%

ckdjdi N+f.da, úoHdj

udkj N+f.da, úsoHdfõs Wm úsIhls b;sydih wd¾:sl úsoHdj, k.r yd .%du ie<iqïslrKh jeks úIhka

ir,u ks¾jpkh

ñksid úsiska N+;,h u; msysgqjk ,o oDIH igyka

mrsirfha lgql núska ñoSug

fijk ,nd .ekSug

wdrCIdj ioyd

óg ksjdi mukla fkdj .nvd ud¾. jegj,a hkdos ish,q foa we;=,;ah

ckdjdihl m%Odk wx. folls

ñksid yd iudch

fN!;sl mrsirh

;j;a wdldrhlg fuh wxY 5 lg fnohs

iajNdj O¾uh

ñksid

wdjrK

iudch

oE,sia

ckdjdihka hkak yqol,d ckdjdihl isg kd.rsl m%foaY olajd ishj,a, wh;afõ

.%dóSh ckdjdi

.%dóSh ckdjdil we;s uQ,sl wx.

Homogenous f.dúìsu - iucd;Sh ,CIK we;s m%foaY

Centre ksjdi msyás m%foaYh - kHIaÀh

Circulation mdrj,a - fiajd ,nd .ekSu ioyd

Special wdY%uh ^fjku msysás ia:dk& - wE;ska msysá mdi,la jeks

fohla

kd.rsl

ksjdi

lvidmamq

ud¾.

úsfYaI fldgia ^m¾hka;fha msysá fldgia&

ckdjdi ks¾jpkh

Trewartha

udkjhska iuqyhla ckdjdihla fõ

f.j,a, fjk;a f.dvke.s,s, ud¾., yqol,d ckdjdihl isg kd.rsl iduqys;

olajd ish,a, óSg wh;ah

ixpdrl ckdjdij, isg ia:djr ckdjdi olajd ^yqol,dj msyá isg tldrdYs jq

kHIaÀ&

Ratzel

fmdf,da;,fha ùYd, m%foaYhl me;srs ;sfnk ud¾.hkaf.a kdNsfha msysgd we;s wêl.K;ajhlska ñksiqka yd f.dvke.s,s talrdYsj ;sfnk f.dvke.s,sj, úúO ld¾Hhka ixfCo%Kh jq lD;S%u mrsirhls

Dickinson

fmd,j ;,fha ñksid úiska f.dvk.k ,o jdi N+óhls

mrsmd,k ;;ajh u.ska kshu kd.rsl ,CIK ms<snqTq fkdjk njo Tyq fmkajd oqkay

Luwis Worth

iudc ,CIK w;ska úúO;ajla we;s mqoa.,hska iuqyhla idfmaCI jYfhka úúsO cd;ska jdihlrk ckdjdihls

k.rfha .ulg jvd úfYaIs; cSjk l%uhla we; m%d:ñl fjkqjg oaú;Sl ino;d we;

.%dóh ckdjdi ks¾pkh

Agunsky

m%d:ñl ld¾Hhka jeä jYfhka lrk óksiqka jdih lrk ckdjdihls

Schwarz

ñksid úiska me,Eá yd i;=ka m%fhdackhg f.k wdydr yd frosms<s ioyd wjYH oe,ndf.k cSj;ajk m%foaY

óSg wu;rj Rural-urban Fringe and Ruban settlements o oelsh yel

ckdjdij, ,CIK

1 rEmdlD;sh ^ìï ie,eiau&

isria yd ;sria jHdma;sh

ks¾udK Ys,amh

f.dvke.s,s ;ekSug fhdod .kakd o%jH

ixialD;sl yd f:;sydisl ,CIK

iajrEmh

ckdjdi rgd ^wdl¾K yd úl¾K&

ckdjdi jHdma;sh

ckdjdij, ld¾Hh

úYd,;ajh

2 ckdjdij, ld¾Hh1 úisrs ld¾Hh

2 uOH ld¾Hh

ckdjdij, Wm; j¾Okh yd mrsydkshg n,mdk idOl yd fya;= b;d jeo.;a fõ

ckdjdilrKh yd ckdjdi w¨;ska we;s lsrsu fyda ùSu

1 ckmolrKh

2 bfís we;sjk ckdjdi

%

ckdjdi wOHhkfha jeo.;alu

ckdjdi ixj¾Okh l< hq;= fohla fukau rgl iudc wd¾:sl ixj¾OkfhaoS m%fhdackhg .; yels WmlrKhla f,io i,lhs

WodyrK - fkdoshqKq m%foaYj, ckdjdi msysgqùu

ckmo jHdmdr ixj¾Okh yryd myiqlus iemhSu

fiajd iemhSu

há;,h j¾Okh

kd.rsl uOHia:dk j¾Okh

wd¾:sl j¾Okhla we;s lsrsu

fj<o m,, /lshd iemhSu, ús/lshdjg ms<shï iemhSu

udkj ckdjdi msysgqùfï wruqKq

ckdjdih ;=< wd¾:sl iudc yd mrsird;aul ;;ajhka jeäs oshqKq lsrsuhs

ckdjdi ixj¾OkfhaoS ;SrK .ekSu ioyd m%cdiyNd.s;ajh wjYH fõs

ckdjdi ixj¾Okhg jeo.;ajk wxY

ksjdi

mrsird;aul hás;,h - ikSmdrCIl, c,h, úoq,sh, c,l<ukdlrKh, le<sli, bj; oeóSu,

wmodjkag ,lajk m%foaYj,g jeâs wjOdkhla fhduql< hq;=hs

^fuh ;sridr ixj¾Okhg wjYHu ;;ajhls&

ckdjdi wOHhkh ioyd fhdod.kq ,nk wdlD;Ska

f:;sydisl oDIaÀfldakfhka

m%;Hfhal wOHhk u.ska

m%dfoaYsh jYfhka

f:;sydisl m%fõYh

m%;HdjD;a;sh ^ckdjdifha w;S;h&

m%;Hdjf,dalkh ^j¾;udkh ioyd w;S;h wOHhkh lsrsu&

Ndú;jH ^w;S;h yd jra;udkh wOHhkh ;=<ska wkd.;h yeoErSu

w;S;h w;S;h

j¾;udkh j¾;udkh

wkd.;h

ckdjdi iajrEmh

;ks ckdjdihl f.j,a yd f.dvke.s,s úysos we;s wldrhhs

tlu iajrEmhla we;;a iïsNjh yd ld¾Hh fjkia fõ

fï ksid iajrEmh wOHhkfhka woyia jkafka jsjrKh lsrsuls ta ioydf:;sydisl ;;ajh wOHhkh l, hq;= fjhs

ckdjdihl iajrEmh ;SrKh ùu ioyd fN!;sl, ixialD;sl yd iudcSh idOln,mdhs

%

iajrEmh

wdlS¾K

kSyev iúê

bfí wl%uj;aj we;úh ie<iqï iys;hs

Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmh kdNs.; f¾Äh

c¾uksfha vDn,a m,a,sh

cmdkfha nrdld rch úiska we;sl,

fyda l¾udka; ysushka

;kk .usudk

ud,s.d

;Kmsáhla jgd msyá ckdjdi - Plaza f,i yoqkajhs

.%dóSh iajrEmhls ^i;=ka wdrCIdlr .ekSu ioyd&

ueo msgÜgkshla we;

msáfha yevh wkqj ckdjdifha yevh ;SrKh fõ ^rEmigyka&

msáfha ueo fmdoq whs;shla mj;shs

j¾;udkfhaoS tjeks ckdjdi j, ld¾Hhka fjkia ùS we;

.x.d

ud¾.

