China – A Brief History. Two anecdotal Chinese ancestral Figures 神农氏 – the Godly Farmer,...
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China – A Brief History. Two anecdotal Chinese ancestral Figures 神农氏 – the Godly Farmer, inventor of agriculture & Chinese medicine 伏羲 – The Animal Domesticator,
Two anecdotal Chinese ancestral Figures the Godly Farmer,
inventor of agriculture & Chinese medicine The Animal
Domesticator, inventor of hunting and fishery, as well as
medicine.
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A Brief History *
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Chinese history & Dynasties Dynasty -- A succession of
rulers from the same family or line Most of the 5,000 - 6,000 years
of recorded Chinese history were characterized by replacement of
one dynasty by another, following almost the same pattern. A new
dynasty with a strong leader with strong morality established a new
dynasty Successors as rulers with weak personality, lower morality,
corruption, lack of caring for the people Angry farmers went on
rebellion: miserable life with high tax, forced labor without pay,
demanding military duties
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Neolithic Era 3000 - 1500 B.C. Ceremonial Stem Cup (3000-2000
B.C.) Funerary Storage Jar (ca 2400 B.C.) The Chinese civilization
started from the alluvial plains down along the Yellow River &
Yangtze River
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Shang 1523 - 1028 B.C. Fang I (Ritual Wine Vessel, late
13th-12th century B.C.) Ko (Dagger-Axe, Yin or early Chou
dynasty
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Chou (/ Zhou) 1027 - 256 B.C. Yung-cheng Bell (Chou dynasty,
Warring States period)
Name: Kong Qiu Birth: September 28, 551 BC Death: 479 BC
School: Founder of Confucianism "Our greatest glory is not in never
falling, but in getting up every time we do fall." More Confucius
quotations Confucius /
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Chu ( ) Han ( ) Qi ( ) Qin ( ) Wei ( ) Yan ( ) Zhao ( ) The
Seven Kingdoms ( )
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Ch'in (/Qin) 221 - 206 B.C.
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Han Dynasty 206 B.C. - 220 A.D. Funerary Model of a Pig Sty
(Western Han dynasty, Earthenware) Paper and lead-glazed ceramics
invented Greatly improved silk-weaving techniques.
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Han Dynasty 206 B.C. - 220 A.D. Prancing Horse (Eastern Han
dynasty, Earthenware with traces of pigment)
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Six Dynasties 220- 586 Avalokitesvara (571, Black marble with
traces of pigments & gilding Spirit Jar (late 3rd century,
Porcelaneous stoneware with olive green glaze Wars, plagues,
political instability, religions, and arts
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Sui 581 - 618 Cup: T'ang dynasty:Porcelaneous stoneware with
clear glaze It was during Tang dynasty, Buddhism was introduced
into China.
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Song 960 1279 AD
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For the nomad people in the north, the Middle Kingdom within
the Great Wall were irresistible. The Great Wall of China Largest
structure ever built on earth Crosses the northern part of China
6,700 km, /4,500 miles long Built over 2,000 years Construction
from 770-476 BC Built to protect territory Completely built by hand
Many people died building it
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The distribution of the unusual Y-chromosome (Shaded circles).
(The New York Times) Research has found an unusually high
prevalence of a particular set of genes on human Y-chromosome in
China
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Unequal reproductive success in human Based on the amount of
mutations and mutation rate of involved genes, it is possible that
these estimated 1,500,000 Chinese men are direct descendants of
Giocangga, the grandfather of the founder of the Qing dynasty.
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http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-
asia/history/chinese-dynasty-guide.cfm Minneapolis Institute of
Arts, 2400 Third Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55404
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Tea and the Opium War As tea drinking became very popular in
England from the 18 th Century and its main tea supplier was China
in the 19 th Century, mainly from one province Fujian, the home of
Oolong Tea Because of Chinese tradition, the British traders, like
any other traders, were distrusted, and were required to pay silver
bullions for the tea they would buy; The British did not have that
much money, of course!
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Tea and the Opium War As such, the British started to sell to
the Chinese Opium, which quickly got the Chinese addicted Some
Chinese officials with vision foresaw this as a serious problem,
and convinced the government to start a ban on opium trade
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So the British started the Opium War The Chinese lost the opium
war, and had to rent Hong Kong to the British and gave them other
privileges, such as trading rights Hong Kong was not returned to
China until 1997 China also had to deal with other invading forces,
including the France, Russia, USA, Germany, and other tiny
countries that China never heard of! Tea and the Opium War General
Lin Zhexu, the Chinese hero leading the 1 st Opium War against
British Opium
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The forming of Modern China 1.Ironically, Gun Powder was a
Chinese invention, which the Chinese have used for centuries for
various purposes, esp. for firework and hunting. 2.Now the
Europeans, not just the British, came with guns and wanted a share
of Chinas wealth. 3. This defeat and other military losses served
to wake up the Chinese. People blamed the corrupted Qing dynasty
and believed that they must learning from their enemies in order to
save China 4.The Qing dynasty came to an end in 1912 as the
revolutionary forces originated in southern China pushed north to
overthrow it The Northward Wars
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The Two Chinas 1.The Northward Wars has lead to the
establishment of the Republic of China with Guomindang, or the
Nationalist Party (GMD) as its ruling party; 2.A civil war soon
broke out between GMD and the Communist Party (CPC); they
cooperated during the Northward Wars (the 1 st GMD-CPC Union);
3.The two sides formed a brief 2 nd GMD- CPC Union during WWII to
fight the Japanese, but split again after WWII. 4.A full scale
civil war ended with GMD defeated and retreated to the island of
Taiwan
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The Two Chinas The CPC lead China, the Peoples Republic of
China, was founded in 1949; PRC currently represents China in UN,
while Taiwan is officially considered as a province of China; USA
has diplomatic relationship with PRC, but not with Taiwan, although
it uses Taiwan as a leverage; Previous US presidential elections
always played the China card, but not in the last one, simply
because USA and China are tied up in global issues; Admit it or
not, China has improved greatly in the last 30 yrs.
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Cultural Invasion , the Central Kingdom, had fought ferociously
to defend its territory from invaders thirsty for its wealth, with
much success; When it was defeated, it just absorbed the invaders
into its culture; Will China retain its identity and culture in the
tides of globalization?
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A summary Yuan Dynasty was the first time when the Central
Kingdom was completely conquered by an invading people. But the
Mongols ruled China in the Chinese way, alienating some other
Mongols. This left the Mongol Empire to include only China proper
and the Outer Mongolia of now; Ming is the last Han ruled Chinese
Dynasty, and the Manchurians Qing Dynasty was the last Chinese
dynasty. The Nationalist government, Republic of China inherited
its territory from the Qing, but had to give up the territory of
Mongolia because of pressure from the Soviet Union. Civil war of
China after the WWII resulting the retreating of the Nationalist
government to Taiwan and the establishment of the Peoples Republic
of China on the mainland