Cloud Computing情報ネットワーク特論

Takeshi Nanri(Research Institute for Information Technology, Kyushu University)

1

Contents

• What is Cloud (Cloud Computing) ?• Why Cloud has become popular, now?• Technologies that enable Cloud• Future of Cloud

2

References (sorry, in Japanese)

• 仮想化の歴史と機能• https://www.school.ctc-g.co.jp/columns/shimo/

• 白鳥敬、「クラウド時代の正体」、KKベストセラーズ、2011年• 森洋一、「クラウドコンピューティング」、オーム社、2009年• 西田宗千佳、「クラウド・コンピューティング」、朝日新聞出版、2009年

• 佐藤信正、「小さな会社のIT担当者が知らないと困るクラウド技術とリッチクライアント/HTML5の常識」、ソシム株式会社、2011年

3

https://www.school.ctc-g.co.jp/columns/shimo/

What is Cloud?What is not Cloud?

4

Packaged Software

Web Applications

Free Software

PCs, Smartphones Rental Servers Virtual Machines

OnlineStorage

Traditional mail tools vs Cloud-style mail apps

• Traditional mail tools• Install to your PC• Download mails from the server

• Cloud-style mail apps• Start web-browser,

and access to the mail site• Read and write mails

on the browser.

5

mail

mailer

mail server

mail

mail site

web browserMerits and demerits?

Traditional computer centersvs Cloud computing services

• Traditional computer centers• Purchase sufficient amount of machines

according to the "peak" amount of work• Installation (OS, application, etc.)• Management of hardware and software• Supply power

• Cloud computing services• On-demand purchase of

necessary computing power or storage• Installation, management and power

are included in the fee

6

Work

TimeJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Merits and demerits?

Cloud: From "Things" to "Services"

• Supplied via network

• Accessible from various devices

• Achieve necessary amount and quality of service, on-demand

7

Is Cloud a new technology?

History of Computers• 1940's Beginning of modern computers

• Zune Z3, COLOSSUS, ENIAC, etc.• 1950's Beginning of commercial computers

• UNIVAC-1, IBM-701, ETL MARK IV, FORTRAN, etc.• 1960's Spread of computers. Beginning of networks.

• IBM-360, PDP-8, ALGOL, COBOL, LISP, BASIC, ARPANET• 1970's Beginning of personal computers

• ALTAIR, APPLE-I, APPLE-II, PC-8001, PASCAL, C• 1980's Beginning of internet. Spread of Windows, Mac and UNIX

• TCP/IP, IBM PC, MS-DOS, Machintosh, Windows, BSD• 1990's Beginning of web, Linux and VM

• Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer, Amazon, Yahoo, Google, SalesForce, Linux, Java, VMware

• 2000's Spread of web services and martphones.• Gmail, Wikipedia, Skype, Facebook, YouTube, Amazon Web Service, Dropbox,

iPhone, Android• 2010's Spread of cloud

• HTML5, OpenStack, CloudStack, OpenFlow

8

From:http://www.infonet.co.jp/ueyama/ip/history/history_ct.htmlhttps://www.nic.ad.jp/timeline/

http://www.infonet.co.jp/ueyama/ip/history/history_ct.htmlhttps://www.nic.ad.jp/timeline/

Big computer era （1950's ～）

• One big computer is shared by many users concurrently• called Host computers, General purpose computers, Mainframes, etc.

• Time-Sharing System• Switch users in short period, and compute their tasks in order.• "Show" that they are processed in parallel.

• Partitioning• Divide one machine into several virtual machines.

9

Actually, they were used in "Cloud-like" style.

PC, workstation era （1970's ～）

• Computers are small-sized and distributed• From computer centers to server rooms• From server rooms to each desktop

10

Personalization: "Shared" to "Possessed"

Era without Internet

Internet era （1990's ～）

• Standardization• OS

• MS-DOS, Windows, UNIX, Linux• Internet protocols• Web

• Speed-up of networks• hundreds of bps -> thousands of bps -> 10M bps -> 100Mbps -> 1Gbps• Fast backbone networks

• Spread of mobile networks• Mobile phone, Smartphone• Wifi

11

Connected via fast network at anytime, anywhere.

Early web-sites

• Experimental pages• Guide of a building with some

photos of elevator on each floor.• 3D maze pages with links

• Information on the web• Introduction of the company,

products, etc.• But orders are made via phone or FAX

12

ForwardLeft Right

Higher-level web services

• Support business• Ordering products• Reservations• Customer relationship• Project management

• Online services• Applications

• Mail, Map, Office-tools, etc.• Hosting• Computation• Storage

• Interaction among services

13

Towards Cloud（2000's～）

• Improved performance of computers

• Advances in virtualization technologies

• Much faster networks

• More wide-area mobile networks

• Smartphones

• Common / standard API (Application Program Interface) of services

14Enabled much higher-level web services

Virtualization Technologies

• Hide "things" and show "services"• ex) Virtual machines

• Target of virtualization• Computers, storage

• Virtual Machine Manager (VMware, Xen, KVM, HyperV, ...)• Network

• VLAN, Software Defined Network (OpenFlow, ...)

15

Virtualization Software

Hardware

Virtual Machine Virtual Machine Virtual Machine Virtual Machine

Thing

Service

Improved performance of computers enabled software-control=> Simplify management

Emerge of "Cloud Computing"

• Image of "cloud" has been often used to represent Internet

• Finally, words from Eric Schmidt (Google) in 2006made services on the Internet to be called as "Cloud Computing"

• http://www.economist.com/node/8133511/• Today we live in the clouds.