WodyrK

nqIauka jrekaf.a .ïudk ^tfvsreka& - kSyev ljdldr fõ fN!;sl idOl fya;= ù we;

Y%S ,xldfõs l=Tqrej, jHdma;sh ^wd¾:sl idOl&

W;=re weursldfõ ixialD;sl n,mEu Ydka; f,darkaia kosh osf.a f¾Åhj jHdma; ùu m%xY cd;Ska mosxÑs m%foaY

bvï ;Sre f,i fnod we;

wdckagskdfõ loqlr m%foaYj, c¾ukajre yd W;=re TiafÜ%%s,shdkq cd;Ska mosxÑjwe;

ñska yqol,d nj wvù we; wi,ajeis weiqr jeäùu m%jdyk yd wfkl=;a fiajdjka ,nd .ekSfï myiqj ud¾. md,ï úshoï wvqùu wdosh ksid ñsksiqkaf.aleue;a; u; bvïs fnodf.k we;

y;/ia .ïsudko we; wdckaákdfõs fjksiqfj,dfõ n%iS,h jeks rgj, ud¾. oE,siaj,g wkqrEmjk f,i tf,i bvïs fnodf.k we;

ckdjdi iajrEmh fjkiaùug fya;=

ck.ykh bj;ùu

;dCIKsl oshqKqj

kd.rSlrKh

m%idrKh ^bvïs len,Sùu fyda fnodoSu&

ixfldapkh ùu ^taldnoaO lsrsu fyda w;ayerhdu&

ld,h;a iu. isoqjk n,mEu

mdr

..

mdr

ckdjdi rgd Settlement Patterns

mOdk rgd folhs ckdjdi w;r ino;d ñka ms<sTssnq lrhs ,.ska fyda oqriaj ckdjdi msysghs

wdlS¾K ckdjdi

úls¾K ckdjdi

fuu ckdjdi j¾. foflys b;sydih wkqj j¾. 04 lg wkqj oelaúh yelsh

m%%d:ïl úsirKh

m%d:ñl kHIaGaslrKh

oaú;Sl úirKh

oaú;Sl kHIaÁlrKh

wdls¾K ckdjdi rgd

Hamlets l=vd .ïudk ^fN!;sl ie<iqïs& c,h we;s yd ke;s m%foaY ^úh<s m%foaY ydnx.,dfoaYh jeks rgj,&

iïsmsKavkh jq ckdjdi ^yrhla fyda kHIaGshla ke; f.dvke.s,s tl;=jla wdishd;slrgj, oelsh yel&

kHIaGs.;hs ^.K;ajh jeähs wE;g hk úg jeä fõ&

ix>; ckdjdi ^,. ,. msysá ckdjdi yd j;= ckdjdi - fnda¾kshdfjs ;Kìï j, we;sckdjdi&

kHIaGs.; ùug n,mdk idOl

c,w;srsla;h fyda c, ys.h ^Wet points and Dry points)

bxoshdfõ uyd rdiag% m%dka;h yd ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmh - c, ys.h

nx.,dfoaYfha c,fhka hgjk m%foaY j,oS Wiaìï j,g talrdYSùu, tluq;= nj, ksIamdokyqjudrej, l=, l%uh

hkdosh .%dóh kHIaGs lrKhg fya;= fõ

ixl,amjdoS idOl

- iuQy f.dúm, l%uh

reishdfõ Kolhoz, BY%d,fha Kibbutz yd Communs

fmdl=re .ï - Y%S ,xldfõ uyje,s tlai;a ckmofha Mormon and Amish

Ujama gekafiakshdfõ, uE;ld,fha ñksiqka talrdYslr ;ekq ckdjdi, fiajdiemhsu myiqhs, fuh .%dulrKh ;=<ska isoqfõ BY%d,fha Wmfoiau; Y%S ,xldfõ

úlafgdrshd c,dYh wi, fujeks ckdjdi we;slr we;

kj ckdjdi msysgq ùfïoS fuu rgd ms<sno i,ld n,hs

úlS¾K rgdj

yqol,dj fyda ;ksj msysá úlsrK ckdjdi oelsh yel fuh idfmaCIs;hs tfukau ixls¾K iudc wd¾:sl ino;d we;

n,mdk ,o idOl

iudc wd¾:sl yd fN!;sl idOl

fN!;sl idOl

mdrsirsl oqIalr;d

iïm;a iSudùSu ^hqfrdamfha fmkhska, bkaoshdfõ ysud,h, fj,aia jeks loqlrm%foaY&

wd¾:sl yd iudc idOl

hqold, j, hqoaoh wjika ùfuka miq ;ukag yqremqreoq f.dúm, j,g hdu^tx.,ka;h, fvkaud¾lh&

1950-80 bvï fldgq lsrsu werTqkS

1750-80 tlai;a ckmofha bvï taldnoaO lsrsu ^fmars, brs.= máh, ;srs.= máh m%foaYj, Rank System tllg bvïs fnod oS we;, iudk len,s&

hdka;%SlrKh

bvï ñ, wvùSu

iu;,d N+ñh

kHIaGsl mjq,a ksid Tjqkf.a is;=ï me;=ï u; úsisrs rgdj we;s fõ

wd.ñl fya;= Moman and Amish jre fjku .ïudkj, mosÑj we;

hqdrdamd rgj,g n,mdk idOl fjkiah 1750-80 ld,fha hfrdamd rgj, bvïfnodoSu wdrïN úh b;d mgq bvï úh

fko¾,ka;h - merKs kq;k

kHIaGs.; ckdjdi ìyùSu ixfrdaOl ksid isoqfõ tu ixfrdaOl bj;ajQ úsg kej; úsisrshyel ^c,h, fCIau N+ós, ;dCIKh&

foaYmd,ksl idOl

.%dulrKh ;=< mqoa.,hska .ï w;yerhdu

ckdjdi mrskduh Evolution of the Settlementsckdjdi fkdlvjd fjkia fõ

i;aj yd Ydl fuka WmoS

j¾Okh ùs iuyr úg mrsydkshg m;aù wNdjhg hhs

i;ajhska yd Ydl fuka ish,qu ckdjdi wNdjhg fkdhhs

Lksc iïm;a iys; m%foaYj, iïm;a wjika ùSfuka miq mrsydkshg m;aúh yel

fndfyda úg ckdjdi mrskdukh ù ;j;a ckdjdi j¾.hla njg m;aúh yel fï ioyd os¾> ld,hla .;fõ

fï ksid ckdjdij, b;sydih foi n,k úg ckdjdi mrskdufha úfYaI wjê lSmhla yoqkd.; yelshs

