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13-1
Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State UniversityTrent D. StephensIdaho State UniversityPhilip TatePhoenix College
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Chapter 13Chapter 13Lecture OutlineLecture Outline**
13-2
Otak dan Saraf Kranial Chapter 13
13-3
Otak dan saraf kranial (otak)
• Otak – Sebahagian sistem saraf pusat terdapat dalam kaviti otak – Pusat kawalan bagi kebanyakan fungsi badan – Seperti sistem komputer tetapi lebih kompleks
• Bahagian2 otak – Brainstem– Serebelum – Serebrum – Dienchepelon
• Saraf kranial – Bahagian sistem saraf periferi yang berhubung terus dengan otak
13-4
Brainstem
• Menghubungkan saraf tunjang dengan otak • Bahagian2
– Medulla oblongata– Pons– Otak tengah
13-5
Brainstem• Medulla oblongata atau medulla
– Kawalan : denyutan jantung,diameter saluran darah , respirasi , penelanan , sedu,sendawa,batuk,bersin
– Piramid (bahagian depan) : memudahkan impuls saraf dari otak kepada neuron motor dalam saraf tunjang dan terlibat dalam kawalan sedar dalam otot rangka
• Pons– Tidur dan pusat respirasi
• Otak tengah – Bahagian integral dalam laluan pendengaran dalam
sistem saraf pusat
13-6
Brainstem and Diencephalon
13-7
Serebelum
• Terlibat dalam kawalan : keseimbangan ,postur , kebolehan bergerak dan penyelarasan motor yang menyebabkan pelancaran dalam pergerakan
13-8
Diencephalon
• komponen– Talamus , subtalamus , epitalamus , hipotalamus
13-9
Diencephalon• Talamus
– Bahagian terbesar diencephalon
– Kebanyakan input deria berada di sini
– Mempengaruhi mood dan aksi seperti takut dan marah
• Subtalamus– Terlibat dalam kawalan
fungsi motor • Epitalamus
– Terlibat dalam emosi dan tindak balas kelenjar pineal yang mungkin mempengaruhi kitaran tidur-jaga
• Hipohalamus– Fungsi
• Kawalan ANS • Kawalan endokrin • Kawalan otot • Kawalan suhu • Kawalan pengambilan
minuman dan makanan • Emosi • Kawalan kitaran tidur-jaga
13-10
Cerebrum
• Largest portion of brain• Divisions
– Right – Left– Lobes: Frontal, parietal,
occipital, temporal, insula
• Cortex: Outer surface• Medulla: Center
13-11
Basal Nuclei and Limbic System
• Basal nuclei– Motor function control
• Limbic system– Basic survival
functions as memory, reproduction, nutrition
– Emotions
13-12
Limbic System
13-13
Meninges
• Connective tissue membranes– Dura mater: Superficial– Arachnoid mater– Pia mater: Bound
tightly to brain – Spaces
• Subdural: Serous fluid• Subarachnoid: CSF
13-14
Ventricles
• Ventricles: Lateral ventricles (2), third ventricle, fourth ventricle
• Choroid plexuses produce CSF which fills ventricles and other parts of brain and spinal cord– Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: Substances do not pass between cells
but through due to tight junctions of blood endothelial cells
13-15
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
• Similar to serum with most of proteins removed
• Bathes brain and spinal cord• Provides a protective cushion around CNS• Provides some nutrients to CNS tissues• Produced by ependymal cells
13-16
Flow of CSF
13-17
Brain Blood Supply
• Brain – Requires tremendous amount of blood– Receives 15-20% of blood pumped by heart– Interruption can cause unconsciousness and irreversible
brain damage– High metabolic rate and dependence on constant supply
of oxygen and glucose– Receives blood through arteries
• Blood-Brain barrier– Capillary endothelial cells along with astrocytes and
basement membrane– To be considered when developing drugs
13-18
Formation of the Neural Tube
13-19
Development of Brain Segments and Ventricles
13-20
Cranial Nerves
• Indicated by Roman numerals I-XII from anterior to posterior
• May have one or more of 3 functions– Sensory (special or general)– Somatic motor (skeletal
muscles) – Parasympathetic (regulation
of glands, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle)
13-21
Cranial Nerves
• Olfactory (I)• Optic (II)• Oculomotor (III)• Trochlear (IV)• Trigeminal (V)• Abducens (VI)
• Facial (VII)• Vestibulocochlear (VIII)• Glossopharyngeal (IX)• Vagus (X)• Accessory (XI)• Hypoglossal (XII)