Bi ging

chuyn ho protid & a.nTs.Phan Hi Nam

NI DUNG: i cngI.Tiu ho v hp thuII.Chuyn ho amino acid * Kh amin oxy ho* Trao i amin (GOT,GPT) & lin quan* Vng ure v ngha. ....III. Chuyn ho HbIV. Chuyn ho acid nucleic

I. Tiu ho & hp thu.Cc protid TA b 2 loi Peptidase:+ Endopeptidase (E1): ch phn ct l.k peptid/ polypeptid = mnh peptid ln.+ Exopeptidase (E2): ch phn ct a.a u N- tn (carboxypeptidase & aminopeptidase). - E1 phn ct polypeptid di = peptid nh hn - E2 phn ct cc peptid -->SPC ch yu l a.a t do & cc di-, tripeptid -> hp thu/TBNM rut non

1.1 Tiu ho: + d dy: 1phn nh pepsin, thu phn c hiu cc l.k peptid ca cc a.a Tyr, Phe->mnh peptid ln v s a.a t do + rut non: ch yu, cc enteropeptidase hot ho Trypsinogen (ko h) => trypsin (h); -> chymotrypsin (h), Carboxypeptidase. Cc E phn ct protein = a.a, peptid

1.2. Hp thu:+ Cc a.a t do: v.c tch cc qua nim mc RN.+ Cc peptid: Di- v tripeptid c v.c cng Na+ vo t bo, chng b phn ct = cc a.a ri c v.c => mu.

II. CHUYN HO AMINO ACID 2.1. Thoi ho chung ca cc a.a: 2.1.1. Kh amin.- L tch -NH2 ra khi cc a.a. SP chung ca KA-NH3. - c 4 kiu KA: KA thu phn, KA kh (hydro), KA ni phn t, & ch yu l Kh amin - oxi ho (K A-O)* Kh amin - oxi ho: 2 g.on G.1: kh hydro to acid imin nh E dehydrogenase.G. 2: Acid imin thu phn t pht = acid -cetonic v NH3.

Glu l acid duy nht K A-O trc tip -> NH3 v -Cetoglutarat: GLDH: - c ty th v bo tng ca t bo gan . V - l E dlt: GDP, ADP hot ho, & GTP, ATP c ch - CoE: NAD (ch yu) & NADP. - hot ng mnh, tiu tn t nng lng

NGHA KA-O CA GLU:- TH.BIN V TNG HP GLU (NH3-> TNG HP URE).- GLU L A.A DUY NHT B KH A-O VI TC CAO GAN V C VAI TR TRUNG TM/ KH AMIN CA CC A.A.2.1.2. CHUYN (TRAO I) AMIN: E TRANSAMINASE, COE-VITA B6 XC TC CHUYN AMIN (NH2) L Q.T BIN I 1 CP A.A V 1CP -CETONIC ACID: TRANSAMINASE A.ACID (1) + -CETOACID (2) -CETOACID (1) + A.A (2) -NH2 A.A (1) CHUYN GIN TIP (QUA B6) ->-CETONIC (2),(-CETOGLUTARAT); MT NH2, A.A (1) -> -CETOACID(1) TNG NG, CN -CETOACID(2) NHN NH2-> A.A (2) TNG NG. S :->

C 2 transaminase quan trng nht - GOT,GPT: GOT: Glutamat Oxaloacetat Transaminase: AST/ GOT Asp + -cetoglutarat Glu + Oxaloacetat GPT: Glutamat-pyruvat-transaminase. ALT/GPT Ala + -cetoglutarat Glu + Pyruvat ngha: XN GOT, GPT trong lm sng..

Mi lin quan gia T v kh amin (gin tip): Phn ln a.a u KA-O gin tip qua TAM, v l do :- Glu l a.a duy nht kh A-O mnh v c li v nng lng v hot tnh ca GLDH mnh.- Cc Oxidase hot ng yu v KA-O cc aminoacid thng sinh ra cht c (NH3). S :

2.1.3. Kh carboxyl (- CO2)K/N: L q.t cc aminoacid kh CO2 to amin tng ng (ph bin ngi, E- decarboxylase, CoE-B6):Aminoacid CO2 + Amin (R-CH2 -NH2)Nhiu amin c hot tnh sinh hc.V d: * His -> histamin (gin mch, co c trn v tnh thm thnh mch). * GABA ( amino butyric acid) Glu -> GABA + CO2 (- Amino butyric acid) Vai tr: - c ch dn truyn XTK ca no v tu sng (TKTW). - Chuyn ho NL ca no/ thiu O2 (nhnh thng GABA/365) - GABA -> co git.

+ Serotonin:+ Trp 5-hydroxyTrp Serotonin (5- Hydroxy tryptamin)Vai tr: - C lin quan ti QT ng & tr nh cm xc. - c ch TK (c tc dng ca te & thuc gy m khc). - Gy co tht mch nh. - L cht bo v phng x (+gc t do & nh hng trn h hp t chc). (Trp -> Tryptamin + CO2 , DOPA-> Dopamin + CO2).O2- CO2

2.1.4. S phn ca Amoniac (NH3):NH3 to thnh: ch yu t kh NH2 ca cc a.a, mt phnca base purin, l mt cht c i vi c th. 1- To glutamin - dng vn chuyn ca NH3:NH3 to thnh t.c, kt hp vi Glu -> glutamin, cn ATP: Glutamin syntethase Glu + NH3 + ATP Glutamin + H2O + ADP + PiGlutamin, ko c, theo mu-> gan, thn. - gan: NH3 (c) to thnh -> tng hp ure (k c)- thn: NH3 c dng to amoni (NH4+)-> NT- no: s to thnh gln l con ng chnh gii c NH3.