1 wixúê;jq merKs udkj ckdjdi wjêh (Phase of Primitive Non-organized)

wdos ld,fha ;kk ,o ckdjdi fï .khg wh;a fõ

mrsirh fjkia fkdlr ;djld,slj fyda ia:srju fyda fjk;a m%foaYj, mosxÑ jQ miq;kk ,o ckdjdi

jir oioyila fuu hq.h mej;=ks

iajdNdjsl wdjrK fyda miqj ir<j ;ekSfï ,CIK ±lsh yel

2 ixúOdkd;aul ckdjdi wjêh (Eoplolis) .ïudk hq.h

jir 10000-12000 la mej;=ks T;a f.dú;ek wkq.ukh l, ld,fha ia;srju ksjdik¾udKh úh

iudc ixúsOdk ;ìk

foaY.=khg yd wd¾:sl ;;ajhg .e,fmk mrsos foaYsh iïm;a m%fhdackhg f.kp;=rdY%dldr yd fjk;a yevfhka hqla; f.j,a ;kk ,oS

3 ia;s:sl kd.rsl ckdjdi wjêh (Phase of Static Urban Settlements – Polis)

jir 5000-6000 lg fmr mej;s lDIs w;srsla;hla we;sjq ld,fha yia; l¾udka; fj<odu oshqKq fjñka ud¾. uxikaosj, k.rìyúh

rcjreka fyda fjk;a md,lhska mosxÑ fuu merKs k.r wdrCIdj ioyd oshw.,lska fyda ;dmamhlska jgù mej;sk .x.d keïul, lfmd,a,l fyda fjk;awdrCId iys; ;ekl n,fldgqjla iys; k.r ;kd ;sìk fuu k.r mQ¾j ld¾ñl (Pre-Industrial) k.r jYfhka yoqkajd ;sfì ^bkaoq ksïk, fuifmdfÜñhdkq YsIaGdpdr óg WodyrK fõ&

4 .;sl k.r wjêh (Phase of Dynamic Urban Settlements – Dynapolies).;sl k.rj, uq,a wjêfhaoS - lDIsld¾ñl úma,jh yd oqïrsh uydud¾. ixj¾Okh ksid k.r wixúOdkd;aulj m%idrKh úh k.r ixLHdjo is>%fhkaj¾Okh úh 18 jk ishjfia w.Nd.fhaoS tx.,ka;fha idOl úYd, m%udKhlau; fuu k.r we;súh

ld¾ñl yd fudag¾r: wjêh - fudg¾r: m%%jdykh oshqKqúh

k.r wdikakfha ud¾. osf.a úsysfok iajNdjhla oelsh yel

.;sl wjêhg jvd fndfyda fjkia ,CIK oelsh yel

k.rhg msg;ska Wmk.r lSmhla j¾Okh úh

tla Wmk.r ljh;a we;sjQjdg miq Bg msg;ska ;j;a Wmk.r ljhla we;úh

msg;g isoqjk ixl%ukh nyq,hs

fuu Wmk.r j, .eñrsl ,CIK uq,skau mj;shs

mqqrjr ìyùSulao isoqfõ

iuyr k.r ^frdauh& fj<odu yd wêrccHjdoh ksaid oshqKúh

wêrdcHjdofha ìo jeàu;a iu. fuu k.r msrsyS ;sfí

wêrdcHjdoh ìo jegqk;a msrsyS fkd.sh k.r f,i ,kavka mqrjrh oelúhyel

oaú;Sh ;D;Sl ld¾Hhka ixflakao%Kh ùu óg fya;= úh

uq,oS ñ,shk ì,shk k.r we;úh

(Millian Cities and Mega Cities)

Wmk.r wdY%S;j k.rdhkh j¾Okhùsu ksid Wm k.r ld¾ñl fyda fkajdislWmk.r úh yelshs

%

kd.rsl mqrjr, iduQys; yd k.rhdhmqrjr

ckdjdi mrskdufha WÑp;u wjia:djhs

uq,skau k.r ks¾udKhg n,mEfõ flakao%dNsidrs ;;ajhkah

k.rfhka msg;g hdu ksid k.rh m%idrKh úh

Wmk.r .eñrsl yd .%dóh ,CIK mqrjrh ;=< ;ìh yel

Wmk.r Wmk.r

kdNsh

uq,a k.rh

k.r me;srSu

iduQys; -mqrjr lSmhl tl;=jlstal kHIaGsl yd nyq kHIaGsl iduqys;hka mj;shstx.,ka;fha m%Odk iduqys; 07 lsfya;=j – ld¾ñSlrKh .,a w.=re ridhksl o%jH frosms<s hlv yd jdfka wdY%s; kd.rslrKhhs

uyd tx.,ka;h.sKsfldkos. ,exlIh¾ngysr .%Ska,ka;hfhdalaIh¾,Sj¾*q,a ^u¾is .. wi,&ghska ihsâ ^ghska .. winv&la,hsâ ihâ ^la,hsâ .. winv&

k.rhdh - Megalopolis1 Great Lakes (Chicago, Detroit, Toronto, Montreal, Pittsburge)2 North Corrido (Newyork, Boston, Philadelphia, Washinton)3 Blue Banana (London, Frankfirt, Amsterdam, Dublin, Zurich)4 Pearl River Delta (Hong kong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen)5 Bohai Economic Rim ( Beijing, Tiangin, Qingdao)6 Yangtze River Delta (Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Suzhou)7 Tokaido Belt (Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya)Other ………tlai;a ckmofha kef.kysr oejeka; kd.rsl l,dmh ^fndiagka - fjdIskagka&ud¾. osf.a k.r tlg iïnkaOúh1960 jkúg m<, ie;mï 30-100 w;r úhj¾. ie;mï 54,000la óg wh;afõNñfhka 2% l ck.ykfhka 20% la isáhsóSg we;=<;a iduqys;hka

