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A Study of Resilience and Successful Aging in Healthy Elders
0
http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/viewarticle/render?data=dGJyMPPp44rp2/dV0+njisfk5Ie46bROsKiuS6+k63nn5Kx95uXxjL6nrkevrq1Krqe1OK+muEmzsK5JnrfLPvLo34bx1+GM5+XsgeKzr0iwqrVJsaayUaTi34bls/iAq+r1PuLYu3nu3qSM3927Wcyc34a7p69It6iyUbavpH7t6Ot58rPkjeri8n326gAA&vid=6&sid=237153a1-fc25-490e-a7d9-ad2c05858d15@sessionmgr103http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/viewarticle/render?data=dGJyMPPp44rp2/dV0+njisfk5Ie46bROsKiuS6+k63nn5Kx95uXxjL6nrkevrq1Krqe1OK+muEmzsK5JnrfLPvLo34bx1+GM5+XsgeKzr0iwqrVJsaayUaTi34bls/iAq+r1PuLYu3nu3qSM3927Wcyc34a7p69It6iyUbavpH7t6Ot58rPkjeri8n326gAA&vid=6&sid=237153a1-fc25-490e-a7d9-ad2c05858d15@sessionmgr103I
201710
II
651.
2.
3.4.
5.
65 930 875
94.09% 698 75.05%
65-69
73.84
70 70
III
AbstractThe subjects of the study is the elderly people aged 65 years or above.The main
purpose of the study is to explore the relationship between the resilience and thesuccessful aging of the elders.
To achieve the purpose, We have compiled questionnaires and studied by the
method of questionnaire. These were based on the results of theoretical framework
and literature review. In this study, we have chosen the elderly people aged 65 years
or above in three cities as the research object, they are Wuhan, Taichung and
Changhua. Each of the 930 subjects was given a questionnaire to fill out. A total of
875 questionnaires were returned (the recovery rate was 94.09%), and the valid
questionnaires were 698 (the valid rate of the questionnaire was 75.05%). Descriptive
statistics, difference analysis, correlation analysis and structural model analysis were
used to analyze, discuss and answer questions and hypotheses in this study.
The finding of this study, were as follows
1. The majority of the distribution of the participants was female, 65-69 years old,
married and primary school educated, with an average age of 73.84 years. In addition,
most of the participants were financially independent, with their own savings and
retirement benefits as the source of the economy. About half of the
participants believed in religion, nearly half of them suffered from hypertension and
about thirty percent of the participants' lives were affected by the disease.
2.There were significant differences in the individual background variables of the
elderly (includegender , age , marital status , education , monthly
expenditure , religion and the impact of disease ) to the resilience and the
success of the elderly.
3.Social participation promotes resilience and resilience contributes to the success of
aging. There is a strong correlation between successful aging and resilience, and the
stronger the resilience, the higher the degree of successful aging.
4.The stress in life has a negative effect on the successful aging of the elderly, but
increasing the social participation of the elderly can reduce the negative impact of
stress.
5.The influence of protective factors of resilience on successful aging changes with
age.If the elders are less than 70 years old, self-efficacy has the greatest impact on
IV
successful aging. If the elders are more than 70 years old, optimistic and
open-minded has the greatest impact on successful aging. Optimistic and
open-minded are playing a important role in the success of aging, and the older the
man is, the more important it is to be optimistic and open-minded.
Based on the results of this study, several recommendations were made for research
and practice of relevant units and social workers.
Key words: elders, resilience, successful aging
V
............................................................................................... 1 ...................................................................................................1 .......................................................................................3 ...........................................................................................6 ...........................................................................................7
....................................................................................... 9 ...........................................................................9 .....................................................................23 .........................................................................33 .................................................................36
..................................................................................... 43 .....................................................................43 .........................................................................44 .................................................................................46 .............................................................................76 .................................................................................................81 .................................................................................................84
.......................................................................87 .........................................................................88 .....................................................97 ...................................................107 ...................124 ...................................................133 ...........................................................................140 ...................................................................................153
............................................................................... 171 ...............................................................................................171 .......................................................................................................176 .......................................................................................................177
................................................................................................. 185
................................................................................... 185
................................................................................... 185
VI
1-1-1 65%...........................................1
2-1-1 .................................................. 11
2-1-2 .............................................. 11
2-1-3 SOC......................................................16
2-1-4 .......................................................... 18
2-1-5 .......................................................................... 20
2-2-1 .................................................................. 25
2-2-2 .................................................................. 25
2-2-3 .................................................................. 26
2-2-4 .......................................................................... 27
2-2-5 .......................................................................................... 28
2-2-6 ...................................................................... 29
2-2-7 .......................................................... 32
2-2-8 .............................................................................. 33
2-4-1 .............................................................. 40
3-3-1 .............................. 49
3-3-2 KMO Bartlett ....................52
3-3-3 .................................. 52
3-3-4....................................... 53
3-3-5 .................................. 54
3-3-6 -.........................54
3-3-7 KMO Bartlett ........................55
3-3-8 .......................................... 57
3-3-9 Cronbach's ................................... 58
3-3-10 ........................................................................ 59
3-3-11 Cronbach's ......................................59
3-3-12 .................................................................... 60
3-3-13 .................................................................... 60
3-3-14 ............ 66
3-3-15 ................ 67
3- 3-16 ....................................................... 69
3- 3-17 ........................................................... 71
3- 3-18 ....................... 73
3- 3-19 ....................................................... 73
VII
3- 3-20 ....................... 74
3- 3-21 ....................................................................... 75
3-4-1 2016.............. 78
3-4-2 .............................................................................. 79
3-4-3 .................................................................. 79
3-4-4 .............................................................. 80
3-4-5 2017............................................... 81
3-4-6 .................................................................. 81
4-1-1 ...................................... 88
4-1-2 ............................ 900
4-1-3 ................ 903
4-1-4 .................................................................. 94
4-1-5 ...................................................................... 96
4-2-1 t ......................................................... 99
4-2-2 Scheffe ............ 100
4- 2-3 Scheffe ........... 101
4-2-4 t ................... 102
4-2-5 Scheffe ............ 103
4-2-6 t ....................................................... 104
4-2-7 t ............................................... 105
4-2-8 Scheffe ................ 106
4-2-9 Scheffe ............ 107
4-3-1 ........................................ 109
4-3-2 ........................................ 110
4-3-3 .................................................111
4-3-4 n=675...................... 114
4-3-5 n=220.............................. 114
4-3-6 n=220...................... 114
4-3-7 n=187.............................. 115
4-3-8 n=187...................... 115
4-3-9 n=143.............................. 116
4-3-10 n=143.................... 116
4-3-11 n=148............................ 117
4-3-12 n=148.................... 117
VIII
4-3-13 -............................. 117
4-3-14 -..................... 117
4-3-15 -............................. 117
4-3-16 -..................... 117
4-3-17 -............................. 117
4-3-18 -..................... 117
4-4-1 ........................................ 125
4-4-2 ............ 126
4-4-3 -
....................................................................................................................126
4- 4-4 ........... 127
4- 4-5 -
....................................................................................................................127
4- 4-6 ........... 128
4- 4-7 -
....................................................................................................................128
4- 4-8 ............... 130
4- 4-9-
........................................................................................................................128
4- 4-10 -2..........131
4- 4-11 -2
....................................................................................................................131
4- 4-12
....................................................................................................................................131
4-5-1 ................... 136
4-5-2 ........ 139
4-5-3 ................................................................ 139
4-6-1 ................ 141
4-6-2. 146
4-6-3. 151
4-6-4 ........ 152
5-1-1 .................................... 172
5- 1-2 ....................................... 174
5- 1-3 ............................................................................... 176
IX
1-1-1 65.......................................... 2
2-1-2 .............................................................................................. 14
2-1-3 Baltes BaltesSOC.............................................................15
2-1-4 ...................................................................................... 21
2-3-1 .......................................................................................... 34
2-4-1 ..................................................... 42
2-4-2 .............................................................. 42
3-2-1 -.........................................................................................45
3-3-2 ...................................................................................... 60
3-3-3 ...................... 69
3-3-4 .................................. 69
3-3-5 .................. 72
3-5-1 .......................................................................... 83
3-5-2 .............................................................................. 83
3-5-3............................... 84
4-3-1 n=698.................................. 112
4-3-2 n=220.................................. 114
4-3-3 n=187.................................. 115
4-3-4 -................................... 115
4-3-5 -................................... 115
4-3-6 -................................... 115
4-3-7 -............... 115
4-3-8 -....................... 115
4-3-9 -....... 115
4-5-1 PA-LV ........................................... 135
4-5-2 PA-LV .......................... 137
4-5-3 ............................ 140
4-6-1 ............................................ 145
4-6-2 .................... 145
4-6-3 ................ 147
4-6-4 ............ 148
4-6-5 ................ 150
4-6-6 ................ 150
X
4-7-1 .............................................................. 167
4-7-2 .................................................................. 167
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1. 20142012201120152. Pathike, O'Brien, & Hunter, 20153. Reinschmidt, Attakai, Kahn, Whitewater, &Teufel-Shone, 2016; Pathike,et al., 20154.Hayat, Khan, & Sadia, 2016; Pathike et al., 2015; 2015)5. Doty, 2010; deGuzman, et al., 2012
30
20
CD6(Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, CD-RISC) (Connor &
Davidson, 2003) RS7(Resilience Scale, RS)Wagnild &Young,
1993ego-resiliency scaleKlohnen, 1996
(Brief Resilience Scale, BRS)8framework of
resilience in action
resilience scaleWagnild, 2009
(Resiliency Skills and Abilities Scale)Jew, Green, &Kroger, 1999
( dispositional resilience scale)Bartone, 200710(Resilience Scale for Adults, RSA)Jowkar, Friborg, & Hjemdal, 2010 35-60
11The Resilience in Midlife Scale, RIM Scale
Ryan & Caltabiano, 2009
Constantine & Benard, 2001
CDRS
(Wagnild, 2009; Windle, Bennett, & noyes, 2011)CDRS
Perna2012RS 3,942
Bauer2016RS
You Park2017CD
6 Connor Davidson2003 Likert 5 257 RSWagnild Young1993Likert 7 258 200310 Friborg2003 Likert 5 3711 Ryan Caltabiano(2009)RIM 25 5RIM internal locus of control
http://dict.so.163.com/m/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/http://dict.so.163.com/m/framework_of_resilience_in_action/http://dict.so.163.com/m/framework_of_resilience_in_action/http://dict.so.163.com/m/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/31
Serrano-Parra
Garrido-Abejarnotario-Pacheco Bartolom-GutirrezSolera-Martnez
Martnez-Vizcano (2013)CD
CD
ChoowattanapakornAlxLundman norberg nygren (2010)
RS
Pathike2015
making merit
Hayat2016
de Guzman2012
CDRS
CDRS
Huang, Chen, Cheng, & Sung, 2014
2012CD
20152015Zhang,
Zhang, Cheng, Huang, Li, Wang, & Su, 2017)
2015)
YangBaoHuangGuo Smith(2015)RS
Shen Zeng (2011)CDRS
Wagnild 2003; Lamond2009
Shen & Zeng, 2011
32
2-2-7
2-2-7
2015
20122015Bensimon, 2012; Lee & Seville,2013; Li& Yang, 20162015
Li & Yang, 2016
201120152014
Caltabiano & Caltabiano, 2006; netuveliet al., 2008; 20102014
Hardy et al., 2004201520102012Martin et al. , 2015Lamond etal., 2008
(Faigin & Pargament, 2011)
2015
Bensimon, 2012; Lee & Seville, 2013; Li& Yang, 2016
33
2-2-8
2-2-8
1.
