly literary journal published by George Smith. William Makepeace Thackeray died in 1863. George Smith. William Makepeace Thackeray died in 1863.

English journalist, novelist, famous for his novel VANITY FAIR English journalist, novelist, famous for his novel VANITY FAIR (1847-48), a tale of two middle-class London families. Most of (1847-48), a tale of two middle-class London families. Most of Thackeray's major novels were published as monthly serials. Thackeray's major novels were published as monthly serials. Thackeray studied in a satirical and moralistic light upper- and Thackeray studied in a satirical and moralistic light upper- and middle-class English life - he was once seen as the equal of his middle-class English life - he was once seen as the equal of his contemporary Dickens, or even as his superior. contemporary Dickens, or even as his superior.

"This I set as a positive truth. A woman with fair "This I set as a positive truth. A woman with fair opportunities, and without a positive hump, may marry opportunities, and without a positive hump, may marry whom she likes."whom she likes." (from (from Vanity FairVanity Fair) William Makepeace ) William Makepeace Thackeray was born in Calcutta, India, as the only son of Thackeray was born in Calcutta, India, as the only son of Richmond Thackeray, a Collector in the East Indian Company's Richmond Thackeray, a Collector in the East Indian Company's service. After his father died he was sent to home to England. He service. After his father died he was sent to home to England. He was educated at Charterhouse and at Trinity College, Cambridge. was educated at Charterhouse and at Trinity College, Cambridge. Thackeray abandoned his studies without taking a degree, having Thackeray abandoned his studies without taking a degree, having lost some of his inheritance of twenty thousand pounds through lost some of his inheritance of twenty thousand pounds through gambling. In the beginning of the 1830s he visited Germany, gambling. In the beginning of the 1830s he visited Germany, where he met Goethe.where he met Goethe.

During 1831-33 Thackeray studied law at the Middle Temple, London, During 1831-33 Thackeray studied law at the Middle Temple, London, but had little enthusiasm to continue his studies. In 1833 he brought but had little enthusiasm to continue his studies. In 1833 he brought with a large heritage the with a large heritage the National Standard,National Standard, but lost his fortune a year but lost his fortune a year later in the Indian bank failures and other bad investments. According later in the Indian bank failures and other bad investments. According to an anecdote, Thackeray offered to undertake the task of illustrating to an anecdote, Thackeray offered to undertake the task of illustrating Dickens's PDickens's Pickwick Papers ickwick Papers in 1836, but the author himself found in 1836, but the author himself found Thackeray's drawings unsuitable. Thackeray's drawings unsuitable.

After art studies in Paris, Thackeray returned in 1837 to London and After art studies in Paris, Thackeray returned in 1837 to London and started his career as a hard working journalist. Often he used absurd started his career as a hard working journalist. Often he used absurd pen names such as George Savage Fitz-Boodle, Michael Angelo pen names such as George Savage Fitz-Boodle, Michael Angelo Titmarsh, Théophile Wagstaff, and C.J. Yellowplush, Esq. In 1836 he Titmarsh, Théophile Wagstaff, and C.J. Yellowplush, Esq. In 1836 he married a poor Irish girl, Isabella Shawe; they had three daughters. married a poor Irish girl, Isabella Shawe; they had three daughters. Their first child, Anne Thackeray Ritchie (1837-1919), became a writer Their first child, Anne Thackeray Ritchie (1837-1919), became a writer - her impressionistic texts impressed Virginia Woolf, who drew a - her impressionistic texts impressed Virginia Woolf, who drew a portrait of her in portrait of her in Night and DayNight and Day (1919) as 'Mrs Hilbery'. Ritchie (1837- (1919) as 'Mrs Hilbery'. Ritchie (1837-1919) published several novels, and contributed to an 1898-99 edition 1919) published several novels, and contributed to an 1898-99 edition of her father's works. A prominent intellectual figure of her time and of her father's works. A prominent intellectual figure of her time and well-acquainted with a number of the great names of British literature, well-acquainted with a number of the great names of British literature, she also wrote memoirs of her contemporaries, including Tennyson she also wrote memoirs of her contemporaries, including Tennyson (1809-1892) and Ruskin (1819-1900). (1809-1892) and Ruskin (1819-1900).