BoltomoreNew YorkFidelfiaWashingtonBoston

,CI 1-10 w;r ck.ykhla we;ck.K;ajh j¾. ie;mqug 800 ls1960 miq m%idrKh úhwdrïNfhaoS mej;s jdis iy.; ;;ajh n,md we;

ckhd jeä jYfhka mosxÑj isàu jrdh msyàu 1800 miq hmia yd .,a w.=re ksid rg we;=,; jf.au fjr< m%foaY oshqKùsu Y%u yuqodfjka 23% la fuys isgsu

mqyqKq yd oCI ;dCIKsl m%foaY ùu

jeâ m%;sYs¾I wdodhï l,dmhla ùuoaù;Sl wxYhg jvd ;D;Sl yd pd;=¾H l¾Hhka ;sîuixl%uK nyq, ùSuf,dalfhau fmdfydi;=ka fuu m%foaYj, jdih lsrsuud¾. oE,siaj,ska tlsfkl iïnkaOj mej;Su

fïjd w;r r:jdyk, ,sms yqjudrej, oqrl:k, c,mrsjykh, f;,a mrsjykh, NdKav mrsjykh, u.s mrsjykh jekss .,khka we;n,h oeKqu yd Okh talrdYsj mej;Subf,lafg%dksl yd jdkscuh uQ,dia:dkhka ùSufldgia fj<o fmd, nexl= rlaIK wdosh;a iu. foaYmd,k n,h yd wd¾:sl n,h flakao%K .;j we;cd;Hhka;r n,ho ùYd,hcd;Hhka;r ld¾Hhka jYfhka f,dal nexl=j cd;Hhka;r uq,H wruqo, wdoshtalrdYsj mj;shsm¾fhaIK uOHia:dk yd úYaj úoHd, msysgd ;îuixialD;sl uOHia:dk tlrdYsj mej;SukHIaGska rdYshla mej;SuúúO cd;Ska isák úúO iudc ;,hka ksfhdackh lsrsulao fuys oelsh yelóg wu;rj

Ñldf.dale,sf*dakshd f,diawxc,Sia ieka*eiaflda l,dmho jeo.;a fÉ

cmdkfha fydlhsfvda k.rhdhkef.kysr ud¾.fha fgdlsfhda isg lsfhdafgda olajd*eismsla fjr< ;Srefõ osiafõkd.rSlrKh yd ld¾ïSlrKh ksid we;sjqjlsfuh fgdlsfhda lsfhdfgda Tild fldfí fhdafldyud hk l,dmolajd úysfohsfgdalsfhdaj m%Odk mrsmd,k uOHia:dkhhs

Koichin fojk l,dmhhsTild lsfhdfgda uy fldfí m%foaY óg wh;a fõfïsjd m%Odk jrdh yd r:jdyk ksIamdok l,dmhkah

Chukyo f;jk l,dmhhskf.dahd tys m%Odk k.rhhs

Kitacushu isõjk l,dmhhsisria j¾Okh nyq,hsjrdh wdY%S; ke.eTqre ;Sr f.dvlr we; m%Odk oïrsh ud¾. ydwêfõ.S ud¾. j,ska iïnkaOj mj;shs

tlai;a ckmofha k.rhdhka mßamd,k m%Yak j,g uqyqK oS we;

m%jdyk .eg,qj

úúO ckdjdi wka;¾.;j mej;Su

tla m%Odk ,CIhla mej;Su

1

2

3

4

5

wdrïNl wjia:dj

m%idrK iajrEmh

;D;Sl iajrEmh

w;ayrsk ,o iajrEmh

ixfldapk iajrEmh

%

iduQys; - Cornabation

mqrjr fyda kd.rsl iduqys;

iduqys;hla fjk fjku kHIaGs lSmhla tl;= ù ks¾udKh fõ,kavka, mersia jeks iduqys; tal kHIaGsl iduqys;hka fõs

k.rh jgd Green Belt tlla we;

k.rh m%idrkh j,lajhs

lDIs lghq;= lrkq ,nhs

f.dvke.s,s ;eKsu úsfYaI wjir u; l< hq;=hs

rch Green Belt tflka msg; Wmk.r we;slr ;sfís

nyq kHIaGsl iduqys;

ngysr .%ska,ka;fha n¾ñsxyeï wi, l,dmh- f,day NdKav ksIamdkhlrk .,a w.=re nyq, l¨q k.rh f,i yoqkajk l,dmh ógwh;afõs

iduqys;h mqrd tal yd iudkj ckdls¾K ùs ke;

.eusrsl yd lDIsld¾ñsl ìïs mj;shs Wod- .sKsfldK os. uekafpiag¾ yd ,ekalIh¾

Ring city o nyqflakao%sh iduqys;hla fõ

fko¾,ka;fha fjr< osf.a wYaj ,dvul yevhgjHdma;j we;

mqrjr ;=kls

The Hague

Amsterdam

Utrecht

fuu mqrjr ;=k tl;= ùu ksid k.rh j¾Okhùu isoqù we; ùjD; lDIs ìï mj;shs

k.rhdh - Megalopolis

kj tx.,ka;fha isg fjdIskagka olajd ^fndiagka isg fjdIskagkaolajd& úysfohs

Bos-Wash k.rhdh m<uqfjkau yoqkd.;a k.rhdhhs

Boston, New York, Baltimore, Washington, Fidelfia hkmqrjr óg wh;ah

1961 os fuh yoqkd .kakdúsg os. ie;mqïs 450 ls miq ld,Skjie;mqïs 600-700 la olajd oshqKq ù m<,o jeäúsh

ck.ykh ìs,shk .kkls

we;=<; m%Odk k.r Wmk.r mrsjdr k.r .eñrsl hk ckdjdi iduqys; mqrjr;=< oelsh yel

fïjd k.r f,i yoqkd .kafka mqrjr w;r we;s wka;¾ iïnkaO;djh ksihsfïjd oE,sia j,ska iïnkaOj we;

oïrsh uydud¾. we< ud¾. úoq,s ixfoaY ixl%uK r:jdyk jeks wxY j,skaiïnkaOj we;

fïjdfha ,CIK

wêl ck.ykh

oE,siaj,ska iïnkaOj mej;Su

w;s úYd, iudc wd¾:sl úúO;ajh

fïjd fN!;sl jYfhkauo iïnkaOj mj;shs

iudcSh jYfhka.;a úg úúO cd;ska cSj;ajk m%foaYhls

úúO iudc mx;Ska ksfhdckh lrkakka jdih lrhs

wd¾:sl júO;ajhla mj;shs

f,dalhgu lrKq ,nk n,mEu by,hs

Okh n,h yd oeKqu talrdYS jq ia:dkhls

wvla muK lDIsld¾ïl ìï mj;shs

uqo,a n,h u; /oS mj;shs

oeKqu talrdYSj mj;shs ^úYaj úoHd,, ;dCIKsl úoHd,&

bf,lafg%dKsl yd jdkscuh uQ,ia:dkhka ùu

foaYmd,k ,nh talrdYsj mej;Su

wd¾Ól n,h talrdYSj mej;Su

cd;Hka;r n,h m%n, ùu

cd;Hka;r wdh;khkayS uQ,ia:dk msysgd .sîu

m¾fhaIK uOHia:dk yd úYaj úoHd, msysgd ;sîu

kHIaÁka rdYshla msysgd ;sîu

úúO cd;Ska isák úúO iudc ;,hka ksfhdackh lsßu

%.%duSh ckdjdi rEmdka;rkh jSurEmdka;rkh hkq ir< ckdjdihl m%d:ñl l%shdldrlï j, isoqjk fjkiaÖuhs'

