chuong 5-Kiến trúc máy tính

8/9/2019 chuong 5-Kin trc my tnh

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Chng 5: Ni dung chnhp a t:

n FDDn HDD

p a quangn CDn DVD

p RAIDp NASp SAN

p


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Gii thiu v a tp a t l cc phng tin lu tr:

n Thit b lu tr thng tin khng bay hin Thit b lu tr lnn

Da trn cc nguyn l t v vt liu st t ph ma lu thng tinn Thng di dng a cht do hoc kim loi

p Cc kiu a tn

a mmn a cng hoc a c nh

p


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a mm v ap

p

p

p

p

p

p

p5 1 / 2 inches disk and drive

(1.2MB)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Floppy_Disk_Drive_8_inch.jpg


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a mm v ap

p

p

p

p

p

p

p3 1 / 2 inches disk and drive

(1.44MB)


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HDD: Hard Disk Driver p

p

p

p

p

p

p

p


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HDD: Hard Disk Driver p

p

p

p

p

p

p

p


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HDD: Cc tham sp

p

p

p

p

p

p

p


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HDD: Cc phn tp a: HDD c th c nhiu a t trn cng mt tr

quayn a thng lm bng nhm hoc thy tinhn

Lp t tnh ph bn ngoi lu tr thng tin rtmng, ch khong 10 20nmp Oxide st 3 (Fe2O3) c s dng trong cc HDD cp Trong HDD hin ti, s dng hp kim coban v st

n Mt a c 2 mt: mt 0 v 1

p

p

p

p


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HDD: Cc phn tp u t (head):

n c s dng c v ghi thng tin trn b mt n Khng tip xc m ch bay trn b mt a

p

Rnh (tracks):n Cc vng trn trn b mt an c nh s t ngoi (0) vo trongn C hng nghn rnh trn b mt 31/2 HDD

p

p

p

p


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HDD: Cc phn tp Sector:

n L mt phn ca rnhn Thng thng l 512 byten L n v qun l nh nht trn HDD

p Cylinder:n Gm tp cc rnh c cng v tr trn a

p Cc tham s HDD quan trng tnh dung lng:n S lng cylinder (C)n S lng u t (H)n S lng sector/ rnh (S)n Dung lng = C x H x S x 512 (byte)

p


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Cc mc format HDDp C 2 mc nh dng HDD:

n Format mc thp:p Ci t bi BIOS h thngp L qu trnh gn ID cho cc sector vt lp HDD phi c format mc thp trc khi s dng

(tip tc vi format mc cao)p Cc HDD hin i thng c format mc thp bi

nh sn xutn Format mc cao:

p c thc hin bi h iu hnhp L qu trnh gn ID cho cc sector logic vo to h

thng filep HDD cng phi c format mc cao trc khi c

s dng lu thng tin


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Giao din lin kt HDDp Cc dng giao din lin kt HDD thng dng:

n ATA song song (PATA hoc IDE/EIDE - IntegratedDrive Electronics) Advanced TechnologyAttachments

n Serial ATA (SATA)n SCSI Small Computer System Interfacen Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)n iSCSI Internet SCSI

p

p

p

p


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HDD-ATA/PATA/IDE/EIDEp S dng 40/80 cp ng (pin cables) ni HDD v

mch chp 1 cp h tr 2 :

n

Mt l ch (master)n Mt l t (slave)p Tc truyn d liu:

n Bandwidth: 16 bitn 16, 33, 66, 100 v 133MB/s

p

p

p


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HDD-ATA/PATA/IDE/EIDEp

p

p

p

p

p

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IDE cable

IDE socketsIDE plug
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappe.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATA_on_mainboard.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ata_20070127_002.jpg


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HDD-ATA/PATA/IDE/EIDEp

p

p

p

p

p

p

p

IDE HDD jumpers & setup jumpers


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HDD-SATAp SATA s dng cc lnh mc thp ging nh IDE nhng

SATA s dng serial cp tc cao trn 2 cp dy dnp B iu khin SATA s dng AHCI (Advanced Host

Controller Interface)p SATA c nhiu c tnh u vit hn IDE:

n Truyn d liu nhanh v hiu qu hnn Hot plugn S lng dy cp t hn

p

Tc truyn d liu SATA:n Th h 1: 1.5 Gb/sn Th h 2: 3.0 Gb/sn Th h 3: 6 Gb/s

p


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HDD-SATAp

p

p

p

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p

pSATA sockets SATA data plug SATA power plug
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SATA_ports.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SATA_ports.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SATA_ports.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SATA_ports.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SATA_ports.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SATA_power_cable.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SATA_Data_Cable.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SATA_ports.jpg


