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>L

n]vssf – b'O{ zAb

gf/Ldf dxf;/:jtL, dxfnIdL / dxfsfnL tLg j6} b }jL u'0fx?

sf ] jf; /x]sf ]n ] k ltsf ] lglDt rl/q, ;Gtfgsf ] lglDt ddtf, ;dfhsf]

lglDt zLn, ;xof]uLsf] lglDt bof / hLjdfqdf s?0ffb| dxfk|s[ltsf] gfd gf/L xf] .

t;y{ ;dflhs /ysf b'O kf+u|f dWo] k'?if ?kL kf+u|f eGbf gf/L ?kL kf+u|f lgM;+b]x

clws efl/nf] / dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] xF'bf gf/Lsf] e"ldsf, bfloTj / st{Jolgi7tf a9L

uDeL/ x'g] ub{5 . o; sf/0f s'g} gf/L ljz]ifsf] oL s'g} e"ldsf / u'0fdf ckof{Kttf

cyjf ljrng cfpF5 eg] s'g} :JffyL{ k'?if cyjf ;dfhsf] cGo s'g} tTjsf] hfn

kl/k+rsf] lzsf/ x'g'kg]{ cj:yf >[lht x'G5 . cem 3/ b]lv aflx/ lg:s]/ ;dfhdf

k'?if ;/x ;]jf lbg] s'g} sfdsfhL dlxnfn] olb klZrdf gf/Lx?sf] v'Nnfkg / k'?if

;xjf;sf] clgolGqt :jtGqtfsf] lsl~rt dfq klg cfef; kfPsL 5g\ / pgdf olb

:jtGqfnfO{ dof{lbt /fVg ;sg] Ifdtfsf] cefj 5 / zLnsf] dfqf clws ePsf]

sf/0faf6 ;Dks{df cfpg] jf;gfsf] nf]eL k'?ifsf] Ifl0fs OR5fsf] ;xh kl/k"lt{ x'g]

cj:yf 5 eg] ltgsf] ktgsf] af6f] km/flsnf] x'g k'Ub5 h;df cGo lgbf]{ifx? klg

ha/h:tL ws]lng k'Ug ;Sb5g\ .

t;y{ gf/L hfltn] k'?ifsf] nDk+6tf, w"t{tf / :jfyL{kg b]lv aRgsfnflu a9L

zLnjtL gx'g] / rfl/lqs ktg k/fejsf] af6f]nfO{ pRr dgf]ansf ;fy lt/:sf/

ug{ ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 . of] ;dosf] df+u xf] / of] lgtfGt cfjZos klg 5 eGg] s'/fsf]

k'i6\ofO{sf] nflu n]vsn] lj;f}+ ztfAbLsf] pTt/fw{sf] ;donfO{ o; sf/0f 5gf}6

u/]sf] xf] ls To:tf] zfGt / ;'Gb/ ;dfhdf t clt zLnjttfn] klttfsf] cj:yf

>[lht ug{ ;Sb5 eg] l;g]df, 6]nLjLhg, df]afOn / OG6/g]6 h:tf ;fwgx?af6

cZnLntf, pTtfjnf]kg / of}g :jtGqtf tyf ef]ujfbL ;+:s[ltsf] v'Nnf k|zf/0f

e}/x]sf]n] dflg;sf] dfgl;s cj:yf ljs[t x'Fb} uPsf] ;dfhnfO{ ;Gt'lnt / dof{lbt

/fVg] gf/Lsf] lhDd]bf/L emg\ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ d2]gh/ /fVb} ;'x[bo kf7s

ju{n] n]vssf] p2]Zo cg';f/ syf j:t'sf] k|:t'tL ug'{kg]{ afWotfnfO{ x[bo+ud u/L

Ifdf ul/lbg' x'g]5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf] 5' .

cem csf{] dggLo s'/f s] 5 eg] >[li6sf] k|f/De b]lv cfh ;Dd h'g;'s}

/fHo,;fd|fHo,e"v08 / h:tf] ;'s} zf;g Joj:yf / h:tf] ;'s} /fd|f] g/fd|f] ;/sf/ jf

/fd/fHo g} lsg gxf];\,uf]/f], sfnf], h+unL,

;Eo,c;Eo,lzlIft,clzlIft,ljsl;t,cljsl;t,s'g} klg ;dfhdf hlxn] klg gf/L s}

z]fif0f x'G5,gf/Ls} anfTsf/ x'G5 / gf/LnfO{ g} j]Zof agfOG5 . lsg < lsg eg]

gf/Lx? k|lt/f]wdf zLnjtL x'G5g\ eGg] hgwf/0ffn] ulx/f] h/f hdfPsf] 5 . o;sf]


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;d"n gfz ug{sf]nfuL gf/L jL/f+ugf x'g' k/]sf] 5 / cGofosf] k|ltsf/df pbf/ gx'g]

snf l;Sg klg h?/L 5,cGoyf s'g} k'?if 4f/f sn+ssf] 6Lsf klx/fO{PsL s'g}

gf/Ln] ToxL 6Lsf]nfO{ >[+uf/ agfP/ hLjg e/ cfkm"nfO{ 9f+6\g / ;dfhnfO{ 7ug

afWo x'g' kb{5 .

of] pkGof;df pbfx/0f :j?k ktgsf] b'vfGt b[Zo b]vfP/ To:tf b'3{6gf b]lv

aRg g}lts pTyfg / :j:y ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'/\ofpg p2]Zo lnOPsf] 5 .

n]vsn] ;++=@)%)÷@÷!* PsfbzLsf lbg n]vg z'? u/]/ @)%!÷&÷@ cflZjg

k"l0f{dfdf ;dfKt u/]sf] k|f/Dedf of] k':tssf] sn]j/ cTolws df]6f] ePsf] t/ ax't

k|oTgsf afjh"b Joj;flos k|sfzsx?af6 s7f]/ lg/fzf k|fKt ePkl5 ;'/lIft

/flvPsf] pkGof;sf] kf08'lnlkaf6 xfn w]/} sfF6 5fF6 u/]/ o;sf] cfsf/ 5f]6\ofOPsf]

5 / o;nfO{ cem} 5f]6\ofpg klg ;lsGYof] xf]nf t/ of] k':tsdf Oltxf;sf] of}6f

sfn v08sf] ;dfhsf] d"No dfGotf, cfly{s / z}lIfs cj:yf, oftfoft / ;+rf/

h:tf If]q ;d]t ;du| ;dfhs} lrq0f u/]/ P]ltxfl;s ;fdfu|L ;d]t k|:t't ug]{

p2]Zo lnOPsf]n] k':tssf] of] cfsf/ sfod /xg uPsf] xf] .

;fdflhs lxtsf] nflu lghL k|ofzdf eP klg k':ts k|sfzgdf Nofpg d]/L

5f]/L s+rgntf, u'+hgntf,5f]/f k+sh tyf cfz'tf]ifaf6 lg/+t/ cfu|x e}/x]sf] ;dodf

d]/f k"Ho u'? k|wfgfWofks >L a'l4gfy 1jfnL Ho"n] n]vg / k|sfzg sfo{nfO{

lg/+t/tf lbg k6s k6s k|]l/t / pT;flxt ug'{ ePsf]n] of] k':ts hg ;dIf cfpg

;s]sf] x]f ,t/ k':ts k|sfzgu[xdf k'u]/ 5nkmn e}/x]sf] cj:yf Toxf+ k'ug' ePsf

s]xL ;fyLx?n] xLhf] crfgs jxf+sf] lgwgsf] ;"rgf lbg'ePsf]n] d xtk|e / b'lvt

5' / u'?b]j k|lt >4f+hnL clk{t ub{5' . k':ts k|sfzgsf] nfn;f /fbg] d]/f ;Gtfg

k|lt :g]x cfzLif /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} o;sf] n]vgdf /ftL k|sfz Joj:yf / ;xh cj:yf

agfO{ ;xof]u lbg] d]/L ;xwld{0fL pdf b]jL sf] ;]jf k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ug}{ kb{5 .

k':ts sDKo"6/ 6fOk ug]{ cdg rf}w/L nufot d]/f ldq / ;xof]uLx? hf] ;a}sf]

gfd n]vg oxfF ;+ej 5}g, tL ;a}df xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg tyf k':ts k|sfzs,d'b|s

/ z'e]Iff k|s6stf{ ;Hhgx?df xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ub{5' .

of] k':tssf] :yfg kfq / 36gf ;lxt ;Dk"0f{ syf j:t' k"0f{ sfNklgs x'g\ .

s;}sf] hLjg ;Fu s'g} c+z ldNg uPdf ;+of]u g} dfGg' kb{5 . n]vssf] s;}sf] lgGbf

ug]{ jf lrQ b'vfpg] lsl~rt dfq klg p2]Zo 5}g n]vsn] o4lk krL;f}+ jif{ b]lv

n]vg sfo{ u/L/x]sf] eP klg l;4x:t n]vs gePsf] / pkGof; ljwfdf klxnf]

k|ofz ePsf] x'Fbf o;df x'g uPsf q'l6sf nflu Ifdfk|fyL{ 5' . kf7sx?af6 k|fKt x'g]

;'emfj / ;Nnfxsf] oyf]lrt cfb/ ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5' .


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u'nl/of– alb{of cof]Wof k|;fb >Ljf:tj

@)^(÷^÷@! n]vs


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cWofo ! -!_

æ;ljtfsf] ljx] x'g] lglZrt eof] Æof] vj/ ;j{q km}lnof] .

ljjfx of}6f JolQmut ;DjGwsf] s'/f eP klg of] ;fj{hlgs rf;f] sf] ljifo

x'g] xF'bf ;j}sf] ljjfxsf] oqtq rrf{ x'g] g} ub{5 t/ of] ljjfx sf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs

rf;f] x'g] sf/0f s]xL csf]{ g} lyof] . of}6L o:tL s]6L h;n] ;fj{hlgs sNof0fsf]

nflu hLjg ;dk{0f ug]{ ;+sNk lnPsL lsxL / ;Dk"0f{ ljZjnfO{ g} cfˆgf] ;]jfsf] If]q

agfP/ dfgjtf sf] ;]jf ug{ rfxGyL To;}sf] ljjfx To;sf] cfTdfsf] ljk/Lt /fx'n

;Fu x'g uO/x]sf] lyof] .

