1

MT S VN V CH BIN SU QUNG TITAN VIT NAM

KS. Trng c Chnh Tp on Cng nghip Than-Khong sn Vit Nam

Bo co gii thiu ngun ti nguyn titan Vit Nam, hin trng khai thc v ch bin qung titan. Trn c s nhng cng ngh ch bin su trn th gii, bo co t ra nhng vn cn lu khi ch bin su v xut phng hng thch hp cho vic ch bin su qung titan Vit Nam.

1. Ti nguyn v hin trng khai thc ch bin titan ca Vit Nam Qung titan v cc hp cht titan c s dng nhiu trong nn kinh t quc

dn. Titan kim loi v hp kim titan c t trng thp, bn v chng mi mn tt, nhit nng chy cao. Chng l vt liu khng th thiu i vi ngnh hng khng, v tr v s dn thay th cc hp kim thp khng g trong cc ngnh cng nghip khcBt mu (pigment) TiO2 c kh nng chu c s thay i khc nghit ca kh hu nhit i, khng c c tnh, rt bn mu v bn ho hc, c phn chiu cao nn c s dng rng ri trong ngnh sn, cht do, cng nghip giy, nhum, in mu, si dt v.v

Vit Nam c ngun ti nguyn titan ng k bao gm c qung sa khong v qung gc. Qung titan gc tp trung ch yu khu vc Thi Nguyn (m Cy Chm v cc vng xung quanh). Tr lng xc nh v ti nguyn d bo qung titan gc c nh gi khong 7,8 tr. tn, trong tr lng xc nh l 4,83 tr. tn. Qung titan sa khong b bin phn b ch yu vng ven bin t Qung Ninh n B Ra-Vng Tu, trong tp trung cc tnh: Thanh Ho, H Tnh, Tha Thin-Hu, Bnh nh, Bnh Thun v tr lng xc nh khong 9,2 tr. tn.

Tng tr lng titan xc nh khong 14 triu tn (chim 41%) v ti nguyn d bo khong 20,5 triu tn (chim 59%).

Xt v quy m ti nguyn titan, Vit Nam hin nay ng vo hng th 11 cc nc c tr lng titan ln nht ca th gii (Bng 1).

Theo thng tin t Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam, khu vc Nam Trung b t Ninh Thun n Bc B Ra-Vng Tu va pht hin ngun ti nguyn titan trong tng ct , nh gi s b khong trn 200 triu tn khong vt nng. Nh vy, sau khi c kt qu iu tra kho st v thm d, rt c th v tr ca Vit Nam trong bng xp hng cc nc c tr lng qung titan trn th gii s tng nhiu bc.

T nm 1991, Vit Nam bt u hnh thnh cng nghip khai thc, tuyn qung titan vi sn lng ngy cng tng. T khong 10.000 tn (nm 1990) ln 177.000 tn (nm 2000) v khong 508.000 tn (nm 2008) ch tnh ring cc n v thuc Hip hi Titan Vit Nam. Cng vi ilmenit cn thu c cc sn phm i km khc nh rutil, zircon, monazit. Gn 20 nm qua, ring cc n v trong Hip hi Titan Vit Nam sn xut v tiu th tng cng 3.858.874 tn qung tinh cc loi. Tr mt s t qung tinh ilmenit v zircon c s dng trong nc cn li phn ln qung tinh cc loi c xut khu. Nhn chung, ngoi mt s n v c quy m sn xut trung bnh, cn li a s l sn xut quy m nh, cng ngh khai thc, tuyn n gin nn cht lng qung tinh v thc thu kim loi cha cao. Hu ht cha c ch bin su

2

qung tinh ilmenit. Ch t sau khi Chnh ph ra lnh cm xut khu qung tinh th mt s n v mi c chuyn ng trong vic ch bin ilmenit thnh titan hon nguyn v x titan.