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HDD - SCSIp SCSI l mt tp cc chun kt ni vt l v vn chuy

liu gia my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vip Mi thit b kt ni vi SCSI bus theo cng mt cch; c t

t 8 16 thit b cng kt ni ti 1 ng busp Cc c im u vit ca SCSI:

n Tc truyn d liu rt nhanh v n nhn Hot plug

p Tc truyn d liu SCSI: 5, 10, 20, 40MB/s (SCSI c),160, 320 v 640 MB/s

p SCSI HDD thng t v c s dng cho cc h thngtr tc cao v server, v d RAID, NAS, SAN

p


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HDD - SCSIp

p

p

p

p

p

p

p

Serverrack forSCSIHDDs


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HDD Partitionsp

p

p HDD c th c chia thnh nhiu phn d sdng v qun l. Mi phn c gi l partition

n Mt partition chnh (primary)n Mt/ nhiu partition m rng

p

p

p

p

p


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Bng phn chia (HDD Partition Table)p Lu thng tin v cc phn HDD. Bng c mt s

bn ghi (record), mi bn ghi cho mt partition:n Partition ny hot ng hay khngn

Cylinder, u t, sector bt u ca partitionn Cylinder, u t, sector cui ca partitionn Kiu nh dng ca partition (FAT, NTFS)n Kch thc ca partition tnh theo s lng sector

pp

p

p

p


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HDD boot sector, h thng filep Boot sector:

n Sector u tin ca a logicn Lu trnh ti Bootstrap l on chng trnh nh

kch hot vic ti h iu hnh t HDD vo b nhtrong

p H thng file (FS):n L dng th mc qun l files trn an C mt s FS ph thuc vo h iu hnh:

p FAT (DOS, Windows 3.x, Windows 95, 98, ME)p NTFS (Windows NT, 2000, XP, 2003, Vista, 7)p Ext2, Ext3 (Unix, Linux)p MFS (Macintosh FS)/HFS (Hierarchical FS) (Mac OS)

p


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HDD th mc gcp Th mc gc l th mc mc

thp nht ca cy th mctrong a logic

p

Th mc gc khng c thmc cha nh cc th mckhc

p Cha cc th mc con v cc

filep

p

p

p


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Gii thiu v a quangp a quang hot ng da trn cc nguyn l quang

hcn a c to bng cht do poly cacbonatn Mt lp nhm rt mng c t trn mt mt ca

phn x chm laser n Cc mu pit v land biu din thng tin c lu tr

p Cch thc to CD-ROMsn

To bn sao chnh ca CD-ROMn S dng bn sao chnh ny to nhiu bn sao bcch in ln cc CD trng

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a quang lu tr thng tinp

p

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CD-ROM nguyn l c thng tip

p

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p

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Laser Diode

Sensor

Outputsignal

Beamspitter

Rotationmirror

CD-ROM


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CD-ROM nguyn l c thng tip Cc chm tia laser t diode laser ti beam splitter

sau ti rotation mirror p Rotation mirror c iu khin bi tn hiu c

chm tia chiu ti v tr cn c trn CDp mnh ca chm nh x biu din cc mu trmt CD quay li rotation mirror

p Rotation mirror chuyn chm tia nh x ti beamsplitter v sau ti sensor

p Sensor bin i mnh chm tia nh x thnh thiu u ra

p

p


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Cc loi a quangp CD (Compact Disk)

n CD-ROM: Read Only CDn CD-R: Recordable CDn CD-RW: Rewritable CD

p DVD (Digital Video Disk)n DVD-ROM: Read Only DVDn DVD-R: Recordable DVDn DVD-RW: Rewritable DVDn HD-DVD: High-density DVDn Blu-ray DVD: Ultra-high density DVD

p

p

p


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Compact disk p Dung lng ti a l 700 MBp S dng tia laser hng ngoi c bc sng 780nmp Tc truyn d liu:

n Tc c s: 150KB/sn Tc thc t: t l nhn x tc c s:

p 4x = 4 x 150KB/s = 600KB/sp 50x = 50 x 150KB/s = 7500KB/s

pp

p

p

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CD - Recordablep

p

p

p

p

p

p

p


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CD - Recordablep CD R tng t nh CD ROMp S khc nhau:

n C thm 1 lp gi l mu hu c gia lp chtdo v lp phn chiu

n Chm laser iu bin c dng t lp muhu c, to ra cc pits v lands biu din thng tinlu tr

n CD R ch c th ghi 1 lnn

p

p

p


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CD - Rewriteablep CD RW tng t nh CD R p S khc nhau:

n Lp mu hu c c thay th bi chn khng hkim metal (semi-metal alloy vacuum)

n Lp chn khng hp kim na metal c th b t li1000 ln (theo l thuyt)

n

n

p

p

p

p


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DVDp Dung lng ti a khong 4.7GB cho 1 lp v

8.5GB cho 2 lpp S dng tia laser hng ngoi bc sng 650nmp Tc truyn d liu:n Tc c s: 1350 KB/s

n Tc thc s: h s nhn x tc c s p 4 x = 4 x 1350 = 5400 KB/sp

16 x = 16 x 1350 = 21600 KB/snn

p

p


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Mt ca CD vs. DVDp

n

n

p

p

p

p

p

p

p

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Mt ca CD vs. DVDp

n

n

p

p

p

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p


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DVD-R, RW, HD and Blu-ray DVDp DVD-R tng t nh CD-R nhng bc sng laser ngn h

