Clase 10-16-2015

7/23/2019 Clase 10-16-2015

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10/16/2015 Anatomía:

Sistema digestivo:

Ver video Digestive system-Crash course A!!

Co"umnar ce""s e#ithe"ia" "ayer im#ortante en e" video$

%ígado es e" &rgano interno m's grande$

Pregunta de examen: En el duodeno en el intestino delgado es donde másabsorción hay.

Colon descendente es donde mayor mente se encuentran los canceres delcolon.

• (he digestive system is a grou# o) organs *or+ing together to convert )ood

into energy and ,asic nutrients to )eed the entire ,ody$ ood #asses througha "ong tu,e inside the ,ody +no*n as the a"imentary cana" or the

gastrointestina" tract . tract$• (he a"imentary cana" is made u# o) the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus,

stomach, small intestines, and large intestines ,ut do not have )ood#ass through them$

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Accessory organs of the digestive system:

• nc"ude the teeth tongue sa"ivary g"ands "iver ga"","adder and #ancreas$

(o achieve the goa" o) #roviding energy and nutrients to the ,ody six maor

functions ta!e place in the digestive system:o ngestiono Secretiono 3i4ing and movemento Digestiono A,sor#tiono 4cretion

"igestive En#ymes: sto viene en #areo

• "igestive en#ymes are c"assied ,ased on their target su,strates

• Proteases and peptidases s#"it #roteins into sma"" #e#tides and amino

acids$• $ipases s#"it )at into three )atty acids and a g"ycero" mo"ecu"e$

• Amylases s#"it car,ohydrates such as starch and sugars into sim#"e sugars

such as g"ucose$ Amy"ase es "a 7ue te verican #ara sa,er si tienes#ancreatitis$

• %ucleases s#"it nuc"eic acids into nuc"eotides$

&outh:

8o"us y "uego ,o"o a"imenticio

ood ,egins its 9ourney through the digestive system in the mouth a"so +no*n asthe ora" cavity$

• nside the mouth are many accessory organs that aid in the digestion o) )ood

the tongue teeth and sa"ivary g"ands$ (eeth cho# )ood into sma"" #ieces*hich are moistened ,y sa"iva ,e)ore the tongue and other musc"es #ush the)ood into the #haryn4$

• ;ingua" "i#ase: ;i#id digestion initiates in the mouth$ ;ingua" "i#ase starts the

digestion o) the "i#ids/)ats$• Amy"ase: Car,ohydrate digestion a"so initiates in the mouth$ Amy"ase

#roduced ,y the sa"ivary g"ands ,rea+s com#"e4 car,ohydrates to sma""erchains or even sim#"e sugars$ t is sometimes re)erred to as #tya"in$

• ;yso<yme: Considering that )ood contains more than 9ust that essentia"

nutrients and ,acteria or viruses the "ysosome o=ers a "imited and non-s#ecic yet ,enecia" antise#tic )unction in digestion$

• %a#tocorrin 'iene en el examen$ .A"so +no*n as >-)actor: %e"#s *ith the

a,sor#tion o) Vitamin 812$ A)ter Vitamin 8-12 is re"eased )rom its origina"

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carrier #rotein in the stomach it gets ,ound to %a#tocorrin$ %a#tocorrin#rotects it )rom acidic conditions o) the stomach ,ut is c"eaved in theduodenum ,y #ancreatic #roteases$ Vitamin 8-12 can then ,ind to intrinsic)actor . that has ,een #roduced ,y #arieta" ce""s$ ina""y the ()*'itamin+- com#"e4 is ta+en u# ,y in i"eum via the cu,am rece#tor$

?ota a" ca"ce-si encuentran una @"cera va a ser ma"igna hasta 7ue se demuestre"o contrario #or medio de ,io#sia$ ?o es así e4actamente con una @"cera de"duodeno$

tya"in-,uscar signicado viene en "a reva"ida

>e9ur9itaci&n estomaca" vomitar

Cubam eceptors:

