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cô đặc chân không ure - Đạm Phú Mỹ
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1
TRNG I HC B RA-VNG TU
KHOA HA HC V CNG NGH THC PHM
BO CO THC TP TT NGHIP
CM CHN KHNG
Xng URE
Nh my m Ph M
Trnh o to: Cao ng
H o to: Chnh quy
Ngnh: Cng ngh k tht ha hc
Chuyn ngnh: Ha du
Kho hc: 2010-2013
n v thc tp: Nh my m ph m
Ging vin hng dn: Nguyn Quc Hi
Sinh vin thc hin:Nguyn Th Tn
Vng tu, ngy..thng..nm
2
Li cm n
Trong qu trnh hc tp ti trng i hc B Ra Vng Tu em c cc thy c gio trong trng nhit tnh ging dy, nh em c trang b nhng kin thc c bn.Trong qu trnh em tham gia thc tp ti nh my m Ph M em c tm hiu c su sc hn nhng vn ha hc em hc, em c tip thu nhng kin thc thc t, cng vi s gip nhit tnh ca cc cn b cng nhn vin nh my m Ph M v thy Nguyn Quc Hi gip em hon thin bi bo co ny
Em xin chn thnh cm n !
3
NHN XT CA N V THC TP . .................................................................................................................................
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., ngy.. thng nm 20
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NH GI CA GING VIN HNG DN 1. Thi tc phong khi tham gia thc tp
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2. Kin thc chuyn mn .............................................................................................................................
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3. Nhn thc thc t .............................................................................................................................
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4. nh gi kt qu thc t .............................................................................................................................
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5. nh gi kt qu thc tp .............................................................................................................................
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Ging vin hng dn
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Danh Mc
Hnh 1.1 S cng ngh nh my ........................................................ Trang 12 Hnh 2.1 Xng ph tr ........................................................................... Trang 12 Hnh 3.1 Xng amoniac ......................................................................... Trang 13 Hnh 4.1 S cng ngh ammoniac ...................................................... Trang 13 Hnh 5.1 Xng Ure ................................................................................. Trang 14 Hnh 1.3 Cu to 20-Z-2015 v 20-V-2015 ............................................. Trang 33 Bng 1.1 Bng ch tiu k thut kh ......................................................... Trang 15 Bng 1.2 Bng thnh phn c tnh ca ure ............................................. Trang 18 K hiu t vit tt
PVFCCo : Tng cng ty phn bn v ha cht du kh
GPP = Gas Processing Plant trng hp bnh thng AMF = Absolute minimum facilities - trng hp khng bnh thng
1
Mc lc M u ...................................................................................................... Trang 09 Chng I Tng quan nh my m Ph M ...................................... Trang 09 1 Gii thiu v nh my m Ph M ..................................................... Trang 09
1.1 Tng quan v nh my m Ph M ............................................ Trang 09 1.2 Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin nh m Ph M .................... Trang 09 1.3 An ton lao ng ............................................................................ Trang 11 1.4 X l nc ...................................................................................... Trang 12
2 S cng ngh nh my m Ph M ............................................... Trang 13 2.1 Xng ph tr ................................................................................ Trang 13 2.2 Xng amoniac .............................................................................. Trang 14 2.3 Xng ure ....................................................................................... Trang 14 2.4 Xng sn phm ............................................................................ Trang 15
3 Cc ch tiu k thut ca nhin liu v sn phm ................................. Trang 15 3.1 Nguyn liu .................................................................................... Trang 15
3.1.1 Kh thin nhin ........................................................................ Trang 15
3.1.2 Amoniac .................................................................................. Trang 16
3.1.3 CO2 .......................................................................................... Trang 17
3.1.4 Ch tiu k thut ca sn phm ............................................... Trang 17 Chng II : Gii thiu v Ure ............................................................... Trang 17 1 Lch s hnh thnh ................................................................................. Trang 17 2 Tng quan v sn xut ure ..................................................................... Trang 18
2.1 Nguyn liu sn xut ...................................................................... Trang 18 2.2 Tnh cht vt l ............................................................................... Trang 18 2.3 Tnh cht ha hc ........................................................................... Trang 20 2.4 Cc yu t nh hng n ure ........................................................ Trang 22
2.4.1 nh hng t l NH3/CO2 ....................................................... Trang 22 2.4.2 nh hng t l H2O/CO2 ....................................................... Trang 22
2.5 S hnh bureut ................................................................................ Trang 22 2.6 Nguyn nhn v cch khc phc tnh ht m ................................. Trang 23
2.6.1 Nguyn nhn ........................................................................... Trang 23
2.6.2 Cch khc phc ....................................................................... Trang 23 2.7 ng dng ........................................................................................ Trang 24
2.7.1 Trong nng nghip .................................................................. Trang 24 2.7.2 Trong cng nghip .................................................................. Trang 24 2.7.3 Trong y hc ............................................................................. Trang 25
2.7.3.1 Thuc .................................................................................. Trang 25 2.7.3.2 Trong chun on sinh l hc ............................................ Trang 25
Chng III: Cng ngh sn xut ure ca nh my m Ph m ..... Trang 26 1 Cng ngh sn xut ure ................................................................................... 26 2 Cm c c chn khng ........................................................................ Trang 29
2.1 Khi nim ....................................................................................... Trang 29 2.2 iu kin cho qu trnh bc hi ..................................................... Trang 30
2
2.3 Ch s k thut ca ure cm chn khng .................................... Trang 31 2.4 Cc nguyn nhn lm cho chn khng khng t .......................... Trang 31 2.5 Cc nguyn nhn lm nhit bc hi khng t ......................... Trang 31
3 Thit b 20-Z-2015 v 20-V-2015 ......................................................... Trang 33 3.1 Thit b 20-V-2015 ......................................................................... Trang 33
3.1.1 Cu to ..................................................................................... Trang 34 3.1.2 Nguyn l hot ng ............................................................... Trang 34
3.2 Thit b 20-z-2015 .......................................................................... Trang 35 Tng kt .................................................................................................... Trang 35 Ti liu tham kho .................................................................................... Trang 35
3
M U
Du m- ngun nguyn nhin liu lu i v quan trng ca nhn loi. Ngy nay,
du m tr thnh ngun nhin liu khng th thiu trong mi nn kinh t quc
dn, c bit l i vi nn kinh t ang pht trin nh vit nam hin nay.