;ljtf h;sf] cy{ x'G5 ;"o{, ljZjsf] ;j{>]i7 u|x, h;sf] k|sfzn] ;+k"0f{

hut r/fr/n] hLjg kfpF5 , ljsl;t x'G5 / cfˆgf] ;+k"0f{tf nfO{ k|fKt ub{5,

h;sf] cefjsf] sNkgf g} ug{ ;lsGg ToxL dxfk|tfkL ljZjrIf', ljZjfTdf,

ljZj:jfdL, hutsf] sNof0f ug{sf] nflu cfkm"nfO{ lg/Gt/ tkfO{ /xg] x'gfn] dxfg

tk:jLsf] ?kdf lrlgPsf, hutnfO{ ult lbgsf] nflu PsIf0f klg cfkm"n] lj>fd

gug]{ x'gfn] eujfg efis/sf] ?kdf hutljVoft ljZjj+lbtf / sNof0fsf/L k|ToIf

b]j lbjfs/ . ;+k"0f{ k|s[lt sf :jfdL . Og} lbgs/sf] gfdsf] kof{ojfrL ;ljtf sf]

ljjfxsf] rrf{ lyof] oqtq .

t/ ;ljtfsf] l:ylt ljNs'n leGg lyof] . j}jflxs a+Gwgdf afFlwg] ;'lglZrt

ePkl5 s]6Lx?sf] efj / dgf]bzfdf dgf]x/tf cfpF5, gofF gofF :jKg, sNkgf,

hLjg ;fyL ;Fusf] hLjg ofqfsf] ;'vb sNkgf x'G5, cfFvfsf gfgLx? s'g} bfz{lgs

em}+ lIflth k§L p75g\ / 6Ss cl8G5g\, ToxfF cfˆgf] ;'vdo ;+;f/ sf] bz{g u5{g /

cfTdfnfO{ cg'e"lt k|+fKt x'G5 .s]xL ;+sf]r, s]xL eo / stf stf dfOtL ljof]usf]

sNkgfn] klg d'6' nfO{ ysf{O /x]sf] x'G5, tfklg ljleGg c+ux?df dfbstf /

:km"lt{ ;xh} emNsG5 t/ oxfF t To:tf] s]xL klg lyPg . pgnfO{ klt ldng sf]

cfzf / ;'vb sNkgf lyPg gt dftf lktf / dfOtLsf ;DjlGwx? ;Fu cnufj

ePkl5 x'g] b'vb If0fsf] :d/0f g} lyof] of] t of}6f o:tf] ;ljtfsf] ljjfx lyof]

h;n] :jf+; t km]yL{ t/ z/L/ df cfTdf g}}geP h:tf] lyof] . ljgf hLjgsf] z/L/ .

o:tf] z/L/ h;n] of}6f o:tf] 8'+ufsf] ?k lnO{ ;s]sf] lyof] hf] 7"nf] af9L cfPsf]

gbLdf lbzfljxLg aUb} uPsf] lyof], ljgf dfemLsf] . ljgf dfemLsf] 8'+uf, s'g} ;dodf

klg 8'Jg ;Sg] t/ 8'J5 g}, of] klg t lglZrt eGg ;lsb}g . slxn] sfx+L+] lsgf/fdf

nfUg k'Ug klg ;Sb5, gk'Ug klg ;Sb5 . tfTko{ s] eg] o:tf] 8'+ufsf] ofqLsf]


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;kmntf sf] af/]df eGg ;lsb}+g eg] c;kmntf sf] af/]df klg t lglZrt ?kdf

s]xL eGg ;lsGg.

cfˆgf] sf]7fdf n+u r]o/df a;]/ lrGtgdf nfu]sL ;ljtfsf] Hof]ltxLg cfFvf

df b'O yf]kf cfF;' hGd] / ltgLx? klg cghfg uGtJosf] kflys h:t} knssf] 9f]sf

af6 aflx/ xfd kmfn,] ufnfdf aUg yfn], ljgf dfemLsf] 8'+uf h:t]f . pgn] lj:tf/}

b'O cf}+nf ltgL dfly /fvL lbOg\ . ltgsf] k|jfx / j]u ;j} ?Sof] / ltgsf] cl:tTj

klg cf}+nfdf g} ;dflxt eof] . hjfgLsf] hf]z / pd+u lnP/ cl3 ;/]sf cfF;'sf

yf]kfx? h:t} pgsf] hLjg klg t c+wsf/df lt/f]lxt x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . tL cfF;'sf

b'O6f yf]kf 6]nLjLhgsf] :s|Lgdf kg{ uPsf] w'nf]nfO{ ;kmf ug]{ n]j]G8/ h:tf ;fljt

eP . cfFvfsf gfgLx/mdf of}6f cyfx j]bgf b]vf k/\of} / To; dfly cftLtsf s]xL

5fofx? plbt x'g yfn] . klxn] tL 5fofx? c:k:6 g} /x] t/ lj:tf/} lj:tf/} ltgn]

cfsf/, :j?k / /+u u|x0f ub}{ uP . ctLtsf tL 36gfx? s|da4 x'Fb} l;g]df h:tf]

;fd'Gg] cfpg yfn] .

-@_

klxnf] lrq b]vf k/\of} of}6f %% jif{L{o j[4sf] . afa' k|f0f gfy . xf] ltg} t x'g

. Onfdsf] of}6f 7"nf] lrof afufgsf] dflns . tdfd hUuf hdLg ePsf] hdLgbf/

k|f0fgfy . >L ;DklQsf] k|r"/tf eP klg pgL ;'vL 5}gg\ eGg] c?x?sf] ljrf/ lyof]

. o4lk of] hdLgbf/Lsf] o'u lyof] . ;fdfGo u|fdL0f hgtf k|fo hdLgbf/x? dfly g}

cfl>t x'Gy] . pBf]u wGwf snsf/vfgfx? guGo g} lyP . ;a} s[lifdf cfl>t lyP

. cfdhgtfdf s;}s;} ;Fu dfq lghL hUuf lyof] cGoyf cGo ufpFn]x?n]

lhdLbf/s]f hUufdf v]tL ub{y], cGg pAhfpFy] / pAhgLsf] efu lhdLbf/ sxfF lbGy] .

hUuf lhdLbf/sf] / >d s[ifssf] x'GYof] . s[lifdf cfw'lgstfsf] gfd g} lyPg .

k/Dk/fut t/Lsfn] v]tL x'GYof] . l;FrfOsf] Joj:yf lyPg . cfsfz]] v]tLdf lge{/tf

/xg] x'gfn] jif{ft gx'g] ;fn s[ifs / hdLGfbf/ b'j}sf] xfnt v/fj x'GYof] . s[ifssf]

3/df gt cGg x'GYof] gt dhb"/n] sfd g} kfpFy] . o;/L ;j} ef]s ef]s} /xGy] .

/f]u Aoflw, dxfdf/L, cGo s'g} b}jL k|sf]k of ;/sf/L sf]k x'Fbf dflg; hdLgbf/ sf]

z/0f kYof{] .hdLgbf/n] ;j} cj:Yffdf /Iff u/] jfkt hgtf;Fu j]7 j]u/ lnGy]

. cfˆgf] lghL v]tL ltgLx?s} db \btn] u/fpFy] t/ l:ylt ltgLx?sf] klg lrGtgLo g}

x'Gy\of] . a};fv b]lv cfiff9 ;Ddsf] tLg dlxgf sfn/flq ;/x x'GYof] . hUuf

wgLx?sf] nflu o;} cjlwdf dfnkf]t ltg'{ kb{Yof] / dfnkf]t ltg'{ To; o'udf s'g}

xF;L 76\7f lyPg . /fd|f] jiff{ gePsf] / v8]/L k/]sf] ;fn e'kltx? hUuf wLtf] /fVg

/ ljqmL ug{ afWo x'Gy] dfnkf]t lgb{otfsf ;fy c;'n ul/GYof] . dfnkf]t ltg{


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g;Sg]nfO{ c8\8fsf] xflsdn] ks|g k7fpFYof] . s'g} s'g} 7fpFdf dfn c8\8fsf] ;fd'Gg]

sf7sf] 3f]8f /flvPsf] x'GYof] / ;dodf dfnkf]t a'emfpg g;Sg] hUuf wgLsf] of}6f

v'§f 3f]8f dfly / of}6f e'OFdf /fVg nufO v8f /flvGYof] . of] qmdaf6 klg dfnkf]t

c;'nL gePdf hUuf lnnfd x'Gy\of] . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fx'x?n] v'j df}sf 5f]Ky]

.7"nf] Aofhdf C0f lbGy] .;fx' dxfhgx? df}h dHhfdf lyP. t/ k[YjLsf k'qx?sf]

b'b{zf x'GYof]. s'g} AolQmnfO{ hUuf lbFbf pm hUufnfO{ e"t h:tf] dfg]/ efUbYof] . Tof]

b'b{zf s;n] ;xg] < lghL e"ld /fv]/ kmfObf s] < e"ld af6 cGg} pJhfpg' / vfg' t

5 , :jfldTjsf] nfe s] < Tof] b'b{zfsf cltl/lSt xflsd,sfl/Gbf, hldGfbf/, k|x/L /

;]gf ufpFdf cyjf ufpFs} af6f] eP/ lg:sFbf ltgsf] ;]jf rfs/L ef]hg 5fhg sf]

Joj:yf ug'{kg,]{ lzsf/ v]nfpg' kg]{ / HjfO{ eGbf xhf/f} u'gf a9L ;]jf ug'{ kg]{ /

xft hf]8]/ pleO /xg' kg]{, pgLx?sf] OR5f cg';f/ ;]jf ug{ g;s]df ufnL / yKk8

vfg', h'Fuf pv]lng' h:tf sfdx? ;fdfGo lyP .oL sfd u/Lj dflg;sf] Ifdtf b]lv

aflx/ lyP . To;f] x'gfn] cfd hgtf e"ld?kL k|]t b]lv eoft'/ /xGYof] . a?

hdLgbf/ sf] yKk8 / ufnL vfg' a]z t/ lbg /ftsf] @$ 3+G6f qf; t x'Fb}g

e"ldlxg /x]kl5 . of] To; ;dosf] cfd ;f]rfO lyof] . o;/L cfdhgtf b'b{zf /

em+em6af6 aRgsf] nflu e" :jfldTj b]lv cfkm'nfO{ 6f9f /fVbYof] / hdLgbf/ dfly e"

:jfldTjsf] ef/ ePsf]n] ;/sf/LtGq sf] e/0f kf]if0fsf] k"0f{ lhDd]bf/L p;} dfly

x'GYof] .To;f] x'gfn] hdLgbf/x?n] hgtfsf] Jofks zf]if0f ub{y] . hgtfsf] zf]if0f

u/]/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] k]6 eb{y] . rfs/L k|yf g} To; a]nf d"nd+q lyof] . of]Uotfsf]

s'g} dxTj lyPg .