• Cubam, is the term used to refer to a multiligand receptor located in

the terminal ileum s#ecia"i<ing in a,sor#tion o) vitamin 8-12$ Cu,am isessentia""y com#osed o) amnion"ess .A3? A?D cu,i"in$ Cu,i"in is essentia"as a ce"" rece#tor recogni<ing the Bvitamin 8-12-intrinsic )actor com#"e4*hereas amnion"ess is more invo"ved in the rece#tor mediated endocytosis o) the com#"e4$

/eeth:

• (he teeth are 0- small hard organs )ound a"ong the anterior and "atera"

edges o) the mouth$ ach tooth is made o) a ,one-"i+e su,stance ca""eddentin and covered in a "ayer o) ename"-the hardest su,stance in the ,ody$

• (eeth are "iving organs and contain ,"ood vesse"s and nerves under the

dentin in soft region !no1n as the pulp. (he teeth are designed )orcutting and grinding )ood into sma""er #ieces$

An'"ogo a un hueso osteo#orotico un diente 7ue se daa$

/ongue:

• (he tongue is "ocated on the in)erior #ortion o) the mouth 9ust #osterior and

media" to the teeth$ t is a sma"" organ made u# o) severa" #airs o) musc"escovered in a thin ,um#y s+in-"i+e "ayer$

• (he outside o) the tongue contains many rough papillae for gripping food

as it is moved ,y the tongueEs musc"es$ (he taste ,uds on the sur)ace o) the

tongue detect taste mo"ecu"es in )ood and connect to nerves in the tongue tosend taste in)ormation to the ,rain$ (he tongue a"so he"#s to #ush )oodto*ard the #osterior #art o) the mouth )or s*a""o*ing$

2alivary 3lands:

• Surrounding the mouth are ! sets o) sa"ivary g"ands$ (he sa"ivary g"ands are

accessory organs that #roduce a *atery secretion +no*n as sa"iva$

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• Sa"iva he"#s to moisten )ood and ,egins the digestion o) car,ohydrates$ (he

,ody a"so uses sa"iva to "u,ricate )ood as it #asses through the mouth#haryn4 and eso#hagus$

Pharynx y %asopharynx:

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Pharynx:

• (he #haryn4 or throat is a )unne"-sha#ed tuve connected to the #osterior

end o) the mouth$ (he #haryn4 is res#onsi,"e )or the #assing o) masses o)che*ed )ood )rom the mouth to the eso#hagus$

• (he #haryn4 a"so #"ays an im#ortant ro"e in the res#iratory system as air

)rom the nasa" cavity #asses through the #haryn4 on its *ay to the "aryn4and eventua""y the lungs.

+ecause the pharynx serves t1o di4erent functions, it contains a

5ap of tissue !no1n as the epiglottis that acts as a s1itch to routefood to the esophagus and air to the larynx.

-u"monía #or as#iraci&n-,uscar

Esophagus:

• (he eso#hagus is a muscu"ar tu,e connecting the #haryn4 to the stomach

that is #art o) the upper gastrointestinal tract$• t carries s*a""o*ed masses o) che*ed )ood a"ong its "ength$ At the inferior

end of the esophagus is a muscular ring called the lo1er esophagealsphincter or cardiac sphincter. (he )unction o) this s#hincter is to c"ose o) the end o) the eso#hagus and tra# )ood in the stomach$

2tomach:

• (he stomach is a muscu"ar sac that is "ocated on the left side of the

abdominal cavity, ust inferior to the diaphragm. n an average #ersonthe stomach is a,out the si<e o) their t*o sts #"aced ne4t to each other$

(his ma9or organ acts as a storage tan+ )or )ood so that the ,ody has time to

digest "arge mea"s #ro#er"y$ /he stomach also contains hydrochloricacid and digestive en#ymes that continue the digestion of food thatbegan in the mouth.