Thackeray began to contribute regularly to Thackeray began to contribute regularly to Fraser's MagazineFraser's Magazine, , Morning ChronicleMorning Chronicle, , New Monthly MagazineNew Monthly Magazine and and The TimesThe Times. His . His writings attracted first attention in writings attracted first attention in PunchPunch, where he satirized English , where he satirized English snobbery. These sketches reappeared in 1848 as THE BOOK OF snobbery. These sketches reappeared in 1848 as THE BOOK OF SNOBS, in which he stated that "he who meanly admires mean SNOBS, in which he stated that "he who meanly admires mean things is a Snob." things is a Snob."

In 1840 Isabella Thackeray suffered a mental breakdown, from which In 1840 Isabella Thackeray suffered a mental breakdown, from which she never recovered, through she survived Thackeray by thirty she never recovered, through she survived Thackeray by thirty years. The author was forced to send his children to France to his years. The author was forced to send his children to France to his mother. The children returned to England in 1846 to live with him. mother. The children returned to England in 1846 to live with him.

Already in his first novel, CATHERINE (1839), originally written for Already in his first novel, CATHERINE (1839), originally written for Fraser's Magazine,Fraser's Magazine, Thackeray broke with the literary conventions of Thackeray broke with the literary conventions of his day: "The characters of the tale ARE immoral, and no doubt of it; his day: "The characters of the tale ARE immoral, and no doubt of it; but the writer humbly hopes the end is not so. The public was, in our but the writer humbly hopes the end is not so. The public was, in our notion, dosed and poisoned by the prevailing style of literary notion, dosed and poisoned by the prevailing style of literary practice, and it was necessary to administer some medicine that practice, and it was necessary to administer some medicine that would produce a wholesome nausea, and afterwards bring about a would produce a wholesome nausea, and afterwards bring about a more healthy habit." In THE LUCK OF BARRY LYNDON (1844), more healthy habit." In THE LUCK OF BARRY LYNDON (1844), Thackeray portrayed an adventurer, opportunist, and gambler, who Thackeray portrayed an adventurer, opportunist, and gambler, who serves in the Seven Years War, first under the English flag and then serves in the Seven Years War, first under the English flag and then in the Prussian army, gains wealth, and eventually is punished for his in the Prussian army, gains wealth, and eventually is punished for his imperfections. "Suppose in a game of life - and it is but a twopenny imperfections. "Suppose in a game of life - and it is but a twopenny game after all - you are equally eager of winning," Thackeray wrote game after all - you are equally eager of winning," Thackeray wrote much later in 'Autour de mon Chapeau' (1863). "Shall you be much later in 'Autour de mon Chapeau' (1863). "Shall you be ashamed of your ambition, or glory in it?" ashamed of your ambition, or glory in it?"

In In Vanity Fair Vanity Fair , set at the time of the Napoleonic wars, Thackeray , set at the time of the Napoleonic wars, Thackeray created one of the most fascinating immoral female characters, created one of the most fascinating immoral female characters, Becky Sharp, who manages to avoid the fate of Barry Lyndon: "I Becky Sharp, who manages to avoid the fate of Barry Lyndon: "I think I could be a good woman if I had five thousand a year." (from think I could be a good woman if I had five thousand a year." (from Vanity FairVanity Fair) The book brought Thackeray prosperity and made him ) The book brought Thackeray prosperity and made him an established author and popular lecturer in Europe and in the an established author and popular lecturer in Europe and in the United States. United States.

