Class 7 Ncert

8/17/2019 Class 7 Ncert

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7th Class NCERT

1. Al-Idrisi

An Arab Geographer

2. Historians and their sources

- Coins- Inscriptions- Architectures- Textual Records

3. Samantas

As samantas gained power and wealth, they declared themselvesto be maha-samanta, mahamandaleshvara (the great lord o a!circle" or region# and so on$ %ometimes they asserted theirindependence romtheir overlords$ &ne such instance was that o the Rashtra'utas inthe eccan$ Initially they were subordinate to the Chalu'yas o )arnata'a$ In the mid-eighth century, antidurga, a Rashtra'utachie overthrew his Chalu'ya overlord and perormed a ritualcalled hiranya-garbha (literally, the golden womb#$ *hen thisritual was perormed with the help o +rahmanas, it was thoughtto lead to the !rebirth" o the sacricer as a )shatriya, even i hewas not one by birth$

4. our Hundred Ta!es

The inscriptions o the Cholas who ruled in Tamil adu reer tomore than .// terms or di0erent 'inds o taxes$ The mostre1uently mentioned tax is vetti, ta'en not in cash but in theorm o orced labour, and 'adamai, or land revenue$

". Tri#artite Stru$$le2or centuries, rulers belonging to the Gur3ara-4ratihara,Rashtra'uta and 4ala dynasties ought or control over )anau3$


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%. Sultan &ahmud o' (ha)ni* A'$hanistanRaided %omnath Temple o Gu3arat in 5/67 A$

7. Al-+iruni

- a %cholar$- 8ahmud Gha9ni as'ed him to write about Indian%ubcontinent and then Al +iruni wrote a boo' named )itab-al-:ind which is an important source to historians$

,. rithira/ III

- +est-'nown Chahamana (Chauhan# ruler was 4rithvira3a III(55;


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13.1 6ellana$ai@and o non-+rahmana peasant proprietors$13.2 +rahmade5a

@and gited to +rahmanas$

13.3 Shalaho$a@and or the maintenance o a school$

13.4 8eadana* tirunamattu99ani@and gited to temples$

13." allichchhandam@and donated to aina institutions$

13.% Na$aramsAssociations o traders$

14. 8elhielhi became an important city only in the twelth century$ Thetransormation o elhi into a capital that controlled vast areas o the subcontinent started with the oundation o the elhi%ultanate in the beginning o the thirteenth century$ Coins minted

here, called dehliwal$

1". (ender distinctions%ocial and biological di0erences between women and men$>sually, these di0erences are used to argue that men are superiorto women$

1%. In +attuta- A ourteenth-century traveler rom 8orocco, Arica$- Considered as greatest traveler o all times$

17. Three :rders- 2rench idea o social order$- Those who prayed those who ought, and those who tilled

the land$


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- The mansabdarFs military responsibilities re1uired him tomaintain a specied number o sawar or Cavalrymen$

- 8ansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignmentscalled 3agirs$

2". >at and >amindars- The 8ughals used one term B amindars B to describe all

intermediaries in revenue collection system$- A'barFs revenue minister, Todar 8al, carried out a careul

survey o crop yields, prices and areas cultivated or a ten-year period, 57D/-57


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33. ietra 8ura- 4ietra ura called 4archin )ari in %outh Asia$

- >sing cut and tted, highly polished colored stones to createimages$

- Considered a decorative art$- Contact between each section was practically invisible$

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorative_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorative_art


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34. Chola Ca#ital- Than3avur or temple town$- 4erennial River )averi Eows near this beautiul town$- Temples were oten central to the economy and society$

3". +idri


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Crats persons o +idar were so amed or their inlay wor' incopper and silver that it came to be called +idri$

3%. &urshidaad

- &n the ban's o the +hagirathi- A centre or sil's and became the capital o +engal in 5D/.

37. Ham#i- :ampi is located in the )rishna-Tungabhadra basin$- o mortar or cementing agent was used in the construction

o - These walls and the techni1ue ollowed were to wedge them

together by interloc'ing$- :ampi bustled with commercial and cultural activities$

- The mahanavami estival 'nown today as avaratri in thesouth was one o the most important estivals celebrated at:ampi$

- :ampi ell into ruin ollowing the deeat o Ji3ayanagara in57;7 by the eccani %ultans B the rulers o Golconda,+i3apur, Ahmadnagar, +erar and +idar$

3,. &oor 8uslim merchants

30. Surat- Gateway to the *est$- *as the gateway or trade with *est Asia via the Gul o

&rmu9$- %urat has also been called the gate to 8ecca because many

pilgrim ships set sail rom here$- The textiles o %urat were amous or their gold lace borders

(9ari#$

4. Hundi- is a note o deposit$- the amount deposited can be claimed in another place by

presenting the record o the deposit$


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41. &asuli#atnam @ ishin$ in Trouled aters- @ay on the delta o the )rishna river$- most important port on the Andhra coast

