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Co & ScJ U LY 2 0 1 7
Cobalt and scandiumOpportunities in New South Wales, Australia澳大利亚新南威尔士州钴矿与钪矿投资机遇
To Adelaide
Summervale
Syerston Flemington
Bungonia
Pacific Highway
Hurlls Hill
OwendaleSyerston
Nyngan ScandiumProject
Thackaringa
ThuddungraWest Arm
ThuddungraEast Arm
New EnglandOrogen
LachlanOrogen
Thomson Orogen
Murray Basin
Delamerian OrogenCurnamonaCraton
DUBBO
Wentworth
Cobar
WOLLONGONG
Nyngan
Walgett
Coonamble
BrokenHill
Narrabri
Inverell
Goulburn
Griffith
NOWRA
Batemans Bay
Narooma
Bega
Cooma
Moree
WAGGAWAGGA
ALBURY
GraftonYamba
Ballina
LISMORE
NEWCASTLE
Balranald
Deniliquin
Tibooburra Lightning Ridge
Eden
BATHURST
PORT MACQUARIE
COFFS HARBOUR
Kempsey
Taree
Muswellbrook
Bourke
TAMWORTH
Armidale
SYDNEY
CANBERRA
Mudgee
ORANGEParkes
Cowra
Gunnedah
A.C.T.
Q U E E N S L A N D
V I C T O R I A
SO
UT
H A
US
TR
AL
I A
OwendaleOwendale
Sca
ndiu
m
REFERENCE
OccurrenceSmallMediumLargeDepositUltramafic rocks/serpentinitesExport portRailway Major road, sealedMajor road, unsealedGas pipeline
Cob
alt-
Sca
ndiu
m
Cob
alt
200 km
N
Overview 概况
• Cobalt demand is increasing for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles, various other rechargeable devices, and for super alloys.
• New South Wales (NSW) has excellent investment opportunities for cobalt and scandium, which are critical specialty metals with high supply risk.
• NSW hosts the world’s largest scandium-only resource.
Cobalt and scandium are key ‘tech metals’ that can add value to nickel and base-metal projects.
Cobalt 钴矿
Cobalt is a hard and lustrous metal and is mainly recovered as a by-product of smelting copper, zinc and nickel. About 36,000 tonnes or 29% of world cobalt production in 2015 was for batteries.
Scandium 钪矿
Lightweight scandium super alloys are used for aerospace and new high-tech applications, given their excellent strength and corrosion resistant properties.
Recent global consumption is 10–15 tonnes per year, mainly from recycling of military airframes and as a by-product of processing residual ore stockpiles and tailings (source — USGS).
Geological setting 地质环境
Cobalt occurs naturally as the arsenide Co(As2), known as smaltite or speiss cobalt; as cobalt sulfarsenide CoAsS, known as cobaltite or cobalt glance; glaucodot (Co,Fe)AsS; and as hydrated arsenate (Co(AsO4)2.8H2O), known as erythrite or cobalt bloom.
www.resourcesandenergy.nsw.gov.au
World resources 世界资源
Cobalt occurs in sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits in Congo (Kinshasa) and Zambia. Cobalt and scandium commonly occur in lateritic deposits, mainly developed over orthomagmatic sulfide deposits and ultramafic and mafic rocks in Australia, Canada, Russia, and the United States. In laterite, they are adsorbed into clay minerals — e.g. Ni-Co asbolite (Ni,Co)2-xMn4+(O,OH)4.nH2O.
Cobalt is extracted by several processes including flotation, reduction, roasting, with electro-winning being the final stage.
NSW occurrences 新州产地
Cobalt has been produced as a by-product of smelting of base-metal ore at Broken Hill, manganiferous grits near Bungonia and has been produced from laterites near Carcoar and Port Macquarie. Extensive deep weathering during the ‘Tertiary’ period (Paleogene–Neogene) formed numerous laterite-hosted deposits.