Bng 1. Tr lng qung titan trn th gii Sn lng qung tinh (103,

tn) Nc 2007 2008

Tr lng (103.tn)

Xc nh (103,tn)

Ilmenit: M 300 200 6.000 59.000 Australia 1.400 1.250 130.000 160.000 Brazil 127 130 43.000 84.000 Canaa 816 900 31.000 36.000 Trung Quc 550 550 200.000 350.000 n 378 378 85.000 210.000 Mzmbich 14 133 16.000 21.000 Na Uy 377 380 37.000 60.000 Nam Phi 1.100 1.090 63.000 220.000 Ucraina 290 302 5.900 13.000 Vit Nam 254 215 1.600 14.000 Cc nc khc 115 109 66.000 150.000 Ton th gii 5.720 5.640 680.000 1.400.000 Rutil: M 400 1.800 Australia 297 309 19.000 31.000 Brazil 3 3 1.200 2.500 n 20 20 7.400 20.000 Mozmbich - 3 480 570 Xiera Leon 79 95 2.500 3.600 Nam Phi 108 121 8.300 24.000 Ucraina 57 57 2.500 2.500 Cc nc khc - - 400 1.000 Ton th gii 564 608 42.000 87.000 Ilmenit v rutil ton th gii 6.290 6.250 730.000 1.500.000

Ngun: US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2008 Qua gn 20 nm pht trin, ngnh cng nghip titan ca nc ta vn cha c

mt c s ch bin no n sn phm pigment hay titan xp/titan kim loi. Ngoi ra, do vic khai thc, tuyn qung sa khong ven bin n gin, thu li nhun cao nn xy ra tnh trng: khai thc titan trn lan hu ht cc tnh ven bin min Trung, ri bun bn lu qung titan ra nc ngoi vi gi r mt, cht ph rng cy phng h ven bin, hu hoi mi trng,v.v

Tnh trng trn cho thy nhng bt cp trong quy hoch, qun l v m i vi khai thc ch bin th v xut khu qung titan hin nay. Vi s liu qung titan mi c pht hin ln gn gp 7 ln so vi tr lng hin c th vic t chc khai thc, ch bin su sao cho c hiu qu, vi quy m thch hp, trnh c nhng tiu cc nh trong thi gian qua l yu cu bc thit nhm m bo cng nghip titan ca Vit Nam pht trin bn vng.

2. Cc cng ngh ch bin su qung titan Nu coi ch bin su l t sau sn phm qung tinh th ch bin su qung titan

c th c coi l bt u t cc sn phm c lm giu, ti titan xp, titan kim loi, pigment TiO2, ri ch bin thnh cc sn phm hng ho khc

3

2.1. Cc sn phm titan c lm giu Trong qung tinh ilmenit cha nhiu st. ch bin titan kim loi hay pigment

theo quy trnh clorua, ngi ta phi kh bt st v lm giu titan. Hin ti c 2 phng php lm giu chnh l: ch bin thnh x titan v ch bin thnh rutil tng hp.

2.1.1. Ch bin x titan (Titanium slag): Ngi ta luyn qung tinh ilmenit trong l h quang in. Sn phm thu c l x titan (75-90% TiO2) v gang hp kim. Tu theo cng ngh sn xut ca mi nc, x titan c th t cht lng khc nhau. X titan chia thnh 2 bc cht lng: x bc sulphat c dng cho sn xut pigment theo quy trnh sulphat thng c cht lng thp hn (75-80% TiO2) v x titan bc clorua, dng cho sn xut pigment theo quy trnh clorua vi yu cu cht lng cao hn (85 - 90% TiO2).

Nguyn l c bn sn xut x titan din ra theo phn ng: FeTiO3 + C = TiO2 + Fe + CO2/CO

Ngoi ra cn c sn phm X titan nng cp (Upgraded titanium slag hay UGS) cng l 1 loi x titan c nng cp ln n 92-93% TiO2 do Cng ty QIT-Fer et Titane thuc Tp on Rio Tinto c quyn v cng ngh sn xut.

Phng php luyn x titan c u im: thi t c hi ra mi trng hn so vi phng php ho hc sn xut rutil tng hp; qu trnh hu nh tn dng ht c cc thnh phn khong sn c trong qung ilmenit, cht thi ra mi trng ch yu dng kh.

X titan hin ang chim khong 40% th phn nguyn liu cho ngnh sn xut pigment TiO2 ca th gii.