Vanity FairVanity Fair was sub-titled 'A Novel without a Hero'. "Everybody in Vanity Fair must was sub-titled 'A Novel without a Hero'. "Everybody in Vanity Fair must have remarked how well those live who are comfortably and thoroughly in debt; how have remarked how well those live who are comfortably and thoroughly in debt; how they deny themselves nothing; how jolly and easy they are in their minds." The vast they deny themselves nothing; how jolly and easy they are in their minds." The vast satirical panorama of a materialistic society centers on Becky Sharp and Amelia satirical panorama of a materialistic society centers on Becky Sharp and Amelia Sedley, good-natured but 'silly'. They are two boarding-school friends, whose Sedley, good-natured but 'silly'. They are two boarding-school friends, whose destinies are contrasted. Clever and ambitious Becky is born into poverty as the destinies are contrasted. Clever and ambitious Becky is born into poverty as the daughter of a penniless artist. Her plans to marry Amelia's brother Joseph fail. She daughter of a penniless artist. Her plans to marry Amelia's brother Joseph fail. She marries Rowdon Crawley, but he is disinherited. Becky manages to live at the height marries Rowdon Crawley, but he is disinherited. Becky manages to live at the height of fashion through the patronage of Lord Steyne. When her husband discovers the of fashion through the patronage of Lord Steyne. When her husband discovers the truth, he departs to become the governor of Coventry Island. Becky is ostracized and truth, he departs to become the governor of Coventry Island. Becky is ostracized and she moves to the Continent. In the meantime Amelia's stockbroker father is ruined. she moves to the Continent. In the meantime Amelia's stockbroker father is ruined. Amelia is loved by William Dobbin but she marries George Osborne - he dies in the Amelia is loved by William Dobbin but she marries George Osborne - he dies in the battle of Waterloo. Amelia's son is left into the care of his grandfather, who dies and battle of Waterloo. Amelia's son is left into the care of his grandfather, who dies and leaves him a fortune. Amelia travels in the Continent with his brother and they meet leaves him a fortune. Amelia travels in the Continent with his brother and they meet Becky. Dobbin has returned from India and disapproves Amelia's kindness to Becky. Becky. Dobbin has returned from India and disapproves Amelia's kindness to Becky. Older and disillusioned, Dobbin and Amelia can marry. Becky regains her hold over Older and disillusioned, Dobbin and Amelia can marry. Becky regains her hold over Joseph, who dies in suspicious circumstances. Becky's husband Rowdon dies, and Joseph, who dies in suspicious circumstances. Becky's husband Rowdon dies, and Becky ends the novel in the guise of a pious widow. - Becky ends the novel in the guise of a pious widow. - See alsoSee also: Anthony Trollope, : Anthony Trollope, Michael Innes Michael Innes

Thackeray's increasing love for Jane Brookfield, the wife of an old Cambridge friend, Thackeray's increasing love for Jane Brookfield, the wife of an old Cambridge friend, led to a rupture in their friendship. THE HISTORY OF HENRY ESMOND, ESQ., appeared led to a rupture in their friendship. THE HISTORY OF HENRY ESMOND, ESQ., appeared in three volumes in 1852, and reflected the melancholic period in the life of the in three volumes in 1852, and reflected the melancholic period in the life of the author. By the end of his career, Thackeray's disillusionment with contemporary author. By the end of his career, Thackeray's disillusionment with contemporary culture seems to have deepened. In THE ADVENTURES OF PHILIP (1862) the culture seems to have deepened. In THE ADVENTURES OF PHILIP (1862) the protagonist, Philip, is out of place in a world that does not accommodate his vision of protagonist, Philip, is out of place in a world that does not accommodate his vision of masculinity. masculinity.

Thackeray said that he couldn't start a novel until he knew every aspect of his Thackeray said that he couldn't start a novel until he knew every aspect of his characters. He called Victorian times "if not the most moral, certainly the most characters. He called Victorian times "if not the most moral, certainly the most squeamish." Once, as an editor, he rejected an Elizabeth Barrett Browning poem squeamish." Once, as an editor, he rejected an Elizabeth Barrett Browning poem because it employed the word harlot. Thackeray became in 1860 the first editor of because it employed the word harlot. Thackeray became in 1860 the first editor of the the Cornhill MagazineCornhill Magazine, for which he wrote his RAUNDABOUT PAPERS, LOVE THE , for which he wrote his RAUNDABOUT PAPERS, LOVE THE WIDOWER, THE ADVENTURES OF PHILIP and the unfinished DENIS DUVAL. Less WIDOWER, THE ADVENTURES OF PHILIP and the unfinished DENIS DUVAL. Less successful Thackeray was with his attempt to stand for Parliament. His contacts with successful Thackeray was with his attempt to stand for Parliament. His contacts with friendly rival Charles Dickens ended in a quarrel, but their daughters continued to be friendly rival Charles Dickens ended in a quarrel, but their daughters continued to be friends. Thackeray died suddenly on Christams Eve 1863. Just before his death he he friends. Thackeray died suddenly on Christams Eve 1863. Just before his death he he had reconciled with Dickens. had reconciled with Dickens.

Thackeray was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. His bust at the Westminster Abbey Thackeray was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. His bust at the Westminster Abbey was made by the Italian sculptor Marachetti. The poet's daughter was not satisfied was made by the Italian sculptor Marachetti. The poet's daughter was not satisfied with the work and let another sculptor to modify her father's stone sideburns until with the work and let another sculptor to modify her father's stone sideburns until they were the right length. they were the right length.