fuu fjki m%udKh" ckixLHdj" .%dóh ckdjdihl fj<odfï isoqjk fjkiaÖïs hkdoshhs'

m<uq wêh ^uq,skau fjkia jkafka .%dóh uxikaoshhs&

fkdoshqKq .ul i;sfmd<la muKla we;'

rEmdka;rkh;a iu. ta wjg lv fma,s we;sÑh yel'

b,a,qula mj;Skï iq: l¾udka; yd ÑfYaIs; l¾udka; o we;sÑh yel'

ux ikaosh yer ta jgd .%dóh ,CIK mej;sh yel'

fojk wjêh

fuu wjêfhaoS ;rula ÑYd, .ïudk j, ud¾. ÑsysoSu yd ckixLHdj jeâÖSu oelsh yel'

f;jk wjêh

m%Odk ud¾.h osf.a jdksc lghq;= j¾Okh fÉ'

ksjdi ixLHdj jeâ fÉ'

wikak .ï j,ska ixl%uKh isoqfÉ'

wdrïNl ,CIK l%ufhka ke;sj hhs'

ì%;dkH jeks rg j, m<d;a md,k wdh;k j,ska ;;kq ,enq ksjdi ñg we;=,;a fjs os.= l,la .;Öfuka miq tu ksjdi

iS>%fhka fjkia Ö ld¾ñl l,dm fyda Wmk.r f,i oshqKq Ñh yel'

fujeks fjkiaÖï j, we;s ÑfYaIs; ,CIK

fujeks ckdjdi Ruban" mqrjr .ï" ix.uk .ï" ihkd.dr .ï" hkdoS jYfhka m%foaY wkqjyeoskaÑh yel'

* .%dóh kd.rsl bfï msysáSu Rural Urban Fringe

* flko%dNsidrh Flight from the city

* iudc fjkiaÖu ms<sno m%:Hfhal m%foaY Öu Frontier of Social Changes

* ld¾Huh jYfhka fjkiaÖu Functional Transformation

* .u yd k.rh w;r fN!;sl tallhla ÖSu Physical Entity

* .u yd k.rh w;r iudc tallhla ÖSu Social Entity

* N+ñ mrsfNda.h fjkia ÖSu ^ysia;eka msrÖSu& Infilling Conversion

.Eñrsl ckdjdi^.%dóh l,dm yd bosl< m%foaYhkaf.ka fjkiajk l<dmhhs&* Wm k.r l<dmfha .%dóh m%foaY ;=< msysgd we;'* ckixLHd j¾Okh b;d wêlhs'* ixl%uK nyq,hs'* ixl%uKh fowdldrhs flkao%dNsidr

.%dóh ixl%uK* f.dvke.s,s bosÖSu fÉ.j;ah'* fN!;sluh jYfhka fjkajq Ñix.ukhlao oelsh yelshs'* k.r lrd fhduq jQjka fuys oelsh yel' ^k.rhg ks;r hk tk hkak ñka woyia fÉ&* /lshd jHqyho fjkia fÉ'* w¾Old,Sk f.dÑ;eka oelsh yelshs'* N+ñ mrsfNda.h fjkia fÉ'* ÑfYaIs; mrsj¾:khka oelsh yelshs'

flá ld,hlska iS>%fhka fjkia fÉ'f.dÑìï m%udKh wvq fÉ'fkajdisl wxYh jeâ fÉ'

* lDIs kd.rsl NñmrsfNda.hla mej;Su' ^.%dóh - lDIs" c,dY" j.=re kd.rsl - mdie,a frday,a&* fuh l%dka;Sh l,dmhls'* ie<iï fkdl< l,dmhls'* m%qoa., leue;a; u; fjkiaÖï isoq fÉ'* ixl%uKfhaoS bvï ñ, n,mdhs'* wkd.;fhaoS bvïs ñ, jeâfÉ hehs is;d bvï ñ,oS .kshs'* fldgia jYfhka uqo,a f.jd bvï ,nd .ekSfï yelshdjlao mj;shs'* bvï len,slr ÑlsKSu nyq,hs'* m%jdykh l%ufhka oshqKqfjñka mj;shs'* ixj¾ê; rgj, mrsirh ie,ls,a,g .kshs'* fuu ckdjdi yryd m%Odk ud¾. ;snqfkd;a .%dóh m%foaYlrd iSudj ;,a,q fjñka mj;shs'* wNHka;r iSudjkao ;,a,qfjñka mj;shs'* .;sl ,CIK l%dka;sh l,dm ;=< mj;shs'* ÑÑO iïNjhka yd miqìula we;s mqoa.,hska talrdYsjk m%foaYhls' ^uQ,sl .%dóh ,CIK fï

ksid ke;s fjñka mj;shs&

ixj¾ê; rgj, .eñrsl ckdjdihkayS fmdoq ,CIK* 1960 .kka j,oS fujeks ckdjdi ms<sno wOHhkhjka isoqlr we;'* fojk f,dal hqoaofhka miq ckdjdi fCI;%fha we;sjq kj keïuls'* Galpin – Rural – Urban ksid Ruban f,i yoqkajd we;'* Chritchen (1964) oS ix.ukh jk mqoa.,hska fjfik .ï f,i yoqkajd we;'* Mosser – Stroud Ñiska mqrjefha msysáu ksid fjkiajk .ula f,i olajhs'* uOHu k.rh ksid we;sjq .ula hkak bka woyiq fÉ'fujeks .ï ks¾udkhg n,mdk idOl* tlai;a ckmofha hqoaofhka miqj k.rfhka msg;g mekhdu ksid we;sÖu'* k.rfha mj;sk wmsrsisoq nj" wêl >k;ajh yd jd¾.sl .egqï jeks ;;ajhka

^Pahl –Sociologist)'

* ,kavka k.rfha ÑY%dñlhska .%dóh m%foaYj,g olajk we,auk.rfha mj;sk mrsir oQIKh" l<n,ldrs;ajfhka ñosug<uhskag fydo wOHdmkhla ,nd oSugoskm;d k.rhg myiqfjka hd yels Öuix.uk ;SrefÉ mosxpsj isáSuuq,oS Okj;=ka fuu m%foaY j, isáuoqïrsh m%jdykh flf¾ jeâ we,aula oelaÖuk.rfha bvï ñ, yd ksjdi l=,sh wêl Öum<d;a md,k wdh;k j,ska ksjdi ;kd ckmo we;s lsrsuÑÑO mqoa.,hska fïjdfha mosxpsj isáu

ì%s;kH mqrjr .ul ,CIK* fkajdisl lghq;= wêlhs'* rdcH wxYfha f.dvke.s,s ;ekSug .eïrsl ckdjdi f;dard .kshs'