sd{rf/Lx?sf] cj:yf klg /fd|f] lyPg . k|To]s jif{ bz}sf] ;dodf khgL

x'GYof] . h;n] w]/} rfs/L k'¥ofPsf] x'GYof] / w]/} e]6L r9fPsf] x'GYof] p;sf] hflu/

yfldGYof] cGoyf pm l/Ttf] xft 3/ kms{GYof] . k|To]s sd{rf/L cfkm' eGbf dflysf]

sd{rf/Lsf] lghL ;]js eP/ a:Yof] . of] k|yfn] 7"nf] zf]if0fsf] kf]if0f ub{Yof] . k|To]s

sd{rf/L zf]if0fsf] lzsf/ lyof] eg] p;n] klg zf]if0f ug}{ kb{Yof] . zf]if0fsf] of] qmd

dlfy zfzs b]lv z'? eP/ tn hgtf ;Dd hfGYof] t/ hgtf d'lg sf]xL gePsf]n]

hgtf zf]lift dfq x'GYof] / p;n] zf]if0f ug]{ s'g} cfwf/ lyPg . of] k|yfn]

hdLgbf/x?nfO{ s|"/ agfO lbPsf] lyof] . hgtf ;Fu clwsf/Ls dfqfdf sfd / wg

c;'n]/ To;df cfkm'n] df]h dHhf ub}{ lnP/ dflysf nfO{ e]6L r9fpg] zf]if0fsf

Ph]06 hdLgbf/x?sf] cTofrf/ / Jolerf/sf syfx? ufpF 3/df ;fdfGo lyP

.hghLjg g} o:t} lyof] . hLjgsf] ult g} zf]if0f lyof] .

t/ hdLgbf/ k|f0fgfy of] ;+k"0f{ sfo{Jojxf/ b]lv cfkm'nfO{ e/;s 6f9f g}

/fVby]. pgsf] k|s[lt g} leGg} lyof]. cfˆgf /}tLx?;Fu dfgjLo Jojxf/ ub{y] ;j}sf]

;'vdf efuLbf/ x'Gy] .s|'/tf / cTofrf/sf] u+wklt cfpFb}gYof] ltgsf] Jojxf/ af6 .

pbf/tf / bfgzLntf df klg w]/} cuf8L lyP ,t/ pgsf] wlds :jefjn] pgnfO{


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8

clxn] w]/} ;+s6df pEofO{ lbPsf] lyof] . ljut b'O jif{b]lv pgsf] Onfsfdf v8]/Lsf]

k/]sf] lyof] . jiff{ /fd|f] gePsf] sf/0faf6 cGg pTkfbg ePsf] lyPg . pgsf]

kfFrj6f ufpFsf /}tLx/mn] yf]/} w]/} h'g cGg pJhfP ,Tof] ltgLx?sf] kl/jf/sf] e/0f

kf]if0f sf] nflu g} kof{Kt x'g ;s]s]f lyPg eg] hdLgbf/ nfO{ lbg' kg]{ efusf] t

s'g} k|Zg} lyPg . klxnf] jif{ t of] cfzfdf ljTof] ls csf]{ jiff{df kfgLknf{ t/ csf]{

jiff{df klg cgfj[li6 g} /x\of] zf]if0fsf] o'usf] Ps jif{sf] v8]/L g} k|f0f3fts lyof]

lsgls hgtf ;Fu ;+lrt vfB kbfy{ t /xFb} /xFb}gy\of] eg] csf]{ jif{ klg v8]/L

k/\of} eg] O{Zj/nfO{ u'xf/g] afx]s cGo pkfo s]xL x'Fb}gy\of] . cj t]>f] jiff{sf]

cfudg e};s]sf] lyof] / cfwf cfiff9 u};s]sf] lyof] . cfsfzdf afbnsf 6'qmfx?

slxn] sfxL b]vf kb{y] t/ Ps} l5gdf x/fpFy] . o:tf] nfUbYof] h:tf] OGb| b]jtf

l/;fPsf 5g\ / OGb| b]jtfsf] l/; af6 kLl8t k[YjLsf k'qx?sf] cft{gfb+ ;xg g;sL

k[YjLsf] 5ftL l5of l5of ePsf] k|:6} b]lvGYof]. k[YjLsf k'qx?n] k[YjL dftfsf] b'vnfO{

a'em]sf lyP . ltgLx? ?Gy] cfˆgf] cfdfsf] Joyfdf . ltgsf cfF;' em/em/ aUby],

b/f/df kb{y] t/ dftfnfO{ To;af6 zLtntf k|fKt x'g' sxfF xf] sxfF emg\ ToxfF af6

j]bgfsf] ?kdf Hjfnf g} lg:sGYof] . dftf / k'qx?sf] of] s?0f s|Gbg b]lv OGb| b]jtf

t k|efljt ePgg\ t/ hdLgbf/ k|f0f gfy sf] x[bo l5of l5of e};s]sf] lyof]

kLl8tx?sf] kL8f b]lv . csf]{ lt/ dfnkf]t a'emfpg] k|Zg lyof] .

ljut b'O jif{ b]lv hgtf ;Fu Ps d'7\7L cGg k|fKt ePsf] lyPg t/ pgn]

C0f shf{ u/]/ klg cfˆgf] / c?sf] efu ;d]t dfnkf]t a'emfO{ lbPsf lyP . t/ o;

jif{sf] cfkmg} dfnkf]t bfvLn ug{ ;s]sf lyPgg\ . t;y{ o; jif{ o; If]qsf ;fgf

;fgf e'kltx? nufot pgnfO{ klg kqmfp k"hL{ cfpg] s''/f lglZrt lyof] / kqmfp

k'hL{ cfpg'sf] l;wf cy{ lyof] ckdfg, si6 hUufsf] nLnfdL . To;f] x'gfn] cfh

pgn] To; If]qsf] 7"nf] ;fx' s[i0f nfn ;Fu uP/ shf{ lng c7f]6 u/L;s]sf lyP .

pgn] Tof] s'/f cfˆgf] vf; vf; sfl/Gbfx?nfO{ /ftL g} egL ;s]sf] x'gfn]] k}bn ofqf

nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ef]hg ;fdu|L / ?lkof lnP/ kms{bf wgsf] ;'/Iff x'g ;Sg]

k|jGwdf sfl/Gbfx? ljxfg} b]lv nfu]sf lyP . #)÷#% hgf n7\7afhx? cfˆgf]

n7\7L nfO{ k"5kf5 kf/L t]n nufpFb} lyP, n7\7L nrsfP/ To;sf] zlStsf] cg'dfg

nufpFb} lyP sf]xL sf]xL efnf rDsfpFb} lyP . k|f0fgfysf] :jfdLeSt 3f]8f xj]nLsf]

c+fugdf NofP/ afFwL ;lsPsf] lyof] . pm bfgf vfP/ c3fPsf] / ofqf ug]{ rfn kfO

;s]sf]n] otf ptf 3fF6L P}l7b} k'R5/ km/km/fpFb} ljr ljrdf lxglxgfpFYof] . ;DejtM

cfˆgf] dflns nfO{ t}of/Lsf] ;'rgf lbg rfxGYof] t/ k|f0f gfy cfˆgf] xj]nLsf]

;fd'Gg]sf] :ofgf] lzjfnodf k"hf cf/fwgfdf lyP . lgTolqmofaf6 lgj[Tt eP/

d+lGb/df uP/ b'uf{ kf7 / lzj :tf]q kf7 ug'{ To;kl5 >Ldbeujb uLtfsf] :jfWofo

/ lrGtg dggdf Ps cfwf 3G6f nfUg' pgsf] lbgrof{ sf] cleGg c+u lyof] . o;

j]nf dlGb/ leq af6 kf7 u/]/ cfjfh ;'lgb}gYof] . l7s ToxL a]nf lzjfnosf] aflx/


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9

cf+ugaf6 s;}n] a8f] u+eL/ / zfGt jf0fLdf s]xL eg] h:tf] nfUof] pgsf] lrGtgdf

Jojwfg k/\of,] Wofg 6'6\of] . sfgsf] zlQm aflx/ k6\6L cfslif{t eof] . k'gM u+eL/

cfjfh cfof]

æho z+e" .Æ

of]uL ;Gof;L ;fw' ;+tsf] ;]jf ug{ kfP cfkm'nfO{ wGo 7fGg], df]If k|fKt x'g]

s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVg] k|f0f gfyn] ;Gof;Lsf] cfjfh ;'gL xtkt aflx/ lg:s] t/

;Gof;Lsf] ?k , >[+uf/ / cfs[lt b]v]/ cjfs / :tAw eP . s/La 5 km'6sf] :jf:Yo

z/L/, s]xL Zofj0f{ lnPsf] . ;jf{+u lje"lt /dfPsf] h6fh"6 a8f] t/Lsfn] afFlwPsf],

nfdf sfg, pGgt nnf6 h;df :j]t r+bgsf t]/;f] t]/;f] tLg j6f /]vf lvlrPsf,

sDd/df b'O xftsf] sfnf] s[i0flhg nk]l6Psf] . ljzfn g]q / cfFvfsf ef}+x? wg'if

h:tf] tlGsPsf . u+eL/ t/ cTolws cfsif{s d'vfs[lt, Ps k6s d'vdf cfFvf kg{

uPdf knsn] emksg g} lj;{g],jfofF xft sDd/df / bfofF xftdf ljs/fn lqz"n

;dft]/ e'OFdf 6\ofSs c8fO{ /fv]sf], lgZrn plePsf] lyof] ;Gof;L, ;fIfft z+s/sf]

?Kf /+udf . k|f0fgfy nfO{ b08jt ug]{ xf];} /x]g, :t'lt ug]{ Ifdtf ePg, xft ;Dd

hf]8]/ pleP ;Gof;Lsf ;fd'Gg] .

k|f0fgfyn] hLjg e/ ;fw' ;Gof;Lx? ;Fu cfzLjf{b t kfpg] u/]sflyP t/

k|fKt x'g' kg]{ k|fKtJo kfpg ;s]sf lyPgg\ . pgL wg wfGon] k/Lk"0f{ 5g\ . rf/ j6L

5f]/Lx? h]7L kTgL af6 hGd]sf 5g\ . h]7L kTgLsf] c;fdflos lgwg kl5 sfG5L

kTgL ljjfx u/]sf 5g\ . OgL klg s'nLg kltj|t ;TojtL / wd{lgi7 l5g t/ ltgsf]

sf]vaf6 clxn] ;Dd ^ j6f 5f]/fx? hGDfb} db}{ uPsf 5g\ / tdfd hf]uhk ,tGq,

dGq, o1 , tLy{ j|t ;j} t lgikmn e};s]sf 5g\.ca s'g} ;Gtfg gafFrg' / cfkm'

j[4tf tkm{ nlDsg' / cGTodf cyL{nfO{ sfFw nufpg] s;n] < s'g} of}6} 5f]/f nfO

eujfgn] hLljt /fvL lbP t x'GYof] lg . t/ ljlwsf] ljwfg xf] . O{Zj/n] h] u5{

To;df dfgjsf] sNof0f g} gLlxt x'G5 eGg] ;f]rfO{ /fVg] / sd{ k|lt dfq pGd'v x'g]

kmnsf] k|fKtLb]lv lg/fz e};s]sf k|f0fgfy nfO{ o;} sf/0fn] dflg;x?n] b'vL k|f0fL

dfGby] .

pgn] tLg j6L 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx u/L ;s]sf lyP , rf}yf] 5f]/L lszf]/fj:yfdf

k|j]z ub}{ lyO . b'O rf/ jif{ kl5 p;sf] ljjfx u/L lbP kl5 u[x:y wd{ b]lv d'St

x'g] cfzf lyof] . To; kl5 b'O a'9f a'9L / cfˆgf ufpFsf Kof/f /}tL b'lgof . wg

;+ro ug]{ cfjZostf 5}g eg]/ t xf]nf cfˆgf] cfh{gsf] tdfd ;DklQ /}tL b'lgofsf]

b'v kL8fdf vr{ ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . oxL pbf/tf / bfgzLntfn] ubf{ s+ufn e};s]sf

5g\ . 3/df crfgs cfjZostf kg{ uof] eg] slxn] sfxL @, $ ?lkof klg t

lgl:sb}g .