Nm 1986,Vit nam khi ng tin trnh cng nghip ha- hin i. trong c
mi nhn l khai thc du kh trn bin ng.v vy, du kh tr thnh nghnh
em li nhiu li nhun cho ngn kh nh nc nh xut khu ra nc ngoi .
Bn cnh , du kh cn cung cp nguyn nhin liu sn xut cho cc ngnh
cng nghip, trong c cng nghip sn xut phn bn- mt trong nhng yu t
pht trin nn nng nghip hin i mang m cht vit nam nh hin nay.
Nh my m Ph M thuc Tng cng ty Phn Bn v Ho Cht Du Kh,
s dng cng ngh tin tin ca hng Haldor Topsoe ca an Mch sn xut
kh ammoniac v cng ngh ca hng Snamprogetti ca Italia sn xut ure, y
l cng ngh hang u th gii v sn xut phn m theo dy chuyn khp kn,
nguyn liu chnh vo l kh thin nhin, khng kh v u ra l ammoniac v ure.
Chu trnh cng ngh khp kn cng vi vic t to in nng v hi nc gip
nh my hon ton lm ch trong sn xut k c khi li in quc gia c s c
hoc khng in nng cung cp.
4
CHNG I: Gii thiu v nh my m ph m
1. Tng quan v nh my m Ph M
1.1. Gii thiu v nh my m Ph M
Nh my m Ph M thuc PVFCCo c t ti Khu Cng nghip Ph
M I, huyn Tn Thnh, tnh B Ra Vng Tu. Nh my c tng vn u t
370 triu USD cng sut thit k ban u l 740.000 tn urea/nm, vi din tch
khun vin 63ha, s dng cng ngh ca hng Haldor Topsoe ca an Mch
sn xut kh Amoniac v cng ngh ca hng Snamprogetti ca Italy sn xut
phn ur. y l cc cng ngh hng u trn th gii v sn xut phn m vi
dy chuyn khp kn, nguyn liu chnh u vo l kh thin nhin, khng kh v
u ra l ammoniac v ur. Chu trnh cng ngh khp kn cng vi vic t to
in nng v hi nc gip nh my hon ton ch ng trong sn xut k c
khi li in quc gia c s c hoc khng in cung cp.
Nh my gm c 3 phn xng chnh l xng ammoniac, xng ur, xng
ph tr v cc phng/xng chc nng khc. i ng qun l, vn hnh v bo
dng nh my ch ng m ng v vn hnh ht cc hng mc cng vic,
nh my lun c vn hnh n nh, t 100% cng sut thit k v s gi vn
hnh tiu chun.
1.2. Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin nh my m ph m
Tng Cng ty Phn bn v Ha cht Du kh (tin thn l Cng ty Phn m
v Ha cht Du kh) l n v thnh vin ca Tp on Du kh Vit Nam ,
c xy dng vo thng 3/2001 bt u i vo hot ng t ngy 01/01/2004.
T 31/8/2007, Cng ty Phn m v Ha cht Du kh chnh thc chuyn i
tr thnh Cng ty C phn Phn m v Ha cht Du kh v vn hnh theo m
hnh cng ty c phn. Ngy 05/11/2007 Cng ty chnh thc nim yt
380.000.000 c phiu trn th trng chng khon, vi m chng
khon DPM. Ti i hi ng c ng nm 2008 ngy 5/4/2008, Cng ty C
phn Phn m v Ha cht Du kh (m Ph M- PVFCCo) thng nht
5
chuyn cng ty ny thnh Tng cng ty hot ng theo m hnh cng ty m -
cng ty con. Ngy 15/05/2008, Cng ty Phn m v Ha cht Du kh chnh
thc chuyn i thnh Tng Cng ty Phn bn v Ha cht Du kh Cng ty
C phn (Tn vit bng Ting Anh l PetroVietnam Fertilizer and Chemicals
Corporation v tn vit tt l PVFCCo) theo Giy chng nhn ng k kinh
doanh ca S K hoch v u t Thnh ph H Ch Minh cp ngy
15/05/2008.
- 12/03/2001 : Khi cng xy dng Nh my m Ph M.
- 01/01/2004 : Cng ty Phn m v Ha cht Du kh chnh thc i
vo hot ng.
- 21/09/2004 : T hp nh thu Technip Samsung bn giao Nh
my m Ph M cho Cng ty Phn m v Ha cht
Du kh.
- Qu IV/2004 : L hng u tin c a ra th trng.
- 15/12/2004 : L khnh thnh Nh my m Ph M.
- 31/08/2007 : Chuyn thnh Cng ty C phn Phn m v Ha cht
Du kh.
- 05/11/2007 : C phiu ca PVFCCo chnh thc c nim yt v
giao dch trn sn chng khon Tp. HCM. M chng
khon: DPM.
- 15/05/2008 : Cng ty Phn m v Ha cht Du kh chnh thc
chuyn i thnh Tng Cng ty Phn bn v Ha cht
Du kh Cng ty C phn (Tn vit bng Ting Anh l
6
Petrovietnam Fertilizer and Chemicals Corporation v
tn vit tt l PVFCCo).
- 4/2010 : Nh my m Ph M t sn lng 4 triu tn.
- 8/2011 : Nh my m Ph M t sn lng 5 triu tn.
- 10/2012 : Nh my m Ph M t mc sn lng 6 triu tn.
- 26/03/2013 : PVFCCo v Nh my m Ph M vinh d n nhn
Hun chng Lao ng Hng Nht.
- 28/03/2013 : PVFCCo trn 10 tui.
1.3. An ton lao ng
Vi c th l mt n v sn xut c nguy c c hi v chy n cao, mc
tiu an ton, cht lng tr thnh tiu ch sng cn ca Nh my m Ph M
trong qu trnh pht trin.