(650nm)p DVD-RW tng t nh CD-RW nhng bc sng ngn h

(650nm)p HD DVD (High-Definition/Density DVD) c pht minh bi Toshiba:

n S dng tia laser xanh vi bc sng ngn hnn Dung lng: 150GB cho 1 lp, 30 GB 2 lp

p

Blu-ray disc: pht minh bi Sonyn S dng laser bc sng 405 nmn 25GB 1 lpn

n


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Cu trc a DVD-R p

n

n

p

p

p

p

p

p

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Cu trc a DVD-RWp

n

n

p

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p

p

p

p

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Gii thiu v RAIDp RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) l

cng ngh lu tr tin tin hng ti nhng mch sau:

n Hiu nng, tc caon Tin cyn Khi lng ln

p RAID l mt tp/ mng cc HDDn

p

p

p

p


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RAID cc k thutp 2 k thut c bn c s dng trong RAID:

n Disk tripping:p D liu c chia thnh cc khi v mi khi c gh

song song vo mt a ring bitp Sau , cc khi d liu c th c c t HDD mtcch song song Ci thin tc truy cp

n Disk mirroring:p D liu c chia thnh cc khi v mi khi c gh

vo mt s ap Ti thi im bt k, lun c nhiu hn 1 bn sao d li

=> tin cy tngn

p


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RAID disk trippingn

p

p

p

p

p

p

p

p

A1

B1

A2

B2

Computer

RAIDController

C1 C2

Disk stripping technique

Disk 2Disk 1


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RAID disk mirroringn

p

p

p

p

p

p

p

p

A

B

A

B

Computer

RAIDController

C C

Disk mirroring technique

Disk 2Disk 1


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RAID 0 disk trippingn

p

p

p

p

p

p

p

p

A1

B1

A2

B2

Computer

RAIDController

C1 C2

Disk stripping technique

Disk 2Disk 1


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RAID 0 disk trippingp Cc c im:

n Ti thiu cn 2 HDDn Da trn k thut disk stripping (c/ ghi song song)

p

u:n Nhanh hn so vi 1 an Dung lng l tng ca tt c cc a

p Nhc:n tin cy nh mt an

n

p

p


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RAID 1 disk mirroringn

p

p

p

p

p

p

p

p

A

B

A

B

Computer

RAIDController

C C

RAID 1 - Disk mirroring

Disk 2Disk 1


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RAID 1 disk mirroringp Cc c im:

n Ti thiu cn 2 HDDn Da trn k thut disk mirroring (nhiu bn sao)

p

u:n Tin cy hn so vi mt ap Nhc:

n Dung lng nh mt an Tc nh h thng mt an

n

n

p


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RAID 10 disk stripping & mirrori

A1

B1

A2

B2

Computer

RAIDController

C1 C2

Disk 2Disk 1

A1

B1

A2

B2

C1 C2

Disk 4Disk 3

Stripping Stripping

Mirroring


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RAID 10 disk stripping & mirrorip Cc c im:

n Ti thiu cn 4 HDDn Da trn k thut disk mirroring v stripping

p

u:n Nhanh hn so vi mt an Tin cy hn so vi mt a

p Nhc:n Dung lng bng mt na dung lng tng s an

n

n

p


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NAS Network Attached Storagep

n

n

n

p

p

p

p

p

p

p


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NAS Network Attached Storagep NAS l server chuyn dng cho lu trp NAS c kt ni vo mng v cung cp cc dch

lu tr qua mngp

NAS da trn RAID tc cao, dung lng ln, tin cy caop NAS c th lm vic vi hu ht tt c cc loi

server n

n

n

p

p


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SAN Storage Area Network p

n

n

n

p

p

p

p

p

p

p


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SAN Storage Area Network p SAN l mt mng cc server chuyn dng cho cc

dch v lu trp SAN thng cung cp:

n

Tc truy cp rt caon Dung lng cc k lnn tin cy rt cao

p SAN thng l mt dng h thng file phn tnn

n

n

p

p


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Google SANp

n

n

n

p

p

p

p

p

p

p
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_jIPNvBuH41s/SmW-S9wmuXI/AAAAAAAAC8s/8-01vUazUvM/s1600-h/google_data_center.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/_jIPNvBuH41s/SmW-S9wmuXI/AAAAAAAAC8s/8-01vUazUvM/s1600-h/google_data_center.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/_jIPNvBuH41s/SmW-S9wmuXI/AAAAAAAAC8s/8-01vUazUvM/s1600-h/google_data_center.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/_jIPNvBuH41s/SmW-S9wmuXI/AAAAAAAAC8s/8-01vUazUvM/s1600-h/google_data_center.jpg


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Google FS Architecturep

n

n

n

p

p

p

p

p

p

p

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chuong 5-Kiến trúc máy tính