HjfO{ ltg} j6f ;DkGg 5g\ t/ klg a'9f a'9Lsf] bfgzLntf b]lv slxn] sfFxL

If'Aw e} xfN5g\ .;+lrt /xg ;Sg] ;DklQ cGTodf HjfO{x? s} t x'G5 . 6f9f 6f9fsf


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10

bfh' efO{x? 6f9f 6f9f 5g\ . sxL s:f}n] a'9f a'9Lsf] jf:tf u/]sf] 5}g . slxn]sfxL

bfh' efO{sf lr¶Lx? kfpF5g k|f0f gfyn] . lr¶L vf]n]/ k9g' kg]{ k|foM cfjZostf sd}

x'G5 . lr¶Ldf slxn] ;'vf k/\of], slxn] 5f]/L gftL gfltgf sf] ljjfx 5, slxn]

5f]/fnfO{ k9fpg agf/; lt/ k7fpg' 5 cflb OTofbL s'/f / u+yg n]v]/ s]xL ;xof]u

u/L lbg] ckLn afx]s c? s] x'Gy\of] / lr¶Ldf < ltgLx?nfO{ klg yfx 5 ls

k|f0fgfysf 5f]/f 5}gg\ ltgnfO{ wgsf] cfjZostf s] < a'9f a'9L sf] vr{af6 hf]

hlt aR5 Tof] lng df s] bf]if 5 < crn ;DklQ t a'9fsf] clGtd cj:yfdf

5f]/Lx?nfO{ n]lv g} lbg]5g\ . k|f0fgfy of] cj:yfdf klg k|zGg g} 5g\ . 7Ls} t xf]

lg . rn ;DklQ /}tL b'lgof efO{ eftLhfx?df vr{ , ;fw" ;Gof;Lx?df bfg k'0o,

crn sf] s'/f b]vf hfnf . jf:tjdf o:tf] hLjg t lrGtfd'St hLjg x'G5 . s] sf]

cefj <, of]uL ;Gof;Lx? ;Fu s] eGg] < cefj} 5}g eg] s] dfUg] < To;}n] t s;};Fu

s]xL dfUb}g\ oxfF ;Dd ls cfˆgf nflu eujfg ;Fu klg s]xL eGb}gg \ .

5}7f} 5f]/f tLg lbg sf] dfq} lyof] ;lGgkft eof] Psl5gsf] nflu lrGtfn]

pgnfO{ klg 9fSof] t/ tTsfn eujb\uLtfsf k+lQmx? cfFvfsf ;fd'Gg] gfRg yfn] .

h;n] of] cfTdf nfO{ dg]{ elg 7fGb5 / o;nfO{ d[t dfGb5 tL b'j}n] hfGb}gg\

lsgsL of] cfTdfn] g t s;}nfO{ df5{ g s;}4f/f dfl/G5 g} . To;}n]] 5f]/fsf] nflu

lrGtf lsg < Tof] t jf:tjdf d]/f] x'Fb} xf]Og, d]/f] eGg] s'/f t ljZjdf s]xL g} 5}g .

t;y{ nfe / xflg sf] s'/f sxfF af6 cfpF5 < Tof] 5f]/f] klg t cGo 5f]/fx? h:t}

d/]sf] lyof] . t/ ;'v / b'vnfO{ ;dfg cj:yfsf dfGg] k|f0fgfy l:ylt k|1 e};s]sf]

lyP . zf]s ltgLaf6 6f9f g} /x\of] .ltgn] g t O{Zj/nfO{ g} bf]ifL dfg] g t

;+;f/nfO g} . To; kl5 klg sOof]+ cj;/ cfP, lz4 k'?ifx?sf] bz{gnfe u/,] tdfd

tLy{ j|tx? u/] t/ g s]xL dfUg' kg]{ 7fg] / g t s]xL dfu] g} . lbg' lng' O{Zj/Lo

s[To x'g\ . O{Zj/n] s]xL sfnsf] nflu z/L/ lbG5g, wg lbG5g, ;+;f/ lbG5g\ t/ ;j}

t gZj/ x'G5g\ . gfz x'g] s'/f k|lt s] df]x < To:tf s'/f dfu]/ s] nfe < kfP s]

v';L / u'Dof] eg] xflg s] <

t/ o; k6s cj:yf s]xL leGg} lyof] . l:yltk|1 dflg; klg O{Z/Lo k|]/0ffn]

slxn] sfxL+ ;defjsf] cj:yf 5f]8g k'U5 . pgnfO{ klg To:t} k/\of] crfgs

pgsf] efj e+ludf / ljrf/df kl/jt{g eof] . ;+Gtfg, cem} To;df k'q k|flKtsf]

nf]en] lxGb' ;+:sf/df of}6f cfˆg} klxrfg agfPsf] x'gfn] o; k6s Tof] nf]e ;+j/0f

x'g ;s]g . ;+ejtM hLjgsf] clGtd ;fWo kmlnt x'g] cfzf b]lvof] / pgn] b[9

:j/df ljgd|tf k"j{s eg] æeujg\, k'q nfesf] cfzL{jfb kfpmF .Æ

æltd|f b'O k'q sfod /xg] 5g\ b'O6f 5f]/f, b'O6f .Æ;Gof;Ln] eGof] / tTsfn

lxl8 xfNof] . ha pgdf r]tgf cfof] ta ;Dd ;Gof;L u};s]sf] lyof] . bfofF afofF

x]/], dlGb/ leq vf]h] kfun em} rf}tkmL{ vf]hL eof] t/ ;Gof;L ge]6g' lyof] g e]l6of]

g} . stf sxfF n'Kt e} ;s]sf] lyof] . cflv/ ;Gof;L g 7x/\of] .


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11

-#_

;Gof;Lsf] s'/f ;fdfGo x'g uof] . of]uL ;Gof;Lx? To; ;dodf k|foM 3'dL

/xGy] . slxn] sfxL *÷!) hgfsf] ;fw' ;+tx?sf] 6f]nL klg rnL/xGYof] . ;fdfGo

u|fdL0f hghLjgdf ;fw' ;Gof;L k|lt >bf a9L g} x'G5 To;n] ljleGg e]ifwf/L

;fw'x? 3'ld /xGy] . xf]nf sf]xL kmSs8, st}af6 cfO k'Uof] x]fnf / st} nfUof] xf]nf

eGg] ;f]rfO{ eof] .

k|f0fgfyn] 3/df k|j]z u/] b'O lunf; ufO{sf] z'4 b"w / b'O6f /f]6Lsf]

:jNkfxf/ u/] . gf]s/ sfl/Gbfx?sf] 6f]nLsf] nflu k"/L t/sf/L r6gL crf/ sf] kf]sf

tof/ e};s]sf] lyof] . Ps ef/L g} lyof] . af]sg]n] af]s] . k|f0f gfy 3f]8fdf r9] .

gf]s/ sfl/Gbfx? sf]xL cl3 sf]xL kl5 kl5 nfu]/ lxF8] . 3/ af6 ljxfg lx8]sf] of]

6f]nL dWofGx x'Fbf of}6f ufpF lg/ au}rf df uP/ a:of] . au}rfdf /x]sf] Ogf/ af6

kfgL tflgof] . ;j}n] xft d'v wf]P, Psl5g ysfO{ df/] ,To; kl5 ;j}nfO{ ef]hg

ljt/0f eof] . ef]hg eof] / lbpF;f] ToxL cf/fd ug{sf] nflu wdfwd b/Lx? lj5g

nfu] . To; o'udf o:t} ofqf x'Gy] , dxLgf}+ kGb|f}+ lbgsf] af6f] lx+8g'kbf{ klg o:t}

6f]nLx? lx+8g] ub{y] / af6f]df kg]{ ufpFx?sf au}rf g} Ogsf] nflu wd{zfnf x'GYof] .

sxL sxL dfq klysx?sf] nflu 7"nf a8fn] kGyfuf/ agfO{lbPsf lyP t/ o:tf

k+yfuf/x? d'Vo dfu{x?df dfq x'Gy] . b'O tLg 38Lsf] lj>fd kZrft 6f]nLdf k'gM

gofF hf+u/ cfof] / ltgLx?n] km]/L k|:yfg u/] . o:t} syf k'/f0f Oltxf;sf s'/fx?

ub}{ aLr aLrdf lj>fd lnb}+ of] 6f]nL bLkgu/ k'Uof] / ;fx' s[i0fnfn sxfF uP .

;fx'n] oyf]lrt cfb/ ;Tsf/ u/]/ of}6f dlGb/df ;j}sf] af;sf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ lbP .

ufpFsf] dlGb/ eP klg ;fx"sf] s[kfn] dlGb/sf] /fd|f] k|fË0f, au}rf, b'O6f kSsL sf]7f

cltlysf] nflu 5'§} lyP . ;f/f+z df $),%) ofqLx?sf] nflu z/0f :ynL /fd|f] lyof]

. ;fFemsf] ef]hg ;fx" s} tkm{af6 eof] . /ftL ;a}n] cf/fd u/] . ef]nLkN6 lgTo

lqmof;Fu lgK6]/ k|f0fgfy / s[i0fnfnsf] aLrdf klxn] 3/ kl/jf/sf] af/]df To;kl5

bLgb'lgofsf] s'/f x'Fbf x'Fb} c+tdf s'/f jf:tljs la+b'df k'Uof] . k|f0fgfyn] cfˆgf] /

cfˆgf} /}tLsf] Aoyf syf ;'gfP ,;'vf sf] l:yltdf C0f kfpg cfu|x u/] .

æslt hltn] sfd rNg ;Sb5 <Æ;fx'n] ;f]w] .

æb'O xhf/ eP k'U5 .Æk|f0fgfyn] eg] .