Vy nn ngay t khi i vo hot ng, nhiu hot ng nhm m bo sc
khe cng nh an ton cho ngi lao ng c nh my trin khai, c th:
ra nhng quy nh cht ch v an ton i vi tt c cc b phn vn hnh; coi
cng tc an ton v sinh lao ng l nhim v hng u nn ngay t khi lp t,
nh my trang b y cc thit b cn thit c th ng ph kp thi khi c
s c xy ra. Ngoi ra, nh my trang b 2 xe cu ha rt hin i, cc trang
thit b hng nm u c kim tra, t chc hun luyn cc lp nghip v do a
phng t chc. Bn cnh , ch vi ngi lao ng cng c c bit quan
tm. 100% ngi lao ng ti nh my u c mua bo him y t, Bo him
x hi v khm sc khe nh k. u nm 2008, nh my m Ph M a vo
ng dng tiu chun OHSAS 18001:2007 v ISO 14001:2004. y l hai b tiu
chun quc t mi nht p dng cho vic qun l an ton sc khe v mi trng.
7
t c cc tiu chun ny, cc thng s k thut v cc ngun kh thi, cht
thi rn v lng ca nh my u tha mn cc tiu chun v mi trng. Nm
2009, n v u t 1,5 t ng mua sm trang thit b bo h lao ng, tp
hun, din tp phng chy cha chy, khm sc khe nh k. Khng nhng vy,
gip ngi lao ng thng xuyn c cp nht nhng quy nh chung trong
cng tc An ton v sinh lao ng v phng chy, cha chy, nh my phi
hp vi cc c quan lin quan t chc cc t tp hun, nng cao kin thc. Nh
, i ng cn b, cng nhn vin vn hnh nng cao tay ngh v kinh nghim,
x l nhanh cc tnh hung xy ra. y chnh l yu t quan trng gip nh my
hon thnh cc ch tiu k hoch trong nhng nm qua.
1.4. X l nc
H thng nc trong nh my sau khi s dng cn c s l trc khi thi ra
h thng thot nc khu cng nghip bao gm nc chy trn cho s c, nc
ma v khu vc c du, nc cha chy, nc thi v sinh
H thng ny c thit k ba cm
Cm x l nc nhim du gm b tch s cp, b bm trn, b cha tm
c dung tch cha c lng ha ti a chy t khu vc nh my trong
vng 20 pht.
Cm x l nc thi v sinh gm h thu, b sc kh.
Cm x l nc thi nhim Amoniac trong qu trnh sn xut ur
8
Hnh 2.1 Xng ph tr
2. S cng ngh ca nh my
Hnh 1.1 S cng ngh ca nh my
2.1. Xng ph tr
C chc nng cung cp nc lm lnh, nc kh khong, nc sinh hot,
nc cha chy, cung cp kh iu khin, nit, kh nhin liu, in v hi, bn
cha ammonia, h thng x l nc thi nhim du v x l nc thi cho ton
b nh my. C ni hi nhit tha, ni hi ph tr v 1 tuabin kh pht in
cng sut 21MWh, c bn cha Amoniac 35.000m3 tng ng 20.000 tn,
dng cha Amoniac d v cp Amoniac cho phn sng ure khi cng on
tng hp ca xng Amoniac ngng my.
9
2.2. Xng Amoniac
Hnh 3.1 Xng Amoniac
C chc nng tng hp Amoniac v sn xut CO2 t kh thin nhin v hi
nc. Sau khi tng hp, Amoniac v CO2 s c chuyn sang phn xng ure.
Hnh 4.1 S cng ngh amoniac
2.3. Xng Ure
C chc nng tng hp Amoniac v CO2 thnh dch ure. Dung dch ure sau
khi c c c trong chn khng s c i to ht. Qu trnh to ht c
10
thc hin bng phng php i lu t nhin trong thp to ht 107m. Phn xng
ure c th t cng sut ti 2.385 tn/ngy.
Hnh 5.1 Xng ure
2.4. Xng sn phm
Sau khi c tng hp ht ure c lu tr trong kho cha ure ri. Kho ure ri
c din tch 36.000m2, c th cha ti a 150.000 tn. Trong kho c h iu ha
khng kh lun gi cho h m khng vt qua 70% m bo ure khng b
ng bnh. Ngoi ra, cn c kho ng bao ure, sc cha 15.000 tn, c 6 dy
chuyn ng bao, cng sut ng bao 4800 tn/ngy.
3. Cc ch tiu k thut ca nguyn liu v sn phm
3.1. Nguyn liu
3.1.1. Kh thin nhin
11
Bng 1.1: bng ch tiu k thut ca kh
Ch tiu k thut AMF GPP
Nhit (oC) ti giao din 1836 1836
Ap sut (barg) ti giao din 25.0 (ti a 40)
24.5 (ti a 39.2)
25.0 (ti a 40)
24.5 (ti a 39.2)
im sng (oC) 25 barg -1 -42
Khi lng phn t (g/mol) 20.65 18.68
Gi tr nhit tng (MJ/Nm3) 46.92 42.85
Thnh phn AMF (1) GPP (1)
1 C1 78.9813 83.3113
2 C2 12.2025 14.5668
3 C3 5.7575 1.5965
4 i-C4 1.0255 0.1077
5 n-C4 1.2753 0.1091
6 i-C5 0.1818 0.0127
7 n-C5 0.1678 0.012
8 C6 0.09 0.0051
9 N2 0.3034 0.2647
10 CO2 0.0149 0.0141
11 H2O - -
3.1.2. Amoniac
NH3 %kl 99.8 (ti thiu) H2O %kl 0.2 (ti a) Du ppmkl 5 (ti a) Amnic ti bn cha POP = 5 barg TOP = -32,6
oC
Amnic ti xng Ur POP = 24 Barg
TOP = 25oC
12
3.1.3. CO2
CO2 th tch (kh) 99% (ti thiu) Kh tr (th tch) 1% (ti a) Nc bo ho CO2 u ht my nn POP = 0.18 barg TOP = 45
oC
CO2 u ra my nn POP = 157 barg TOP => 100
oC
3.1.4. Ch tiu k thut ca sn phm
Hm lng nit 46.3%kl (ti thiu) Hm lng biuret 1%kl (ti a) Hm lng m 0.4%kl (ti a) Phn b kch thc ht 90%kl (ti thiu) gia 1.4 mm v 2.8 mm Phn b kch thc ht 2%kl (ti thiu) di 1 mm Nhit ht 65oC ti a (ch cng sut danh ngha)
Chng II. Gii thiu chung v ure 1. Lch s hnh thnh ure
Ur c Hilaire Rouelle pht hin t nc tiu vo nm 1773 v c
Friedrich Woehler tng hp ln u tin t ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 v
potassium cyanate KOCN vo nm 1828. y l qu trnh tng hp ln u mt
hp cht hu c t cc cht v c v n gii quyt c mt vn quan
trng ca mt hc thuyt sc sng. Nm 1870, ur c sn xut bng cch
t nng ccbamat amn trong mt ng bt kn. iu ny l nn tng cho cng
ngh sn xut ur cng nghip sau ny. Cho ti nhng nm u th k 20 th ur
mi c sn xut trn quy m cng nghip nhng mc sn lng rt nh.