Title-page to Vanity Fair, Drawn Title-page to Vanity Fair, Drawn by Thackeray, who Furnished by Thackeray, who Furnished the Illustrations for Many of his the Illustrations for Many of his Earlier EditionsEarlier Editions

AuthorAuthorWilliam William Makepeace Makepeace ThackerayThackerayIllustratorIllustratorWiWilliam Makepeace lliam Makepeace ThackerayThackerayCountryCountryUnitUnited ed KingdomKingdomLanguageLanguageEnglEnglishishPublisherPublisherPunch Punch magazine magazine (serialized)(serialized)Publication Publication datedateJanuary 1847 and January 1847 and July 1848 (serialized in July 1848 (serialized in 20 parts)20 parts)

2004, dir. by Mira Nair, starring 2004, dir. by Mira Nair, starring Reese Witherspoon, James Reese Witherspoon, James

Purefoy, Eileen Atkins, Gabriel Purefoy, Eileen Atkins, Gabriel Byrne Byrne

Thomas HardyThomas Hardy(1840-1928)(1840-1928)

Thomas Hardy, the son of a stonemason, was born in Thomas Hardy, the son of a stonemason, was born in Dorsetshire, England, in 1840. He trained as an Dorsetshire, England, in 1840. He trained as an architect and worked in London and Dorset for ten architect and worked in London and Dorset for ten years. Hardy began his writing career as a novelist, years. Hardy began his writing career as a novelist, publishing publishing Desperate RemediesDesperate Remedies in 1871, and was soon in 1871, and was soon successful enough to leave the field of architecture for successful enough to leave the field of architecture for writing. His novels writing. His novels Tess of the D'UrbervillesTess of the D'Urbervilles (1891) (1891) and and Jude the ObscureJude the Obscure (1895), which are considered (1895), which are considered literary classics today, received negative reviews literary classics today, received negative reviews upon publication and Hardy was criticized for being upon publication and Hardy was criticized for being too pessimistic and preoccupied with sex. He left too pessimistic and preoccupied with sex. He left fiction writing for poetry, and published eight fiction writing for poetry, and published eight collections, includingcollections, including Wessex Wessex PoemsPoems (1898) and (1898) and Satires of CircumstanceSatires of Circumstance (1912). (1912).

生平生平 托马斯托马斯 .. 哈代,哈代, Thomas HardyThomas Hardy ,, 18401840 ~~ 19281928 ,英,英

国诗人、小说家。他是横跨两个世纪的作家,早期和中期国诗人、小说家。他是横跨两个世纪的作家,早期和中期的创作以小说为主,继承和发扬了维多利亚时代的文学传的创作以小说为主,继承和发扬了维多利亚时代的文学传统;晚年以其出色的诗歌开拓了英国统;晚年以其出色的诗歌开拓了英国 2020 世纪的文学。世纪的文学。

哈代哈代 18401840 年年 66 月月 22 日生于英国西南部的一个小村庄,毗日生于英国西南部的一个小村庄,毗邻多塞特郡大荒原,这里的自然环境日后成了哈代作品的邻多塞特郡大荒原,这里的自然环境日后成了哈代作品的主要背景。他的父亲是石匠,但爱好音乐。父母都重视对主要背景。他的父亲是石匠,但爱好音乐。父母都重视对哈代的文化教育。哈代的文化教育。 18561856 年哈代离开学校,给一名建筑师年哈代离开学校,给一名建筑师当学徒。当学徒。 18621862 年前往伦敦,任建筑绘图员,并在伦敦大年前往伦敦,任建筑绘图员,并在伦敦大学进修语言,开始文学创作。学进修语言,开始文学创作。

创作创作 哈代的文学生涯开始于诗歌,后因无缘发表,改事小说创哈代的文学生涯开始于诗歌,后因无缘发表,改事小说创

作。他的第一部长篇小说作。他的第一部长篇小说《《计出无奈计出无奈》》问世于问世于 18711871 年。年。成名作是 他的第四部小说成名作是 他的第四部小说《《远离尘嚣远离尘嚣》》(( 18741874 )。从此,)。从此,他放弃建筑职业,致力于小说创作。他放弃建筑职业,致力于小说创作。

哈代一生共发表了近哈代一生共发表了近 2020 部长篇小说,其中最著名的当推部长篇小说,其中最著名的当推《《德伯家的苔丝德伯家的苔丝》》、、《《无名的裘德无名的裘德》》、、《《还乡还乡》》和和《《卡斯卡斯特桥市长特桥市长》》。诗。诗 88 集,共集,共 918918 首,此外,还有许多以首,此外,还有许多以“威塞克斯故事”为总名的中短篇小说,以及长篇史诗剧“威塞克斯故事”为总名的中短篇小说,以及长篇史诗剧《《列王列王》》。。