æb'O xhf/ < of] t ax't w]/} eof] < oltsf] /sd s] ug'{ x'G5 < ltg{ klg t

;d:of knf{ . Ps jif{df !@)) . ?lkof t Aofh} ltg'{ knf{ / hxfF ;Dd dnfO{ yfx

5 tkfOsf /}tLx? cn5L / a]Odfg 5g\ . tkfO{n] s8fO{ u/]/ dfnkf]t c;"n u/fpg'

x'Gg To;}n] ls;fgx? nfk/jfx 5g\ . cfwf ciff9 u};s]kl5 aNn ds} /x/ 5g]{

t/v/ u5{g\ / ebf}+ ;Dd wfg /f]kfO{ u5{g\ . v]tL ug]{ pT;'stf eGbf cN5Lkg a9L

5 . ds} afnL o]gt]g leq\ofpF5g\ / sflt{s lat]kl5 aNn /lj afnLsf] nflu tof/L

z'? ub{5g\ . ta ;Dd e"ldsf] lr;f]kg x/fO{ ;Sb5 / hUuf afFemf] /xg hfG5 . of]


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12

;asf] sf/0f pbf/tf xf] . cfwf e+bf a9L hUuf afFEfmf] /xG5, v]tL ul/Psf] hUufdf

%) k|ltzt eGbf pAhgL dfly uPsf] 5}g . ufO{ j:t'x? kfn]sf 5g\ t/ ltgsf] k]6

el/g] sfddf Wofg lb+b}gg\ . To;}n] b'w l3psf] ljqmL klg tkfO{ sf] If]qdf 5}g.

;dli6 ?kdf x]g]{ / d'NofÍg ug]{ xf] eg] ds}, wfg, ux'F, rgf d;'/f] s/La !(÷@)

?lkof af]/f,/x/ o; jif{ efp w]/} r9]sf] 5 / @^ ?lkof af]/f, tf]/L #% ?lkof af]/f

5 l3p # ?lkof lsnf] 5 . ls;fgsf] >d kmnsf] df]n efp o:tf] 5 . xfdLn] C0f

c;'nLdf xfn k|rngdf cfO{ ;s]sf] sfuhsf] ?lkof ln+b}gf}+ . tkfO{nfO{ yfx 5 . of]

sfuhsf] ;'/Iff ug}{ ufx|f] 5 . o;nfO{ e'Odf uf8g ldNb}g, aflx/ lthf]/Ldf /fvbf

8f+sfn] nfg] x'g . To;f] x'gfn] xfd|f] n]gb]g sf/f]jf/ rfFbLsf l;Ssf / ;'gsf

czkmL{x? s} dfWodaf6 ;fljs cg';f/ rNb}5 . of] aL;f}+ ztfAbL e/v}/ dWo

sfndf k|j]z ePsf] 5 / o;n] gdfn'd lsg ;'gnfO{ g} cfˆgf] nIo agfP/ To;}sf]

efp a9fO{ lbPsf] 5 . clxn] ;'g @%) ?lkof tf]nf k'lu ;Sof] o:tf] dxFufO{ < of]

;j} ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . n]gb]g df tkfO{ h:tf] ;TojfbLn] C0fsf] ef/n] ef]nL b'v

kfpg gk/f]; eGg] p2]Zon] cfkmGt] eg]/ O{ s'/fx?sf] v'nf;f u/L lbPsf] x'F . plrt

cg'lrt d e+bf a9L cfkm}n] a'emg ;Sg' x'G5 . C0f lbgdf dnfO{ cfklTt 5}g .

d]/f] t sf/f]jf/ g} oxL xf] . t/ c;"nL k|lt ;fjwfgL /fVg' / cf;fdLsf] tf}n ug'{

xfd|f] l;4fGt ePsf]n] s'g} s'/f gn'sfO{ d}n] e/;s 5f]6s/Ldf ;j} s'/f lgj]bg

u/sf]] x'F .Æ

k|f0fgfysf] d'v ljbL0f{ eof] .rf/}lt/ sfnf afbnn] 9fs]sf] cg'ej u/] . ;fx"

w]/} af7f] /x]5 . 6f9f 6f9fsf hdLgbf/x?sf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs l:yLltsf] tf}n

/fVg] u/]sf] /x]5 . ToxL cfwf/df sf/f]jf/ ubf{ /x]5 eGg] s'/f a'em] pgn] . t/

pgsf /}tLx? cN5L nfk/jfx / a]Odfg /x]5g\ eGg] s'/fdf ltgsf] lrQ a'em]g .

pgn] /}tLx?sf] Odfgbf/L, d]xgt / nugsf] JofVof u/]/ b}jL k|sf]kn] ubf{

/}tL cfly{s cj:yfn] hh{/ x'g uPsf 5g\ k|s[ltn] ;fy lbgf;fy hdLgbf/L wg

wfGon] e/k"/ x'g]5 / C0f a'emfpg s'g} si6 x'g]5}g eGg] cfZj;g lbg'kg]{ eof] .

pgn] e"ldsf afFwb} eg] cGo hdLgbf/ h:t} d}n] a]7 a]uf/L lng] u/]sf] 5}g . bz}+

ltxf/ h:tf kj{x?df e]6L r9fpg' kg]{ u/fPsf] 5}g, /}tLsf ;'v b'v d}n] cfˆg} ;'v

b'v 7fg]sf] x'gfn] /}tL v'zxfn 5g\ . g}lts / rl/qjfg 5g\, rf]/L a]OdfgL 7uL

h:tf s's[Tox? d]/f] If]qdf 5}gg\ . o:tf] zflGtsf] jftfj/0fdf dfgjn] cfˆgf]

rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf] nflu clwstd >d ug]{ df}sf kfpF5, cfn:osf] :yfg g} x'Fb}g,

k|s[ltsf] df/ gk/]sf] eP d]/f /}tL o;/L b'v kfpg] lyPgg\ t/ xfdLn] o;nfO{ cs}{

?kdf lnG5f}+ . b'v gk/] ;Dd ;'vsf] :jfb yfx kfpg ;lsGg / b'v jf:tjdf ;'vsf]

hgs xf] eGg] d]/f] wf/0ff ePsf]n] /flqnfO{ b]v]/ ljxfg cjZo x'G5 eGg] 7DdfPsf]

5' . /flq lbgsf] k|yd r/0f xf] eGg] d]/f] dfGotf 5 .


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13

C0fsf] s'/f 5'6L;s]sf] lyof] ;+jfb ca cs}{ df]8 ln+b} lyof] . ;fx"n] lardf

s'/f sf6b} eg] æd]/f] dfGotf cs}{ 5, klZrd O+uNof+8df s'g} ljb\jfg lyof] / To;n]

eGg] ub{Yof] ls dflg; eosf] ;Gtfg xf] . p;n] h] hlt sfd ub}{g Tof] eon] ubf{

ub}}{g / hlt sfd u5{ tL ;j} sfddf :jfy{ g} cfwfl/t x'G5 . lagf eosf] k|Llt

x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f /fdn] ;d'Gb|df k'n agfpg] ;dodf elg ;Sg' ePsf]n] k|]d klg ha

eosf] cfwf/df ul/G5 eg] cGo s'g} sfd t To;} klg eo s} cfwf/df x'g] s'/f

:jfefljs g} 5 . / hxfF ;Dd tkfO{sf] dflnskgsf] k|Zg 5 . of] klg ljrf/0fLo 5

. lsg eg] hgtfsf] nflu tkfO{ hlt;'s} bofjfg, Gofo k|]dL, ;bu'0fL eP klg O{

;j} c;/ / k|efj tTsfnLg x'g\ :yfoL k|efj o; af6 kb}{g 7"n 7"nf rl/qjfg,

bfgL / pbf/x? k[YjLdf ePsf 5g\ t/ ltgsf] d[To' kl5 sxfF s'g 7"nf] b'ik|efj

k/\of] . xfF:g] xf;L/x] , h;sf] ?g] l:yltdf lyof] /f]O{ /xof], sfd ug]{n] sfd ub}{

/x\of] , ls;fg v]t h]fTb} /Xof] , snsf/vfgf rNb} /x] gt ;"o{sf] ult d+b eof] g t

gIfq tf/fx? g} elTsP . s]xL If0fsf] nflu s'g} s'g} If]qdf cj/f]w b]lvof] t/ kl5

ltgsf] :yfg c?n] u|x0f u/LxfNof] . ;fj{hlgs hLjg k'gM ToxL ultdf rNg yfNof]

. To;}n] bfgjL/ z"/jL/, ljh]tf hf] hf] eP ltgsf] ;DjGw / hLjgsf] ult ltgsf]

;fydf ;]nfP/ uof] . …d gePdf b'lgofn] b'v kfpF5 ÚeGg] s'/f lg/y{s xf] . ca

/Xof] s'/f g]t[Tj kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf] . tkfO{sf] a'9];sfn 5 s]xL jif{ kZrft ha

tkfO{ of] c;f/ ;+;f/af6 ljbf x'g' x'G5 ta tkfO{sf] :yfg s'g} cs}{n] u|x0f ug]{

lglZrt g} 5 . syd\ sbflrt olb Tof] pQ/lwsf/L tkfO{sf] :jefj b]lv leGg eof]

/ tkfO{sf] sfo{ Jojxf/sf] cfnf]rgf ub}{ ufpFdf pGgtL gePsf] sf/0fdf tkfO{s}

Jojxf/ nfO{ g} bf]ifL 7x/fof] eg] oxL cfh tkfO{sf] u'0fufg ug]{ hgtf p;}sf]

:j/df :j/ ldnfP/ tkfO{ nfO{ tkfO{sf] pQ/lwsf/Ln] ug]{ cfnf]rgfdf klg a9fO{

r9fO{ cfnf]rgf ug]{5g\ . tfTko{ s] eg] hgtf ;Ttfwf/L sf] ;fydf x'G5, zlSt sf]

kl5 nfU5 . rfx] Tof] s|"/ xf];, cTofrf/L xf]; cyjf h:tf] ;'s} xf]; . To;f] x'gfn]

d}n] dfgjsf] k|s[ltnfO{ g} :jfyL{ 7fGb5' . of}6f pbfx/0f lbG5' tkfO{nfO{ . dflg;n]

gbL gfnf kxf8 emLn ;d'Gb| xl/of] jg pkjg cflb k|fs[lts 56f b]v]/ To;sf]

k|z+;f ub{5 jfx Sof /fd|f] < s:tf] dgf]x/ < dgdf]xs, lrTtfsif{s, k|s[ltsf] cg'kd

b]g eg]/ eGb5 o;sf] tfTko{ of] xf]Og ls tL j:t'sf] p;n] s]jn lg/y{s k|z+;f

dfq u/]sf] xf] , o;sf] ;Lwf cy{ xf] ls O{ j:t' of] lrh d]/f] 3/df, j}7sdf , ePsf]

eP cyf{t d]/f] lghL ePsf] eP Sof cfg+b cfpFYof] slt /fd|f] x'g] lyof] < of] efj

cGt/dgdf gePsf] eP / jf:tjdf tL j:t'x? ;Fu To;sf] :jfefljs lg:jfy{ k|]d

dfq ePsf] eP To;n] lt j:t' nfO{ c+ufnf] xfn]/ efjljxjn eP/ lsg gfRb}g,

k|]dn] lsg z'4 cfg+lbt x'b}+g < ltgL;Fu cnu x'g' kbf{ lsg s/fO{ s/fO{ k|f0f g} 5'6]

h:tf] ?b}+g < dfgjsf] of] :jfyL{ k|s[ltnfO{ xd]zf Wofgdf /fVg' kb{5 hxfF ;Dd

dnfO{ nfUb5, x'gt of] tkfO{sf] JoflQmut s'/f xf] t} klg cfkmGtsf] gftfn] ;'emfj


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14

;Dd of] 5 ls hgtfsf] nflu cfkm" dfq cyfx C0fsf] ;fu/df 8'Ag' plrt x'Fb}g .