Sau i chin th gii th II, nhiu nc v hng i su ci tin quy trnh
cng ngh sn xut ur. Nhng hng ng u v cung cp chuyn giao cng
ngh sn xut ur trn th gii nh: Stamicarbon (H Lan), Snamprogetti
(Italia), TEC (Nht Bn)Cc hng ny a ra cng ngh sn xut ur tin tin,
mc tiu ph nng lng cho mt tn sn phm ur rt thp.
13
2. Tng quan v ure Ur l sn phm c to thnh qua phn ng tng hp amnic lng v kh CO2. Trong thp tng hp ur R-1001, amnic v CO2 phn ng to thnh amni ccbamt, mt phn amnium ccbamt tch nc to thnh ur.
Cc phn ng xy ra nh sau:
2NH3 + CO2 NH2COONH4 + 32560 kcal/kmol ccbamt ( 1.033 kg/cm2, 25OC)
NH2-COO-NH4 NH2-CO-NH2 + H2O - 4200 kcal/kmol ur ( 1.033 kg/cm2, 25OC)
iu kin phn ng (T=188-190oC, P=152-157 barg), phn ng th nht xy ra nhanh chng v hon ton, phn ng th hai xy ra chm v quyt nh vn tc phn ng.
Phn amnium ccbamt tch nc c xc nh bng t l cc cht phn ng khc nhau, nhit phn ng v thi gian lu trong thp tng hp.
T l mole CO2/ure trong khong 0.5-0.7. Phn ng th nht ta nhit mnh lit trong khi phn ng th hai thu nhit yu v xy ra trong pha lng tc chm.
Sau h thng tng hp ur, qa trnh phn hu (v thu hi c lin quan) khng thay i thnh phn phn ng c thc hin ba bc sau:
1. Phn hu cao p ti ur Stripper E-1001 2. Phn hu trung p ti cm phn hu trung p E-1002A/B 3. Phn hu thp p ti cm phn hu thp p E-1003
Phn ng phn hu l phn ng ngc chiu vi phn ng 1 nh ch trn
NH2-COO-NH4 2 NH3 + CO2 (- nhit)
V phn ng xy ra mnh lit khi gim p v/hoc tng nhit. 2.1. Nguyn liu sn xut ure
Nguyn liu sn xut ure l CO2 v NH3 2.2. Tnh cht vt l
Ur c cng thc phn t l CON2H4 hoc (NH2)2CO.
14
Tn quc t l Diaminomethanal. Ngoi ra ur cn c bit vi tn gi l
carbamide , carbonyl diamide. Ur c mu trng, d ha tan trong nc, trng
thi tinh khit nht ur khng mi mc d hu ht cc mu ur c tinh khit
cao u c mi khai.
Bng 1.2 : Thnh phn c tnh ca Ure
Tn thnh phn Gi tr
T trng d, g/ cm3 13,230
Dng tinh th v dng b ngoi Dng kim, lng tr, t gic
im nng chy, 0C 132,7
Ch s khc x 1,484; 1,602
Nng lng hnh thnh t do 250C, J/mol -197,15
Nhit nng chy, J/g 251
Nhit ha tan trong nc, J/g 243
Nhit kt tinh, dch ure nc 70%, J/g 460
m tng i 81% (200C)
73% (300C)
Nhit ring, J/Kg.K
15
00C
500C
1000C
1500C
1439
1,661
1,887
2,10
Hm lng Nito 46,6% N
2.3. Tnh cht ha hc
Ha tan trong nc, n thy phn rt chm to thnh cacbamat amn (1) cui
cng phn hy thnh amoniac v ixit cacbon. Phn ng ny l c s s
dng ur lm phn bn.
Trong mi trng t m :
(NH2)2CO + 3H2O CO2 + 2NH4OH
Trong khng kh m:
2NO + (NH2)2CO + O2 = 2N2+ H2O + CO2
V mt thng mi, ur c sn xut ra bng cch loi nc trc tip
cacbamat amn NH2COONH4 mc p sut v nhit nng. Ngi ta thu
c cacbamat amn bng cch cho phn ng trc tip NH3 vi CO2. Hai phn
ng c tin hnh lin tc trong thp tng hp cao p.
iu kin p sut thng v ti im nng chy ca n, ur phn hy
thnh amoniac, biuret(1), acid cyanuric (qv) (2), ammelide (3) v triuret (4).
Biuret l sn phm ph bt c d ch yu c trong ur. Nu trong sn phm
m Ur cp phn bn m hm lng biuret vt qu 2% trng lng s gy
c hi i vi cy trng.
16
Ur ng vai tr nh mt cht c s n v to ra cc mui c cc acid.
Cng vi acid nitric n to ra nitrat ur CO(NH2)2.HNO3 v phn hy n khi b
t nng. Ur cng n nh nhit phng v iu kin thng p. t
nng iu kin chn khng v ti im nng chy th n s thng hoa m
khng h thay i. Trong mi trng chn khng nhit 180-1900C, ur s
thng hoa v chuyn ha thnh xianua amn NH4OCN (5). Khi ur cng c
t nng nhanh trong dng kh amoniac mc nhit nng v tng khong
vi trm kPa (vi at.) th n s thng hoa hon ton v phn hy tng phn thnh
acid cyanic HNCO v xianua amn. Ur cng ha tan trong NH3 lng v hnh
thnh hp cht ur-amoniac hn hp khng n nh CO(NH2)2NH3 phn hy
450C. Ur-Amoniac to ra cc mui vi cc cht kim loi kim nh
NH2COHNM hoc CO(NHM)2.Ur phn ng vi nitrat bc AgNO3 vi s c
mt ca hydroxid natri NaOH, s to thnh cht dn xut (5) mu vng nht.
Hydroxid natri xc tin lm thay i ur sang dng imit (6).