哈代的作品反映了资本主义侵入英国农村城镇后所引起的哈代的作品反映了资本主义侵入英国农村城镇后所引起的社会经济、政治、道德、风俗等方面的深刻变化以及人民社会经济、政治、道德、风俗等方面的深刻变化以及人民(尤其是妇女)的悲惨命运,揭露了资产阶级道德、法律(尤其是妇女)的悲惨命运,揭露了资产阶级道德、法律和宗教的虚伪性。他的作品承上启下,既继承了英国批判和宗教的虚伪性。他的作品承上启下,既继承了英国批判现实主义的优秀传统,也为现实主义的优秀传统,也为 2020 世纪的英国文学开拓了道世纪的英国文学开拓了道路。路。

Thomas Hardy 1840-1928Thomas Hardy 1840-1928哈代哈代

– a transitional writer: the last important 19a transitional writer: the last important 19thth century novelist century novelist

– a 20a 20thth century poet century poet– novels of critical realismnovels of critical realism

Under the Green woodUnder the Green wood 1871 1871 Far from the Madding CrowdFar from the Madding Crowd 1874 1874

– novels of character and environment: novels of character and environment: naturalistic & pessimisticnaturalistic & pessimistic The Return of the NativeThe Return of the Native 1878 1878 The Mayor of the CasterbridgeThe Mayor of the Casterbridge 1886 1886 Tess of the D’UrbervillesTess of the D’Urbervilles 1891 1891 Jude the ObscureJude the Obscure 1896 1896

The Features of HardyThe Features of Hardy

1)1) He is intellectually advanced and He is intellectually advanced and emotionally traditional.emotionally traditional.

2)2) The immense impact of scientific The immense impact of scientific discoveries and modern discoveries and modern philosophic thoughts upon him is philosophic thoughts upon him is quite obvious.quite obvious.

The Characteristics of The Characteristics of Hardy’s WritingHardy’s Writing

1)1) Novels of character and environmentNovels of character and environment2)2) Naturalism has played an important part in Naturalism has played an important part in

Hardy’s works.Hardy’s works.3)3) Hardy is a meditative story-teller or romancer.Hardy is a meditative story-teller or romancer.4)4) He is a great painter of nature.He is a great painter of nature.5)5) His heroes and heroines are all vividly and His heroes and heroines are all vividly and

realistically depicted.realistically depicted.6)6) All works of Hardy are noted for the rustic All works of Hardy are noted for the rustic

dialect and a poetic flavor which fits well into dialect and a poetic flavor which fits well into their perfectly designed architectural their perfectly designed architectural structures.structures.

The Masterpiece of The Masterpiece of HardyHardy

Tess of the D’Urbervilles Tess of the D’Urbervilles

Typical characters under the typical circumstances.典型环境下的典型人物。典型环境下的典型人物。

What is Critical Realism?批判现实主义

Style of the Victorian NovelStyle of the Victorian Novel

Influenced by the large sprawling novels of Influenced by the large sprawling novels of sensibility of the preceding agesensibility of the preceding age

tended to be idealized portraits of tended to be idealized portraits of difficult difficult liveslives in which in which hard workhard work, , perseveranceperseverance, , lovelove and and luckluck win in the end win in the end

virtuevirtue would be rewarded and would be rewarded and wrong-doerswrong-doers are punished. are punished.

tended to be of an improving nature with a tended to be of an improving nature with a central moral lesson at heart, informing central moral lesson at heart, informing the reader the reader how to be a good Victorianhow to be a good Victorian. .

Victorian CompromiseVictorian Compromise

the literature from this period the literature from this period demonstrates a demonstrates a dualityduality, or double , or double standard, between the concerns for standard, between the concerns for the the individualindividual (the exploitation and (the exploitation and corruption both at home and abroad) corruption both at home and abroad) and and national successnational success

Often referred to as the Often referred to as the Victorian Victorian Compromise. Compromise.

Connection to Connection to otherother double standard? double standard?

AssignmentAssignment

1.1. Remember the literary terms: Remember the literary terms: Chartist Literature, the Chartist Literature, the Chartists, critical realism.Chartists, critical realism.

2.2. What are the features of What are the features of Critical Literature?Critical Literature?

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