.fï Wmka whmsg;ska f.kÑ;a mosxps l< whksjdi ñ,g f.k mosxps jqjka

* ksjdi ñ,g .;a whf.ka 18% ie;mqus 5 jeks oqr m%udKhlska meñKs whhs'* wfkla ish,a, ie;mqï 20 jeâ oqr m%udKhlska meñK we;'

kqiqoqiq ;;ajhkafmdoq m%jdykh wvq Öuwju myiqlï ^c,h" Ñoq,sh" fj<om,&qiudcuh jYfhka weiqre lrkakkaf.a wvqlu

iqoqiq ;;ajhka.%dóh m%foaYj, we;s iduldó mrsirhk.rh wdikakfha msysáuiqyoYS,sj lghq;= lsrsug yelsÖSu

,xldfÉs .eñrsl ckdjdi,xldfÉ ckdjdi ms<sno lreKq fiÖu myiq ld¾Hhla fkdfÉ ^ckixHd jd¾d fidhd .ekSfï wmyiqj&/lshd yd ix.ukh wdoS f;dr;=re fiÖu wmyiqhs.%dóh fjkiaÖï fidhd.; yels tlu wxYh N+ñ mrsfNda.hkaf.a fjkia ÖSuwOHhkh lsrsuhstys fjkiaÖï idlpsPd ud¾.fhka fidhd.; yelshs

WodyrKleianEj ms<shkao,

uq: Wmosidm;s fldgsGdYfhau rn¾ l=reoq fmd,a yd ÑjD; ìïs nyq, Ñh1981 jk Ñg fylaghd¾ 1559 la kd.rsl N+ñmrsfNda.h Ñh1994 oS th fylaghd¾ 2518 la olajd j¾Okh Ñh

fydaud.u 1956 fylaghd¾ 20 1981 fylaghd¾ 622 1994 fylaghd¾ 1942uyr.u1956 - 113 1981 - 1230 1994 - 1895le<Ksh 1956 - 69 1981 - 598 1994 - 1222ms<shkao, 1956 - 25 1081 - 1559 1994 - 2518kshus; ,CIK j,g wkqj .eñrsl ckdjdi olakg ,efnkqfha fld<T k.rhwjgh20 jk Y;j¾Ih uq,oS .eï kd.rsl bula yg f.k we;19 jk Y;j¾IfhaoS j¾;udk Wmk.r .eñrsl ckdjdi f,i mej;sk

WodyrK - 1981 oS ksjdi yd ckixLHdjg wkqjf.j,a ckixLHdj

r;au,dk 594 3461.,alsiai 666 3466foysj, 252 1477keosud, 431 2934

20 jk ishji wdrïNfhaoS k.r mrsmd,kh wdra:sl yd fjk;a myiqlï flako%Kh Öuksid ixl%uk jeâÑh'1921-31 w;r ld,fha jeâjqjka f.ka 91.8% la ixl%uK fya;=fjks'1931 miq ixl%uK fÉ.h wvqÑh fya;j 1931 jk Ñg ÑYd, jYfhka j.=re ìï yd c,fhkahgjk ìï mej;Suhs'c,hg hg fkdjk Wiaìï j, ixl%uKslhska mosxps jqy'1931 mi fld<T wjg l=vd .eñrsl bula we;sÑh'1981 jk Ñg fld<T k.rh jgd foysj,-.,alsiai fldaásfás fudrgqj jeks Wm k.rrdYshla ìysÑh'wvlj folla ìysÑh

fld<T k.rfha wjia:d lSmhla oelsh yelm<uq wjêh - ixl%uKfojk wjêh - w,a,d .ekSïsf;jk wjêh - k.rhg ixl%uKh jq msrsia wvq fkdjq w;r ck>k;ajh jeâÑhk.r j¾Okh isoqÑSu

n;a;ruq,a,1963-71 f.dvke.s,s j, is<% j¾Okh (35% 1971-2001 f.dvke.s,sj, j¾Okh (154%

ckixLHdjWmka ckhd foj¾.hls f.dÑ;eka lrkakka

/lshd ioyd hkakjqkamiqj ÑÑO ixl%uKslhks tl;=Ñhbfï msysá .ïj, msysáu wkqj .fï Wmka yd msg m%foaYj,ska meñKs wh w;r fjkila Ñh^wkqmd;h&fjk;a m%foaY j,ska meñk mosxps jqjka foi ne,SfïoS Tjqka jeâ msrsila wdikak .ïj, l=,shg mosxpsj isáhsfndfyda msrsia bvï ñ,g f.k f.j,a ;ekq whhs/lshd imhk m%Odk ia:dkh fld<T k.rh ksid k.rhg ixl%uKh Ñh/lshd ioyd hkakjqka isák w;r Tjqka .%dóh miqìula we;s whhs

ld¾Hhuh fjkia Öï

m%d:ñl wxYh wfkl=;a wxY folg mrsj¾:kh Öu ld¾Hhuh fjkia Öuhs

m%d:ñl lghq;= wvq fjñka mj;shs

oaÑ;Sl ;D;Sl wxYj, odhl;ajh jeâhs

m%Odk fya;= folls mjq,aj, /lshd jHqyh fjkia Öu

ixl%uKslhkaf.a /lshd jHqyh

ixialD;sl l¾udka; frday,a jeks wxY ioyd ÑYd, ìï m%udkhla k;=Ñh

1946-62 ld,h ;=< fld<T osia;%slalfha muKla wlalr 29000la f.dÑìï fkajdisl ydfjk;a lghq;= ioyd mrsj¾:kh Ö we;

m;;a ìï f.dv lsrsuo ó wh;ah

bvï ñ, jeâÖu

1978 1981

n;a;ruq,a, m¾' 600 2500

2500 7000

uyr.u 1000 3000

2800 12000

f.j,s iys; bvï fldgialr ÑlSkSu

lDIs nsus kd.rsl nsus njg yerjsu ^lDIs-kd.rsl j.=re-ksjdi ksjdi-jdksc&

Agri-Urban, Mashy-Residence Residence-Commercial

iudc ,CIK

weiqre lrkakka m,a,s mkai,a fldaÑ,a we;s w;r ixialD;sl ino;d yd ffoksl p¾hdjkao jeo.;a Ñh

flkao%ia:dkjdoh Central Placesk.r NdÑ;h wkqj .ula fyda l=vd k.rhla wjg m%foaYfha whg NdKavhla iemhSu

fyda fiajdjla iemhSuÑÑO ckdjdij, msysáu ld¾Hh oqr m%udKh meyeos,slr .; yels rduqjla

flako%ia:dkjdofhka imhhsckdjdi N+f.da, ÑoHdfÉ moku f,io yeoskaÑh yelj¾;udkh ioyd mukla fkdj wkd.; ie<iqïlrKh ioyd odhl Öula fuu.ska

