China 中國

p. 309

Why China?

• China’s great civilization had lasted 5000 years.• They had all they needed and controlled many of their neighbors• Periodically, rebellions changed the governments, but the culture

continued.• China resisted allowing foreigners in its borders.• Britain needed trade and implored the imperial government.• China refused by buy British goods.• A war erupted and Britain won.• It was too big for Great Britain to control, so it only took the

economically strong parts of China.– Spheres of influence

• Other Europeans did the same thing with what Britain did not take.

Balance of trade:

• the difference in trade from a country (exports sold/money in) and to it (imports bought/money out). – Until the 20th century gold and silver only were

used.

Trade

• Trade surplus: • a country exports more goods to, and takes in more

money from, its trade partner.

• Trade deficit: • a country imports more goods from, and takes in less

money from, its trade partner.• EC: Why did we learn these two terms? (2)• Britain bought more Chinese goods than China bought

British goods, causing Britain’s treasury to grow dangerously small.

Opium War:

• 1839. A small British naval force invaded the Chinese coast.

• The large, outdated Chinese fleet and forts were decimated by British gunboats, – including the first steam-powered, ironclad vessel,

HMS Nemesis.

• British troops soon marched on Nanking (Nanqing). – There, the Chinese government sued for peace.

the Treaty of Nanking (1842)

• Indemnity: – payment a war’s loser must make to cover the cost of

a war to the winner. • China would be forced to pay 21 million pounds

(today about $2.4 billion) in reparation to Britain.

– Extraterritoriality: • foreigners are not under the laws of the country they are

visiting, but under their own country’s laws and courts. • Europeans breaking a law in China were to be arrested and

dealt with by their own authorities, not the Chinese.

Taiping Rebellion: 10/2

• Popular revolt against the Qing government, in 1850.

• Hong Xiuquan, began a war for independence in southeast China. – Raised by Christian missionaries in southern

China,• Claimed to be a relative of Jesus Christ,

– he drew a large following of peasant men and women.

Sino-Japanese War: grey

• 1894, a smaller Westernized Japanese military defeated China.

• Japan took– the island of Formosa (Taiwan), – part of Korea,

• Japan gained more access into China.

Open Door Policy:

• 1899, US Secretary of State, John Hay’s, proposal that all foreign powers should have equal, free access to each other’s spheres of influence and Chinese-controlled ports.

• The Imperialists agreed, – China was not asked its opinion.

Guang Xu: grey

• Emperor of China who attempted to modernize it, in 1898.

• Began what is called the “Hundred Days of Reform”. – He began westernization– In his fourth month, the Empress Dowager, Ci

Xi, had him arrested, and, • it is believed, she had him poisoned. • She still opposed Westernization.

Drive out the Foreign Devils• Ci Xi hated the “foreign devils” (Europeans,

Japanese, and Americans), An opportunity arose around 1899 to drive them out:

• Boxer Uprising: • a popular Chinese uprising against

foreigners, • led by the men of the “Society of Righteous

and Harmonious Fists” – based on Wushu and Guang Hu fighting style).

Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen):

• Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Movement (中國國民黨 ).

• He was Western educated• His earlier Revolutionary Alliance promoted the

“Three Principles of the People”: (EC 3)– Nationalism, “China for Chinese!”

• eventually ending foreign control

– Representative government– Economic security for every Chinese

Standards Check, p. 310

• Question:

• The British introduced opium;

• when the Chinese tried to stop the opium trade, the British responded with troops and gunboats.

Thinking Critically, p 311

• Questions

• 1

• Living conditions for peasants worsened, causing them to finally rise up under Hong Xuiquan’s leadership

• 2

• Areas of southeastern China

Standards Check, p. 311

• Question:

• Years of turmoil,

• power given to regional leaders,

• weakened the Qing dynasty

• made China vulnerable to European encroachment

Standards Check, p. 312

• Question:

• Reformers tried to – Modernize, incorporate Western technology– Build industry– Streamline government

Image, 312

• Question:

• Because they ignored Chinese laws and customs

Biography, 313

• Question

• It gave him access to ideas that he may not have had if he had only been raised in Chinese culture.

Standards Check, p. 313

• The Boxer Rebellion led to faster Chinese Westernization

• Increased Chinese nationalism

• Caused the toppling of the weak emperor and the Qing Dynasty.

End hwk

• Begin class work