C0f sxfF af6 cfof] s;/L cfof] < ltg'{ kg]{ xf] xf]Og < of] ;j} s'/f hgtfnfO{ /

3/sf] s'/f xf] eg] 3/sf ;b:onfO{ af]w x'g'kb{5 / o;df p;nfO{ klg k|ToIf

;xefuL agfpg' kb{5 . o:tf] ug'{ ePg eg] ToxL hgtfn] ToxL kl/jf/ tkfO{sf]

k|lts"n ;dodf tkfO{sf] ljk/Lt s'/f u/]/ P}ofz, zfx vr{ eljio k|lt nfk/jfx

cljj]sL cflb gdfn'd s] s] eGg]5g\ oxfF ;Dd ls tkfO{ dfly hgtfnfO{ cN5L

agfO{ lbPsf] 5, s'g} k|ult gePsf] eGb} hgtfnfO{ r]tgzLn g} x'g glbPsf],

cGwsf/df /fv]/ zf;g ug{ vf]h]sf], h:tf bf]if klg nufpg] 5g\ . t;y{ cfˆgf]

lhdLbf/Lsf] dfnkf]t / cfjZos vr{ sf] nflu C0f lng] s'/f t plrt x'G5 t/

u}/sf nflu cem To;df klg ltgLx?sf] tkm{af6 ;xof]usf] nflu cg'go ljgo g}

gePsf] cj:yfdf C0f lnP/ /}tL kfNg' of] a'l4dfgL xf]nf h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g . Æ

s'/f km]/L d"n 7fpFdf cfO{ k'u]sf] lyof] ;fx"sf] nfdf] JofVofg / ;Nnfx

jf:tjdf l7s} h:tf] nfUof] k|f0fgfynfO{ . t/ cfTdf dfg]g . ef]sf gfËf u/La

u'?jfx? d sxfF cfP/ dbt xf]; k|e', d/+] k|e' eGg ;Sg] ;fx; klg t 5}g tL ;Lwf

u|fdL0fx?df . hdLgbf/Lsf] gfd} uGxfPsf] 5 rf/}lt/ . of] gfd g} o:tf] e"t xf]

h;n] u/La s+ufn hgtf ,hdLgbf/sf] ;fd'Gg] kg{ g} 8/fpF5g\ . hLjg

ofkgsf] s'g} ;fwg ePkl5 hdLgbf/ sxfF s/fpg hfFbf hdLgbf/sf j/Lj/L /xg]

rfkn";, rfs/Lafh x? ;Fu hdLgbf/n] klxn] l/kf]6{ lnG5, of] cf;fdL sxfF s] s] 5

< ufO{, e}+;L,/fFuf ,uf]? ,7"nf] v;L, e]8f cyf{t /fd|f] 6Gg df]6f] 3f6f] rf}kfof 5 5}g<

5 eg] o;nfO{ Ps b'O dg cGg kfgL lbg] / Tof] j:t' oxfF rflxPsf] 5 elg dfuL

xfNg], cfˆgf] 3/df cfO{ ;s]kl5 gp;n] lsg df+u]sf] elg eGg ;Sb5 g lkmtf{

k7fpg] cfjZostf g} x'G5 . olb rf}kfof 5}gg\ eg] bf]kfofsf] vf]hjLg x'G5 . 5f]/L,

a'xf/L ,gftLgL, s] s:tf 5g\ < 5g\ eg] lhdLGbf/sf pbf/ s'/f , eujfg h:tf] ;j}

kmnsf bftf , elg k|z+zf ul/ s]xL rLhj:t' lbg] / km]/L klg cfpg' x} ;+sf]r

gdfGg' elg yk cfZjf;g klg lbg] / b'O rf/ lbg kl5 dflnssf] 3/ lnkkf]t ug'{

5 , kfx'gf cfpFg]jfnf 5g\ cyjf dflns n] Nofpg' ePsf] e}+;LnfO{ c?n] b'xg g}

;s]gg\ cyjf dflnlsgL cfh ef]nL gdfn'g lsg pbf; /xG5Lg sf]xL ;fyL eP

;do sf6\g ;lhnf] x'GYof] eg]/ rn]j]6Lx? nfO{ af]nfO{ hdLgbf/sf] OR5f t[Kt

geP;Dd ltgLx? Toxf+ /xGy] . g t ltgsf] lj/f]wsf] s'g} dxTj lyof] / g t

nf]snHhf arfpg] s'g} pkfo g} x;Gy\of] . wgsf] dfq xf]Og >d / z/L/sf]

zf]if0fsf] ;fy} cfTdfsf] klg zf]if0f x'GYof] . t;y{ u/La u'?jfx? k|foM ;fx"

dxfhgsf] r+u'ndf km:g k'Uby] / ToxfF Ps k6s hf] km:of] Tof] ;+tfg b/ ;+tfg

C0f sf] af]em af6 d'St x'g ;Sb}gYof] cyf{t ;fdfGo hgtfsf] nflu Psflt/ s'jfF

Psflt/ vfO{ eg] h:t} lyof] .;fx"sf] b[li6sf]0f oyfy{jfbL lyof] . o:t} cfbz{jfbL sf]

t ;j{gfz x'G5 eGg] p;sf] b[9 ljZjf; lyof] . k|f0fgfy Ps l5g t 3f]l/P t/


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15

pgsf] cfTdfsf] cfjfh / d'6'df kg]{ rf]6n] ltgnfO{ Jolyt kf/\of] . ;fx"s} s'/f nfO{

;sf/fTds ?k lb+b} eg]

ætkfOsf] egfO w]/} xb ;Dd 7Ls 5, bfgL TofuL hf] klg dg}{ kb{5 / s;}sf]

d/0fn] s'g} 7"nf] e"s+k NofpFb} ;+;f/df . e"sDk} cfP klg sfnfGt/df Tof] klg

zflGt t x'G5 x'G5 , eg] of] gZj/ z/L/nfO{ ljklTt b]lv cnu /fv]/ klg nfe t

s]xL b]lvb}g . gZj/tf k|s[ltsf] zf:jt lgod x]f eg] hgtfnfO{ 5f]8]/ Psn} lsg

lx+8g] < C0f ltg{ g;Sg], abgfdL x'g], hfoHoyf lnnfd x'g] OToflb eon] o:tf] df

t emg :yfg g} gkfpg] eof] o:tf]df t st{Jo cyjf sd{ g} k|wfg x'g] eof] xf]Og

;fx"hL,< , tkfO{n] olt 7"nf] a+b Jofkf/ ug'{ x'G5, sf/f]jf/ 5 o;df klg t 3f6f

nfug] , 6f6} plN6g] ;j} vt/f / ;Defjgfx? 5g\ . clg s] tkfO{n] cfˆgf] sfd o;}

eon] a+b ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 t < olt vt/f eP klg tkfO{n] cfˆgf] st{Jo ub}{ x'g' x'G5

eg] d]/f] st{Jon] dnfO{ klg cfx\jfg ub}{5 .Æ

;fx" lg?Ttl/t h:tf eP, cem} jftf{ a9fpg] ljrf/ t u/] t/ lg/y{s 7fg]/

tYodf dfq s'/f ug{ ;f]r]/ eg] æTo;f] x'gfn] ;fx"sf] lgod ;Fu tkfO{ kl/lrt g}

x'g'x'G5 xf]nf . xfd|f s]xL lglZrt lgod x'G5g\ . tL lgod bf]x/fO{ lbg'kg]{ 7fGb5' .

lsgsL wgsf] d'v sfnf] x'G5, cfkmGtdf klg s6'tf k}bf u/L lbG5 . t;y{ d]/f] gLlt

s] 5 eg] lng'lbg' afa' 5f]/fsf], aVzLz nfv sf] . cyf{t n]gb]g lx;fj afa' 5f]/fdf

klg ;kmf /fVg' kb{5 lx;fj u/L ;s]kl5 afa'n] 5f]/fnfO{ rfx] nfvf}+ sf] wg

aV;L;df b]cf]; rfx] 5f]/fn] afa'nfO{ ;j} ck{0f u/f]; .Æ

k|f0fgfyn] d':s'/fpFb} eg] æof] lgod ;Fu d lans'n ;xdt 5' . o:tf]

Jojxf/df dgdf]6fj x'Fb}g .Æ

æbf]>f] s'/f, ;fx"n] yKb} eg], ;fx"nfO{ d"n wgrfx] gftL kgftL vgftLsf]

kfnfdf lkmtf{ k|fKt xf]; t/ Aofh eg] ;fn;fn} tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ldNg} kb{5, lng}

kb{5, lbg} kb{5 . o:tf] gePdf ;fx" c;fdLsf] lx;fj lju|G5 / emu8f x'g] ;+efjgf

x'G5 . c+ t]>f] lgod s[i0fnfnn] s'/f cuf8L a9fP, Aofh n]gb]g sf] s'/f ePkl5

s'g} wgdfn c+;fdL;Fu ef]u aGwsL lng' x'Fb}g t/ b[li6 aGwsL cjZo lng' kb{5 .Æ

k|f0fgfy n] of] s'/fsf] klg k|z+;f g} u/] æo;af6 c;fdL ;r]t /xG5 / C0f

a'emfpgdf nfk/jfxL ub}{g . d tkfO{nfO{ jflif{s # xhf/ ?lkofsf] cfdbfgL k|fKt

x'g] b'O6f df}hf b[li6 aGwsL /fVb}5' .Æ

;fx" cf;fdLsf aLr nfdf] jftf{ kl5 n]gb]g lglZrt e};s]sf] lyof] . ;fx"

s[i0fnfn n] b'O{ xhf/ ?lkof lbP . k|f0fgfyn] To;sf] sfuh n]lv lbP .ljxfgsf]

ef]hg klg s[i0fnfn s} tkm{af6 eof] . ;j}hgf n] cf+gb ;Fu vfP . 3fd rsL{

;s]sf] lyof] To;f] x'gfn] lbgel/ cf/fd ug]{ afx]s c? sfd s]xL ePg . tLg

ah]kl5 ;"o{sf] tfkdf s]xL sdL cfof] / kf0f gfysf] 6f]nL] s[i0fnfn ;Fu a8f]

cfTdLotf k"j{s ljbf eP/ lx8\of] .