1.2.3.
2.
1.2.
RoweKahn, 19872004
Fries 1980
compression of morbidity paradigm
Fries,
2002)
Depp Jeste2006 Fries
Freedman, Martin, Schoeni2002
national Long-Term Care Surveynational Health Interview
Survey 1.6% 1%
2-3-1
2008
34
2-3-1 12
Fries, 19802008
Jacelon, 1997
Masten, 2001
2012
2016Wagnild Young (1990)
Dentato (2014)
Martin (2015)
2008)
12 a 55 75bc
d
Fries, 20022008
35
Depp & Jeste, 2006
20152012)
(DeMuth,
2004Wild et al. , 2013)
2010
2009
Depp Jeste2006Resnick
2010
Jeste2013
Jeste et al. , 2013
Hochhalter et al. , 2011
Hochhalter et al. ,
2011Earvolino-Ramirez,
2007
http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/author/Jeste,+Dilip+Vhttp://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/author/Jeste,+Dilip+V36
ego resilience
& 2015
Jeste et al. , 2013
Lamond et al., 20082009Bauer et al. , 2016
Resnick et al. , 2015
Wagnild,2003
Depp& Jeste, 2006)
Bronfenbrenner1979ecological systems
theory
Bronfenbrenner, 1992
interfaces
Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Greene & Ephress, 1991
200220072009)
Bronfenbrenner (1986)
(mutually shaping)(within)
http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/author/Jeste,+Dilip+V37
(between)(beyond)(across)
microsystem mesosystem
exosystemmacrosystem2002
2006200720092012)
Payne2015)
Gitterman & German, 2008
2002201220132008
Rutter1990 Kumpfer1990
Rutter199013
Kumpfer (1999) 14
-- Rutter
Kumpfer (1999)
Wooten, 20132011 Rutter1990
Kumpfer(1999)
Wooten, 20132008
2011
2008
2011Rutter1990 Kumpfer1990
Wooten, 20132008
2011
Wooten, 2013
13 Rutter199014 Kumpfer(1999)
38
2007Dubois, &
Miley, 1992; Germain& Gitterman, 1995; Gitterman& German2008
2012
(life cycle approach)
Hareven, 2001; Hays, 2002; Hays & George, 2002
20052010
individual
development life cycle modelErikson, 1996
EriksonJM
Erikson199880
2004
Erikson1998wisdomintegrity
Erikson & Erikson, 1998
Hays2002
life-course
transitions
20032006
39
life transitionsHareven, 2001;
Hays, 2002; Hays & George, 2002
life course theoryElder 1974
(children of the great depression)
Elder, 1998; 2002
2015
Elder,20032005
Binstock et al. , 20112016
( lives and historical times)
(linked life)
(human agency)
2016( life span development)
Erikson, 1963; Dentato et al. , 2014
Chou, Hsu, Chang-Lee, Yang, Sung, 2014
40
Dentato et al. , 2014
--
1999
2013
2011
2-4-1
2-4-1
(Life Cycle approach) Life course theory
1(Elder,199820062010)22013
1199920162200532006
1Erikson
Erikson, 1964; 199822013
12011220052009
1
200922009
1
(Elder, 1998)
Erikson
Erikson, 1964; 1998
2011
(Elder, 1998
20062010)
201320161999
41
2005
2009
65 195265 1952
1978
Erikson & Erikson1998p26
Walsh, 2003
2014)
social disengagement theory
(Cumming, Henry, & Damianopoulos; 2009)
DeMuth2005
Erikson, 1963
2-4-1 20 80
Walsh, 1993Holstein & Minkler, 2003Carter
McGoldrick, 19982012
42
DeMuth, 2005 2-4- 1 2-4- 2 DeMuth(2005)
2-4-1 DeMuth,2005
2-4-2 DeMuth,2005
McGoldrick &
Carter, 1998
20022012
DeMuth, 2004
Erikson & Erikson, 1998; Binstock et al. , 2011)
43
methodology
research method2014
20032014
20022014
2014
20022014
2010
Guba
& Lincoln19942002Hoover,
& Donovan, 20002000
Babbie,
200620062010
2006
44
Guba &
Lincoln19942002
Guba & Lincoln19942002
20022013
45
3-2-1 -
1.2.
1.2.3.4.5.
1.2.3.
46
12
30
(Likert Scale)
15
325 6 35
14
47
2004
65
11
65
Devellis2010
2010
12
3
2004
3 2513
5
48
15
34
1 5
2
1998
2004
35 30
2004
65
56 86.15 3-3-1
49
35 35 35 66
-98 11 31.4% 24 68.6% 82.9%
11.4% 2.9% 5 42.9%5-1
54.3%1-2 2.9%
30 21 28.6%
71.4%. 57 8195.2% 6023.8%
4.8% 33.3% 28.6%
9.5% 1 2 33.3%2-3 33.3%3-4
23.8%4-5 9.5%
3-3-1
30 35 65 n=21 n=35 n=56 70% 100% 86.15% 69.38 80.11 77.45- 57 81 66-98 57-98% 28.6% 31.4% 30.4
71.4% 68.6% 69.6% 0 82.9% 51.8
4.8 11.4 8.9 33.3 2.9 14.3 28.6 0 10.7 9.5 0 3.6 23.8 0 8.9
% 0 2.9 1.8 76.2 37.1 51.8 0 0 0 14.3 60.0 42.9 4.8 0 1.8
% 66.7 37.1 48.2
3-5
spss21.0
1.
critical
50
ratio CRCR
t 27 27
CR
51
2
21 CR 0.283 6.000
CR 3.0 22ps < .05t.05
22 12 34total
9.076 30
35 32 t.05
20 25
CR 2.5599.801
CR 3.0p< .05 20 25
20 25
32 t.05 20 p=.256
25 p=.239
Cronbach's Alpha 0.852 Cronbach's Alpha
0.970 20 25
.37726//
Cronbach's Alpha.972 Cronbach's
Alpha.946 20 25 a.948
.952 Conbach's Alpha
2010
2.
1
17KMO
0.784 Bartletts 719.226 136.000
KMO 1
KMO 0.52010
KMO 0.171 3-7
52
3-8 56KMO 0.808
KMO.810
3-3-2
3-3-2 KMO Bartlett n=56 KMO Bartlett
Df Sig. 35 .784 719.226 136 .000 21 .171 250.141 136 .000 56 .808 928.916 136 .000
3-3-3 n=35
S1 .891 .327 .012 .137 .920S3 .891 .305 -.058 .143 .907S2 .822 .406 -.032 .256 .911S5 .810 .433 .085 -.013 .900S4 .787 .449 .278 -.031 .851S8 .745 .342 .449 -.015 .765S7 .730 .225 .260 -.025 .652S6 .712 .437 .245 -.086 .875S11 .679 .664 .049 -.053 .908S12 .256 .875 .142 .124 .867S15 .401 .867 .119 .027 .866S14 .422 .866 .075 .035 .936S13 .320 .858 .117 .115 .928S17 .362 .715 .166 -.030 .709S16 .412 .631 .338 -.164 .671S9 .112 .197 .920 .137 .917S10 .092 .047 .109 .965 .953
10.979 1.431 1.119 1.006% 37.799 32.410 8.672 6.616 85.497
>.600
4 1
85.497% S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S8S11 9
37.799% S12S13S14S15S16S17
6 32.410% S9 1
8.672% S10 1 6.616% 3-3-3
3 1
75.140% S1S2S3S4S5S6
S7S8 9 32.155% S11S12S13
53
S14S15S16S17 6 31.932% S9S10
2 11.053% 3-3-4
3-3-4n=56
S1 .880 .246 .017 .834S3 .867 .247 -.086 .666S2 .794 .189 .000 .820S5 .730 .457 .200 .782S4 .723 .395 .173 .709S8 .703 .433 .223 .637S7 .685 .307 .061 .567S6 .642 .458 .127 .731S11 .379 .865 .016 .826S12 .238 .833 .200 .791S15 .362 .824 -.164 .747S14 .278 .818 -.019 .838S13 .258 .772 .115 .892S17 .540 .730 .041 .652S16 .319 .691 .268 .676S9 .102 .130 .892 .823S10 .033 .012 .885 .784
9.486 1.734 1.554% 32.155 31.932 11.053 75.140
>.600
S9S10 S11S9 S10
S9 S10
2 1 S1 S11 1 S12 S17
2 S11 S11
S11
KMO .810Bartlett
695.911Sig.