2- Tng hp ur (Vng ur).- Xy ra: ch yu gan (thn, phi, no)Nguyn liu: NH3, CO2(- CO2 ca a.a & Krebs), 3 ATPCc f. ca vng ur:+ P. 1: Tng hp carbamyl.P t CO2, NH3, ATP+ P. 2: Carbamyl.P + Ornitin -> Citrulin, nh OCT. + P. 3: Citrulin + Asp => Arginosuccinat ( ATP, Mg++) + P. 4:To arginin (arginosuccinat -> Arn + Fumarat) + P. 5: Thu phn arginin to ur v ornitin.

S VNG UR

NGHA : - To ure l con ng chnh gii c NH3/ c th. : Ure/ mu = 3,3 6,6 mmol/l ; LS: 2,5 7,5 mmol/l NT = 250 500 mmol/l. - Khi suy gan, tng hp ur , NH3/ mu v c th -> hn m (hn m gan do NH3). Khi suy thn, o thi ur , ure mu , ure NT, TL ur =>XN NH3 mu, ur mu v NT c gi tr trong bnh gan, thn.

2.2. SINH TNG HP AMINO ACID (TKGK).2.2.1.Tng hp amino acid ko cn thit.T cc cht trung gian ca vng Krebs: Glu, Gln+ Glutamic acid (Glu): + Glutamin ( Gln):

*Alanin, Aspartic acid, asparagin+ Ala, Asp: S to thnh Ala, Asp (TAM): GPT: Glu + pyruvat Ala + cetoglutarat GOT:Glu + oxaloacetat Asp + cetoglutarat+ Asparagin t Asp tng t Gln* Serin v glysin:+ Serin: t 3-PG -> hydroxypyruvat: Hydroxypyruvat + Alanin Serin + Pyruvat+ Glysin: t f. carboxyl ha serin :CO2+Serin+2H+ + FH4 2 glysin+ H2O + 5,10-methylen-THF( FH4 = acid tetrahydrofolic )

+ Cystein: Methionin -> Serin+ Tyrosin: t Phe :2.2.2.Tng hp amino acid cn thit- TKGK

III. CHUYN HO PROTEID - HB3.1. THOI BIN CA HB. S thoi bin ca Hb v chu trnh rut-gan ca bilirubin HC (120 ngy)/VNM (TX,Gan, Lch..): Hb-> Bilirubin1- O m vng, loi CO: to Vecdoglobin2- Loi Fe +2, globin: to Biliverdin (xanh),3- Kh biliverdin (+2H): -> Bilirubin (vng)123

+ h thng vng ni m (ty xng, gan, lch..)- Sau ~120 ngy HC cht Hb -> Bilirubin - Loi CO nh oxidase to Verdoglobin (cn Fe2+ v globin) - Tch Fe2+ v globin to biliverdin (Fe2+ - c th s dng li, cn globin -> amino acid).- Biliverdin b kh to bilirubin (TD,vng, c), E- reductase. - Khi bilirubin TD/ Htg > 25 mol/ l => vng da. * ngha XN bilirubin -> chn on phn bit bnh vng da : - Do tan mu: Bili TD , Bili TP , Bili niu (-) - Do tc mt: Bili LH , Bili TP , Bili niu (+), phn trng. -VD do gan: Bili TD , Bili LH , c bili niu, stercobilin phn + Chu trnh rut-gan ca Bili: (Bili + a.glucuronic0/Gan -> Bili LH -> rut: 1 phn b oxy ho-> urobilinogen, stercobilinogen, 1 phn theo TMC v gan => to chu trnh R-G ca bilirubin

3.2. Tng hp hemoglobin.(CS-TKGK)S tng hp Hb

Chuyn ha acid nucleic:* TB purin (nucleotid):

AMPGMPGuanosinAdenosinH2OH2OPiPiH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OInosinHypoxanthin (ceto)GuaninXanthin (enol)RiboseRiboseH2O2+ O2+ O2H2O2NH3NH3H2OAcid uricXanthin oxidaseGuanin deaminase

NucleotidaseNucleotidaseNucleotidaseNucleotidaseXanthin oxidaseAdeninDeaminase

NGHA THOI BIN PURIN (NUCLEOTID):Acid uric l SPTH cui cng ca purinnucleotid, Guanin, Adenosin- Bnh thng: Acid uric mu : 180- 420 mol/l, NT: 3,6 mmol/24h- Acid uric mu , c trng cho bnh Gout. Do acid uric mu , tinh th mui urat natri- t tan , nu ng: . cc khp nh (ngn chn ci..) -> vim, au khp. . thn gy si thn, si ng tit niu. . di da -> nt phng vim nhim.

S thoi bin ca Pyrimidinnucleosid (CS-TK)

NGHA: (CS-TK)Thoi bin Pyrimidinnucleosid to -Alanin, NH3; BAIB: + -Alanin: tham gia cu tao CoA+ NH3 (Uracil, Thymin), CO2 -> Tng hp ure/gan.+ BAIB (-Aminoisobutyric acid) : - BAIB bi tit theo nc tiu: sau khi n T giu m... - Bnh nhn K iu tr = ho cht / chiu x --> bi tit theo nc tiu. => Xc nh BAIB c th nh gi s i mi ca ADN/ Thymidin nucleotid.

Qu ti Qu mnh p lm m i Xn xao cnh n chn tri la reo Sng lng m trong veo Hong hn my tm lng o nhp nh

C mt qu hng trong a rau mung luc Thng nm ngho tm c cng bit tm C mt qu hng trong mi thm ca r Nhng m ng m ch m nm C mt qu hng trong ting ru em ht Nhc k i xa nh ngn tre lng C mt qu hng trong mi nhang thm ngt Ngn khi bay ln ch li ta v.