19
9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography Major types of chromatography Liquid Chromatography Thin Layer Chromatography Gas Chromatography Major purposes Purification Characterization

Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

  • Upload
    buingoc

  • View
    261

  • Download
    9

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

1

Chromatography

Chromatography

• Major types of chromatography

– Liquid Chromatography

– Thin Layer Chromatography

– Gas Chromatography

• Major purposes

– Purification

– Characterization

Page 2: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

2

Chromatography Basics

• Separation!

• Based on different affinities (IMF) for stationary and mobile phases

• Stationary phase: silica gel particles, polymer particles

• Mobile phase: flowing gas, flowing organic liquid

Characterization of Purified Substance

Big questions in organic chemistry lab:

Was it purified?  What was purified?

Page 3: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

3

TLC

• Thin layer chromatography

• Stationary phase

• Mobile phase

Separation  AND Characterization

Page 4: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

4

Polarity and IMF

• Silica gel:  polar, water‐covered surface

– Compound(s)

• Polar:  _______ affinity for plate, travels _______

• Nonpolar:  _______ affinity for plate, travels ______

– Developing solvent

• Polar: higher affinity for plate, travels slower, displaces compound more  (compound travels __________)

• Nonpolar:  lower affinity for plate, travels faster, displaces compound less (compound travels  ________)

Test your Understanding

• Which spot represents a more polar compound?

• What would happen to each spot if a less polar solvent were used?

• Why should you ALWAYS report your developing solvent with any TLC data?

Page 5: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

5

Quantitative Characterization

• Retention factor

• Distance traveled/ solvent front distance 

• Unitless

• For silica gel TLC, based on polarity of the compound(s) Must report solvent!

Solvent effect on Rf• Polar solvents outcompete compounds, drive them up plate

Page 6: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

6

Choosing a Developing Solvent

• Adjust solvent to give Rf values around 0.4

• Common mixtures– Ether/Hex

– EtOAc/Hex

– CH2Cl2/methanol

• Determined experimentally

Visualization

• Most compounds are invisible on TLC

• UV lamp

• Stains

• Iodine chamber

Page 7: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

7

Application of TLC

• Purity

• Identity

• Reaction Progress

What can we determine about the identity of the unknown?

Column 1 is your target compound; column 2 is an expected impurity.  What can you determine about your reaction (column 3)?

Common Problems

• Overspotting

• Underspotting

• Wrong solvent

Page 8: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

8

Column Chromatography

• Similar to TLC in separation

• Preparative process

– 0.1g to 5 g scale

• Purify small quantities of liquids/solids (advantage over recrystallization?)

• Not for characterization!

Page 9: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

9

• Mobile phase: eluent similar to TLC

• Stationary phase:  silica gel similar to TLC

• Column is upside down from TLC, so a larger Rf for a compound means it comes out ____

Practical Considerations

• Preparing the column

• Loading the sample

• Choosing the solvent

• Separation capacity

Page 10: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

10

Practical Considerations

• Preparing the column

• Loading the sample

• Choosing the solvent

• Separation capacity

Practical Considerations

• Preparing the column

• Loading the sample

• Choosing the solvent

• Separation capacity

Most common:Hexane/ethyl acetateCH2Cl2/methanol

Page 11: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

11

Practical Considerations

• Preparing the column

• Loading the sample

• Choosing the solvent

• Separation capacity

– Effect of diameter

– Effect of length

– Effect of Silica gel grade

Flash Chromatography

• Faster separation

• Tighter separations

Page 12: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

12

HPLC

Gas Chromatography

• Chromatography

– TLC (analytical)

– Column (preparative)

– GC (analytical)

• Why do we need GC?

– Strengths of TLC

– Weaknesses of TLC

Page 13: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

13

GC Basics

Gas‐Phase Separation

• Partitioning between mobile gas and stationary column

• Highly effective separations

Page 14: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

14

GC

• Injection

• Column

• Detector

• Chromatogram

GC

• Injection

Page 15: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

15

GC

• Column

Column Material

• Nonpolar – For nonpolar material

– vDW

– Follows bp

• Polar– For polar material

– Follows polarity

Page 16: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

16

GC

• Detector

– FID

– TCD

GC

• Chromatogram

– Retention time

– Area under peak

Page 17: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

17

GC Parameters and Retention Time

• Length of column

• Type of column

• Temperature profile

• Gas flow rate

Important GC Questions

• What is each peak?  (identity)

– Characterization

– Determination of Unknown

• How much of each compound? (Quantity)

– Absolute quantity

– Relative quantity (product distribution)

Page 18: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

18

Identity

• Retention time corresponds to Rf

• Spike with authentic sample

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spec

• Identifying components in mixtures

• Separation then identification

• GC‐MS

Page 19: Chromatography - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/s343/documents/4chromatography.pdf · 9/8/2014 1 Chromatography Chromatography • Major types of chromatography

9/8/2014

19

Quantitation

• Area under peak corresponds to amount of compound causing signal

• Use standard plot to determine absolute concentration

• Use percent of total area to determine product distribution– Assumes same response factor 

Review of Techniques

• Purification– Extraction– Recrystallization– Distillation– Column chromatography

• Identification– MS– IR– NMR– mp, bp– GC– TLC

• Purity analysis– Elemental analysis– Mp, bp– GC– TLC– Proton NMR