54
3-3-5 n=35
S1 .893 .316 .898S3 .884 .288 .832S2 .825 .389 .865S5 .809 .435 .878S4 .804 .481 .844S8 .779 .407 .739S7 .743 .267 .623S6 .723 .465 .773S11 .668 .663 .886S12 .268 .884 .853S15 .403 .872 .848S14 .419 .867 .926S13 .330 .860 .923S17 .364 .733 .644S16 .422 .683 .670
10.801 1.401% 43.465 37.882 81.347
>.600
3-3-6 -n=56
S15 .855 .300 .300 .919S12 .834 .257 .164 .891S13 .823 .183 .264 .874S14 .810 .245 .310 .841S17 .739 .350 .096 .778S11 .686 .490 .337 .738S16 .623 .536 .018 .653S8 .332 .781 .291 .805S4 .363 .774 .332 .824S5 .299 .763 .327 .788S6 .350 .750 .230 .780S7 .202 .726 .293 .812S2 .241 .208 .889 .911S1 .255 .409 .828 .676S3 .245 .407 .805 .677
9.396 1.559 1.011% 32.276 27.697 19.806 79.779
>.600
3 1
2 1 S11
3 79.779%
55
3-3-6 S11S12S13S14S15S16S17 7
32.276%
S16
S4S5S6S7S8 5
27.697%
S1S2S3 3 19.806%
2
21
56 KMO 0.750
KMO.750 3-3-7 KMO
KMO 0.90.80.7
0.6 0.5unacceptableKaiser
1974
1
3-3-7 KMO Bartlett n=56
/ KMO
Bartlett df Sig.
35 .835 823.686 210 .000 80.202 .798 549.239 78 .000 79.002 .295 1791.395 561 .000
56 .830 974.238 210 .000 79.671 .753 602.967 78 .000 78.336 .750 1812.913 561 .000 60.132
KMO
KMO.835 C3-6
3 1 3
80.202%
56
3 4-4 3 4-4
2 1 2
79.002% 6
6
4-4Conbachs alpha
4-41- 1
1-3
3-3 3-4
1-1
3-4KMO.801
5 1
60.132% 1-21-31-41-51-62-62-7 7
15.347% 2-12-22-32-42-52-8
5-1 7 14.156% 6-16-26-36-46-5
6-6 6 11.490% 4-14-24-35-25-3
5 10.075% 3-13-23-33-53-63-7
6 9.064% 3-3-8
57
3-3-8 n=56
1-3 .7291-6 .6961-4 .6851-5 .6481-2 .589 .3612-6 .516 .4942-7 .437 .4232-3 .675 .3992-4 .661 .3772-2 .373 .6152-8 .6015-1 .598 .3392-1 .336 .5292-5 .436 .5226-2 .7936-3 .351 .7716-5 .664 .3336-6 .660 .317 .3256-4 .303 .6596-1 .389 .399 .5544-1 .7905-3 .6894-2 .320 .321 .6205-2 .415 .5924-3 .331 .381 .5483-6 .6613-5 .416 .5803-1 .483 .5533-7 .461 .5283-3 .501 .307 .5223-2 .320 .512
eigenvalue 13.637 2.220 1.420 1.362 1.205 15.347 14.156 11.490 10.075 9.064 15.347 29.503 40.994 51.068 60.132
58
1
317
3
Cronbach's a
0.963 a 0.776
a 0.941 3-12 Cronbach's
Cronbach's 3-3-9
3-3-9 Cronbach's
Cronbach's Cronbach's 35 .963 17 .969 15 21 .776 17 .813 15 56 .941 17 .953 15
Cronbach's 0.9533
0.9430.9220.939Nunnaly(1978) Cronbach's
0.7 3
15
S9
S7 15 3-3-10
59
3-3-10
/ / S1.
S2. S3.
S4. S5. S6. S8. S9.
S11. S12. S13. S14. S15. S16. S17.
* S7. S10.
2
531
5
Cronbachs Alpha a
0.970 a 0.852
Conbach's 0.946 3-3-11
3-3-11 Cronbach's
Cronbach's 21 .852 31 35 .970 31 56 .953 31
0.953
Cronbachs Alpha 3-3-12
60
3-3-12
/ Cronbach's 7 .857 7 .855 6 .861 5 .839 6 .829 31 .953
Nunnaly(1978) Conbach's 0.75
0.8570.8550.8610.8390.829 5
31 3-3-13
3-3-13
/ /1. 7 1-3
1-6
1-4
1-5
1-2
2-6
2-72. 7 2-3
2-4
2-2
2-8
5-1
2-1
2-53. 6 3-6
3-5
3-1
3-7
3-3
3-2
61
3-3-13
/ /4. 5 4-1
5-3
4-2
5-2
4-35. 6 6-2
6-3
6-5
6-6
6-4
6-1
3-3-2
3-3-2
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
62
Likert scale 5
12345
Likert scale 5
123
45
3-3-1
1 3
4 6
8 9
10 17
1-11-21-31-41-56-12-1
2-12-22-32-42-52-85-1
3-13-23-33-43-53-6
63
4-14-24-34-44-54-6
5-26-26-36-46-5
1.
2.__
3.
4.
5.
6.12345
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.()
4.(65)
5.
64
SPSS21.0 AMOS20.0
Cronbach
2010201220142015
10
2009
2015 910
10
57
3
20122015
65
2.75-3.95 4.5 1.5
3.09-4.20 4.5 1.5
3-3-14 3-3-15
t
t
t CR 2015
73% 27%
2010
S10.05 t.001
t.001 3-3-14 3-3-15
Cronbach's
.3
2015
3-3-14 S7
S10.529 Cronbach's
.892 S7S10Cronbach's
3-3-15
Cronbach's .953.343
C3-4 Cronbach's
.001
C3-4
66
3-3-14
CR
Cronbach's =.892
Cronbach's
S1. 3.62 16.046*** .604 .884S2. 3.83 16.899*** .619 .883S3. 3.47 14.547*** .529 .886
S4. 3.77 16.607*** .651 .882S5. 3.90 17.233*** .638 .882S6. 3.91 17.890*** .614 .883S8. 3.80 19.731*** .653 .882S9. 3.82 16.350*** .561 .885
S11. 3.82 19.302*** .642 .882S12 3.95 21.819*** .715 .880S13. 3.74 18.739*** .641 .883S14.
3.8517.971***
.660 .882
S15.
3.9419.269***
.676 .881
S16. 3.66 17.381*** .615 .884S17. 3.89 18.497*** .682 .881
S7. 3.48 5.954*** .083 .907S10. 2.75 2.270* .023 .908
*p
67
3- 3-15
CR
Cronbach's =.953
Cronbach'
s
C1-1 3.76 17.171*** .636 .951C1-2 3.87 15.703*** .626 .951C1-3 3.60 13.461*** .578 .952C1-4 3.74 13.839*** .642 .951C1-5 3.83 13.496*** .570 .952C2-7 3.74 15.514*** .634 .951C6-1 3.91 14.367*** .555 .952
C2-1 3.99 14.405*** .628 .951C2-2 3.89 13.713*** .657 .951C2-3 3.54 17.544*** .615 .951C2-4
3.52 18.500*** .667 .951
C2-5 4.20 13.950*** .607 .951C2-8 3.75 16.253*** .630 .951C5-1
3.78 13.341*** .525 .952
C3-1
3.70 18.498*** .674 .951
C3-2 3.56 17.714*** .668 .951C3-3 3.66 16.519*** .653 .951C3-4
3.09 8.628*** .343 .954
C3-5 3.68 14.581*** .604 .951C3-6
3.61 16.066*** .635 .951
C6-2 3.72 16.010*** .655 .951C6-3 3.78 17.826*** .670 .951C6-4 3.39 12.025*** .520 .952C6-5 3.41 12.932*** .555 .952C5-2 3.62 16.875*** .655 .951
*p
68
3- 3-15
CR
Cronbach's =.953
Cronbach's
C4-1 4.14 14.887*** .648 .951C4-2 3.94 13.908*** .609 .951C4-3 3.88 16.916*** .673 .951C4-4 3.75 18.676*** .666 .951C4-5
3.33 12.758*** .491 .952
C4-6
3.22 12.526*** .502 .952
*p
69
3- 3-16
2 df 2/df GFI AGFI RMSEA RMR TLI CFI
5
0.9 0.9 0.05
0.05
0.9 0.9
(n=281) 204.359 87 2.349 .910 .877 .069 .035 .944 .954 143.925 85 1.693 .936 .909 .050 .031 .971 .977
(n=189) 275.867 87 3.171 .848 .790 .107 .034 .836 .864 229.023 85 2.694 .875 .824 .095 .032 .872 .897
(n=391) 249.744 87 2.871 .921 .891 .069 .028 .909 .924 211.126 85 2.484 .933 .906 .063 .027 .928 .941
(n=861)
409.671 87 4.709 .939 .916 .066 .025 .938 .948
270.281 85 3.180 .960 .943 .050 .022 .963 .970
MIMI
S13 S14
S16 S17MI e11 e12e14 e15
e14e15 e11e12
2010
15
3- 3-16
3-3-3
1 1
15
0.64
3-3-4
70
3-3-3
3-3-4
71
2
31
3-3-17
3-3-17
2 df 2/df GFI AGFI RMSEA RMR TLI CFI
5
0.90.9 0.05
0.05
0.9
0.9
n=2811762.423 425 4.147 .726 .681 .106 .179 .735 .757
1303.139 421 3.088 .770 .729 .086 .065 .824 .840
n=1891208.810 424 2.851 .697 .646 .099 .077 .751 .773