2.1.2. Ch bin rutil tng hp (synthetic rutile-SR): Qu trnh tng hp rutil t qung tinh ilmenit l s kt hp: va x l nhit (nung) hon nguyn st va dng ho cht (H2SO4, HCl, mt s loi mui,v.v) ho tch st v cc tp cht khc. Qu trnh nung (hon nguyn st) thng din ra trong l quay nhit cao (900-1.150oC). SR thu c thng c hm lng trn 90% TiO2, thch hp cho sn xut tian xp hoc pigment bng quy trnh clorua.

Nhc im ca phng php sn xut SR l khng tn dng c ht cc thnh phn c trong qung ilmenit (st khng thnh gang m dng oxit hoc clorua); sinh ra kh nhiu cht thi c hi, yu cu rt nghim ngt trong cng ngh x l cht thi.

Hin ti c 02 quy trnh chnh sn xut SR thng mi l quy trnh Becher v quy trnh Benelite. Hai quy trnh ny ch yu khc nhau trong s dng cht kh st (bitum hay du nng) v ho cht cho ho tch (mui amon clorua hay axit clohydric).

Hin, SR ang chim khong 18-20% th phn nguyn liu cung cp cho ngnh cng nghip sn xut pigment TiO2 ca th gii.

2.2. Cc sn phm titan ch bin 2.2.1. Titan kim loi sn xut titan kim loi ngi ta phi sn xut t mt s sn phm trung gian

nh: tetraclorua titan (TiCl4), titan bt (xp) ri luyn thnh titan thi. 1) Tetraclorua titan (TiCl4): Nguyn liu sn xut TiCl4 cc sn phm cha

hm lng TiO2 cao nh: rutil t nhin, rutil tng hp hay x titan cht lng cao.

4

Cng ngh tng hp TiCl4 nh sau: Nguyn liu c a vo l clo ho vi kh clo v c s tham gia ca cht kh l ccbon nhit cao (850-1250oC) thu c TiCl4 th, sau tinh lc thu ly TiCl4 tinh khit. cng on tng hp TiCl4 th hin c 02 quy trnh chnh: quy trnh trong l tng si (fluidized-bed) v quy trnh dng mui nng chy (molten salt). Cc nc nh M, Nht Bn th s dng quy trnh l tng si cn cc nc nh Nga, Ucraina, Kazakhstan, Trung Quc th s dng quy trnh mui nng chy.

Qu trnh xy ra theo phn ng: TiO2 + 2Cl2 + C = TiCl4 + CO2/CO 2) Titan xp (Titanium sponge) Nguyn tc tng hp titan xp da trn phn ng kh ca cc kim loi mnh

(Mg, Na) vi TiCl4. Tu theo cht kh c s dng m c quy trnh Kroll (khi dng kim loi Mg) hay quy trnh Hunter (khi dng kim loi Na).

Qu trnh din ra theo phn ng: TiCl4 + 2Mg = Ti + 2MgCl2 hoc: TiCl4 + 4Na = Ti + 4NaCl

Titan kim loi thu c sau phn ng c dng xp, nhiu l rng nh bt bin. Qu trnh sn xut titan bt i hi tiu hao in nng ln (trung bnh khong

35.000 kwh/tn sn phm). Mui MgCl2 c in phn thu hi ly Mg kim loi v kh clo c ti s dng vo chu trnh.

Hin trn th gii ch c 6 nc sn xut c Titan xp l: Nga, Nht Bn, M, Kazakhstan, Ucraina v Trung Quc.

3) Sn xut titan kim loi Qu trnh sn xut titan kim loi din ra qua 2 bc: s luyn v luyn ln hai. - S luyn: Titan bt c p nh, v np vo khun, sau dng p sut nn.

Trong mi trng chn khng hoc kh tr, qu trnh nu chy titan bt s din ra trong l h quang chn khng, l plasma v.v Titan nng chy c c thnh cc thi.

- Luyn ln hai: m bo cht lng, cc thi titan qua s luyn c dng nh cc in cc luyn ln hai. Sau khi kim tra, nu m bo cht lng, titan nng chy s c c thnh thi, khi lng mi thi 5-10 tn.

T titan kim lai v hp kim titan, ngi ta ch thnh cc sn phm nh titan thanh, titan tm, titan dy cc kch c v.v t ch to ra cc chi tit c kh v sn phm t titan.