- The ort at 8asulipatnam was built by the utch

42. Trial &a#


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43. Tanda


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Carvan o ban3aras is called tanda$

44. The (onds- @ived in a vast orested region called Gondwana$

- 4racticed shiting cultivation$

4". The Ahoms- The Ahoms migrated to the +rahmaputra valley rom

present-day 8yanmar in the thirteenth century$- The Ahoms built a large state, and or this they used rearms

as early as the 57K/s$ +y the 5;;/s they could even ma'ehigh 1uality gunpowder and cannons$

- The Ahoms also introduced new methods o rice cultivation$

4%. A NeB


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". Surdas- evotee o )rishna$- 4rominent compositions are as %ursagara, %urasaravali and

%ahitya @ahari$

"1. &iraai- 8irabai was a Ra3put princess$- 8arried into the royal amily o 8ewar in the sixteenth

century$- 8irabai became a disciple o Ravidas, a saint rom a caste

considered !untouchable"$

"2.


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- *ith time, it developed into two traditions i$e gharana$ &nein the courts o Ra3asthan (aipur# and the other in @uc'now .

- >nder the patronage o *a3id Ali %hah, the last awab o Awadh, it grew into a ma3or art orm$

- *as recognised as one o six !classical" orms o dance inthe country ater independence$

"%. Classical Indian 8ance orms&ther dance orms that are recogni9ed as classical at present areL

• +haratanatyam (Tamil adu#

• )atha'ali ()erala#

• &dissi (&rissa#

• )uchipudi (Andhra 4radesh#

•

8anipuri (8anipur#

"7. +asohli8iniature paintings o :imachal 4radesh$ The most popular text tobe painted here was +hanudattaFs Rasaman3ari$

",.


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Chaitanyadeva, the leader o the Jaishnava bha'ti8ovement$ The second includes ath literature$

%.


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8any Ra3put 'ings, particularly those belonging to Amber and odhpur, had served under the 8ughals with distinction$ Inexchange, they were permitted to en3oy considerable autonomy intheir *atan agirs$

%%. Si9hs- Institution o the )halsa in 5;==$

- The %i'hs organi9ed themselves into a number o bandscalled 3athas, and later on misls$ Their combined orces were'nown as the grand army i$e al )halsa$

- The entire body used to meet at Amritsar at the time o +aisa'hi and iwali to ta'e collective decisions 'nown as!resolutions o the Guru i$e gurmatas"$

- A system called ra'hi was introduced, o0ering protection tocultivators on the payment o a tax o 6/ per cent o theproduce$

- Guru Angad compiled the compositions o Guru ana'$

- Golden Temple called :armandar %ahibM a state within thestate$

- The 8ughal emperor ahangir loo'ed upon them as apotential threat and he ordered the execution o Guru Ar3anin 5;/;$

- The %i'h movement began to get politici9ed in theseventeenth century, a development which culminated inthe institution o the )halsa by Guru Gobind %ingh in 5;==$

- The community o the %i'hs, called the )halsa 4anth,became a political entity

%7. &arathas


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- 4owerul warrior amilies - eshmu'hs$- Groups o highly mobile, peasant pastoralists ('unbis#

provided the bac'bone o the 8aratha army$ %hiva3i usedthese orces to challenge the 8ughals in the peninsula$

- Ater %hiva3iFs death, e0ective power in the 8aratha statewas wielded by a amily o Chitpavan +rahmanas who served%hiva3iFs successors as 4eshwa (or principal minister#$

- 4oona became the capital o the 8aratha 'ingdom$- +y the 5DK/s, the 8aratha 'ing was recognised as the

overlord o the entire eccan peninsula$ :e possessed theright to levy Chauth and %ardeshmu'hi in the entire region$

%,. Sultan &ahmud o' (ha)ni- Contemporary o Ra3endra I$

- Attac'ed the temples o deeated 'ings and looted theirwealth and idols$

- estroyed %omnath$

%0. Nadir Shah- %ac'ed and plundered the city o elhi in 5DK=$- This invasion was ollowed by a series o plundering raids by

the Aghan ruler Ahmad %hah Abdali, who invaded northIndia ve times between 5D.< and 5D;5$

%1. Auran$)e had depleted the military and nancial resourceso his empire by ghting a long war in the eccan$

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Anantavarman ------------- +engal

aggannath ------------------4uri

8ahodayapuram ----------)eralaM Chera )ingdom o

8ahodayapuram

@ilatila'am-------------------'erala


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8angala'avya --------------+engali 4oem

8iniature--------------------)angra

%ubedar ----------------------4rovincial Governor2au3dar------------------------8ugal 8ilitary commanderI3aradar------------------------Revenue 2armer8isl-----------------------------A band o si'h warriors)unbis -------------------------8arathas 4easant *arriors>mara--------------------------A high obel

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Class 7 Ncert