1032.714 421 2.453 .744 .698 .088 .075 .804 .823
n=391 1290.147 4243.043 .821 .791 .073 .055 .805 .822
1124.649 421 2.671 .842 .814 .066 .051 .840 .855
n=861 3064.807 4257.211 .817 .787 .085 .134 .789 .807
1865.464 421 4.431 .877 .855 .063 .046 .883 .894
3
3-3-17
MIMI
e8 e9e17 e18e21 e22
31
5
1 1
3-3-5
72
3-3-5
.640.781
(convergent validity)
19962010
SER2
0.890
0.7900.8230.887 3-3-18
73
3- 3-18
R2
SE
.790 15.820
b1 .780 .609 .019b2 .754 .569 .020b3 .706 .498 .021
.823 20.687
b4 .733 .537 .016b5 .726 .527 .019b6 .683 .467 .023b8 .700 .490 .018b9 .640 .409 .023
.887 25.816
b11 .709 .503 .019b12 .781 .609 .017b13 .682 .465 .019b14 .718 .516 .019b15 .753 .567 .015b16 .648 .420 .017b17 .733 .538 .015
.662 .848
3- 3-19
3- 3-19
1 2 3 1.000 .801 1.000 .662 .848 1.000
.428.892
t 1.96R2 .183 .796
3- 3-20
74
3- 3-20
SE
t R2
.857 .289c1.2_1 .704 .018 18.302 .496c1.5_1 .645 .028 18.980 .417c1.3_1 .655 .022 18.889 .429c1.4_1 .711 .020 18.201 .506c1.1_1 .694 .018 18.446 .481c6.1_1 .628 .019 19.139 .394c2.7_1 .621 .024 19.197 .385 .854 .273c2.3_1 .687 .025 18.278 .473c2.4_1 .692 .028 18.218 .479c2.1_1 .725 .017 17.800 .525c2.8_1 .689 .024 18.355 .474c5.1_1 .503 .033 19.854 .253c2.2_1 .675 .022 18.534 .455c2.5_1 .632 .022 18.994 .399 .862 .280c4.2_1 .809 .018 16.339 .655c4.3_1 .892 .014 11.899 .796c4.5_1 .549 .043 19.769 .301c4.6_1 .556 .049 19.735 .309c4.4_1 .761 .019 17.606 .579c4.1_1 .683 .017 18.778 .467 .837 .448c6.4_1 .616 .032 18.563 .380c6.5_1 .579 .036 18.919 .335c6.2_1 .776 .021 15.392 .603c5.2_1 .681 .022 17.721 .464c6.3_1 .772 .020 15.539 .596 .831 .425c3.4_1 .428 .054 20.142 .183c3.5_1 .718 .023 17.882 .515c3.1_1 .741 .019 17.464 .548c3.6_1 .706 .024 18.063 .499c3.3_1 .762 .017 16.990 .581c3.2_1 .688 .026 18.321 .474
.857.854.862.837.831
.289.273.280.448 .425 3- 3-20
.640 .795 3- 3-21
75
3- 3-21
1 2 3 4 5
1.000
.861 1.000
.588 .639 1.000
.730 .704 .682 1.000
.822 .827 .567 .640 1.000
65
3.771 5
3.839
3.837
3.638
65
3.688
76
3
3 17
5
2015 60
65Population
Reference BureauPRB 20152015World population data
sheet2015 73 782016
2016World Population Data Sheet
http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawContent.aspx?PCODE=D005003777
75 78 77 83
2015 81% 92% 65
65
65
20172017
2016
65
cluster sampling
20062007
structural equation modeling, SEM
200
parameter 10
2010 40
400
2016
3-4-1
http://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BEhttp://www.chcg.gov.tw/http://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BAhttp://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BAhttp://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82http://search.books.com.tw/exep/prod_search.php?key=%E7%8E%8B%E8%8B%A5%E9%A6%A8%E3%80%81%E9%BB%83%E9%83%81%E9%9D%92%E3%80%81%E5%A4%8F%E5%AA%BA%E5%A9%B7%E3%80%81%E6%9D%8E%E6%80%A1%E8%8A%B3&f=authorhttp://search.books.com.tw/exep/prod_search.php?key=%E7%8E%8B%E8%8B%A5%E9%A6%A8%E3%80%81%E9%BB%83%E9%83%81%E9%9D%92%E3%80%81%E5%A4%8F%E5%AA%BA%E5%A9%B7%E3%80%81%E6%9D%8E%E6%80%A1%E8%8A%B3&f=author78
3-4-1 2016
/
65
65
80
80
2353.9816 310.6105 13.20% 74.4103 3.16% 276.7239 30.1904 10.90% 6.6859 2.42% 420 128.7146 18.2962 14.21% 4.8928 3.80% 210
833.84515
1076.62
113.868 13.66% 2.94%
108.6 20.9060
21.02%60
3.5494 3.27% 300
20172016 http://www.stats-hb.gov.cn/ndtjgb/fzndtjgb/115829.htm2017 http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/file/list.htm
2017 4 4
2017 4 30
975 910 698
76.70% 3-2-2
3
420 2017 4
1050 1100
2000 3 458 417
3-4-3
15 2016 1076.62 145.4
http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/file/list.htm79
3-4-2
300 458 217 975 285 417 208 910 n=226 n=306 n=166 n=698//
3-4-3
A 43 37 29 6 26
B 24 23 8 6 8 7 16 15 128 114 89.06%
24 24 28 10 14
39 39 32 30 26 23 6 6 155 136 87.74%
61 56 78 76 33 32
175 167 95.43%
458 16 417 91.05%
8 8 10
217 208 3-4-4
http://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C%E6%B9%96%E8%A1%97%E9%81%9380
3-4-4
10 10 20 20 18 18 20 20 10 4 14 14 25 25 20 20 50 4 48 30 29
217 4 208 95.85%
13
14 2006 12 31 108.6
36.820172016
2016 833.84 1076.62
2016 60 172.752
20.72%65 113.868 13.66%70
70.724 8.48%80 24.485
2.94%90 3.158 0.38%100
4332016 21.02%80
35494 3.55
2017
2 3-4-5 3-4-6
https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=%E6%AD%A6%E6%98%8C%E5%8C%BA&tn=44039180_cpr&fenlei=mv6quAkxTZn0IZRqIHckPjm4nH00T1YdrywhuWFhPjn1m163myR30ZwV5Hcvrjm3rH6sPfKWUMw85HfYnjn4nH6sgvPsT6KdThsqpZwYTjCEQLGCpyw9Uz4Bmy-bIi4WUvYETgN-TLwGUv3EnHRLn16YPjRLhttps://www.baidu.com/s?wd=%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E5%B8%82&tn=44039180_cpr&fenlei=mv6quAkxTZn0IZRqIHckPjm4nH00T1YdrywhuWFhPjn1m163myR30ZwV5Hcvrjm3rH6sPfKWUMw85HfYnjn4nH6sgvPsT6KdThsqpZwYTjCEQLGCpyw9Uz4Bmy-bIi4WUvYETgN-TLwGUv3EnHRLn16YPjRL81
3-4-5 2017
k
60
60
80
80
1.07 4.7 7549 16% 1248 3% 120 9.26 16.7802 26252 15.64% 5158 3.07% 120
16
1.53 6.1667 - - - - 40
300
http://www.xzqh.org/html/
3-4-6
120 27 113 120 0 116 60 16 56
300 43 285 95.00%
SPSS 21.0 AMOS20.0
frequency distribution percentage
16 60 80
http://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C%E6%B9%96%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93http://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C%E6%B9%96%E8%A1%97%E9%81%9382
tt-test
t
t
(one-way AnOVA)
Person product moment correlation coefficient
Canonical Correlation Analysis
(multiple regression analysis)
factor
analysispath analysis
20112010
Likert-scaled item
1 5
20072014
http://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6http://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A683
20092010
3-4-1 3-4-2
3-5-1
3-5-2
3-5-3
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
84
3-5-3
Rubin Babbie(2013)
2013
1
2
3
4
5
r1
6
7
8
85
Rubin &Babbie 2013
Babbie2006
86
87
651.
2.
3.4.
5.
