Clausen Vindenergi folkeuniversitetet 26 september 2017 final · Electricity prod. 2015 14.1 TWh (42%) Electricity prod. 2016 12.6 TWh (37.6%) Source: Energistyrelsen Stamdataregister

Vindenergi

Niels-Erik ClausenDTU Vindenergi

Folkeuniversitetet 26 September 2017Aarhus

DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Aftenens program - vindenergi• Introduktion – hvem er jeg og hvad laver vi på DTU Vindenergi?

• Vidste du?

• Vindmøllens opbygning

• Vindmølleparker

• Kaffepause

• Miljøpåvirkninger

• LCA - livscyklusanalyse

2Folkeuniversitetet 26 sept 2017

Opklarende spørgsmål undervejs-Hvad betyder….. ?

Generelle spørgsmål til sidst


Introduktion af underviser

• Uddannelse civilingeniør (DTU-M) 1980• PhD (DTU-M) soldrevne køleanlæg 1984• Kaptan 1984 – 85 soldrevne køleanlæg• Atlas og Alfa Laval 1985 – 1992 Design af anlæg til

afsaltning af havvand• BWSC 1992 – 2000 Design af dieselkraftværker i

udviklingslande inkl. miljøvurdering• DTU Vindenergi (tidl. Risø Vindenergiafdeling) 2000 -Undervisning i planlægning og udvikling af vindmølleparker del af kandidatuddannelsen i vindenergi. Forskning i vedvarende energi og klima, miljøpåvirkninger, socialt engagement

Folkeuniversitetet3 26 sept 2017


DTU Wind Energy Department

DTU Wind Energy 246 staffmembersIncluding 150 academic staffmembers and 40 PhD students

…From resource to grid



Research FacilitiesExisting• Wind turbines at Risø Campus for research and teaching• 850 kW V52 research wind turbine• Test Station for Large Wind Turbines at Høvsøre• Test Station for ”Very” Large Wind Turbines at Østerild• Risø met-mast• Blade test Facility for Research• 1 MW drive-train test facility • Measurement stations and equipment, incl. Lidars• Structural test laboratory• Material tests lab, incl. Microscopes etc• Fiber laboratory• Small wind tunnels• WindScanner facility

Under development or in planning phase• National Wind Tunnel at Risø Campus (2018)• Large-scale blade test facility (2017)• Østerild Grid Test Facility

5 Folkeuniversitetet 26 sept 2017


R&D experiments and testing at DTU Wind Energy

Commercial testing at Blade Test centre A/S, a private limited company with the following shareholders: DNV-GL AS Technical University of DenmarkFORCE Technology

Wind turbine blade testing

6

NEW Large scale test facility at DTU Wind Energy from 2017. Testing up to 45 m blades

Folkeuniversitetet 26 sept 2017


DTU Test Stations – Prototype Testing

Risø 1979Høvsøre 2007

Østerild 2012

5 test beds< 165 m< 8 MWSpacing 300 m

7 test beds< 250 m< 16 MWSpacing 600 m

7 Folkeuniversitetet 26 sept 2017

DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet8

Hvorfor installerer vi vindmølleri Danmark?

26 sept 2017


Klimaudfordringen på én slide


Hvad betyder det?

Roskilde efter stormen Bodil dec. 2013

Frederikssund efter stormen Bodil dec. 2013

Folkeuniversitetet10 DTU Wind Energy

DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet

En række førendeklimaforskere har 29. juni2017 publiceret en artikel iNature der dokumenterer at vores CO2 udslip skal nå sit højeste senest 2020 ellers kanvi ikke holde os under de 2grC temperaturstigning somanses for det maksimaleJorden kan tåle (navnlig visseø-stater)

Mandag morgen 27 august 2017

Politiken 26 september 2017

11 26 sept 2017


Nogle tal for vindmølleindustien(2016)

•Beskæftigelse i Danmark 32900 •Omsætning: 118 Mia DKK•Eksport: 56 Mia DKK •Elproduktion 12.6 TWh svarer til 42.5% af DK elektricitetsforbrug (I 2016: 37.6%)

