1(a)What is an element? Give an example of an element....[2]

(b)What is meant by the term atomic number?.. [1]

(c)What is meant by the term mass number?.. [1]

(d)Give the atomic number and mass number for the following elements.35Cl

17

(i)

. [1]

12C

6

(ii). [1]

14C

6

(iii)

. [1]

16O

8

(iv)

. [1]

2(a)Draw the following atoms to show the number of electrons in each of their

(ii)Oxygen [1](i)Carbon [1]electron orbits:

(iv)Chlorine [1](iii)Neon [1]

(v)Potassium [1](v)Argon [1]

(b)Name three elements whose atoms have full outer electron orbits.Element 1: . [1]Element 2: . [1]Element 3: . [1]

(c)Name three elements whose atoms have only one electron in their outer orbit.Element 1: . [1]Element 2: . [1]Element 3: . [1]

(d)Name three elements whose atoms have outer orbits which are one electron short of being full.Element 1: . [1]Element 2: . [1]Element 3: . [1]

3(a)The diagram shows a model of an atom.

(i) What is represented by X and Y?X: .. [1] Y: . [1](ii) Name the subatomic particles found in X...[1](b)Name the subatomic particles that(i)Have opposite charges: .. and [2](ii)Have similar masses: .. and [2](iii) Have negligible masses: .. and [2](c)The table shows the atomic number and the mass number of three particles X, Y and Z, as well as the number of electrons they possess.ParticleAtomic numberMass numberNumber of electrons

X110

Y81610

Z6126

(i) Determine the number of neutrons in particles X, Y, and Z.X: .... [1]Y: .... [1]Z: .... [1](ii) Which of the three particles is positively charged? Why?. [1](iii) Which of the three particles is negatively charged? Why?. [1]

(d)The atomic number of an element, X is 11. Its nucleon number is 23.(i)How many electrons does an atom of X possess?. [1]

AX

Z

(ii)Represent the atom of element X in the form of

. [1](iii)Draw the structure of an atom of X. [3]

(iv) State the meaning of electron arrangement of an atom of X.. [1]

(v) State the number of valence electrons in an ion of X based on your drawing in (d)(iii).. [1](e)The table below shows the nucleon number of two atoms, X and Y, and the number of electrons they possess.AtomNumber of electronsNucleon number

X613

Y614

(i) State the similarities and differences between X and Y in terms of the number of protons and neutrons.[2](ii) Are X and Y atoms of the same element? Why?[1](iii) What are isotopes?[1](iv) Name three elements that exist as isotopes.[1](v) Name a radioisotope and state its use.[1](vi) Explain why safety precautions must be taken when handling radioisotopes.[1]

4(a)Define the term diffusion....[1]

(b)Why does diffusion though solids take place over a very long period of time?...[1]

(c)To demonstrate diffusion in liquids, we drop a crystal of potassium permanganate in water and observe that it takes about a day to diffuse fully through the liquid.Explain why this process is faster than diffusion through solids. ...[2](d)An experiment showing the diffusion of bromine gas has two gas jars stacked on top of each other and separated by a glass plate. The lower gas jar contains bromine gas and the upper one contains air. When the plate is removed, the bromine and air diffuse into one another.

(i) What is the colour of bromine gas?...[1](ii) How long does bromine gas take to diffuse into the gas jar above?[1](iii) Provide a reason for (d)(ii)....[1](e)Explain the following, in your own words, as accurately as possible.(i)If you grow a salt crystal it will be cube shaped.....[2](ii)A solution of potassium permanganate can be diluted many times and still look purple.....[2](iii)If ammonia solution is split in a corner of a laboratory, the people nearest it will smell it several seconds before the people in the opposite corner.....[2](iv)Pollen grains floating in water appear to be jigging around if seen under a microscope.....[2](v)A copper (II) sulfate crystal dissolves in water to form a blue solution. This happens faster in warm water than in cold water.....[2](f)Using examples and diagrams if they help, explain how each of the following supports the idea that everything is made up of particles:(i)Brownian motion....... [3](ii)crystal structure....... [3](iii)diffusion....... [3]

5(a)The graph shows the melting and boiling points of five substances.

i. Which substance has the lowest boiling point?...[1]

ii. What is the melting point ofethanol: ...[1]mercury: ...[1]oxygen: ...[1]Room temperature is around 20C.iii. Which of these substances is/are solid at room temperature?...[1]iv. Which is/are liquid at room temperature?...[1]v. Which is/are gaseous at room temperature?...[1](b)A sample of water is tested to see if it is pure. It is found to boil at 104C(i)Is the water pure?...[1](ii)Will it freeze at 0C, above this, or below this temperature? Explain....[1]6(a)(i)Why are the elements in Group 1 very reactive elements?.......[2](ii)Why are the elements in Group 7 very reactive elements?.......[2](iii)Why are the elements in Group 0 very unreactive elements?.......[2]

(b)(i)What do all isotopes of a particular element have in common?...[1](ii)How do isotopes of a particular element differ from each other?...[1]

(c)Three isotopes of magnesium are magnesium-24, magnesium-25 and magnesium-26.(i) Use the Periodic Table provided to find the atomic number of magnesium....[1](ii)Every magnesium atom has the same number of protons. What is this number?...[1](iii)What is the total number of protons and neutrons in a magnesium-24 atom?...[1](iv)How many neutrons are there in a magnesium-24 atom?...[1](d) In 1000 thallium atoms, there are 705 atoms of 205Tl.(i)What is the total number of neutrons and protons in these 705 thallium atoms?...[1](ii)The remaining 295 atoms are 203Tl atoms. What is the total number of neutrons and protons in these 295 thallium atoms?...[1](iii) What is the average number of protons and neutrons in the 1000 thallium atoms?.....[2](iv)What is the relative atomic mass of thallium?.......[2]7The formula for aluminium fluoride is AlF3.(a)How many fluoride ions are there for every aluminium ion?...[1](b) How many electrons does one fluorine atom gain when it becomes an ion?...[1](c)Write down the symbol for an aluminium ion....[1](d)If powdered aluminium is heated strongly in oxygen, the aluminium and oxygen atoms can react together to form aluminium oxide. The formula for aluminium oxide is Al2O3. Explain clearly why the aluminium and oxide ions combine together in these proportions. Include a diagram in your explanation...... [3]

8Below are the atomic numbers of six elements:ElementAtomic number

H1

Cl17

C6

N7

O8

S16

(a) Draw diagrams to show how electrons are shared to make molecules of the following covalent compounds. You only need to show the outer electron shells in your diagrams.14

i. ii. HCl [3]

iii. CCl4 [3]iv. NCl3 [3]

v. OCl2 [3]