88
698
930 875 94.09%
65 65
698 306 166
226 4-1-1
92.2%
4-1-1
65 306 166 226 698 73.72 73.95 73.93 73.84 91 95 100 100
1 282 92.2 159 95.8 215 95.1 656 94.02 4 1.3 2 1.2 - - 6 .843 9 2.9 1 .6 - - 10 1.44
/ 4 1.3 - - 8 3.5 12 1.68
89
-
4-1-2 4-1-2
66.9% 61.9%
65~69 31.5% 70~74 26.8%
75~7920.5% 73.84
29.9%
45.8%
24.3%
4-1-2
1-2 35.8
1 ~1.5 19.3%
5~1 25.9%
4-1-2
24.5%
13.2%
90
4-1-2
n=306 n=166 n=226 n=698
1 63 20.6 74 44.6 92 40.7 229 32.8 241 78.8 92 55.4 134 59.3 467 66.9265-69 99 32.4 49 29.5 72 31.9 220 31.570-74 82 26.8 50 30.1 55 24.3 187 26.875-79 62 20.3 31 18.7 50 22.1 143 20.580-84 52 17.0 19 11.4 32 14.2 103 14.885-89 9 2.9 12 7.2 11 4.9 32 4.690 2 .7 5 3.0 6 2.7 13 1.93 20 6.5 49 29.5 13 5.8 82 11.7 81 26.5 76 45.8 52 23.0 209 29.9 53 17.3 19 11.4 46 20.4 118 16.9 74 24.2 14 8.4 55 24.3 143 20.5 45 14.7 4 2.4 44 19.5 93 13.3 29 9.5 2 1.2 16 7.1 47 6.74- 144 47.0 87 52.4 45 19.9 276 39.5 51 16.7 47 28.3 43 19.0 141 20.2 80 26.1 18 10.8 124 54.9 222 31.8 3 1.0 7 4.2 5 2.2 15 2.1 5 1.6 2 1.2 4 1.8 11 1.64-2500/500 9 2.9 4 2.4 8 3.5 21 3.0
2500~5000/500-1 36 11.8 36 21.7 43 19.0 115 16.5
5~1 /1-2 50 16.3 43 25.9 81 35.8 174 24.9
1~1.5/2-3 59 19.3 38 22.9 53 23.5 150 21.5
1.5~2/3-4 39 12.7 20 12.0 23 10.2 82 11.7
2~2.5/4-5 42 13.7 15 9.0 9 4.0 66 9.5
2.5~5/5-1 30 9.8 2 1.2 4 1.8 36 5.2
5 /1 11 3.6 2 1.2
- - 13 1.9
91
4-1-2
n=306 n=166 n=226 n=698
5 6 2.0 2 1.2 8 3.5 16 2.3 166 54.2 111 66.9 155 68.5 432 61.9 5 1.6 0 0 10 4.4 15 2.1 102 33.3 40 24.1 43 19.0 185 26.5 14 4.6 2 1.2 3 1.3 19 2.76 95 31.0 49 29.5 26 11.5 170 24.4 12 3.9 13 7.8 37 16.4 62 8.9 54 17.6 28 16.9 89 39.4 171 24.5 45 14.7 31 18.7 41 18.1 117 16.8 35 11.4 19 11.4 17 7.5 71 10.2 24 7.8 19 11.4 6 2.7 49 7.07-- 155 38.9 88 35.5 115 41.7 358 38.8- 139 34.9 107 43.1 75 27.2 321 34.8- 52 13.1 38 15.3 23 8.3 113 12.3- 46 11.6 13 5.2 40 14.5 99 10.7- 6 1.5 2 0.8 23 8.3 31 3.47- 226 73.9 130 78.3 156 70.0 512 74.1 43 12.0 20 12.0 18 8.0 81 11.7 26 8.5 12 7.2 13 5.8 51 7.4/ 5 1.6 2 1.2 5 2.2 12 1.7 1 .3 - - 30 13.2 31 4.5 - - 2 1.2 2 .9 4 .68-- 57 10.3 26 10.1 41 8.5 124 9.6- 133 23.9 69 26.7 118 24.5 320 24.7- 43 7.7 36 14.0 49 10.2 128 9.9- 45 8.1 20 7.8 52 10.8 117 9.0- 78 14.0 30 11.6 43 8.9 151 11.7- 6 1.1 2 0.8 4 0.8 12 0.9- 17 3.1 7 2.7 17 3.5 41 3.2- 17 3.1 7 2.7 16 3.3 40 3.1- 69 12.4 10 3.9 55 11.4 134 10.3- 5 0.9 2 0.8 8 1.7 15 1.2- 17 3.1 1 0.4 24 5.0 42 3.2
92
- 9 1.6 3 1.2 12 2.5 24 1.9- 25 4.5 8 3.1 9 1.9 42 3.2- 16 2.9 12 4.7 18 3.7 46 3.5- 19 3.4 25 9.7 16 3.3 60 4.68- 154 50.3 99 59.6 90 39.8 343 49.1 72 23.5 30 18.1 100 44.2 202 28.9
4-1-2
4.6%
-
12
34()
5(65)
67
8
9
4-1-3 6
7 9.3%
106
4-1-3345
65
4-1-3
65
93
6 65
3
4-1-3 6789
8
88%
4-1-3
n=306 n=166 n=226 n=698
1 82 26.8 40 24.1 200 88.5 322 46.1 202 66.0 124 74.7 21 9.3 347 49.72 171 55.9 65 39.2 201 88.9 437 62.6 109 35.6 98 59.0 18 8.0 225 32.23 253 82.7 127 76.5 203 89.8 583 83.5 30 9.8 36 21.7 13 5.8 79 11.34 217 70.9 100 60.2 148 65.5 465 66.6 66 21.6 61 36.7 71 31.4 198 28.45 96 31.4 104 62.7 156 69.0 356 51.0 189 61.8 58 34.9 63 27.9 310 44.46 82 26.8 86 51.8 63 27.9 231 33.1 197 64.4 77 46.4 157 69.5 431 61.77 59 19.3 14 8.4 35 15.5 108 15.5 227 74.2 146 88.0 185 81.9 558 79.98 45 14.7 18 10.8 50 22.1 113 16.2 242 79.1 142 85.5 168 74.3 552 79.19 261 85.3 126 75.9 165 73.0 552 79.1 23 7.5 36 21.7 51 22.6 110 15.8
94
4-1-4 3.638
S2 3.839
S6.900
3.837
S12S15
4-1-4
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
Mean=3.6380S1 12(1.7) 40(5.7) 231(33.1) 331(47.4) 84(12.0) 0 3.62.833S2 14(2.0) 19(2.7) 180(25.8) 347(49.7) 138(19.8) 0 3.83.846S3
16(2.3) 53(7.6)286(41.0)
276(39.5) 67(9.6)0 3.47.855
Mean=3.8390S4 13(1.9) 14(2.0) 198(28.4) 371(53.2) 102(14.6) 0 3.77.790S5 13(1.9) 28(4.0) 140(20.1) 349(50.0) 168(24.1) 0 3.90.872S6 10(1.4) 37(5.3) 147(21.1) 318(45.6) 186(26.6) 0 3.91.900S8 6(.9) 34(4.9) 176(25.2) 360(51.6) 122(17.5) 0 3.80.812S9
9(1.3) 30(4.3)183(26.2) 333(47.7) 143(20.5) 0 3.82.850
Mean=3.8371S11
7(1.0) 31(4.4) 179(25.6) 342(49.0) 139(19.9)0 3.82(.833)
S12
15(2.1) 19(2.7) 129(18.5) 359(51.4) 176(25.2)0 3.95(.859)
S13
7(1.0) 32(4.6)206(29.5) 346(49.6) 107(15.3) 0 3.74(.808)
S14
13(1.9) 22(3.2)166(23.8) 350(50.1) 147(21.1) 0 3.85(.850)
S15
9(1.3) 17(2.4)138(19.8) 375(53.7) 159(22.8) 0 3.94(.798)
S16
3(.4) 31(4.4)244(35.0) 342(49.0) 78(11.2) 0 3.66(.750)
S17 12(1.7) 11(1.6) 146(20.9) 399(57.2) 130(18.6) 0 3.89(.776)
95
4-1-5 3.09-4.20
3.60-3.91
3.52-4.202-4
3.09-3.70
3.09
3.22-4.14
3.39-3.78 3.5516-3.8100
3.5516 3.8100
96
4-1-5
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
Mean=3.77751-1
2(.3) 34(4.9)212(30.4) 325(46.6) 119(17.0)
6 3.76(.802)
1-2 7(1.0) 21(3.0) 182(26.1) 327(46.8) 154(22.1) 7 3.87(.826)1-3
11(1.6) 45(6.4)244(35.0)
296(42.4) 91(13.0) 11 3.60(.856)
1-4
15(2.1) 31(4.4)195(27.9)
319(45.7) 122(17.5) 16 3.74(.881)
1-5
17(2.4) 49(7.0)144(20.6) 301(43.1) 178(25.5)
9 3.83(.973)
6-1 7(1.0) 27(3.9) 135(19.3) 357(51.1) 150(21.5) 22 3.91(.817)2-7 12(1.7) 43(6.2) 176(25.2) 344(49.3) 119(17.0) 4 3.74(.874)Mean=3.81002-1
1(.1) 29(4.2) 134(19.2) 340(48.7) 189(27.1) 5 3.99(.805)
2-2
17(2.4) 22(3.2) 135(19.3) 359(51.4) 155(22.2) 10 3.89(.872)
2-3
12(1.7) 78(11.2) 244(35.0) 241(34.5) 117(16.8) 6 3.54(.958)
2-4
24(3.4) 76(10.9)219(31.4) 246(35.2) 117(16.8)
16 3.52(1.014)
2-5
9(1.3) 20(2.9)85(12.2) 288(41.3) 290(41.5) 6
4.20(.858)
2-8 15(2.1) 48(6.9) 171(24.5) 320(45.8) 138(19.8) 6 3.75(.926)5-1
14(2.0) 56(8.0)153(21.9)
300(43.0) 159(22.8)16
3.78(.962)
Mean=3.55163-1
7(1.0) 55(7.9)179(25.6)
343(49.1) 106(15.2) 8 3.70(.858)
3-2
19(2.7) 69(9.9)215(30.8) 278(39.8) 105(15.0)
12 3.56(.960)
3-3
7(1.0) 42(6.0)233(33.4) 294(42.1) 108(15.5)
14 3.66(.851)
3-4
77(11.0) 123(17.6)222(31.8) 186(26.6) 75(10.7)
15 3.09(1.156)
3-5
18(2.6) 49(7.0)196(28.1) 294(42.1) 129(18.5)
12 3.68(.946)
3-6
22(3.2) 53(7.6)211(30.2) 279(40.4) 115(16.5)
18 3.61(.964)
97
4-1-5
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
Mean=3.71524-1
5(.7) 20(2.9)90(12.9) 338(48.4) 239(34.2)
6 4.14(.799)
4-2
13(1.9) 35(5.0)123(17.6) 326(46.7) 192(27.5)
9 3.94(.910)
4-3
12(1.7) 35(5.0)155(22.2) 311(44.6) 179(25.6)
6 3.88(.910)
4-4
12(1.7) 35(5.0)205(29.4) 298(42.7) 141(20.2)
7 3.75(.895)
4-5
38(5.4) 118(16.9)210(30.1) 212(30.4) 104(14.9)
16 3.33(1.099)
4-6
59(8.5) 142(20.3)181(25.9) 200(28.7) 104(14.9)
12 3.22(1.185)
Mean=3.58785-2
13(1.9) 48(6.9)220(31.5) 299(42.8) 96(13.8) 22
3.62(.883)
6-2