Sau phn ng vi nitrat bc. Cc tc nhn oxi ha vi s c mt ca
natri hydroxids chuyn ha ur thnh nit v dioxid cacbon. Cht sau tc l
CO2 phn ng vi hydroxid natri to thnh cacbonat natri (8):
17
Phn ng ur vi cc loi ru sinh ra cc cht este acidcacbamic
thng c gi l urthan:
Ur phn ng vi foocmandhyd v to thnh cc hp cht nh
monomethylolurea cng thc: NH2CONHCH2OH, dimethylolurea
HOCH2NHCONHCH2OH v cc hp cht khc ph thuc vo t l mol ca
fomanhyt i vi ur v da vo pH ca dung dch. Peroxyd hydro v ur
l loi sn phm dng bt tinh th mu trng. Peroxyd ur CO(NH)2.H2O2 c
ngi ta bit n vi tn gi thng phm l Hypersol y l cht tc nhn oxi
ha. Ur v acid malonic phn ng cho ra i cht acid barbituric (7), mt hp
cht ch yu trong ngnh ha dc
2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n ure
2.4.1. nh hng t l NH3/CO2
Nh m t ti phn ng 1, t l Mol l thuyt ca NH3/CO2 l 2, nhng di
cc iu kin khc sn phm ur n nh chm 168 bar 155 OC. Khi t l Mol
NH3/CO2 thay i t 2 n 9, sn phm ur thay i t khong 40% n 85%.
Trn nhng iu kin khc, khi t l Mol NH3/CO2 thay i t 2 n 0.5, sn
phm ur s thay i ch t khong 40% n khong 45%.
N c lm r rng, nh hng ca CO2 l rt nh so vi NH3. Hn th na,
di iu kin giu CO2, dung dch s tr nn n mn nhiu hn v vn hnh c
vn lin quan n kt tinh l qu quan trng.
18
Ni chung, hu ht tt c cc nh my ur c vn hnh di t l NH3/CO2
trong khong gia 2.5 v 5.0.
2.4.2. nh hng t l H2O/CO2
T phn ng th hai, r rng rng lng nc d trong dung dch phn ng lm cn tr s hnh thnh ur t ccbamt. Nhng nu hm lng nc qu thp th nng ccbamt tr nn cao gy tc nghn ng ng. Do , thng thng th t l mole H2O/CO2 l 0.4-1 trong cc nh my cng nghip.
2.4. S hnh buruet
Biuret l phn ng khng mong mun c hnh thnh khi hai mole ur kt
hp thnh mt mole biuret v mt mole amnic bng gia nhit.
2(NH2-CO-NH2) NH2-CO-NH-CO-NH2 + NH3
V biuret c hi ti s m chi ca ht, v lm ho cy da v cam, qut khi
m c phun ln l, hm lng biuret trong phn m trn th trng th gii
c yu cu di 1.5%. Biuret to thnh gn nh trong tt c cc giai on ca
qu trnh sn xut ur v ch yu c to thnh h thng phn hy thp p v
nhit cao. Nhn chung, s to thnh biuret tng ln nhanh chng khi nhit
vt qu 110oC do cn phi gi nhit /p sut v thi gian lu ca mc ur
lng gi tr bnh thng trong cc bnh cha mi giai on phn hy c bit
l trong bnh cha ca thit b tch chn khng.
2.6. Nguyn nhn v cch khc phc tnh ht hm ca ure
2.6.1. Nguyn nhn
Ur l cht d ht m t mi trng xung quanh ti mt nhit nht nh
ng vi p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong mi trng ln hn p sut hi
nc trn b mt ur. Ur s ht m khi m mi trng xung quanh ln hn
70%, nhit 10-400C.Ur thng b ht m do hm m trong khng kh cao,
c bit vo ngy h, tit tri m thp ngoi ra cn c mt s nguyn nhn khc
nh
Hm m trong dung dch Ur i to ht cn cao.
19
Ht ur xp, rng, d v, cng c gii thp.
Bo qun ur ni c m khng kh cao, ur b ht m.
Sn phm ur c kch c khng ng u, nhiu bi v mnh v to
cho cc ht ur c mi lin kt hn bn vng do bi v mnh v in
vo khng gian gia cc ht ur
2.6.2 Cch khc phc
o Bc ur bi mt lp paraffin mng ngn chn ht m.
o S dng bt tr dung a vo dung dch ur trc khi to ht, tng
cng lc c gii ca ht v hn ch ht m.
o Tim fomanhyt hoc ur fomanhyt vo dng dung dch ur
trc hoc sau h thng c c.
o To ur ht to trn mt h thng to ht tng si thng quay, lm
gim b mt ring tip xc khng kh ca ht ur, bn vng c
gii cao.
2.7. ng dng
2.7.1. Trong nng nghip
Ur c dng lm phn bn, kch thch sinh trng, gip cy pht trin
mnh, thch hp vi rung nc, cy , rau xanh, la Ur cng c cha 0,8
n 2,0% trng lng biuret ban u c bn trc tip cho t di dng
nit. Cc loi dch ur long hm lng biuret thp (ti a khong 0,3%
biuret) c dng bn cho cy trng di dng phn bn l. Trn ln vi cc
cht ph gia khc ur s c dng trong nhiu loi phn bn rn c cc
dng cng thc khc nhau nh photphat ur amn (UAP); sunphat amn ur
(UAS) v ur phophat (ur + acid photyphoric), cc dung dch ur nng
thuc nitrat amn ur (UAN) (80-85%) c hm lng nit cao nhng im
kt tinh li thp ph hp cho vic vn chuyn lu thng phn phi bng h
20
thng ng dn hay phun bn trc tip.
2.7.2 Trong cng nghip
Nguyn liu cho sn xut cht do, c bit l nha ur-formalht.
Nh l mt thnh phn ca phn ha hc v cht b sung vo thc n
cho ng vt, n cung cp mt ngun m c nh tng i r tin
gip cho s tng trng.
Nh l cht thay th cho mui (NaCl) trong vic loi b bng hay
sng mui ca lng ng hay ng bng sn bay. N khng gy
ra hin tng n mn kim loi nh mui.
Nh l mt thnh phn b sung trong thuc l, n c thm vo
tng hng v.
i khi c s dng nh l cht to mu nu vng trong cc x
nghip sn xut bnh quy.