2.2.2. Sn xut pigment TiO2 Pigment TiO2 l loi bt mu trng vi thnh phn l TiO2. Hin ti c 02 quy

trnh chnh sn xut pigment TiO2 thng mi: quy trnh sulphat v quy trnh clorua.

1) Quy trnh sulphat (sulphate process) Quy trnh sulphat s dng axit sulphuric m c ho tch. Qu trnh c

phn ng nh sau: FeTiO3 + 2H2SO4 TiOSO4 + FeSO4 TiOSO4 TiO2.nH2O + H2SO4

5

TiO2nH2O TiO2 + nH2O Pigment

ca quy trnh ny c dng anataz hoc rutil tu theo yu cu. u im ca cng ngh

ny l c th s dng nguyn liu tng i r tin nh: ilmenit, x titan hm lng TiO2 thp (70%), nhng c nhc im l phn thi qu nhiu (trung bnh khong 3,5-4 tn sulphat st/tn sn phm; ngoi ra cn axit long). Khu x l cht thi v vy kh phc tp v tn km. Chi ph sn xut ca quy trnh ny cao hn quy trnh clorua khong 150-200 USD/T sn phm.

2) Quy trnh clorua (Chloride process) Quy trnh ny s dng kh clo trong qu trnh clorua ho nguyn liu titan

(rutil, rutil tng hp, x titan hm lng TiO2 cao). Qu trnh xy ra theo cc phn ng nh sau:

TiO2 + 2Cl2 + C TiCl4 + CO2 TiCl4 + O2 TiO2 + 2Cl2 u im ca quy trnh ny l cho sn phm dng rutil cht lng cao, t cht

thi (ch 0,2 t/tn sn phm nu s dng rutil lm nguyn liu), gi thnh sn xut thp hn quy trnh sulphat. Nhc im l phi s dng nguyn liu vi hm lng TiO2 cao (rutil t nhin, rutil tng hp, x titan cht lng cao) v cht thi l clorua st phi x l.

3. Cc vn t ra i vi vic ch bin su qung titan Vit Nam C nhiu vn t ra cn nhc, tnh ton trc khi quyt nh u t i

vi ch bin su qung titan Vit Nam. Theo chng ti, nhng vn quan trng nht nh sau:

3.1. Vn th trng Th trng c 2 loi sn phm ch bin su hin nay (pigment v titan xp) u

nm trong tay s t cc Tp on sn xut ln trn th gii. Vic gia nhp th trng mi l khng n gin.

3.1.1. Th trng sn xut titan xp/titan kim loi Trn th gii hin mi ch c 6 nc sn xut titan xp l: M, Nht Bn, Nga,

Kazakhstan, Ucraina v Trung Quc. Cc nh sn xut titan xp chnh trn th gii c nu ti Bng 2.

Bng 2. Cng sut titan xp trn th gii n v: tn

TT Tn c s sn xut Nm 2007 Nm 2008 1 TIMET (M) 8.900 13.000 2 ATI (M) 5.100 7.300 3 Zaporozhye (Ucraina) 12.000 12.000 4 UST (Kazakhstan) 23.000 23.000 5 AVISMA (Nga) 32.500 35.000 6 TOHO (Nht Bn) 15.700 15.700 7 OSAKA (Nht Bn) 24.000 24.000 8 Trung Quc 50.000 70.000 Tng cng 171.200 200.000

(Ngun: Asian Metals Ltd)

6

3.1.2. Th trng sn xut pigment TiO2 Cc nh sn xut chnh pigment c nu trong Bng 3.

Bng 3. Sn lng pigment TiO2 nm 2006 TT Danh mc nh sn xut Sn lng pigment, (1000 tn) 1 DuPont 975 2 Millenium 612 3 Tronox 576 4 Huntsman Tioxide 529 5 Kronos 509 6 Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha 176 7 Kemira 120 8 Cristal 110 9 Trung Quc 733

10 Khc 596 Tng cng ton th gii 4.936

Tng cng sut cc nh my pigment TiO2 ca cc nc trn th gii nm 2008 vo khong 5.280.000 tn/nm. Trong , ng u l M vi 1.580.000 t/n; Trung Quc trong my nm gn y vn ln v tr th hai vi khong 900.000 t/n; tip theo l cc nc cng nghip pht trin nh c, Anh, Php, Nht Bn,c.. (xem Bng 4).