Exploration opportunities 勘探机遇
Many prospective areas in NSW await systematic exploration for cobalt and scandium. They include:
• nickel–cobalt laterites developed over the Owendale–Syerston, Tout and Alaskan-type Fifield igneous complexes in the central Lachlan Orogen
• deeply weathered serpentinites such as the Great Serpentinite Belt (e.g. Port Macquarie deposits), the Coolac Serpentinite Belt and Jindalee Group (Thuddungra)
• ultramafic rock sequences under shallow cover
• residual manganese–cobalt rich ‘grits’ of Tertiary age near Bungonia, 160 km southwest of Sydney.
Tertiary laterite development 第三纪红土开发Surface
Hematitic (pisolitic) clay
Limonitic clay
Saprolite (smectitic clay)
Weathered serpentinite
Fresh serpentinite
Nickel-richCobalt-rich
Scandium-rich
10–1
00
m
World cobalt production (2016) 世界钴矿产量(2016)
Other 7%Zambia 4%
South Africa 2%
Russia 5%
Philippines 3%New Caledonia 3%
Madagascar 3%
Cuba 3%
USA 1%Australia 4%Canada 6%
China 6%
DemocraticRepublicof Congo 53%
Source: http://minerals.usgs.gov/
Cobalt uses (2016) 钴矿用量与用途(2016)
31%Chemical applications
16%Other metal applications
8%Cemented carbides – hardened
45%Superalloys (mainly jet turbines)
Source: http://minerals.usgs.gov/
Further information 详细信息
The Advanced Mineral Projects & Exploration Highlights in NSW Map summarises recent exploration activities and ore reserve/resource announcements. This map is updated every six months and is available at www.resourcesandenergy.nsw.gov.au
Project highlights 亮点项目
Deposit name Current resources and reservesContained cobalt (t)
Contained scandium (t)
Hurlls Hill Prospect (inferred) 10.8 Mt @ 0.66% Ni, 0.010% Co & 41ppm Sc 1080 443
Nyngan scandium project (measured & indicated) 16.9 Mt @ 235 ppm Sc (100 ppm cutoff) – 3972
Owendale (measured, indicated & inferred) 25.9 Mt @ 381 ppm Sc, 0.34 g/t Pt, 0.12% Ni, 0.06% Co, 42 ppb Pd, 51% FeO & 1.1% MgO 15 540 9868
Summervale (inferred) 16 Mt @ 0.06% Co 9600 –
Syerston (measured, indicated & inferred) 25.4 Mt @ 414 ppm Sc (300 ppm cutoff) 1.2 Mt @ 666 ppm Sc (600 ppm cutoff) – 10 516
Syerston Flemington (measured, indicated & inferred) 3.143 Mt @ 434 ppm Sc – 1363
Thackaringa (Big Hill, Pyrite Hill & Railway) total global resource (indicated & inferred) 54.9 Mt @ 910 ppm Co (500 ppm cutoff) 49 959 –
Thuddungra East Arm (inferred) 34.6 Mt @ 0.77% Ni & 0.08% Co 27 680 –
Thuddungra West Arm (inferred) 20.5 Mt @ 0.81% Ni & 0.07% Co 14 350 –
Contact: [email protected] | +61 2 4931 6689
Disclaimer: The information contained in this publication is based on knowledge and understanding at time of writing (July 2017), using publicly available information. Because of advances in knowledge, users are reminded of the need to ensure that information upon which they rely is up to date. The information contained in this publication may not be or may no longer be aligned with government policy nor does the publication indicate or imply government policy. No warranty about the accuracy, currency or completeness of any information contained in this document is inferred (including, without limitation, any information in the document provided by third parties). While all reasonable care has been taken in the compilation, to the extent permitted by law, the State of New South Wales (including the NSW Department of Planning and Environment) exclude all liability for the accuracy or completeness of the information, or for any injury, loss, or damage whatsoever (including without limitation liability for negligence and consequential losses) suffered by any person acting, or purporting to act, in reliance upon anything contained herein. Users should rely upon their own advice, skills, interpretation and experience in applying information contained in this publication. The product trade names in this publication are supplied on the understanding that no preference between equivalent products is intended and that the inclusion of a product name does not imply endorsement by the Department over any equivalent product.