2mall intestine:

• /he small intestine is a long, thin tube about inch in diameter and

about 6 feet long that is part of the lo1er gastrointestinal tract. tis "ocated 9ust in)erior to the stomach and ta+es u# most o) the s#ace in thea,domina" cavity$

(he entire sma"" intestine is coi"ed "i+e a hose and the inside sur)ace is )u"" o)

many ridges and )o"ds$ (hese )o"ds are used to ma4imi<e the digestion o)

)ood and a,sor#tion o) nutrients$ +y the time food leaves the smallintestine, around 768 of all nutrients have been extracted from thefood that entered it.*2aber partes del intestino delgado.-Se dice hoy día 7ue "as u"ceras son causadas #or ,acterias$-3edicamentos corrosivos ?SAD: Advi" AAS As#irina ?a#ro4en Ce"e,re4?y7ui"

$iver and 3allbladder Frgano de car'cter ,io7uímico-;iver

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(he liver is a rough"y triangu"ar accessory organ o) the digestive system

"ocated to the right o) the stomach 9ust in)erior to the dia#hragm andsu#erior to the sma"" intestine$ (he liver 1eighs about 0 pounds and isthe second largest organ in the body.

(he "iver has many di=erent )unctions in the ,ody ,ut the main )unction o)

the liver in digestion is the production of bile and its secretion intothe small intestine.

(he gallbladder is a sma"" #ear-sha#ed organ "ocated 9ust #osterior to the

"iver$ /he gallbladder is used to store and recycle excess bile fromthe small intestine so that it can be reused for the digestion ofsubse9uent meals.

Pancreas:

• (he #ancreas is a "arge g"and "ocated 9ust in)erior and #osterior to the

stomach$ (t is about inches long and sha#ed "i+e short "um#y sna+e*ith its Bhead connected to the duodenum and its Btai" #ointing to the "e)t*a"" o) the a,domina" cavity$

• (he #ancreas secrets digestive en<ymes into the sma"" intestine to com#"ete

the chemica" digestion o) )oods$

$arge intestine:

• (he "arge intestine is a "ong thic+ tu,e about - ; inches in diameter and

about < feet long$ t is "ocated 9ust in)erior to the stomach and *ra#saround the su#erior and "atera" ,order o) the sma"" intestine$• /he large intestine absorbs 1ater and contains many symbiotic

bacteria that aid in the brea!ing do1n of 1astes to extract somesmall amounts of nutrients$ eces in the "arge intestine e4it the ,odythrough the recta"-ana" cana"$

"igestive 2ystem Physiology:

• (he digestive system is res#onsi,"e )or ta+ing *ho"e )oods and turning them

into energy and nutrients to a""o* the ,ody to )unction gro* and re#airitse")$ (he si4 #rimary #rocesses o) the digestive system inc"ude:

o (ngestion of foodo 2ecretion of 5uids and digestive en#ymeso &ixing and movement of food and 1astes through the bodyo "igestion of food into smaller pieceso Absorption of nutrientso Excretion of 1astes

(ngestion:

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• (he rst )unction o) the digestive system is ingestion or the inta+e o) )ood$

/he mouth is responsible for this function, as it is the ori=ce through1hich all food enters the body.

• (he mouth and stomach are a"so res#onsi,"e )or the storage o) )ood as it is

*aiting to ,e digested$ (his storage ca#acity a""o*s the ,ody to eat on"y a

)e* times each day and to ingest more )ood than it can #rocess at on time$2ecretion:

" #roducto na" en<im'tico convierte "os #o"ímeros en mon&meros$ Pregunta deexamen

n the course o) a day the digestive system secretes around > liters of 5uids$ (hese Guids inc"ude sa"iva mucus hydroch"oric acid en<ymes and ,i"e$ Sa"ivamoistens dry )ood and contains sa"ivary amylase, a digestive en#yme thatbegins the digestion of carbohydrates$