Nh l mt thnh phn ca mt s du dng tc, sa ra mt, du
tm v nc thm.
N cng c s dng nh l cht phn ng trong mt s gc lnh s
dng s cu, do phn ng thu nhit to ra khi trn n vi nc.
Thnh phn hot ha x l khi thi t ng c diesel
2.7.3. Trong y hc
2.7.3.1. Thuc
Ur c s dng trong cc sn phm da liu cc b gip cho qu trnh
ti hirat ha ca da.
2.7.3.2 Trong chun on sinh l hc
Do ur c sn xut v bi tit khi c th vi mt tc gn nh khng i,
nng ur cao trong mu ch ra vn vi s bi tit n hoc trong mt s
trng hp no l s sn xut qu nhiu ur trong c th.
21
Nguyn nhn ph bin ca bnh urmia l cc vn v h tit niu. N c
ly thng s cng vi creatinin ch ra cc vn trc tip lin quan ti thn
(v d: h thn mn tnh) hay cc vn th cp nh chng gim hot
ng tuyn gip.Nng ur cng c th tng trong mt s ri lon mu c tnh
(v d bnh bch cu v bnh Kahler).
Nng cao ca ur (urmia) c th sinh ra cc ri lon thn kinh (bnh no).
Thi gian di b uremia c th lm i mu da sang mu xm
Chng III: Cng ngh sn xut ure ca nh my m ph m
Bao gm cc giai on
Cng on nn CO2
Tng hp ur v thu hi CO2 p sut cao..
Cng on tinh ch ur v thu hi NH3 p sut trung bnh v
p sut thp.
Cng on c c
To ht
X l nc thi.
1. Qu trnh cng ngh nh my m ph m (*) c hnh nh km
Nguyn l hot ng CO2 nguyn liu s c em qua bnh tch V-1017, ti y lng lng
cun theo c tch ra v c a v h thng thi lng, lng kh CO2 c
a ti ca ht cp 1 ca my nn. Tua bin STK-101 s a CO2 qua 4 cp ca
my nn ri a CO2 v thp tng hp R-1001. NH3 s c ly t xng
ammoniac dn v thp tng hp R-1001. thp tng hp R-1001 dch ure s t
khong 63%, v c a tip qua phn trn ca thit b stripper E-1001, hot
22
ng p sut 147 barg. y l thit b phn hy kiu mng trong ng thng
ng, trong lng c phn phi trn b mt gia nhit di dng mng v chy
xung y nh trng lc. Thc t, y l thit b trao i nhit v ng thng ng,
vi mi trng gia nhit pha v, v u ng c thit k c bit cho php s
phn phi ng u dung dch ur. Thc t, mi ng c mt u phn phi kiu
lng (ferrule) c thit k phn phi u dng lng xung quanh thnh ng
di dng mng. Cc l ca u phn phi hot ng nh cc a; ng knh
ca cc l v u phn phi s iu khin lu lng. Khi mng lng chy, n
c gia nhit v s phn hy ccbamt v bay hi b mt xy ra. Hm lng
CO2 trong dung dch gim do stripping NH3 khi NH3 si. Hi to thnh (thc cht
l amnic v CO2) bay ln nh ng. Nhit phn hy ccbamt c cung cp
nh s ngng t hi bo ha 21.8 barg. Dng hn hp gia kh t nh thit b
stripper, v dung dch thu hi t y thp hp th trung p T-1001, i vo cc
thit b ngng t ccbamt E-1005A/B, y chng c ngng t v c tun
hon v thp tng hp R-1001 thng qua bm phun ccbamt J-1001. Ngng t
kh qu trnh p sut cao (khong 144 barg) cho php to ra hi bo ha 4.9
barg pha v ca thit b ngng t ccbamt th nht E-1005A v hi 3.4 barg
pha v ca thit b ngng t ccbamt th hai E-1005B. T nh ca bnh tch
ccbamt V-1001, kh khng ngng bao gm kh tr (khng kh th ng, kh tr
trong dng CO2 t giao din) cha mt lng nh NH3 v CO2 c a trc tip
vo y thit b phn hy trung p E-1002. Dch ure c a v thit b E-1002A
y kh nh c tch ra trc khi dung dch i vo b ng. Thit b phn hy
kiu mng trong ng E-1002A/B, y ccbnt c phn hy v nhit c
cung cp nh ngng t hi 4.9 barg ( pha v ca phn trn E-1002A) v lm
lnh trc tip nc ngng hi t bnh tch nc ngng hi cho stripper V-1009,
p sut khong 22 barg ( pha v ca phn di E-1002B). Bnh cha dung
dch ur Z-1002, bnh ny tp trung dung dch ur lm sch giai on 1 c
nng 60-63%kl. Kh giu NH3 v CO2 ra khi bnh tch nh V-1002 c a
vo pha v ca thit b c c chn khng s b E-1004, kh c hp th
23
ring phn trong dung dch ccbnt n t cm thu hi 4 barg. Tng nhit to
thnh t pha v, do ngng t/hp th/phn ng ca cc cht, c dng bc
hi dung dch ur n t giai on lm sch th hai n nng 84-86%kl, do
cho php tit kim ng k hi thp p giai on c c chn khng th nht.
T pha v ca thit b c c chn khng s b E-1004, pha hn hp c a
vo thit b ngng t trung p E-1006, ti y CO2 c hp th gn nh hon
ton v nhit ngng t/phn ng c ly i nh nc lm mt t thit b ngng
t amnic E-1009. T E-1006 pha hn hp chy vo thp hp th trung p T-
1001, y pha kh tch ra s i vo b phn tinh ch. y l thp hp th kiu
a m chp v xy ra hp th CO2 v tinh ch NH3. Cc a c np liu bng
dng hi lu amnic sch, cn bng nng lng vo ct, v tch CO2 v
H2O c trong dng kh NH3 v kh tr bay ln. NH3 hi lu c ly t bn cha
amnic V-1005 v c a vo ct bng bm tng p amnic P-1005A/B.
