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IT – 209 LECTURE-1 3/8/2009 1

COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION &

ARCHITECTURE (IT-209)



2

What is this Course About?

This course is about the structure and design of digital computers. This is commonly called

“computer architecture” – which is instruction setarchitecture + hardware organization.



Functions of a Computer

Data Processing

Data Movement (Input/Output)

Together: Input-Process-Output modelData Storage

Control of all these functions



Function

All computer functions are: Data processing

Data storage

Data movement

Control





Functions performed by a Computer

Data Movement Device





Data Storage and

Retrieval





Data Storage and

RetrievalData Processing From/To storage





Data Storage and

RetrievalData Processing From/To storage From Storage to I/O From I/O to Storage



Hardware Components



Functional Components

Von Neumann Architecture

Input Output

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Memory

Control

UnitArithmetic

Logic Unit

Registers



Structure - Top Level

Computer

MainMemory

Input

Output

Systems

Interconnection

Peripherals

Communication

lines

CentralProcessing

Unit

Computer



Structure - The CPU

Computer Arithmeticand

Login Unit

Control

Unit

Internal CPU

Interconnection

Registers

CPU

I/O

Memory

System

Bus

CPU



Structure - The Control Unit

CPU

Control

Memory

Control Unit

Registers and

Decoders

Sequencing

Login

Control

Unit

ALU

Registers

Internal

Bus

Control Unit



Converting Source intoExecutable Files

COPYRIGHT 1998 MORGAN KAUFMANN PUBLISHERS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED



Anatomy of an Object File

Size and position

of other pieces.

Machine Code

Binary Data

Representation.

References that must change

if the program is moved

in memory.

Associate addresses

with external label.

Unresolved references.

Compilation information

to allow mapping of

addresses to source code.



The Concept of a Computer

Application software

Programs user

writes and runs

Hardware

Systems software

Operating system

compiler assembler

User



Execution Cycle

Instruction

Fetch

Instruction

Decode

Operand Fetch

Execute

Result Store

Next

Instruction

Obtain instruction from program storage

Determine required actions and instruction size

Locate and obtain operand data

Compute result value or status

Deposit results in storage for later use

Determine successor instruction



Instruction Set Architecture(ISA)

A set of assembly language instructions (ISA) provides alink between software and hardware.

Given an instruction set, software programmers andhardware engineers work more or less independently.

ISA is designed to extract the most performance out of

the available hardware technology.

I n s

t r u c

t i o

n

s e

t

Software Hardware

Application

software

Hardware

Systems software



ISA

Defines registers

Defines data transfer modes betweenregisters, memory and I/O

Types of ISA: RISC, CISC, VLIW, SuperscalarExamples: IBM370/X86/Pentium/K6 (CISC) PowerPC (Superscalar) Alpha (Superscalar) MIPS (RISC and Superscalar) Sparc (RISC), UltraSparc (Superscalar)



Architecture & Organization

Architecture is those attributes visible to theprogrammer

Instruction set, number of bits used for datarepresentation, I/O mechanisms, addressingtechniques.

e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

Organization is how features are implemented

Control signals, interfaces, memorytechnology.

e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is itdone by repeated addition?





Computer Organization

Organization: Physical details that aretransparent to a programmer, such as Hardware implementation of an

instruction Control signals

Memory technology used

.



Computer Architecture ….

Instruction Set Architecture

Pipelining, Hazard Resolution,Superscalar, Reordering,Prediction, Speculation,

Vector, DSP

Addressing,Protection,Exception Handling

L1 Cache

L2 Cache

DRAM

Disks, WORM, Tape

Coherence,Bandwidth,Latency

Emerging TechnologiesInterleavingBus protocols

RAID

VLSI

Input/Output and Storage

Memory

Hierarchy

Pipelining and Instruction

Level Parallelism



Understanding the design techniques, machine structures, technology factors, evaluationmethods that will determine the form of computers in 21st Century

Technology ProgrammingLanguages

OperatingSystems History

Applications

Interface Design(ISA)

Measurement &Evaluation

Parallelism

Computer Architecture:• Instruction Set Design• Organization

• Hardware



Computer EngineeringMethodology

Evaluate ExistingEvaluate Existing

Systems for Systems for

BottlenecksBottlenecks

Simulate NewSimulate NewDesigns andDesigns and

OrganizationsOrganizations

Implement NextImplement Next

Generation SystemGeneration System

Technology

Trends

Benchmarks

Workloads

Implementation

Complexity

Documents

coa-LECTURE-1-3-AUGUST-2009