Cloud of Things06/23/2014

Seong Hoon Kim (shkim08@kaist.ac.kr)

Associate Research Director at Auto-ID Lab

Korea

Department of Computer Science

KAIST

발표 내용

• Internet of Things – Definition

– Applications

• Current Trends– Cheap hardware

– OpenAPI

– Growth of devices/user

– Sharing Economy

– Crowdsourcing

• Cloud of Things

– Definition

– Ecosystem

– Research trends

– Business trends

• Conclusion

2

Internet of Things (1/2)

In 1999, the Internet of Things" was first

coined by Kevin Ashton who cofounded

the Auto-ID Center at the MIT

Business Processes

and Applications

Software and Network

Hardware

No concrete consensus! What they commonly say is that “the Internet

embraces everyday objects and lets them available anywhere, anytime.”

People or systems are able to access real-world through the Internet.

INTERNET OF THINGS (2/2)

If IoT is realized?

• Internet상의상태와실세계의상태가일치

• 실세계의다양한상황 정보를실시간으로정확하고세밀하게제공

4인 3T,

소근소근

Full, 시끄러움

Full, 조용,

몬순 커피

2인2T

테이블 4, 조용

휴업

2인 4T 4인 2T

4인 2T

8인 2T, 조용4인 3T, 시끄러움

검색: “어은동 카페”

CHECK ON THE BABY

TRACK ACTIVITY LEVELS

MONITOR AN AGING FAMILY

http://postscapes.com

새로운 IoT 서비스 (But, not limited)

< FOR YOUR BODY >

KEEP YOUR PLANTS ALIVE

LIGHT YOUR HOME IN NEW WAYS

< FOR YOUR HOME >

KEEP STREETS CLEAN

RECEIVE POLLUTION WARNINGS

USE ELECTRICITY MORE

EFFICIENTLY

< FOR YOUR CITY >

KEEP TRACK OF ASSETS

STOP GUESSING

MAINTAIN QUALITY

< FOR INDUSTRY >

An API to your car: OpenXC

How can we acquire data from

IoT?

• Who will install and share smart things?

7

공공기관의 사물

공공데이터 공개 및 OpenAPI

Source: Mbee.M

기업 중심의 사물 인터넷인프라 구축

Open IoT/M2M

Platform

B2B

4인 3T,

소근소근

Full, 시끄러움

Full, 조용,

몬순 커피

2인2T

테이블 4, 조용

휴업

2인 4T 4인 2T

4인 2T

8인 2T, 조용4인 3T, 시끄러움

Crowdsourcing

개인 (사업자) 참여!

Current trends in ICT

• Five trends

1.Cheap hardware

2.OpenAPI

3.Growth of devices/user

4.Sharing Economy

5.Crowdsourcing

8

Current trends in ICT:

1. Small and Cheap hardware

• Raspberry Pi:

Open source 개인 인공위성 (20만원)

48 만원

RFduino: $21

• Nordic 32 bit ARM Cortex-M0

processor

• Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy

Arduino

Prices: $29.95

Specs & Features:

ATmega328 microcontroller

14 Digital I/O Pins (6 PWM outputs)

32k Flash Memory

Connectivity: Can be extended with

shields (Wifi, GSM, Bluetooth, etc)

BeableBone

Prices: $45

Specs & Features:

ARM Cortex-A8

2GB on-board storage using eMMC, 512MB

DDR3 (800MHz x 16), microSD card slot

Connectivity: Can be extended with shields

(Wifi, GSM, Bluetooth, etc) $99.99 USD

$159

$25

Current trends in ICT:

2. Open API

- 순수 기능 인프라를 아웃소싱 하는API 비지니스의 등장.

- 쉬운 API 의 인기.

http://data.go.kr/

http://www.apistore.co.kr/

https://thingspeak.com/

Current trends in ICT:

3. Growth of devices/user in IoT

• 개인당디바이스수 증가

• Can we use all your devices

every time?

– Smart things will be idle in

most of time.

11

Current trends in ICT:4. Paradigm Shift: Sharing Economy

• Sharing Economy

• Sharing economy-based companies

– AirBnB, Uber, Fon, NeighborGoods,

RelayRides, etc

12

Source: End study project; Collaborative consumption and neighborhoods

Current trends in ICT:

5. Crowdsourcing

• Crowdsourcing: the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people, and especially from an online community, rather than from traditional employees or suppliers.

13Crowdsourcing.org

Current trends in ICT

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• Cheap devices

– More opportunity to buy smart things on the cheap

• Open API

– Interfaces to control and data acquisition of smart thing for value creation with BigData processing

• Multiple devices/user

– More idling smart things

• Sharing Economy

– Individual people will share and consume smart things themselves as well as their data and APIs.