•Der blev installeret 54 GW i verden og 220 MW i Danmark (netto 162 MW)

•EU: 11% fra vind heraf 1% fra offshore vind

Kilde: Vindmølleindustrien, windpower.org


Ny kapacitet til elproduktion i EU 2000-2016

Kilde: WindEurope 2017

26 sept 2017


EU-28 ændring i installeret kapacitet

Kilde: WindEurope 2017 Folkeuniversitetet14 26 sept 2017


The wind turbine (gearbox)

G earbox G enerator

N acelle

B lade

Y aw drive

Foundation

T ower

T ransformer

H igh vol-tage cable

Control

W ind H ub

Power curve



Typical modern wind turbine

Wind turbine 2016 Three bladed upwind Pitch-controlled Variable speed Grid connected 27% with direct drive Average size 2.0 MW 8-10 MW being developed


Størrelsen af vindmøller er stigende

0

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4

6

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1985 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2001

Year

€cen

t/kW

h

201?


DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet


Østerild National Test Center The crane for erection ofVestas V164 8 MW January 2014(222 m to blade tip)


DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet20 26 sept 2017


Wind energy in Denmark

offshore onshore

Dec 2016: 5225 MW

On land 3954 MW

Offshore 1271 MW

Number of wind turb. 5225

Electricity prod. 2015 14.1 TWh (42%)

Electricity prod. 2016 12.6 TWh (37.6%)

Source: Energistyrelsen Stamdataregister for vindmøller

Events in 2015• Wind energy > consumption 409 hrs (4.5%)• 26 July kl 06-07: wind = 139% of consumption• 2 Sept: No power plant online in Western Denmark

Summer 2017: Several days with no power plants



Vedvarende energi ogelsystemet



Integration af variable energikilder

Source: Helle Juhler-Verdoner, Intelligent Energy, Sept 2016



Drift af elsystemet med meget vind og sol



Ny analyse fra Energinet.dk

Folkeuniversitetet25

Tjener til at imødegå fejl og stabilisere nettetved opståede fejl.Blev tidligere leveret af centralekraftværker. Årlig omkostning for Energinet ca 200 mill DKK i 2013-15. I 2016 var det ca. 50 mill DKK.

Ny rapport fra Energinet.dk

Systembærende egenskaber:• Frekvensstabilitet• Spændingsstabilitet• Kortslutningseffekt

26 sept 2017


Forskel fossile vs vedvarende

• Fossile brændsler findes kun koncentreret bestemtesteder, hvor de udvindes.

• Brændslet importeres og brændes af i nogle få store kraftværker.

• Vedvarende energikilder er distribueret og findes overalt.

• De udnyttes der hvor de findes og gerne i nærheden afhvor behovet for elektricitet er.

• Det betyder at vedvarende energikilder vil befinde sig tættere på hvor mennesker bor og ofte være synlige.



From centralised to de-centralisedpower system

…from 15 power plants to 415 CHP and 5000 wind turbines

CHP: combined heat and power

Graphics: Gehrke, Infrastructures for power system integration and control of small distributed energy resources , Risø DTU PhD Thesis 2008

DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark28

Elsystemet 31 maj 2017 21:55

Vind: 106%

Folkeuniversitetet 26 sept 2017


Vind: 2%


Wind electricity vs % of electricity demand


Source: Wiser & Bolinger: 2016 Wind Technologies Market report, L. Berkeley National Lab. August 2017

DK 2016: 37.6%


Ny vindkapacitetinstalleret i2016



Kaffepause 15 min



Miljøforhold

26 sept 2017


Primære områder der kræver mere forskning:

1. Noise

2. Visual impact 3. Radar systems

4. Birds5. Marine mammals 6. Bats

7. Decommissioning

8. Ice throw and blade failure

Technological solutions to reduce the environmental impacts of wind-energy systems. Megavind May 2016



Støj = lyd man ikke har bedt om

“Naboen glemte at fortælle om sin fest”


Noise sources


Impact from noise


Noise Limits• Danish Law 1284 December 2011• a) 44 dB(A) at 8 m/s (open land)• b) 42 dB(A) at 6 m/s• Sensitive areas (residential areas)• a) 39 dB(A) at 8 m/s• b) 37 dB(A) at 6 m/s• Low frequency noise 20 dB at 8 m/s and 6 m/s. (10-160

Hz; indoor)• Limits apply for all wind turbines in an area; new and

existing• Noise limits do not apply at owners propertyNoise regulations vary from country to country. In practice the same machine designs are used with different layout and distances to neighbours applied.


DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet39 26 sept 2017


Background noise

Background noise

Stall regulated wind turbine

Modern pitch regulated turbine



Reduction of noise vs loss of production

Source: Siemens Wind Power


Dræby fed noise calculation

From EIA report January 2009

”If I live outside the blue line does that mean I cannothear the turbines?”



Visual impact• Larger on-land turbines may be

visually more acceptable– one 3 MW machine has much lower

visual impact than fifty 55 kW machines– lower rotation speed (same tip speed)

• For some locations (repowering) medium sized turbines may be preferable

Photo:NEG-Micon


Visualisations Knuthenborg


Before construction – N1 Egehusgård


Main proposal - N1 Egehusgård

Source: EIA report Wind turbines at Knuthenborg (in Danish) Lolland Municipality Aug 2011. Distance to neighbour N1 is 716 m


Total height 150 m – distance 2 km








Visual impact – Great Belt example

4 Nov 2016

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Middelgrunden

Curved layout give a beautiful overall impression with a perspectivePhoto: Mads Eskesen


Birds and wind turbines

In general few examples with a conflict. Altamont pass California, Golden Eagle:A rare species + slow reproduction = great care.Old wind turbines with lattice towers provide outlook post for

the hunting eaglesWith modern wind turbines we have seen a conflict recently in

Norway at the Smøla wind farm (150 MW) in Norway. Ninesea eagles were killed since 2005 where phase II of the windfarm were opened.

Loss of habitat

Deterioration or fracmentation of habitat or disturbance from human activity

Collision risk

The birds are hit by the blades or hit the tower. Especiallymigrating birds


Displacement of seabirds

The issue

Mitigation Implications

- Some bird species tend to avoid offshore wind farms

- Loss of feeding habitat- Cumulative impact issue- Common scoter, red-throated

diver

- On the plan level (number, size and location of wind farms)

- Large UK offshore wind farms aborted

- Nearshore projects limited in numbers

- Nearshore project area reduced in shallow part

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Energy payback time

At 10 m/s wind speed:

• 80 tons/sec: Mass of air through rotor disc ø 92 m

• Generates in ?? electricity corresponding to the energy spent in manufacturing and erection (energy pay-back time)

• 90% can be recycled



Energy payback time

At 10 m/s wind speed:

• 80 tons/sec: Mass of air through rotor disc ø 92 m

• Generates in 6-7 months electricity corresponding to the energy spent in manufacturing and erection (energy pay-back time)

• 90% can be recycled• LCA focus lead to new tower

concept



Recycling of Vestas V80 - 2 MW

Source: A. Feito-Boirac, T. Vromsky, A. Villaume: Recycling Wind Turbines. Outlook and Technologies. Vestas Poster 029 at EWEA confe



Re-use of wind turbine blades in GermanyIn Germany the old wind turbine blades can be reused for cement production in Melbeck near Lüneburg. Capacity 20.000 t per year. The blades are crushed and burned and the glass fibers end up in the cement replacing sand.



Kilde www.gate21.dk

26 sept 2017


Østerild Nationalt test center



R&D cooperation with industryExample: CORAL– community and radar controlled lights

1. Aircraft approaching Zone

2. Detectionby RADAR

RADAR

Light Control Server

OBSTRUCTION LIGHTS

6. Aircraft exits Wind Farm Zone

3. Aircraft enters Wind Farm Zone

© The Terma Group 2014

Project partners: Aalborg University and Terma



Vedvarende energi er moderne

Fashion week Oct 2012 in Paris


Documents

Clausen Vindenergi folkeuniversitetet 26 september 2017 final · Electricity prod. 2015 14.1 TWh (42%) Electricity prod. 2016 12.6 TWh (37.6%) Source: Energistyrelsen Stamdataregister