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16

k|f0fgfyn] cfˆgf] of]hgf cs}{ lsl;dsf] agfPsf lyP . kms{g] ;dodf ;f]emf]

af6f] 5f]8]/ s]xL 3'Db} cfˆgf] lhdLbf/Lsf] b'O6f ufpF cd}of / s/]nL x'Fb} hfg] ljrf/

lyof] . tL b'O ufpFaf6 # jif{ b]lv Psbfgf cGg k|fKt ePsf] lyPg . hlxn] klg

sfl/Gbf x?n] ToxfF ef]Sd/L / cefjsf] dfq ;"rgf Nofpg] u/]sf lyP . o; k6s

;fx"sf s'/f klg dgdf v]nL/x]sf] x'gfn] jf:tljstf cfˆg} cfFvfn] x]g{ a'emg /

hdLGbf/ bofn' 5g\, s'g} s8fO{ ub}{gg,\ cfˆgf] vr{af6 pa/ \of] eg] dfq hdLGbf/nfO{

lbg'knf{ eGg] efjgf pJh]sf]n] ls;fgx? nfk/jfxL / cN5L ePsf 5g\ ls < Tof]

klg yfx kfpgsf] nflu ;j{k|yd cd}of tkm{ lx+8g] cfb]z eof] 6f]nLnfO{ . of] 6f]nLn]

lx+8fO{df tLa|tf Nofof] lsgls af6f]df @ sf]if hlt h+un kb{Yof] / 8fsfx?sf] klg

;+ejfgf lyof] . Tf;y{ ofqf lg/fkb lyPg . ltj| lx8fO{sf afah'b klg of] 6f]nL

a]n'sf * ah] eGbf klxn] cd}of k'Ug;s]g . cd}ofdf crfgs hdLGbf/sf] cfudgsf]

vj/ h+unsf] cfuf] h:t} 3/ 3/df km}lnof] . hltd'v Tolt s'/f . xfdLx?sf] xfn

vj/ a'emg cfPsf] eGg] s;}n], s;}n] b'O jif{ b]lv afnL gkfPsf]n] cfˆgf n7}t

sfl/Gbf x?nfO{ NofPsf 5g\ / ef]nL /fFuf uf]? ufO{ afv|f ;j hkmt x'G5g eGg]

s;}n], s;}n] dxtf]sf] 3/sf] emu8f lgK6fpg cfPsf 5g\ eGg] o:t} y/L y/Lsf s'/f

z+sf pkz+sf lyof] ufp+df .

hdLGfbf/sf] 6f]nL ufpFsf] d'lvofsf] kfx'gf x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . d'lvof b]j l;+x

k|f}+9 k'?if lyP . e/k"/ kl/jf/ lyof] . v]tL af/L /fd|} x'GYof] . rf}kfof x?sf] sdL

lyPg . k6gfsf] lanfotL :s"ndf sIff $ ;Dd k9g] df}sf kfPsf lyP . t;y{ To;

If]qdf pgsf] ljb\jtfsf] wfs g} hd]sf] lyof] . 6f9f 6f9fsf ufpFx?df klg s v u

3 ;Dd glrg]sf] hg;dfhdf rf/ k9g' To; o'usf] ax't} 7"nf] s'/f lyof] . tdfd

lhdLbf/ a8fxlsd x? ;d]t cgk9 x'Gy] . lzIffsf] cfZostf af/] hgr]tgf slt

klg lyPg eg] klg x'G5 . o:tf]df n]vk9 ug{ hfGg] dfq} xf]Og ls :s"ndf ljlzi6

lzIff g} kfpg' eg]sf] dfd"nL s'/f lyPg . :s"n kf7zfnfx? sxL+ sxL+ stf stf

dfq lyP ltgdf klg k7g kf7gsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf lyPg . agf/; k6gf, dy'/f

lt/sf a|fDx0fx?nfO{ 7"nf j8fn] af]nfP/ cfˆg} 3/df /fv]/ 5f]/fx?nfO{ k9fpg

nufpFy] / /fdfo0f k9g ;Sg', ;+:s[tsf b'O rf/ j6f ZNff]s s07 ug{ ;Sg',

dxfef/tsf] cfVofg a'emg ;Sg' g} ax't} 7"nf] pknlAw dflgGYof] eg] ef/t af6

lgoldt lzIff k|fKt u/]sf d'lvof b]j l+;x t Oltxf;,e"uf]n, ul0ft ,c/aL / kmf/;L

;flxTo, /fhgLlt k9]sf ;j} If]qdf k|f+/les 1fg k|fKt u/L ;j}sf, ef/tdf

:jtGqftf cfGbf]ngsf g]tfx? ;Fu k|efljt lyP . Plzofdf :jtGqtfsf] nx/ rn]sf]

lyof] ef/t cfh xf] ls ef]nL xf] :jtGq e}xfNg] jftfj/0f agL ;s]sf] lyof] . c+u|]h

lj/f]wL tdfd kq klqsfx?sf] e/df/ e};s]s]f lyof] k"/} Plzof g} /fhgLltsf] nflu

tftf] tfjf agL ;s]sf] lyof] .b]j l;+xn] rf]/L rf]/L ef/tLo kq klqsf dufP/ k9g]

ub{y] . kl/0ffd :j?k /fhgLlts If]qdf emg\ emg\ rfv a9\b} uPsf] lyof] t/ kq


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17

klqsf g]kfn leq Nofpg s'g} ;lhnf] sfd lyPg . ef/t d} w/ ks8df kl/g] 7"nf]

vt/f lyof] . o; vt/f af6 d'lQm kfpg] s'/f ;f]Rb} lyP . o:t}df s'g} ldqn] /]l8of]

lsGg] ;Nnfx lbPsf] lyof] / xfn} pgL cfˆgf ldq d+8nLsf ;fy ef/t uP/ of}6f

/]l8of] v/Lb u/L NofPsf lyP .

/]l8of] cfPsf] va/ ;'g]/ /]l8of] x]g{ ufpFsf g/ gf/Lx?s]f eL8 lyof] .

sf7sf] of}6f 7"nf] afszsf] cfsf/ ePsf] /]l8of]nfO{ 7"nf] a}7sdf 6]a'ndf /flvof] .

b'O6f nfdf nfdf afF; 3/ lg/ ufl8of] / To;df c:ktfndf 3fpdf afFwg] k§L h:Tff]

of}6f k§L tGsfP/ afFlwof] . ufpFdf a8f] xif{ / sf]nfxn lyof] . dflg;n] /]l8of] b]Vg

kfPsf lyP . k|ltIffsf] 38L a8f] d'l:snn] ljTof] ;fFemsf] ^ aHof] . Tof] klg 38L

x]/]/ xf]Og c8sn nufOof] . 38L ;fOsn cflb a:t' x? ufpFdf k'Ug ;s]sf g}

lyPgg\ . /]l8of]n] :jfF :jfF u/\of] crfgs s'g} :6]zg nfUg uof] / k|zf/0f z'? eof] .

dflg;n] af]n]sf] ufPsf] afhfx? ah]sf] y'k|} dflg; af]n]sf] ;'g]/ afs;df Toltsf

dflg; / afhfx? s;/L cl6P xf]nfg < ciff9sf] udL{, ;fF; km]g]{ 7fpF gePsf] s;/L

afFr] xf]nfg < ltgLx?n] vfG5g s] < ;'T5g s;/L < a8f] cfZro{ / sf}t"xn JofKt

lyof] . jL/ l;+xn] ;j}sf] lh1f;f a'em] / ;j}nfO zfGt /xg eg]/ /]l8of]sf] dzLg

af/]df ;txL hfgsf/L lbb} eg]—

æof] /]l8of] leq dflg; 5}gg\ dzLg dfq 5 . oxfF /flvPsf] of] PDkmnL kmfo/

xf] of] a]6«L xf] , a]6«L af6 tftf] cfuf] h:tf] lah'nL lg:sG5 To;n] PDknLkmfo/nfO{

em6sf lbG5 To;n] of] afs; leqsf] dzLg nfO{ lqmofzLn u/L lbG5 / dzLgn]

nfdf] :jfF; tfg] h:tf] ub{5 . o:t} 7"n 7"nf dlzg /]l8of] :6]zgdf /fv]sf] x'G5

ToxfF af]n]sf] s'/f / 5f]l8Psf] cfjfh nfO{ dzLgn] dfly xjfdf p8fO{ lbG5 ToxL

cfjfh oxfF xfjfdf tflgP/ cfpF5 .Æ

of] s'/f ;'g]/ dflg;x? 5Ss} k/] . o:tf] klg x'g ;S5 /, d'lvofn] 9fF6]sf x'g

< 9fF6g' t gkg]{ xf] < t/ o:tf] x'G5 sxfF < c;Dej s'/f xf] of] cGtdf ufpFn]x?df

sfg] v';L rNof] . o;df d'lvofn] e"tk|]tx?nfO{ s}b u/]sf] 5g\ / d'lvofn] h;f]

h;f] eG5g ltgLx? ToxL sfd u/L /x]5g\ . xf] of] g} ;jeGbf ;+tf]ifhgs pQ/ eof]

. a'9fn] dfg] afnaflnsfn] klg, t?0fx? cln csdsfpFb} lyP, xf] ls xf]Og eGg]

s'/f dgdf v]nL/x]sf] lyof] t/ tYo pQ/ ltgLx? ;Fu klg gePsf]n] / d'lvof

aflx/af6 k9]/ cfPsf] Hof]ltif k+rfË ltlyaf/ x]g{ ;Sg] ;d]t Ifdtf ePsf] JolQm

x'gfn] e"tk|]tnfO{ d+q zlQm 4f/f gafFwg] t s'/} ePg eGg] ;f]rfO{n] g} k|fyldstf

kfof] . of] ;f]rfO{n] sf}t"xn / pT;'stfsf] 7fpFdf eo hufof} . ToxfF a;]/ afhf uLt

;'Gg] ls g;'Gg] < sf]lx sf]lxn] Tof] ;d"xdf emfFs|L 5 5}g < To;sf] d'vfs[lt / efj

a'emgsf] nflu cGhfgdf otf ptf cfFvf bf}8fpg yfn] . l7Ss o;} ;dodf

hdLgbf/ cfˆgf] 6f]nLsf ;fydf k'u]sf lyP . clwsf+z dflg;x? Tof] lkzfr nLnf

b]lv pDsg] lgx'F vf]Hb} lyP / hdLgbf/sf] cfudgn] ltgLx?sf] af6f] ;lhnf] kf/L


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18

lbof] afnsx? efuLxfn] o'js / a[4x? oyf]lrt clejfbg ub}{ lj:tf/} lj:tf/} cfˆgf]

3/ tkm{ nfu] . To;f] x'gfn] hdLgbf/sf] cfudgsf] s'/f Ps}rf]6L ufpFsf] k|To]s

3/df k'Uof] / ;j}n] hdLgbf/ cfpg'sf] c6sn sf6g nfu]sf lyP .

d'lvofn] dfGo cltlyx?sf] 7"nf] ;Ddfg u/] . ;j}nfO{ oyf]lrt ef]hg /

lj>fdsf] Joj:yf eof] . /ftL a8f] a]/ ;Dd ufpFn]x?sf] dfGotf, Odfgbfl/tf /

nugzLntf af/]df rrf{ eof] . ;j yf]s l7s 5, k|s[ltn] g} xfdLnfO{ s+ufn agfpg

nfu]sf] 5 egL d'lvofsf] lgisif{nfO{ k|f0fgfyn] rfxL grfxL krfpFb} lgb|fsf]

cfuf]zdf k'u] .