Dng NH3 v kh tr bo ha vi vi ppm CO2 (20-100 ppm) ra khi nh b phn
tinh ch, c ngng t ring phn trong thit b ngng t amnic E-1009. T
y dng 2 pha c a vo bn cha amnic V-1005. Dng khng ngng bo
ha amnic ri V-1005 bay dc trong thp thu hi amnic T-1005, y mt
lng amnic c ngng t nh dng amnic lng n t giao din ca xng
ur. Dng kh ri nh T-1005 bay dc trong thp hp th amnic trung p E-
1011, y hm lng amnic c gim trit nh dng dung dch amnic
long ngc chiu hp th kh amnic. Khi amnic trong pha kh c hp th,
nhit to thnh s lm tng nhit ca dng lng i xung, do lm cn tr s
hp th tip tc amnic. duy tr nhit thch hp, mt dng nc lm mt
c cung cp pha v ca E-1011. Thp ra kh tr trung p T-1003, c ni
vo phn trn ca E-1011, gm 3 a van, y kh tr c ra ln cui bng
nc sch. Hm lng amnic trong dng kh bay ln l thp nht v do nhit
t nhy vi nhit hp th. Cui cng kh tr c tp trung vo ng khi. T
y ca E-1011, dung dch NH3-H2O c tun hon li thp hp th trung p T-
1001 bng bm P-1007A/B. Dng ra khi y T-1001 c tun hon bng bm
24
dung dch ccbnt cao p P-1002A/B v cm thu hi tng hp sau khi gia nhit
s b pha ng ca thit b gia nhit s b ccbnt cao p E-1013. Trong thit
b trao i nhit ny, lu cht gia nhit pha v l nc ngng qu trnh t y
thp chng ct T-1002. Dung dch vi hm lng CO2 rt thp ra khi y thit
b phn hy trung p c gin n n p sut 4 barg v i vo phn trn ca thit
b phn hy thp p. Thit b ny c chia thnh 3 phn chnh:
- Bnh tch nh V-1003, y kh nh c tch ra trc khi dung
dch i vo b ng;
- Thit b phn hy kiu mng ng E-1003, y ccbnt c
phn hy v nhit c cung cp nh ngng t hi thp p bo
ha 4.9 barg;
- Bnh cha dung dch ur Z-1003, bnh ny tp trung dung dch
ur lm sch giai on 2 c nng 69-71%kl.
Kh ra khi V-1003 trc tin c trn vi hi t b phn tinh ch ca thp
chng T-1002, v sau c a vo pha v ca thit b gia nhit s b amnic
cao p E-1007, y chng c ngng t ring phn. Nhit ngng t c thu
hi pha ng gia nhit s b amnic lng cao p (np liu vo thp tng hp
ur). Dng pha v ca E-1007 c a vo thit b ngng t thp p E-1008,
y hi NH3 v CO2 cn li c ngng t hon ton. Nhit ngng t c ly i
nh nc lm mt pha ng. Dung dch ccbnt ra khi E-1008 c thu hi
vo bn cha dung dch ccbnt V-1006. T y dung dch ccbnt c tun
hon v y thp hp th trung p T-1001 bng bm P-1003A/B qua pha v ca
thit b c c s b E-1004 v sau qua thit b ngng t trung p E-1006. Mt
phn nh dung dch ccbnt thp p cng c dng lm dng hi lu vo b
phn tinh ct ca thp chng T-1002. Bn V-1006 c trang b mt thp ra
kh tr thp p T-1004 gip iu khin p sut ca giai on thu hi th hai.
T-1004 c ni vi phn trn ca E-1012, ni m nc lm mt c cung cp
25
ly nhit hp th. Dung dch ur ra khi y thit b phn hy thp p c
gin n ti p sut 0.33 bara v i vo phn trn ca thit b c c chn khng
s b. Thit b ny c chia thnh 3 phn chnh:
- Bnh tch nh V-1004, y kh nh c tch ra trc khi dung
dch i vo b ng. Hi c tch ra nh h thng chn khng
th nht PK-1003;
- Thit b c c kiu mng E-1004, y lng ccbnt cn li
c phn hy v nc c bc hi. Nhit c cung cp nh
ngng t ring phn (pha v) kh n t thit b phn hy trung
p;
- Bnh cha lng y Z-1004, y tp trung dung dch ur c
nng khong 84-87%.
Dung dch ur ra khi bnh cha Z-1004 nh bm dung dch ur 85% P-1006A/B
bm vo y thit b c c chn khng th nht E-1014. Thit b ny hot ng
cng p sut nh pha ng E-1004 (tc l 0.33 bara).Hi bo ha p sut 3.4
barg c cung cp vp pha v E-1014 c c dung dch ur chy trong ng.
Pha hn hp ra khi pha ng ca E-1014 i vo bnh tch chn khng kh-lng
th nht V-1014, t y mt ln na hi c tch nh h thng chn khng th
nht PK-1003 trong khi nh trng lc ur nng chy (khong 95%) i vo y
thit b c c chn khng th hai E-1015, hot ng p sut 0.03 bara. Hi bo
ha p sut 3.4 barg c cung cp vo pha v E-1015 c c ur chy trong
ng. Pha hn hp ra khi pha ng ca E-1015 i vo bnh tch chn khng kh-
lng th hai V-1015, t y hi c tch nh h thng chn khng th hai PK-
1004, trong khi ur nng chy (khong 99.75%) c a ti thp to ht. Ur
nng chy ra khi bnh cha Z-1015 c a n gu to ht Z-1009A/B bng
bm ly tm P-1008A/B. Ht ur nng chy t gu to ht ri dc theo thp to
ht bng gi t nhin Z-1008, ng rn v lm lnh khi tip xc vi dng khng
kh ngc chiu. Amnic t do (vi ppm) c trong ur nng chy t Z-1015 c
26
th c thi ra kh quyn do li cun theo dng kh lm lnh thi qua thp to
ht.
2. Cm c c chn khng
2.1. Khi nim
C c l qa trnh lm tng nng ca cht rn ha tan trong dung dch
bng cch tch bt mt phn dung mi qua dng hi.Qu trnh c c
thng tin hnh trng thi si ngha l p sut hi ring phn ca dung
mi trn mt dung dch bng p sut lm vic ca thit b.