22(3.2) 49(7.0)155(22.2) 321(46.0) 127(18.2)
24 3.72(.961)
6-3 15(2.1) 38(5.4) 173(24.8) 306(43.8) 145(20.8) 21 3.78(.920)6-4
27(3.9) 90(12.9)232(33.2) 236(33.8) 85(12.2)
28 3.39(1.002)
6-5
39(5.6) 76(10.9)233(33.4) 221(31.7) 105(15.0)
24 3.41(1.062)
t Scheffe
t
2
Scheffe
98
t
M=3.8416M=3.6306
t p.01
M=3.6931M=3.5255
M=3.9208M=3.6769
M=3.9110M=3.6893 4-2-1
p.05
M=3.8771
M=3.6781M=3.6374
M=3.4902
4-2-1
99
4-2-1 t
(n=229) (n=467) t M SD M SD
3.5255 .84348 3.6931 .63066 -2.664** > 3.6769 .73678 3.9208 .58388 -4.380*** > 3.6893 .71234 3.9110 .57842 -4.093*** >
3.6306 .69249 3.8416 .50715 -4.104*** >
3.7084 .69763 3.8132 .58319 -1.909 3.6781 .75629 3.8771 .61389 -3.381** > 3.4955 .78399 3.5820 .65047 -1.408 3.6302 .81208 3.7554 .70235 -1.967 3.4902 .81878 3.6374 .71284 -2.383* > 3.6032 .65815 3.7297 .49165 -2.579*** >
*p
100
4- 2-2 Scheffe
(n=82)
(n=209)
(n=118)
(n=143)
n=142F p
3.7358 3.6220 3.6808 3.5058 3.6972 2.013 .091 3.8049 3.8335 3.9356 3.6839 3.9423 3.729 .005** G3>G4G5>G4 3.8066 3.9023 3.8777 3.6803 3.8813 3.123 .015* G2>G4 3.7824 3.7859 3.8314 3.6234 3.8402 3.203 .013* G5>G4
3.6447 3.7561 3.8663 3.6687 3.9213 4.453 .001** G5>G1G5>G4 3.6842 3.8685 3.8267 3.6275 3.9595 5.435 .000*** G2>G4G5>G4
3.27003.5651 3.6652 3.4681 3.6849
5.845 .000***G2>G1G3>G1G5>G1
3.7375
3.7546 3.8676 3.4779 3.75005.003 .001**
G2>G4G3>G4G5>G4
3.5792 3.5658 3.6393 3.4978 3.6705 1.084 .364 3.5883 3.7011 3.7675 3.5545 3.7948 4.806 .001** G3>G4G5>G4
*p
101
85-89 90
65-69
90
75-79 90
75
3.8125-3.9307
4- 2-3 Scheffe
65-69(n=220)
70-74(n=187)
75-79(n=143)
80-84
(n=103)
85-89(n=32)
90
(n=13)
F p
3.6288 3.6364 3.6154 3.7799 3.3958 3.5385 1.661 .142 3.8791 3.7893 3.8126 3.9476 3.6688 3.7231 1.547 .173 3.8799 3.7563 3.8172 3.9307 3.8125 3.8132 1.304 .260
3.7959 3.7273 3.7484 3.8861 3.6257 3.6916 1.593 .160
3.8301 3.7767 3.7608 3.7717 3.5306 3.6667 1.267 .277 3.8906 3.8152 3.7783 3.7873 3.6267 3.3571 2.249 .048* X 3.6304 3.5655 3.5620 3.4674 3.2654 3.1667 2.426 .034* X 3.6909 3.6218 3.7457 3.8350 3.8602 3.8788 1.523 .180 3.5990 3.5609 3.6519 3.5956 3.3562 3.6333 .866 .504
3.7258 3.6685 3.6993 3.6916 3.5432 3.5553 .849 .515
*p
102
3 85-89 90 85
n=45
4-2-4 85
85
85 85
4-2-4 t
t M SD M SD
65-69(n=220) (n=75) (n=145) 3.7465 .67716 3.8215 .50217 -.846*** > 3.6710 .56283 3.7541 .50846 -1.107
70-74(n=187) (n=57) (n=130)
3.5502 .67248 3.8050 .49493 -2.891* > 3.5617 .62003 3.7153 .49561 -1.803
75-79(n=143) (n=48) (n=93) 3.5730 .72145 3.8445 .51897 -2.316* > 3.7070 .70097 3.6931 .52181 .132
80-84(n=103) (n=34) (n=69) 3.6422 .75994 4.0062 .50788 -2.886* > 3.5541 .83749 3.7594 .44138 -1.341
85(n=45) (n=15) (n=30) 3.5139 .58639 3.7102 .49137 -1.184 3.2009 .53996 3.7196 .42054 -3.544** >
2500 21500~5000 115 5000~1
1741~1.5 1501.5~2 822~2.5 66
2.5~5 365 13 2500 500~5000
5000 136 2~2.52.5~55
2 1155000G15000~1
G21~1.5G31.5~2G42
G5
4- 2-5 5000
103
1~1.5
.05
Scheffe
5000 1~1.5
2 1~1.5
4- 2-5 Scheffe
5000(n=136)
5000~1
(n=174)
1~1.5
(n=150)
1.5~2
(n=82)
2
n=115
F p
3.7892 3.6226 3.5333 3.5244 3.6870 3.081 .016* X 3.9147 3.8609 3.7253 3.7366 3.9061 2.460 .044* X 3.9506 3.8481 3.6695 3.7718 3.9478 4.866 .001** G1>G3G5>G3 3.8849 3.7772 3.6427 3.6776 3.8470 4.168 .002** G1>G3
3.8846 3.7607 3.6282 3.7143 3.9030 4.218 .002** G1>G3G5>G3 3.8324 3.7832 3.6598 3.7838 4.0090 4.311 .002** G5>G3 3.5260 3.4961 3.4939 3.5175 3.7176 2.096 .080 3.8130 3.6455 3.6270 3.6558 3.8488 2.446 .045* X 3.7039 3.6229 3.4070 3.6282 3.6167 3.040 .017* G1>G3
3.7483 3.6621 3.5705 3.6620 3.8117 3.626 .032 G5>G3
*p
104
t
4-2-6
.01
.001
4-2-7
4-2-6 t
(n=322) (n=347) t M SD M SD
3.5414 .77864 3.7176 .63228 -3.198** > 3.7789 .72777 3.8945 .56205 -2.288** > 3.7644 .70516 3.9024 .56076 -2.788** >
3.6949 .65626 3.8382 .50112 -3.156** >
3.7283 .66941 3.8220 .58708 -1.859 3.7106 .70999 3.9013 .62558 -3.575*** > 3.4386 .71218 3.6456 .68047 -3.724*** > 3.6468 .77235 3.7640 .72021 -1.995* > 3.5023 .80496 3.6545 .69586 -2.550* > 3.6079 .60549 3.7520 .50341 -3.356** >
*p
105
4-2-7 t
(n=437) (n=225) t M SD M SD
3.6133 .75331 3.6889 .62202 -1.376 3.8275 .67101 3.8658 .61784 -.715 3.8379 .66378 3.8451 .58881 -.138
3.7595 .61255 3.7999 .53396 -.838
3.8053 .63668 3.7290 .61636 1.415 3.8146 .69439 3.8004 .64094 .243 3.5359 .69536 3.5619 .72574 -.430 3.7264 .77218 3.6761 .70779 .798 3.5629 .76732 3.6164 .74098 -.831 3.6889 .57892 3.6776 .52897 .245
*p
106
4-2-8 Scheffe
(n=170)
(n=62)
(n=171)
(n=117
)
(n=71)
(n=49)
F p
3.7118 3.7043 3.5361 3.6353 3.5869 3.5442 1.352 .241 3.8847 3.8968 3.7275 3.8462 3.7859 3.8449 1.284 .269 3.9092 3.8318 3.7068 3.8571 3.8712 3.8134 1.921 .089 3.8352 3.8110 3.6568 3.7795 3.7480 3.7342 1.767 .118
3.8616 3.8220 3.6915 3.7510 3.7476 3.6603 1.549 .173 3.8696 3.8986 3.7143 3.7392 3.7834 3.7565 1.307 .259 3.6198 3.6749 3.4362 3.5439 3.5051 3.5185 1.606 .156 3.6857 3.7750 3.6478 3.6623 3.8015 3.8972 1.248 .285 3.6432 3.7161 3.5036 3.5150 3.4968 3.7381 1.662 .142
3.7334 3.7764 3.6023 3.6444 3.6707 3.7119 1.445 .206
*p
107
4- 2-9 Scheffe
n=16
n=451
n=15
n=185
F p
3.7500 3.6290 3.3333 3.6721 1.231 .297
4.07503.8523 3.3600 3.8530
3.555 .014*G1>G3G2>G3G4>G3
3.8036 3.8343 3.2476 3.8950 5.033 .002** G2>G3G4>G3 3.8762 3.7719 3.3137 3.8067 3.549 .014* G2>G3G4>G3
3.8000 3.7973 3.4000 3.7739 1.990 .114 3.7321 3.8186 3.3980 3.8456 2.013 .111 3.5208 3.5867 3.0222 3.5710 3.252 .021* G2>G3G4>G3 3.7604 3.7193 3.1786 3.7537 2.619 .050 3.6875 3.6140 3.0857 3.5932 2.369 .070
3.6999 3.7061 3.2362 3.7066 3.550 .014* G2>G3G4>G3
*p
108
4- 3-1
r=.524p
109
.697** p
110
canonical correlation
canonical coefficients12 3
123
Standardized canonical coefficients
4-3-2
4- 3-2 n=698
X Y 1 2 3 1 2 3
-.45911 .81044 -.15149 -.13763 .76637 1.11191 -.36732 .47305 .86631 -.40920 .70956 -1.39533 .02099 -.38069 -.71782 -.56162 -1.28486 .48407 -.23657 -1.01941 .74999 -.13107 -.14757 -.92703
4-3-2 1
2
3
1 2 3
1 =-0.45911-0.36732+.02099-0.23657
-0.13107
2=0.81044 +0 .47305 -0.38069 -1.01941
111
-0.14757
3= -0.15149+0.86631 -0.71782+0.74999
-0.92703
4-3-3
123
1 =-0.13763-0.40920 -0.56162
2=0.76637 +0.70956 -1.28486
3=-1.11191 -1.39533+0 .48407
4-3-3 4-3-4 4-3-1 4-3-3
.744F=44.481p=.000.145F=1.999
p=.043.041F=.391p=.759p
112
4-3-4
X Y
1 2 3 1 2 3
-.908 .251 -.132 -.732 .496 .467 -.874 .157 .187 -.909 .282 -.307 -.700 -.175 -.365 -.939 -.327 .110 -.759 -.607 .184 -.741 -.250 -.451% 64.066 10.987 8.460 % 41.382 .30397 .018
35.447 .23181 .01432 74.793 14.407 10.800
n=698.