isoqfÉfiajd iemhsfï m%foaYh fiajd uOHia:dkh oshqKq Öu;a iu. mq:,a fÉ

.ul my< .kfha fiajdjka msysghsBg by<g hk Ñg by, .kfha fiajdjka oelsh yel.ul ;sfnk my< .kfha ld¾Hhka wjg mosxps lrejkaf.a tosfkodwjYH;djhka imhhs ^frday,la mdi,la ;sìh yel&rch yd mqoa.,sl wxYh Ñiska imhka ld¾Hhkao ;sìh yelshs

jeâ msrsilg wvq Ñhoñka jeâ m%;s,dNhla ,ndosh yels ld¾Hhka rch Ñiska imhhsuOHhu yd by< .kfha ld¾Hhkao we;

uOHu >kh - ks;r wjYH fkdjk NdKav ^uid ksul< weoqïf.dvke.s,s o%jH&by< >kh - r:jdyk r;a;rka ,Snvq cd;Hhka;r fiajd frday,a

flao%ia:dkjdoh ks¾jpkh ioyd fukau uek oelaÖu ioydo iq;%hla we;C=N-L -Central place=Nordality – Local Consumption

flakao%ia:dkh=kdNs.; ld¾Hh-ckdjdifha mdrsfNdackhckdjdifha we;=<; yd wjg whg lrKq ,nk fiajdj kdNs.; ld¾Hh f,i

yoqkajhsth miqìï m%foaYh n,mEï m%foaYh wkqmQrl m%foaYh hkdos kï j,ska yoqkajhsñ,g .ekSfï yelshdj wkqjo miqìï m%foaYh fjkia fÉ

m%jdyk myiqj NdKav wf<Ñl, yels uOHia:dkfha msysáu wkqjo miqìï l,dmfhaiSudj fjkia fÉ

flkao%ia:dkh fiajSu idfmaCIj isoq lrhsth k.rhl idfmaCI jeo.;alu fmkajk ñkqulsfï ksid flkao%%ia:dkjdoh wOHhkhg jeo.;ajk Wml,amkhkao mj;shs

NdKavhl mrdifha m%dka;rh.uka lrk oqr ^leu;s oqr&m¾hka; ck.ykh ^NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla mj;ajd f.k hdu ioyd wjYHwju ck.ykh&

flfia fj;;a uQ, O¾ufha mj;akd wNsWm.ukhka lSmhla ksid ienEf,dalfha ;;ajh ir< l<

yelsnj Walter Christaller fmkajd fohs1 iSud rys; ;eks;,djla mej;Su2 ;eks;,dj mqrd iudkj ckhd jHdma;j we;3 ÑÑO flkao%ia:dk fuys ;sìh yel4 mdrsfNda.slhska ,.u we;s fiajd uOHia:dkhg .uka lrhs5 mdrsfNda.slhska ,.u we;s ia:dkh f;dard .kshs6 my<u yd uOHu .kfha fiajdjka hï fiajd uOHia:dkhlskaiemhsh yelshs7 mdrsfNda.sl l%h Yla;sh yd b,a,qu tl iudkh

fï wkqj NdKav yd fiajdjkaf.a msysáu oelaÑh yelshs - rjqï yevhfkdj YvdY%hl yevh .ekSu

fj<o fmd, uQ,O¾uh K=3l%siagd,¾g wkqj uOHu .kfha fiajdjla myiqfjka ,nd .kafka kï;=ka .=Khlska ÑYd,jq m%foaYhla olajd m%%.ukh jk njhs

1+1/3*6=3fìlrsh âiafmkairsh nexl=j weo olajkakm%jdyk uQ,O¾uh K=4lsishïs m%foaYhl iEu fiajd uOHia:dkhl isgu ud¾. Ñysfohs iEu

my< .kfhauOHia:dkhlau Bg by< .kfha uOHia:dk folla w;r msysghs

1+1/2*6=4 weo oljkakmrsmd,k uQ,O¾uh K=7 1+6=7 weo olajkak

m%.ukh Öu1 3+1 9+3+1 27+9+3+1 81+27+9+3+1

243+81+27+9+3+1 etc.my< .kfha ckdjdihl ;sfnk iEu ld¾Hhlau by< .kfha ckdjdi

j, ;sfì fï ksidmiqld,fha fuys wvx.= lreKq fjkia l< hq;=j nj we;eï wh olajhs

August Losch – Christaller f.a wdo¾Yh ;j;a msrsisoq lrk ,oS tfukauWml,amkhkao fjkia Ñh

;eks;,dj mqrd tl iudk oqrska yqol,d f.dÑm, msysá nj olajhstla tla NdKavhg yd fiajdjg wkqj K w.h fjkiajk nj olajhsimhk NdKavh wkqj mrahka;h fjkiajk njth ;=ka .=khlska fkdj tla .=khlska jeâjk nj (K3, K4, K5,

K6,. K10 etc)Figure – Christallet Figure – Losch (tla me;a;l k.r jeâÑh

yels nj&DiagramsLosch g wkqj ÑysoSu ^rEmigyk&

fuh jvd;a kuHYS,shsK w.h iene f,dal ;;ajhka wkqj fjkiafÉienE f,dalfha ;;ajhg .e,fma

USA j, bkaoshdkd fmd,sIa wdY%fhka Losch Ñiska lrk ,o wOHhkhla u.ska tu k.rh jgd iy Toledo k.rh jgd mej;s ;;ajh ms<sno lreKq olajd we;Figure Toledo Figure Indiana Polis

Losch olajkqfha mqrjrh jgd lr;a; frdaohl yevhg kdNsfha isg ud¾. Ñysfok njhsk.r ueo isg m%Odk ud¾. Ñysfohsk.r jeâ fldgfia ud¾. jeâhswvq fldgfia ud¾. wvqhsIndiana polis j, ud¾. 13 la Ñysfok w;r bka 10 l ckixLHdj jeâ l,dm Ñysfohsfuh l%siagd,¾f.a woyig fjkiaj olajk ,o woyils

Walter Ishard - Losch woyi ;j oqrg;a Ñ.%y lrhsfuh ;joqrg;a ixfYdaokh lr we;uOHu k.rh mqrjrh fia ie,l=jfyd;a mqrjrfha isg oqr jeâj;ao ck.ykhwvq fÉYvdY%dldr yevho ke;sjk nj lshsth l=rEmkh Öula f,i olajhsmgq m%foaY yryd iïm;a Ñysfok wdldrhg ck.K;ajh hkdosh u; k.rmsysghstjeks m%foaYhl fiajd m%foaY os.aj ÑysfohsTla ,CIKhla flako%Kh fldg k.r msysgsh yel

k.rj, msysá ck.K;ajh fiajd m%foaY hkdosh u; l=rEmkh isoqfÉ

l=rEmKh ioyd n,mdk idOl

ck.ykh” iïm;a" ;dCIKsl oshqKqj" ld,hg wkqj fjkiaÖu" udkj yeisrSu"

ud¾. oshqKqj ;=< ;dCIKsl oshqKqj" YS;lrK NdÑ;h" /lshd lrk ia:dk j,ska NdKav ñ,oS .ekSu ksid m%foaYfha iSudj fjkia fÉ