Nh vy c th thy rng, cc cng ty hng u khng ch hu ht cc th trng tiu th pigment ch yu trn th gii. Vic mt i th mi xut hin tham gia vo cuc chi chc chn s khng c cc cng ty ny hoan nghnh.

Bng 4. Cng sut pigment TiO2 ca th gii nm 2008 TT Nc Cng sut pigment nm 2008, (t/n) 1 M 1.580.000 2 Trung Quc 900.000 3 CHLB c 440.000 4 Nht Bn 317.000 5 Anh 290.000 6 c 241.000 7 Phn Lan 130.000 8 Php 125.000 9 Mexico 125.000 10 Ucraina 120.000 11 Canaa 90.000 12 80.000 13 Ty Ban Nha 80.000 14 B 74.000 15 Nga 20.000 16 Kazakhstan 1.000 17 Cc nc khc 670.000 Tng cng ton th gii 5.280.000 Ngun: U.S Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, Jan. 2009

3.2. Vn mi trng Ngoi xu th chung ca th gii l ngy cng t s dng cc cng ngh gy

nhim mi trng th cn vn lin quan n khu vc c m titan ca Vit Nam. Khu vc ti nguyn titan mi pht hin nm cc tnh ven bin Nam Trung b.

Tuy khng phi l khu vc tp trung ng dn c nhng cng l vng du lch ni ting

7

ca Vit Nam. Vic khai thc, ch bin qung titan l cn thit nhng phi la chn cng ngh nh th no m bo hi ho cc li ch v gi gn mi trng cho pht trin bn vng, tc ng n mi trng xung quanh l thp nht.

3.3. Vn cng ngh Ch bin su qung titan d theo hng no (sn xut titan xp v titan kim loi

hay pigment TiO2) cng u l nhng qu trnh cng ngh phc tp m hin nay Vit Nam cha lm ch c. Trc y, tuy c mt s c s trong nc nghin cu ch bin n pigment TiO2 bng quy trnh sulphat hay ch bin n x titan nhng nhn chung mi ch dng quy m th nghim hoc bn cng nghip; cc ch tiu tiu hao nguyn liu, nng lng cn cao, kh c th sn xut hiu qu quy m cng nghip. V vy, ch bin su qung titan ca Vit Nam, iu r rng l phi nhp cng ngh t nc ngoi. Nhng nhp u? Cng ngh no? Ch bin nhng sn phm no? v.v.. l nhng cu hi cn c li gii p.

Trc y di thi chin tranh lnh, cng ngh sn xut titan xp v kim loi titan l nhng b mt nh nc m cc quc gia s hu chng gi kn. Ngy nay, tuy khng cn b mt nh trc nhng vn ch c tng cng 6 nc trn th gii sn xut titan xp v 5 nc sn xut titan kim loi.

i vi cng ngh sn xut pigment TiO2 bng quy trnh sulphat th hin nay khng phi l vn qu kh khn. Bi cng ngh ny tng i lu i, c nhiu cng ty, nhiu nc lm ch. Mt khc v c nhng nhc im ca mnh, ngy cng c t nc mun p dng cng ngh ny cho cc nh my mi xy dng ca mnh.

Cng ngh sn xut pigment TiO2 bng quy trnh clorua c nhiu u im nhng hin c rt t cng ty nm gi. Ring Tp on DuPont ca M cn s hu quy trnh clorua nhng ch cn nguyn liu l qung tinh ilmenit hm lng giu. i vi Tp on DuPont th vic chuyn giao cng ngh hu nh khng c t ra. Tuy nhin vn c ngoi l khi Tp on ny xy dng nh my i Loan v hin ang xy dng 01 nh my khc cng sut 200.000 t/n Trung Quc. Vic tm kim i tc nc ngoi chp nhn chuyn giao cng ngh sn xut pigment bng quy trnh clorua l bi ton rt kh gii. c nhiu cng ty ca Vit Nam mt rt nhiu cng sc tm kim trong nhiu nm nhng vn cha thnh cng.