4-3-1 n=698
4-3-41 2 3123
X
1 2 3 83.513%
Y123 41.705%
X1 2 3 100.00%
XY
4-3-1 4-3- 4
1 .908
2-.607
1
3
2
3
2
1-.908
-.874-.700
-.741-.759
-.132
.187
-.365
-.451
.184
.251
.157
-.175
-.607
-.250
-.732
-.909-.939 .496
-.327
.282
.110
-.307
-.451
.744
.145
113
22
2010
3
1
2010
98.158% 0.744
80-84n=10385-89n=32 90
n=13 80
65-6970-7475-7980
65-69n=220 4-3-5
.776F=16.582p=.000
96.288%1
1 77.6%
4-3-2 4-3-6
1 .924
.8551
.943 65-69
114
4-3-5 n=220
Wilks
L.
F p
1 1.511 96.288 96.288 .776 .602 .376 15.00 16.582*** .0002 .058 3.669 99.956 .233 .054 .945 8.00 1.5230 .145
n=220*p
115
4-3-81
.919.882
1.921 70-74
4-3-7 n=187
Wilks
L.
F p
1 1.274 97.560 97.560 .748 .56024 .42608 15.00 11.939*** .0002 .0200 1.529 99.089 .110 .01958 .96889 8.00 .71664 .6773 .0120 .911 100.00 .108 .01176 .98824 3.00 .71772 .543
n=187*p
116
.802F=11.939p=.000
95.885%1
1 80.2%
4-3-101
.951
.8431.982 75-79
4-3-9 n=143
Wilks
L.
F p
1 1.800 95.885 95.885 .80181 .64291 .33112 15.00 12.247*** .0002 .056 2.984 98.869 .23033 .05305 .92726 8.00 1.308 .2393 .021 1.131 100.000 .14419 .02079 .97921 3.00 .970 .409
n=143*p
117
.700F=11.939p=.000
95.885%
11 70.0%
4-3-121
.896.8251
.931 801
1
4-3-11 n=148
Wilks
L.
F p
1 .95888 89.008 89.008 .700 .48950 .45534 15.00 8.505*** .0002 .08718 8.093 97.101 .283 .08019 .89195 8.00 2.074 .0383 .03123 2.899 100.000 .174 .03029 .96971 3.00 1.478 .223
n=148*p
118
p=.000
94.651%1
1 56.0%
4-3-14 4-3-41
.829
.8071.921
4-3-13 -
WilksL.
F p
1 .45585 94.651 94.651 .560 .31312 .66961 15.00 8.580*** .0002 .02424 5.033 99.684 .154 .02367 .97485 8.00 .958 .4683 .002 .316 100.00 .039 .00152 .99848 3.00 .152 .928
n=306*p
119
-.924
4-3-4 -
4-3-15.675F=8.634
p=.000.305F=2.212p=.026
88.092%
10.779%1
1 67.5%
22 30.5%
4-3-16 4-3-51
.918
.8761.956
4-3-15 -
WilksL.
F p
1 .838 88.09244 88.092 .675 .456 .488 15.00 8.634*** .0002 .103 10.779 98.871 .305 .093 .897 8.00 2.212* .0263 .011 1.129 100.000 .103 .010 .989 3.00 .573 .634
n=166*p
120
4-3-16 -
X Y
1 2 3 1 2 3
-.876 .252 .050 .736 .606 -.303 .918 .200 .198 .833 .339 .438 .677 .188 .489 .956 -.287 -.056 .739 -.567 -.105 .740 .208 -.453% 63.249 10.070 9.941 % 63.249 10.070 9.942 28.843 .937 .106 28.843 .937 .106
n=166.
4-3-5 -n=166
4-3-17.876F=29.465
p=.000
98.155%1
1 87.6%
4-3-19 4-3-61
.958
.8791.943
1
2 2
1-.876
-.918-.677
-.740-.739
.252
.200
.188
-.567
.208
-.736-.833
-.956 .606
-.287
.339
.675
.305
121
4-3-17 -
WilksL.
F p
1 3.300 98.155 98.156 .876 .767 .219 15.00 29.465*** .0002 .053 1.579 99.735 .225 .050 .941 8.00 1.685 .1003 .009 .265 100.000 .094 .009 .991 3.00 .654 .581
n=226*p
122
4-1-1 4-1-2
29.5% 45.8%
7
4-3-74-3-84-3-9
-.924
4-3-7 -n=291
-.924
4-3-8 -n=261
1 1
-.863-.844
-.536-.688-.709
-.697-.820-.950
.664
1 1
-.945-.855-.789-.797-.767
-.756-.953-.922
.783
123
-.924
4-3-9 -
n=142
.664F=13.432p=.000
93.725%1
1 66.4% 4-3-7
.783F=19.904p=.000
98.101%1
1 78.3% 4-3-8
.810F=11.887p=.000
98.975%
11
81.0% 4-3-9
1 1
-.891-.931-.785-.752-.715
-.734-.942-.928
.810
124
stepwise regression
(dummy variable)2009
2012
( 4-4-1)
125
4-4-1
65-69 5000
4- 4-2
.581,
.337 F 42.167p=.000
126
4- 4-2
R
R2
R2F F
F
B
1. .483 .233 126.905*** 126.905*** .337 .2862. .546 .299 .066 88.729*** 39.013*** -.347 -.2443. .569 .324 .025 66.326*** 15.394*** .260 .2384.65-69 .575 .330 .007 51.206*** 4.278* -.146 -.1005. .581 .337 .007 42.167*** 4.357* .126 .085
4- 4-3 -
R
R2
R2F F
F
B
n=2201. .492 .242 49.867*** 49.867*** .455 .3522. .532 .283 .041 30.607*** 8.841** .253 .2253. .553 .305 .022 22.564*** 4.926* .230 .1474. .570 .325 .020 18.413*** 4.446* .238 .140n=3431. .456 .208 .208 68.421*** 68.421*** .330 .3242. .488 .239 .030 40.576*** 10.287** .176 .2133. .500 .250 .012 28.723*** 4.060* .129 .109
4- 4-3
32.5%
25.0%
4- 4-4
127
.704.495 F 50.436
p=.000
128
52.5%
4- 4-6
.7023
.523 F 75.571p=.000
129
4- 4-7
54.0%
50.2%
4- 4-8
49.2%
53.4%
4- 4-9
4- 4-9
51.7%
59.5%
130
4- 4-8
R
R2
R2F F
F
B
1. .634 .401 290.332*** 290.332*** .329 .3562. .683 .467 .065 188.997*** 52.877*** .213 .2483. .701 .492 .025 139.163*** 21.531*** .144 .1914. .720 .519 .027 115.962*** 24.041*** -.188 -.1725. .726 .527 .008 95.743*** 7.671** .135 .0936. .731 .534 .006 81.680*** 5.898* -.029 -.082
4- 4-9 -
R
R2
R2F F
F
B
n=2201. .648 .420 112.862*** 112.862*** 1.330 .4542. .704 .495 .075 75.946*** 23.066*** .814 .3203. .719 .517 .022 54.963*** 7.060** .534 .150n=3431. .687 .472 474.701*** 474.701*** .334 .3462. .739 .546 .074 318.791*** 86.548*** .295 .3333. .752 .565 .019 229.444*** 23.606*** .130 .1614. .757 .572 .007 177.024*** 9.164** .113 .0715. .761 .579 .007 145.186*** 8.197** .104 .0836. .764 .584 .005 123.422*** 6.729* -.028 -.0757. .767 .588 .004 107.213*** 4.725* .074 .0628. .769 .591 .003 94.926*** 4.263* .095 .0739.65-69
.771 .595 .00385.419***
4.418* .028 .062
4-4-10
4-4-10
50.4%
4- 4-11
4-4-11
46.8%
131
49.4%
42.0%
45.3%
53.4%
38.9% 49.5%
52.3%
4- 4-10 -2
R
R2
R2F F
F
B
1. .664 .441 361.592*** 361.592*** .654 .6342. .690 .476 .035 207.910*** 30.745*** -.212 -.1943. .698 .487 .010 144.052*** 9.030** .124 .0884. .703 .494 .008 111.090*** 6.753* .108 .0985.65-69 .706 .499 .005 90.358*** 4.253* .035 .0876. .710 .504 .006 76.862*** 5.200* .089 .079
4- 4-11 -2-
R
R2
R2F F
F
B
n=2201. .686 .468 263.616*** 263.616*** .647 .6842. .698 .484 .017 140.683*** 9.874** .174 .1323.