• Crowdsourcing

– Individual people will be the active participants of IoT data production at a microscopic level.

Internet of Things enabled and shared by individual people

Cloud of Things

Cloud of Things?

• Cloud of Things (CoT) is to provide smart things as a service

and allows clients to access smart things’ service (API).

Cloud of Things

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An Ecosystem in Cloud of Things

Silent

room?

Physical Search

App. Developers or

Advanced End users

develop own applications. Cloud of Things

Smart workflow

End user

Other user-created

applications

CPU Memory Energy

Comm. Infra.Driver Software

Resourc

es

Incentive

16

Research Trend in Cloud of Things

• Sharing smart things’ services• Discovering smart things’ services

• Accessing smart things’ services

17

Five major approaches for enabling multi-tenancy

Sharing smart things’ services

• Multi-tenancy for sharing smart things

18

Source: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/ws-multitenantpart2/

isola

tion

sh

aring

isolationsharing

Sharing smart things’ services

MultiSense

• MultiSense* (IaaS-level Virtualization of smart things)

– Proportional share for mechanically steerable sensor networks

19

MultiSense Architecture

Constructing and interleaving

request groups

*Navin K. Sharma, David E. Irwin, Prashant J. Shenoy, and Michael Zink. 2011. MultiSense: fine-grained multiplexing for

steerable camera sensor networks. In Proceedings of the second annual ACM conference on Multimedia systems (MMSys '11).

Incorrect results Correct results

Sharing smart things’ services

Multi-tenancy for smart things • Multi-tenancy support for smart things

– Seong Hoon Kim, and Daeyoung Kim, “Enabling Multi-tenancy via Middleware-level Virtualization with

Organization Management in the Cloud of Things,” Services Computing, IEEE Transactions on, in revision

20

Physical

DevPrxy

App. A

Vdev.A conf.A

2secApp. B

Vdev.B conf.B

5sec

isola

tion

sharing

App. C

Vdev.C conf.C

1sec

Each virtual device

enables synchronous

program semantic.

Easy programming

Caching data

Sharing of common data

while minimizing duplicate

message transmissions.

Efficient messaging

Automatic adaptation

With regression

Middleware Layer

Sharing smart things ’ services

IoT Lab

• IoT Lab (http://www.iotlab.eu/)

– Crowdsourcing mechanisms and tools

– Virtualization

– Ubiquitous Interconnection and Cloudification, etc.

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Sharing Smart Things ’ services

Connected Home

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HomeHub

Security ……..

HomeStore

Z-Wave,

DLNA, WiFi,

etc.

HomeHub

centralizes all

devices for users

and apps

HomeStore helps

find compatible

devices and apps

HomeCloud

HomeCloud

enables remote

access and

control

Climate

*HomeLab: Shared infrastructure for home technology field studies, HomeSys workshop, Sep 2012

**Digital Neighborhood Watch: Investigating the Sharing of Sensed Data amongst Neighbors, Computer Supported

Collaborative Work (CSCW), Feb. 2013

**Cameras @ house

*HomeLab

Research Trend in Cloud of Things

• Sharing smart things’ service

• Discovering smart things’ service• Accessing smart things’ service

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Discovering smart things’ services

• Discovery services in Cloud of Things

– Real-world status awareness.

– Complex dependency of smart things on the real-world

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Smart

Things API

Smart

Things API Smart

Things API

Friend

LocationOwner

Sh

are

Source: http://www.social-iot.org

Many relationships in Social IoT

• An Extensible Discovery Service for Smart Things

– To enable the facilitated discovery, selection, and utilization of smart things

– A semantic discovery service for Web-enabled resources

– Discovery Strategies

• Multiple mapping scheme

– Microformats, Microdata, JSON, RDFa, Deferred Discovery,

HTTP-supported Discovery/Crawling

– Community-driven Strategy Creation and Extension

25

Simon Mayer and Dominique Guinard. 2011. An extensible discovery service for smart things. In Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Web of Things (WoT '11)

Discovering smart things’ services

Web-based discovery

Client interaction with the DiscoWoT service

• DigCovery* in IoT6 project

– context-awareness,

– geo-location, and

– identification technologies

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*Antonio J. Jara, Pablo Lopez, David Fernandez, Jose F. Castillo, Miguel A. Zamora, Antonio F. Skarmeta, Mobile digcovery: discovering

and interacting with the world through the Internet of things. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing. Feb 2014, Vol.18, Issue 2, pp 323-338

Bus stops discovery and reply for a specific bus stop query

Discovering smart things’ services

IP&URI-based discovery

Discovering smart things’ services

GS1/EPCglobal: ID-based discovery• Electronic Product Code (EPC) and EPC networks

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Applications

Manufacturer Distributor Retailer

Product info.• Technical spec.