Cng thc tnh lng dung mi nguyn cht bc hi (lng hi th) khi
nng dch thay i t x n xc :
W = G .( 1 - x /xc ), Kg /s
Trong : W lng dung mi nguyn cht bc hi (Kg/s)
G - lng dung dch u (Kg/s)
x /xc nng u v cui ca cht tan trong dung dch (% k.lng)
(*) c hnh nh km
- Dch ure c a v thit b c c chn khng t thit b thit b tch chn
khng s b V-1004 hay cn gi l qu trnh tin chn khng vi nhit khong
104 0C v p sut 0.33 bar. thit b c c chn khng dch ure s c gia nhit
v loi b nc, nc s c a v bnh ngng v dung tn dng nhit cho
qu trnh c c sau. Dch ure sau khi qua thit b c c s c a qua thit b
tch chn khng ln th 1 nhm loi b hi nc, kh NH3. Hi nc, kh NH3 s
c a qua h thng chn khng th 1 ngng t v chuyn v bnh cha TK-
2.
- Dch ure t thit b tch chn khng th nht t 95% v tip tc c a qua
thit b c c chn khng th 2, ri qua thit b tch chn khng th 2. Hi nc
v kh NH3 s c a qua h thng chn khng th 2 v cng c ngng t
li v chuyn v bn cha TK-2. Dch ure i t thit b tch s c cha bnh
27
cha chn khng. Dch cha bnh cha chn khng th 2 c nng 99,75%
v c bm P-1008A/B bm i to ht
2.2. iu kin cho qu trnh bc hi
Lin tc cung cp nhit nng
Khng ngng rt lng hi th sinh thnh ra ngoi
Qu trnh c c c tin hnh cc p sut khc nhau:
Khi lm vic p sut thng ta dng thit b h, khi lm vic p sut
khc ta dng thit b kn
2.3. Ch s k thut ca ure cm chn khng
Khi lng mol phn t: 60g.
Khi lng ring 250C: 1,33kg/dm3.
Nhit nng chy 1 at : 132,70C.
2.4. Cc nguyn nhn lm cho chn khng khng t
Ph ti bc hi qu cao (hm lng nc, NH3 trong dch vo khu chn
khng ln, b sung P1009 nhiu, van LV1023 lm vic khng n nh hoc
m qu ln,).
Nng lc ht ca cc ejector gim (p sut, lu lng hi LP gim, li lc
ca ejector b tc,).
Hiu sut lm lnh ca cc thit b lm lnh ngng t gim (nhit nc
lm mt cao, p sut hoc lu lng nc lm mt khng , van m nc
lm mt u vo v ra m cha , v thit b lm lnh b bm urea (do
ejector ht vo) lm gim b mt trao i nhit, hoc ng ng thi dch
t cc thit b ngng t v TK1002 b tc,).
H thng chn khng b r kh t ngi vo.
Tn hiu PIC1034, PIC1036 bo gi, hoc b tc ng tn hiu.
28
Cha ng by pass PV1034, PV1036 hoc van PV1034, PV1036 b mt
kh nn (fail open) hoc li phn iu khin,
2.5 Cc nguyn nhn lm nhit bc hi khng t
Ti vo khu chn khng ln hoc nng dch urea qu thp, nng
NH3 trong dch ln.
p sut, lu lng hi LP vo E1014, E1015 thp hoc c nhiu kh
tr cha x.
Thit b trao i nhit cha nhiu kh tr hoc ng chm gia nhit
ng nhiu cn.
Bnh tch nc ngng thit b trao i nhit qu y lm gim b
mt truyn nhit.
Tn hiu bo gi.
Mc dch trong thit b thp hn im tip xc ca u d nhit
m van TV1044,TV1053 khng chnh xc.
29
3 Thit b 20-Z-2015 v 20-V-2015
30
Hnh 2.3: cu to 20-Z-2015 v 20-V-2015
31
3.1 Thit b 20-V-2015 3.1.1 Cu to
L thit b bc hnh tr ng
C ng knh trong 4650 mm
Chiu cao thit b khong 6000 mm
ng dch c thit k vo theo phng tip tuyn vi thnh
thit b, dung dch Ure s chy thnh mng xung di b gom
bng trng lc.
phc v cho cng tc ra thnh thit b, trn nh bnh bc,
ngi ta c b tr ng nc ra c ng knh 2 inch s
dng khi cn.
Ti v tr c thit b trn ng hi th thot ra ngi ta c b tr
mt vng ra c khi cn.
Phn pha di y thit b gn im kt ni vi Z-1015 c mt
tm li bo v bm c lp t.
Ngoi ra bnh bc cn c lp t 2 man hole, trong mt
man hole lp bn trn thn, man hole cn li lp gn tm li
bo v bm. Cc man hole ny c hn thm 1 ng lt bng
nhm mc ch l hn ch s tch t ca Ure ti v tr ny.
3.1.2 Nguyn l hot ng
Dung dch Ure t V-1015 n c a n thit b gia nhit E-1015, gia
nhit ln n 1350C trc khi a vo bung bc V-1015. iu kin lm vic
ca V-1015 p sut 0.03 bara v nhit 1350C, nc, NH3,CO2 cn li s b
ha hi, to iu kin cho nc bay hi d dng v trit , ngi ta b tr
ng dch vo theo phng tip tuyn v dng dch s tri mng trn thnh
32
thit b v i xung b gom nh trng lc,sn phm sau c bm i to ht
bi bm P-1008 A/B
3.2 Thit b 20-Z-1015
L thit b hnh tr ng
ng knh trong 1300 mm
Chiu di thn tr 650 mm
Hai bn hng c lp thm 2 knh quan st mc vi tng chiu di
2 knh l 400 mm
Chng IV: Tng kt
Qua khong thi gian thc tp, tm hiu ti nh my em b sung cho
mnh nhiu kin thc chuyn ngnh thc t, b ch. Ra cng trng sn xut vi
nhng my mc hin i lm em hiu r hn v thc t v cng ngh.Nh my
m Ph M tuy ch mi hot ng c khong 8 nm, nhng sn xut ra
sn lng ur p ng c nhu cu phn ur ton min nam l minh chng
c th nht, hin thc cho dy chuyn sn xut hiu qu, tin tin, cng ngh
hin i, t ng ha hon ton
Ti liu tham kho
1. La Vn Bnh, Trn Th Hin (2007), Cng ngh sn xut phn bn v c
NXB Bch Khoa- H Ni, 2007
2. Hong Nhm(2002), Ha V C tp 1, NXB Gio Dc.
3. Cc ti liu tham kho ca nh my.