3ucus serves as a #rotective ,arrier and "u,ricant inside o) the tract$

?ydrochloric acid helps to digest food chemically and protects the body by!illing bacteria present in our food.

n<ymes are ,iochemica" structures that disassem,"e "arge macromo"ecu"es "i+eproteins, carbohydrates, and lipids into their sma""er com#onents$ ina""y ,i"eis used to emu"si)y "arge masses o) "i#ids into tiny g"o,u"es )or easy digestion$

&ixing and &ovement:

• (he digestive system uses 0 main processes to move and mi4 )ood:o 21allo1ing-is the #rocess o) using smooth and s+e"eta" musc"es in

the mouth tongue and #haryn4 to #ush )ood out o) the mouththrough the #haryn4 to #ush )ood out o) the mouth through the#haryn4 and into the eso#hagus$

o Peristalsis-is a muscu"ar *ave that trave"s the "ength o) the tract

moving #artia""y digested )ood a short distance do*n the tract$ t ta+esmany *aves o) #erista"sis )or )ood to trave" )rom the eso#hagusthrough the stomach and intestines and reach the end o) the tract$

o 2egmentation-occurs on"y in the sma"" intestine as short segments o)

intestine contract "i+e hands s7uee<ing a tooth#aste tu,e$Segmentation he"#s to increase the a,sor#tion o) nutrients ,y mi4ing)ood and increasing its contact *ith the *a""s o) the intestine$

"igestion:

• "igestion is the process of turning large pieces of food into its

component chemicals. 3echanica" digestion is the #hysica" ,rea+do*n o)"arge #ieces o) )ood into sma""er #ieces$ (his mode o) digestion ,egins *iththe che*ing o) )ood ,y the teeth and is continued through the muscu"armi4ing o) )ood ,y the stomach and intestines$

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• +ile produced by the liver is also used to mechanically brea! fats

into smaller globules. Hhi"e )ood is ,eing mechanica""y digested it is a"so,eing chemica""y digested as "arger and more com#"e4 mo"ecu"es are ,eing,ro+en do*n into sma""er mo"ecu"es that are easier to a,sor, in the sma""intestine #rinci#a""y$

•

Chemical begins in the mouth 1ith salivary amylase in salivasplitting complex carbohydrates into simple carbohydrates. (heen<ymes and acid in the stomach continue chemica" digestion ,ut the ,u"+ o) chemica" digestion ta+es #"ace in the sma"" intestine than+s to the action o)the #ancreas$

(he #ancreas secretes an incredi,"y strong digestive coc+tai" +no*n as

pancreatic uice, 1hich is capable of digesting lipids, carbohydrates,proteins and nucleic acids.

+y the time food has left the duodenum, it has been reduced to its

chemical building bloc!s*fatty acids, amino acids, monosaccharides,and nucleotides.

Absorption:

Fnce )ood has ,een reduced to its ,ui"ding ,"oc+s it is ready )or the ,ody to

a,sor,$ Absorption begins in the stomach 1ith simple molecules li!e1ater and alcohol being absorbed directly into the bloodstream.

• &ost absorption ta!es place in the 1alls of the small intestine *hich

are dense"y )o"ded to ma4imi<e the sur)ace area in contact *ith digested)ood$

Sma"" ,"ood and "ym#hatic vesse"s in the intestina" *a"" #ic+ u# the mo"ecu"es

and carry them to the rest o) the ,ody$ /he large intestine is also

involved in the absorption of 1ater and vitamins + and @ beforefeces leave the body.

Excretion:

(he na" )unction o) the digestive system is the e4cretion o) *aste in a

#rocess +no*n as de)ecation$ "efecation removes indigestiblesubstances from the body so that they do not accumulate inside thegut.

• (he timing o) de)ecation is contro""ed vo"untary ,y the conscious #art o) the

,rain ,ut must ,e accom#"ished on a regu"ar ,asis to #revent a ,ac+u# o)indigesti,"e materia"s$

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Clase 10-16-2015