• Warranty spec.

• Instruction manual

• etc.

Product history

• Genuine or Imitation

• Freshness

• Where this is from?

• Etc.

Manufacturer

EPCIS server

Pro

duct q

uery

Korea

JapanChina

Taiwan

Australia

USA

Brazil

Switzerland

England

Object Name Service

(ONS) Server

ONS query

EPC

Information

Service

repository

Filtering

&Collection

middleware

Capturing Applications

DS query

Application

Real-time feedback

Smart

RFID

reader

Discovery Service (DS)

Discovering smart things’ services

GS1/EPCglobal: ID-based discovery

• GS1/ gtin+ on the web

– ID-based geo-distance item search

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Discovery Service

ONS

Client

EPCIS A EPCIS B EPCIS C

Query DS address

Use API

Query location information

Register location Information

1km

Milk

£

11hr

1km

Map human-readable

keyword(s) to

Product category

identifier (GPC)

Contextual filters

are shown for

product category

User constraints

are specified

Information about matching

products and services

Research Trend in Cloud of Things

• Sharing smart things’ service

• Discovering smart things’ service

• Accessing smart things’ service

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Accessing smart things’ services

• The need for Access Control

– Access-control policies at home must account for guests, children,

and all manner of temporary workers and visitors.**

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** Blase Ur, Jaeyeon Jung, and Stuart Schechter, The Current State of Access Control for Smart Devices in Homes, in Workshop on Home

Usable Privacy and Security (HUPS), July 2013

Access control based on ownership

and social relationship

Simultaneous accesses to a shared

smart thing (e.g., a projector)

Accessing smart things’ services

Social-aware access control

• Sharing using social networks in a composable Web of Things

• Integration of smart things to the web

– Leveraging Web Authentication APIs

– Sharing Based on Social Networks

– Accessing Shared Things

31

Guinard, D.; Fischer, M.; Trifa, V., "Sharing using social networks in a composable Web of Things," Pervasive Computing and Communications

Workshops (PERCOM Workshops), 2010 8th IEEE International Conference on , vol., no., pp.702,707, March 29 2010-April 2 2010

Accessing smart things’ services

Time-based Access control

• Time-based Access Control

– e.g., If my daughter wanted watch George at 11 o’clock at night, I

wouldn’t want to do that.

32

Colin Dixon, Ratul Mahajan, Sharad Agarwal, AJ Brush, Bongshin Lee, Stefan Saroiu, and Paramvir Bahl, An Operating System for the Home, in NSDI, USENIX, April 2012

Accessing smart things

Dynamic Access control

• Access Control on smart things

– Dynamic access control – e.g., turn on air conditioner only if all windows are closed

33

Vicaire, P.A.; Zhiheng Xie; Hoque, E.; Stankovic, J.A., "Physicalnet: A Generic Framework for Managing and Programming Across Pervasive Computing

Networks," Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), 2010 16th IEEE , vol., no., pp.269,278, 12-15 April 2010

Accessing smart things’ services

Context-aware data reading from smart things

• Suman Nath, ACE: Exploiting Correlation for Energy-Efficient and Continuous

Context Sensing, in ACM MobiSys 2012. Awarded Best Paper.

– inference caching that allows ACE to opportunistically infer one context

attribute (AtHome) from another already-known attribute (Driving), without

acquiring any sensor data.

– speculative sensing that enables ACE to occasionally infer the value of an

expensive attribute (e.g., AtHome) by sensing cheaper attributes (e.g., Driving).

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• Business Trends in Cloud + IoT

– Xively,

– SmartThings,

– NinjaBlocks,

– ThinkSpeak, and

– IFTTT

35

Xively (a.k.a, Cosm, Pachube)Develop, Deploy, and Manage

Xively Cloud Services™The world’s first IoT Public Cloud

Business Trends in Cloud and IoT

Xively

Business Trends in Cloud and IoT

SmartThings, Ninjablocks, and ThingSpeak

• IFTTT

– Recipes

38

Business Trends in Cloud and IoT

IFTTT

Conclusion

• To create a new value from IoT, smart things should be proliferate

d in the real-world

• Current Trends with Cheap hardware, Growth of # devices

/user, OpenAPI, Crowdsourcing, and Sharing Economy will drive Cloud of Things.

• CoT will create a new value for microscopic real-world interaction,

enabled by individual people.

• Your contribution on CoT could realize its vision and

create new values in our real life.

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