WodyrK lekvdj

Mononite Canadian

k.rh msysá ia:dk j,g hhs' wE; msysák.r j,g hhs'

wjYH;d iSñ;hs ie;mqï 25 la muk hhs

jeâu oqr ie;mqï 8 hs

ÑYd, k.rlvd k.r

flakao%ia:dkjdos ixl,amfha NdÑ;hY%S ,xldfÉ Ñh<s l,dmh

tla ld,hlg hk oqr wfkla ld,hg hk oqrg jvd fjkia fÉuqo,a jeâÑu yd wvq Ñu u; oqr fjkia fÉi;s fmd<la mej;sh fyd;a ;;ajh fjkia fÉby< .kfha fiajd yd NdKav wkqj oQrdj,sh yd fiajd m%foaYho fjkiafÉ

m%fhdackie<iqï l< hq;= iqoqiq m%foaY fidhd.; yelrgl fiajd m%foaYj, j¾;udk ;;ajh yoqkd .ekSuoQrdj,sh yoqkd.; yelsÖul¾udka; nexl= frday,a jeks fiajd ia:dk.; l< hq;= ia:dk fidhd.; yelsÖuie<iqïlrKfhaoS m%foaYfha wvqmdvq fidhd .ekSug yelsÖu

flakao%ia:dkhla msysgq ÖSfï wruqKqflkao%hkaf.a wiudk;d yd fiajd myiqlï j, wiudk;d wvq lsrsug fya;= fÉ

ixj¾ês; yd ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, kj ìïj, flakao%ia:dk msysgq Öug fuh fhdodf.k we;jk mosxps lsrsïs ioyd jeo.;a fÉm%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhgo n,mdhsfmd<j,a wOHhkg jeo.;a fÉKet settlements msysgqÖfïoS NdÑ;dlr we;^we;eï ckdjdi mrsydkshg m;aÖu yd kej; kj ckdjdi ie<iqï lsrsu&

ì%s;dkHh.%dóh m%foaYj, ckydhkhla oelsh yel wE; m%foaYj, fï ;;ajh fydoska oelsh yel

W.;a ;reK msrsia k.rhg ixl%uKh fÉ b;srs jkafka jhia.; jQjkahm¾hka;fha ckhd wvqjk Ñg wdodhï Wmhd.; fkdyelsj lvidmamq jid ouhs rch fujeks wjia:d j,oS ÑÑO

fiajd imhhswe;eï Ñg rch Ñiska we;eï fiajd uOHia:dk jid oud ckdjdi m%;sixialrKh lrhs

fuys mej;s tjeks m%foaY wOHhkh lr flakao%ia:dk yryd we;eï m%foaYj,g fiajd imhd weta wkqj is,a,r lvhlg 3000la" uia lvhlg 2000 la" fodia;r flfkl=g 2000 - 2500 la" m%d:ñal mdi,lg

5000 la" yd oaÑ;Sl mdi,lg10"000lao wjYH nj olajhsfko¾,ka;hf*d,av¾ ìïj, ckdjdi we;s lsrsu flakao%ia:dkjdohg wkqj isoqlr we;s w;r Bidk os. f*da,avrfhka mgkaf.k

we;uq,ska ie,iqula ke;sj leu;s ;ekaj, mosxpshg wjir oS we;fojkqj flakao%ia:dkhg wkqj msysgqjd we;m%foaY iu;,d ksid tl iudkj ÑisrS we;ñksiqkag fudag¾ r: ;snqKq ksid k.rhg ixl%uKh Ñhfï ksid .ï oshqKq Ñh

m%fhdack j,g WodyrK

BY%d,h m%Odk k.r folg wu;rj l=vd l=vd k.r bosl<y

ixl%uK ckhd .ïj, mosxps Ñh

my<u .Kfha ckdjdi msysgqÑSh (Kibutz)

Kibutz 6lg tla l=vd fiajd uOHia:dkhla msysgq Ñh

Kibutz 30lg ^ie;mqï 10 l wrhlg& .%du kd.rsl iOHia:dk msysgq Ñh^oajs;Sl mdie,a" iq: l¾udka; fuys we;&

Bg by< uOHu yd by< .Kfha fiajd uOHia:dko msysgqÑh - th oQrdj,shls

ixj¾Okh jk rgj, ,CIK

wm%sldj” u,dÑ" khscSrshdj" whsjrs" isïndìfÉ" lSkShd" .dkd

.%dóu iQrd lEu u. yerÖu ioyd fiajd uOHia:dk flakao%ia:dkjdohg wkqj msysgqÑh

tajd Rural Service Centres f,i yoqkajhs tajd my< yd uOHu .Kfha f,i msysgqjhs

fï yryd lDIs ksIamdok j¾Okh lsrsu

oreo%;djh wju lsrsu

wdodhï ÑÑOdx.SlrKh lsrsu

fiajd iemhSu

kj ckdjdi jQ m%foaYj, j¾Okh flakao%ia:dkh ;=<ska l< yelsh

wiu;=<s; ;dj há;,h iemhSfuka wju l< yelsh

mrsmd,h ÑuOH.; lsrsug myiqh

%.%duSh kd.rsl wka;ra neoSus iy ckdjdi ixjraOkhk.rfha m%Odk wruqKq

mrahka;hg fiajd iemhSu

lDIsldrausl fhojqus iemhSu

lFIsldrausl ksuehqus ioyd fj<om, iemhSu

lDIsldrausl fkdjk wxYj,g /lshd wjia:d iemhSu

lDIs fkdjk wxYj,g ;reKhska mqyqKq lsrsu

lDIs ksIamdok u; mokus jq lraudka; we;s lsrsu yd jraOkh lsrsu

mrahka;hg wjYH uQ,H myiqlus iemhSu

mrahka;h ^.%dush ckdjdi& lDIs ldrausl mrahka;h

k.rfha mj;sk fiajd ioyd fj<o m, iemhSu

ksIamdok ksuehqus yd fhojqus ioyd k.rh iusnkaOj mej;Su

lDIs fkdjk wxYj, /lshdj, ksr; jsu

ffoksl ixp,;djh

Y%u ixl%uKh

udra. cd,h yd neos mj;akd mrsjyk moaO;sh

fuu tlsfkl ldraHhka yryd mj;akd wka;ra iusnkaO;djkaf.a m%n,;dj ckdjdi^kd.rsl .%dush& ixjraOkhg odhljSu

Y%u iemhqfus iajNdjh

.usj, iajNdjh

j.d lghq;= j, iajNdjh

lkak wkqj we;s fjkia jsus

.u yd k.rh w;r iusnkaO;dj

kd.rsl wxYhg msgia;r m%foaYj,ska Y5uh .,d tau

fjk;a wxYj, ksr; jSfuka lDIs wxYhg lrkq ,nk n,mEu

%fj<om,

fhojqus .,d tau ^remigyk&

ksuhqus .,d tau ^rEmigykaa&