Mt khc, cho d nhp khu c cng ngh sn xut titan xp/titan kim loi hay pigment u cn phi c nguyn liu hm lng TiO2 cao m khng th s dng qung tinh ilmenit hin c c. T qung tinh ilmenit hin nay, ngi ta c th sn xut ra x titan, UGS hoc rutil tng hp lm nguyn liu cho cc sn phm ch bin su. i vi mi sn phm th phi chn cng ngh sn xut ph hp.

4. Nhng xut v ch bin su qung titan Vit Nam - Mt vn r rng l cc doanh nghip titan Vit Nam s khng c

php xut khu qung tinh ilmenit nh trc y c na. Nhng ch bin su th theo hng no?

- Nu sn xut nguyn liu cho ch bin su th chn sn phm no? X titan (bc sulphat hay bc clorua?), UGS, hay rutil tng hp (SR)?

T nhng vn t ra i vi cng ngh sn xut v bo v mi trng th nhiu kh nng c la chn hn s l x titan. V x titan l sn phm c cng ngh t nhiu d tip cn hn, nguy c nhim mi trng thp hn. V kinh t, tng i d tiu th hn v cn thu hi thm c sn phm gang hp kim. Mt khc, xu th ca th gii hin nay l s dng x titan cc loi lm nguyn liu cho sn xut pigment v titan xp nhm gim gi thnh sn xut v chi ph x l mi trng.

8

Cn sn phm UGS do Cng ty Rio Tinto Fer et Titane c quyn v cng ngh nn s rt kh khn c chuyn giao.

SR cng c nhng kh khn v chuyn giao cng ngh. Ngoi ra, qu trnh sn xut sn phm ny phi s dng n axit, d gy nhim mi trng nn s khng phi la chn c u tin.

- Vic ch bin titan xp ch yu ph thuc vo cng ngh v th trng. Nu c c cng ngh vi cht lng titan xp.

- Sn xut pigment theo cng ngh no? Sulphat hay clorua? Nu chn gii php d dng l nhp cng ngh sn xut pigment quy trnh

sulphat th trc mt c th t c yu cu l sm c sn phm pigment nhng v lu di sn phm s kh cnh tranh trn th trng v chi ph sn xut cao, cht lng sn phm khng cao v cui cng l gii quyt vn x l mi trng.

Vic sn xut pigment bng quy trnh clorua th kh khn nht l vn cng ngh. Cn phi tm cho ra gii php c c cng ngh ny bng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau: t trc tip chuyn giao cng ngh n hp tc nghin cu pht trin Nu tnh n nhng li ch v mt mi trng th phng n cng ngh ny rt ng nghin cu la chn v p dng.

Mt khc, v kha cnh cng ngh, gia sn xut pigment TiO2 quy trnh clorua v cng ngh sn xut titan xp cng c nhiu tng ng: Cng c nhu cu s dng nguyn liu titan cht lng cao; cng phi sn xut qua sn phm trung gian l TiCl4. Khi p dng cng ngh ny, c th ng nht ho cng ngh sn xut c 02 sn phm ch bin su m khng phi thay i nhiu cng ngh v li c th u t, s dng ln cho nhau gim bt u t v tit kim chi ph vn hnh.

T nhng suy ngh trn y, chng ti cho rng: ch bin su qung titan Vit Nam nn i v cn thit pht trin dn theo hng chnh nh sau:

5. Kt lun - Ti nguyn khong sn titan ca Vit Nam l rt ng k, tuy nhin cn phi

c k hoch s dng chng mt cch tit kim, hp l, c li nht cho vic pht trin nn kinh t quc dn. Trong qu trnh gii quyt cc vn la chn cng ngh, sn phm ch bin su cn phi cn nhc tht thn trng.

- Trong nhng iu kin hin ti cn kin tr mc tiu ch bin cc sn phm titan (kim loi v pigment) theo cng ngh clorua-l cng ngh tin tin hn, vi cc u im vt tri so vi cng ngh hin hnh khc.

- Chui sn phm ch bin qung titan ca Vit Nam nn chn l x titan cht lng cao hoc rutil tng hp titan xp hoc pigment TiO2 theo quy trnh clorua./.

Qung tinh Ilmenit X Titan cht

lng cao Rutil tng hp

Titan xp Pigment TiO2

(Quy trnh Clorua)