.706 .494 .01197.864***
6.755* -.035 -.107
n=3431. .648 .420 123.847*** 123.847*** .729 .6512. .673 .453 .033 70.525*** 10.397** .211 .183
4-4-12
132
4-4-10
37.2%
26.5%
57.0% 40.4%
64.3% 60.7%
133
4- 4-12
R
R2
R2F F
F
B
n=3061. .515 .265 63.853*** 63.853*** .454 .4652. .562 .315 .050 40.531*** 12.911*** -.259 -.2653. .577 .333 .018 29.143*** 4.674* -.064 -.1714. .595 .354 .020 23.795*** 5.502* .145 .1515. .610 .372 .018 20.456*** 4.943* -.127 -.135n=1661. .635 .404 .404 73.108*** 73.108*** .674 .6402. .685 .469 .065 47.189*** 13.087*** .324 .2943. .725 .526 .057 39.183*** 12.780** -.308 -.2444. .742 .550 .024 32.108*** 5.686* .236 .2005.65-69
.755 .570 .02027.589***
4.830* .058 .154
n=2261. .779 .607 .607 260.499*** 260.499*** .806 .7672. .787 .619 .012 136.379*** 5.430* -.161 -.1433.65-69
.795 .631 .01295.321***
5.652* .052 .121
4. .802 .643 .012 74.849*** 5.585* .149 .111
Path analysis with latent variablePA-LV
measurement modelstructural model
unobserved variables
observed variables
2009
134
2011
X1
X2
Y1
4-5-1 AMOS
135
2009 4-5-1
4-5-1 PA-LV
4-5-1
PA-LV 4-5-2
19 120.558 p=.000.080=6.345>5Cn=1756.000
2009
136
4-5-1
2 p>.05 120.558
p=.000
137
4-5-2 PA-LV
M.I.modification indicese4e5e3err1
e4e8e7e6M.I. 48.04318.18715.981 12.585
e4e5M.I. 48.043
e4 e5
48.043
SEM
e7e6M.I.
12.585
.027.027
138
MIe4e8MIMI=15.981
15.981.033
.033
p=.010.05
4-5-2 18.609
p=.232>.05
1.241200
4-5-3
4-5-3 e3 err1-.34-.34
R.52
-.34
139
4-5-2
2 p>.05 18.609
p=.232>.05
df=15
RMR 0.05 .006
RMSEA 0.08
140
4-5-3
141
34
()5(65)
67
8
9
4-6-1 7
4-6-1
1n=222 .145* .124 .160* .157*n=445 .099* .049 .060 .083
2n=181 -.362*** -.184* -.112 -.261**n=362 -.277*** -.200*** -.225*** -.286**
3n=218 .344*** .343*** .348*** .380**n=446 .147** .154** .135** .172**
4n=218 .219** .207** .148* .212**n=443 .025 .014 -.030 .004
5n=220 .160* .198** .174** .194**n=440 .057 .079 .094* .090
6n=220 .104 .207** .324*** .226**n=444 .117* .104* .111* .131**
7n=220 .095 .110 .183** .140*n=444 .137** .182** .199** .203**
*p
142
4-6-1
.145 .099 p.05
-.362
-.277.000
65
65
65
.219.001
143
-.34
& 2015
(Musick &Wilson, 2003)
(Albert et al.,
1995)2009
144
C5-1
4-6-1
path
analysis with observed variables PA-OVPA-LV
2009
4-6-2 4-6-2
26 367.320
p=.000.080RMR=.288>.050AGFI=.832
145
4-6-1
4-6-2
146
4-6-2
2 p>.05 367.320p=.000
147
.492
e4e5M.I.
e4 e5
51.752.080
.080
SEMe5e9M.I.
23.998
e3err1M.I.e3err1
21.811
4-5-4 4-5-6
p=.000
148
.06.11
MI 168.222 Par Change.263
-.34
.51 4-6-3
4-6-4
4-6-4
4-6-5
149
4-6-6 26 171.037
p=.000.90AGFI=.910>.90
nFIRFIIFI
M.I.
M.I.e4e5e3err1e2e5e4e8
e1e9M.I. 47.99821.20719.20615.640 14.561
e4 e8
SEMe4e5
e3err1e2e5e1e9
e4 e5 47.998
.076
e3err1M.I.e3err1
21.207e2e5
M.I.
19.206e1e9M.I.
4-6-5
p=.000
150
4-6-5
4-6-6
151
4-6-3,
p=.030
152
4-6-3
2 p>.05 171.037;p=.000.0001df=20
RMR 0.05 .046 .010RMSEA 0.08
153
69865-69
73.84
5~1 1-2
3.839
3.8371 3.638
3.8100 3.7775
3.7152 3.5878
3.5516
154
65-6970-7475-7980-8485-8990
65-69
70-79 80
155
156
()
4-5-3
2010
157
19.0% 2005
28% 21.6%
46.6%2013 2010
29.1% 24.1%
40.7%2017
28.3%
16.7%
20092013
2013 65
2013 65
43.9%36.2%19.6%
16.8%
2008
M=3.837
158
Maslow1954
Subrahmanyan & Gomez-Arias, 2008
2009
Strawbridge2002 867 65-99
Depp Jeste2006 60
(2004
2009
(
)(2006
55
159
450
2008
65-84
85Roos
Havens1991 10 65-74
75-84
2004 2310 70
2017
65-69
2011
(Broyles 2005;Maricet et al. 2011nolan 2010; nygren et al. 2005)Jeste
2013
(Leppert et al.
http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/author/Jeste,+Dilip+V160
2005; Yi & Ke2010) Gooding2012
80-84
80-84
8585-89 90 80-84
90
85-89 90 85
-89Depp Jeste2006 Resnick
2010Resnick 2015 Jeste
2013
Helmuth2003
Montross2006 205
,
201720162004
2006
55-59 70
2006
2011 20092011 20022005
2008
http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/author/Jeste,+Dilip+Vhttp://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/author/Jeste,+Dilip+V161
2009
2009
2005
Roos &Havens, 1991; 2005)
(20062007)
(
200420062007)
20142011
162
2004
2017
Chou Chi2002
Rowe Kahn1998 70-79
Rowe Kahn1997
2004Albert et al., 1995; Depp
& Jeste, 2006
Rowe Kahn1997
163
(2012
1952
()
1~1.5
5000 2
1~1.52 1~1.5
Depp Jeste2006
(2004
200620082008
20102007
1~1.5
5000
1
~1.5
Wagnild, 2003; Depp & Jeste, 2006netuveli, Wiggins, Montgomery,
Hildon, & Blane, 2008
164
20142011
Faigin &
Pargament, 201120142011
2008
Hardy et al. , 2004; nygren et al., 2005;
Caltabiano & Caltabiano, 2006; Mehta et al., 2008; Lamond et al., 2008; Jeste et
al. , 2013; Bauer et al. , 2016Wagnild2003
Chen & Short, 200820102010
http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/author/Jeste,+Dilip+V165
Jeste et
al. , 2013Resnick et al. , 2015 & 2015
199220082012
20122008
2014
& 2015
(Brummett, Babyak, Gronbtek, & Barefoot, 2011; Dai, Zhang,
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Wooten, 2013
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Greene & Ephress1991
Germain&Gitterman19952012
Egeland, Carlson &Sroufe, 1993; Kaplan,
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Gitterman & German,
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167
McGoldrick & Carter, 1998
4-7-1 4-7-2
4-7-1 4-7-2 65-80
3.6-3.9 3.5-3.9
3.0 4.5
DeMuth2005
2-4-2
Erikson, 1963
DeMuth
2005
80
168
80
2011
( Field & Millsap, 1991)
( Field &
Millsap19912011)
2011
2004; 2004Zhou & Qian
2007
Lyyra, Trmkangas,, Read,
Rantanen, & Berg, 2006
2011
1952
169
1978
40
DeMuth2005
170
171
65 930
875 94.09% 698 75.05%
5-1-1
G5
G4
G3G4
G5G4
G2G4
5000G1
172
1~1.5G3
5000
G1 1~1.5G3
2G5 1~1.5G3
G2G4
G3
G1G2G4
G3G2G4
G3
5-1-1
> > > > G3>G4
G5>G4G2>G4 G5>G4
* * G1>G3G5>G3
G1>G3
> > > > G1>G3
G2>G3G4>G3
G2>G3G4>G3
G2>G3G4>G3
ANOVA
5-1-2
173
G3
G5G4
G5
G1G4G2
G4G5
G4G2G1
G3G1G5
G1G2
G4G3G4
G5G4
2G5
1~1.5G3
5000G1 1~1.5
G3 2G5
1~1.5G3 2G5
1~1.5G3 5000G1
1~1.5G3
174
G2G4
G3
G2G4G3
5- 1-2
> > > G5>G1
G5>G4G2>G4G5>G4
G2>G1G3>G1G5>G1
G2>G4G3>G4G5>G4
G3>G4G5>G4
* * G1>G3
G5>G3G5>G3 * G1>G3 G5>G3
> > > > > G2>G3
G4>G3G2>G3G4>G3
ANOVA
175
65-69
70-79
80
80
44.1%
53.6%
176
5- 1-3
177
70
70 70
80
80
178
2014
:
2015
2011
2016
179
2016
Lyyra
Willis2002
180
2014
181
65
65
65
65
Alzheimers diseaseHelmuth2003
182
Zhang,
Zhang, Cheng, Huang, Li, Wang, & Su, 2017)
183
65
65
184
185
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(2016)
20(1)163-205
(2016):
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(2015)
35(19)5599-5601
(2007):
2015()2015(20):9-10
(2010)
(1)100-107
20124125-131
2014
2012
1996
(01):64-69
20162016
http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/
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2016 12
http://www.moh.gov.cn/bgt/2016dseq/201704/c99275ae2fb94e429d624861a625
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2016
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2010-
2009AMOS
2010
2013