16

http://www.economist.com/node/8133511/

Formal definition of Cloud

• by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) in 2011• https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-145/final

• 5 essential characteristics • 3 service models• 4 deployment models

17

Not a strict definition, but rather a description about the concept.

https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-145/final

5 Essential Characteristics

• On-demand self-service• Necessary amount of service can be easily achieved in the time of necessity.

• Broad network access• Accessible from various devices via network

• Resource pooling• Resources are available to many users

• Rapid elasticity• Resources provided can be increased on demand

• Measured service• Usage of each resource can be measured and logged as numbers

18

3 Service Models

• SaaS (Software as a Service)• Provide an application as a service

• Gmail, Google Map, etc.

• PaaS (Platform as a Service)• Provide an environment for developing applications

• IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)• Provide hardware

• Usually, provided with the OS chosen by the user

19Hardware

OS and development tools

Application

SaaS PaaS IaaS

Prepared ordeveloped by users

4 Deployment Models

• Private Cloud• Used within one organization (School, Company, Government, Section, etc.)

• Community Cloud• Used within a group of people (in a region, association or friends) that share

the same purpose

• Public Cloud• Basically, open to everyone.

• Most widely-known Cloud

• Hybrid Cloud• Mixture of two or three models

20

Cloud OS• Fundamental management system to construct IaaS（Compute, Storage, Network, Authentication, GUI, OS image）

• Ex) OpenStack

• Mix-up virtual server, virtual storage and virtual network to provide Cloud environment with required level of service

21

from: https://docs.openstack.org/security-guide/introduction/introduction-to-openstack.html

Switch 2 Switch 1

Router

InternetVM

volumevolume

VM

OS images

Network nodes Compute nodes Storage nodes

https://docs.openstack.org/security-guide/introduction/introduction-to-openstack.html

Concept like Cloud: Grid Computing

• Approach to provide computational capability on-demand, like "electric power grid"

• Connect large number of computers on the internet toconstruct a huge virtual supercomputer or storage

• Major Grid services• Compute Grid• Data Grid• Service Grid

22

History of Grid Computing

• Organizations for discussing Grid standards• 1998 GGF (Global Grid Forum)

• Mainly by research organization (academics, research section of companies, etc.)• 2004 EGA (Enterprise Grid Alliance)

• Mainly by companies• 2006 OGF (Open Grid Forum)

• GGF + EGA

• Grid Standards• OGSA (Open Grid Service Architecture), 2004

• Interface to manage, unify and virtualize multiple computers distributed in the Internet• Modified to work together with advanced Web services emerged later

23

Grid and Cloud

• Grid• Lost interest as Cloud became popular

• Grid was too complicated to be used in business• Now, mainly used in "volunteer computing"

• Solve large-scale problems by distributing tasksamong idle computers on the Internet

• SETI@Home• https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/• Search for extraterrestrial intelligence by analyzing

enormous amount of data from an observatory.• Folding@Home

• http://folding.stanford.edu/• Distributed computing project for disease research that simulates protein folding, drug

design, etc.

• Cloud• Emerged and standardized from existing Web services• Use Grid-oriented technologies internally

• virtualization, load-distribution, authentication, etc.

24

https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/http://folding.stanford.edu/

Cloud fee

• Basically, "pay-per-use"• Amazon Web Service EC2:

https://aws.amazon.com/jp/ec2/pricing/on-demand/• Google App Engine:

https://cloud.google.com/compute/pricing• Caution! Amount of uploaded and downloaded data is also charged.

• Some services are free• Until some limit:

• ex) Google: 1VM, 30GB HDD, 1GB data transfer• Or, totally:

• Gmail, Google Maps, etc.• May be you are paying fees in an indirect way.

25

"Thing to Service" enabled variations of business models.

https://aws.amazon.com/jp/ec2/pricing/on-demand/https://cloud.google.com/compute/pricing

Demerit of Cloud

• Fault-tolerance• Network incident• Server failure• Data lost

• Security• Illegal access to the Cloud• Reliability of the Cloud company• Reliability of the country where the company resides

• Fee• Can be higher than purchasing machines

• Underestimation of the usage

• Performance• Especially, calculations can be slower than purchased machines

mainly because of the overhead of virtualization and remote access.

26

mail

web browser

Will Cloud survive?

• Cloud is a "buzz word"• Not a new technology• New name attract interests• Peak of the trend keyword was

2009 - 2011

• The name "Cloud" can disappear, but network services like Cloud will spread more.

• Because of convenience, efficiency and connectivity• Eric Schmidt's word (cont.):

Cloud computing is hardly perfect: internet-based services aren't always reliable and there is often no way to use them offline. But the direction is clear. Simplicity is triumphing over complexity. Accessibility is beating exclusivity. Power is increasingly in the hands of the user.

27

Cloud ComputingContentsReferences (sorry, in Japanese)What is Cloud?�What is not Cloud?Traditional mail tools vs Cloud-style mail appsTraditional computer centers�vs Cloud computing servicesCloud: From "Things" to "Services"History of ComputersBig computer era　（1950's ～）PC, workstation era （1970's ～）Internet era （1990's ～）Early web-sitesHigher-level web servicesTowards Cloud（2000's～）Virtualization TechnologiesEmerge of "Cloud Computing"Formal definition of Cloud5 Essential Characteristics3 Service Models4 Deployment Models Cloud OSConcept like Cloud: Grid ComputingHistory of Grid ComputingGrid and CloudCloud feeDemerit of CloudWill Cloud survive?