-$_

c;nL g}li7s a|fDx0f . df]tL h:tf] /+u . cf};t sb pGgt d:ts nfdf] gfs

. k|f}9tfsf] kl/ro bL /fv]sf nfdfsfg, s]xL tn ;Dd em'lnPsf . 7"n7"nf cfFvf,

h;df ljlrqsf] t]h emNsL/x]sf], rZdf nfufpg' kg]{ cfjZostf gePsf]n] sfuh,

lstfjdf slxn] sfxL b]vfkg]{ cToGt ;"Id ;]tf] ls/f cfkm' ;dfg cGo k|f}9x?nfO{

b]vfP/ cfˆgf] cfFvfsf] t]hlZjtfsf] kl/ro lbg] u/]sf, ;]tf] wjn b+t k+lSt cem}

sfod} /x]sf] . k|foM u+eL/ /xg] / r]tgzLn b]lvg], b"w, bxL, dvg, 3Lpsf] cTolws

zf}lsg / sd{df ljZjf; ug]{, pbf/tf, bof / bfgzLntf sf k|ltd"lt{, sDd/n]

cfˆgf] em'sfjdf s]xL l9kL s:g nfu] klg 3f]8f r9gdf lgs} xf]lzof/ . 5/ l5d]sL

lhdLGbf/, ;fx" dxfhgx?n] pgsf] OHht ub{y] . ;fdfGo hgtfn] ltgnfO{ s'g}

rdTsfl/s of]uL h:tf] dfGbYof] k|f0fgfy nfO{ .

Ct' jiff{sf], t/ kfgL gk/]sf]n] a};fv h:tf] b]lvg] df};d . ljxfgL kv .

;"o]f{bo ePsf] lyPg . cfˆgf] lgTolqmof k"hfkf7 cflb ;a} EofP/ ;]tf] 3f]8fdf r9]/

pgL Psn} ufpF e|d0fdf lgsn]sf lyP . ;xjL/] cf]nL cfˆgf] emf]k8Lsf] cuf8L

cf+ugdf a;]/ /f]O{/x]sf] b]vf k/\of] . p;sf] >LdtL / aRrfx? klg 5ftL lk6L lk6L

s?0f s|Gbg ub}{ lyP . ToxL ghLs} To;sf] Psdfq /f+ufsf] zj k8L/x]sf] lyof],

/f+ufsf] csf]{ v'§fklg vfnL lyof] . k|f0fgfyn] cf]nL bDklQsf] Joyf Ps b[li6df g}

a'lemxfn] . jiff{ofddf k|fo dfxfdf/Lsf] ?kdf km}lng] Eofu'tf /f]uaf6 tdfd

hgfj/x? dg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . ufpF3/df o;nfO{ ufpFsf] s'g} kfkL cfTdfsf] sf]k dfg]/

k'hf ug]{ rng 5 t/ kfkL cfTdfn] k"hf kfP/ klg hLjxTof gu/L lbP t x'GYof] lg

. cf]nLsf] of}6f uf+uf lxhf] / of}6f cfh d/]sf] /x]5 . ca kfgL k/\of] eg] s]n] v]tL

ug]{ < p;n] ;Gt] ;fx"sf] kf]/ s} C0f lkmtf{ a'emfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . Aofh ;d]t u/]/

!)÷!@ ?lkof k'Uof] xf]nf . 3/df cGgsf] gfddf cln slt hf} afFsL /x]5 . u/Lasf]

cfxf/ hf}, ds}, sf]bf], ux'F g} t xf] . b'O6f /f]6L agfof], clnslt g"g v';f{gL ;Dd

ePkl5 t sfd rnL g} xfN5 . of] cGgn] cfˆgf] ;fyL cGgnfO{ vf]hb}g . To;}n] t

u/Lasf] ;Rrf ldq xf] . t/ 3/df o;sf] e+8f/ klg t ;lsg nfu]sf] 5 a'9fa'9L /


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19

b'O6f 5f]/fx? w]/} lbg b]lv Ps 5fs dfq t vfg] u/]sf 5g\ . hf} klg l;l4of] eg] <

;fx"n] lbgnfO{ t lbG5 t/ b'O rf/ j6f s'/f ;'gfO{lbxfN5 . o:tf] ;dodf emg /f+uf

dg'{ < of] t ;fIfft gs{sf] af6f] aGof] . sd dx+uf] 5 / /fFuf klg < aL; ?lkof

eGbf sddf hf]8f cfpFb}g . ;Tofgfz xf]; tL nDkm"x?sf], h;n] ca /fFufnfO{ klg

vfhf agfP/ vfO{ lbg] u/]sf] 5g\ . o;}n] t uf]? / /f+ufsf] d'No a[l4 u/L lbPsf] 5 .

ls;fgsf] t 9f9}+ efFrL lbPsf] 5 . k|f0fgfy sf] 3f]8f ToxL ?Sof] . 3f]8f af6

pq]/ pleP . cf]nL kl/jf/ pgnfO{ b]v]/ emg\ emg\ lanf}gf ug{ nfUof] . k|f0fgfyn]

Ps k6s ;/;/L /fFufsf] zj lt/ x]/]] . pgn] /f]O/x]sf cf]nL kl/jf/nfO{ w}o{ awfpFb}

eg] v]tLsf] ;dodf eujfgn] 7"nf] b'v lbPsf x'g t/ klg o;nfO c?n] ;xL lbb}+g,

lxDdt xfg'{ x'b}g / eujfgnfO{ lj;{g' x'Fb}g . ltdLx?sf] nflu Ps hf]8f /fFuf lsGg]

k};f d}n] lbG5' . eGb} k|f0fgfyn] sDd/df afFlwPsf] k]6Laf6 @).– ?lkof lgsfn]/ lbP

. of] /sd dnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{ kb}{g ltdL;Fu ePsf] avt o:t} sf]xL b'vLhgnfO{

lblbg' eg] .

cf]nL af]Ng} ;s]g s]xL a'emg} ;s]g , 36gf :jKg h:tf] nfUof] . lhdLgbf/sf]

pbf/tfsf] rrf{ t 3/ 3/df lyof] t/ lhdLgbf/ ePsf] sf/0faf6 hgtfn] ;+b]x

ltgL dfly klg ub{Yof] . s'GgL xfQLsf] bfFt h:tf] xf] ls < vfg] bfFt cs}{ / b]vfpg]

bfFt cs}{ . h] ;'s} xf]; < of] pbf/tf tTIf0f O{Zj/Lo s[kfsf] cg'kd pbfx/0f eof]

cf]nL kl/jf/sf] nflu . lhdLgbf/ k|lt efjljef]/=ePsf] x'gfn] k|f0fgfy 3f]8fdf r9]/

cfˆgf] af6f] nfu]sf ] pgLx?nfO{ kQ} rn]g . cfef/ AoQm g} ug{ ;s]g . d/L;s]sf]

dflg; nfO{ crfgs hLjg k|fKt ePkl5 xf]z sxfF /xG5 / <

-$_

k+l8t Zofd z/0f pkfWofo %) jif{sf k|f}9 k'/f]lxt lyP . b'O 5f]/f 5f]/L sf]

;fgf] kl/jf, klt kTgL b'O hgf, hDdf ^ hgf lyP 3/df . tLg ufpFdf ohdfgL

lyof] rf/}lt/ ;'v ;DkGgtf lyof] . syf efujt k"hf k|lti7f, ltly, rf8 kj{df olt

cGgkft k|fKt x'GYof] ls jif{ e/L /fd|} u'hf/f rNg ;SbYof] . t/ clxn] k+l8thLsf]

si6sf] s'g} ;Ldf g} lyPg . rf/}lt/ ef]s, /f]u ,csfn dxfdf/L / b'b{zf km}lnPsf]

;dodf bfg wd{ s;n] ug]{ < bfg, o1 gePkl5 k+l8thLsf] hLjg rng] cGo s'g}

af6f] lyPg .

b'O6f 5f]/fx? ljjfx of]Uo e};s]sf lyP t/ b'j} 5f]/f eGbf d'lgsL 5f]/L

d+unf ut jif{ af/x j;+t kf/ u/]/ t]/f}+df kbfk{{0f u/]sL lyog\ . To;f] x'gfn]

/hf]bz{g eGbf klxn] g} sGofbfg ug'{ clgjfo{ e};s]sf]n] Zofd z/0fn] j/s]f vf]hL

u/]/ glhs} of}6f ufpFdf ;d[4zfnL a|fDx0f sxfF hg} ;'kf/L u/]sf lyP t/ csfn /

b'ef{Uosf] sf/0f ut jif{ ljjfx x'g ;s]g . ljjfx xf]; t s;/L < lgDg:t/

dflg;sf] ljjfxdf t sOof}+ ufpFsf ;hftLox?df lgdGq0f lbg'kb{5 , !))÷!%)

hgf hGtL cfpF5g\ # lbg cyjf % lbg hGtL a:5g\ eg] s'nLg j|fDx0f sxfF of]


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20

eGbf 36L x'g] t k|Zg} cfpFb}g . cem j/ kIf klg t dfd"nL x}l;otsf dflg; sxfF

5g\ / < s/La @) hgfsf] 7"nf] kl/jf/ 5 . tdfd ufpFdf k'/f]lxtL rNf]sf] 5 . @))

eGbf 36L hGtL cfpg] k|Zg} 5}g . tLg lbg eGbf sd hGtL /f]Sg] k|Zg} 5}g . j/

klg xf]gxf/ 5 ut jif{ ljjfx ;/] klg o; jif{ t lgD6\ofpg' g} k/\of] cGoyf csf]{

jif{ sGof !$ jif{df nfUg] 8/ / ljrd} sxL /hZjnf eO{ eg] < cf]x < dxfkfts

nfug], ;ftk':tf gs{df kl/g] 8/ . O{Zj/sf] eo / hutsf] eo . b'j}af6 aRgsf]

nflu Zofdz/0fn] ;fx" ;Fu cGg, l3p, n'uf nQf, efF8f at{g nufotsf lhG;L

;fdfgsf] ;fy} kfFr ;o ?lkof gub klg NofPsf lyP . ljjfx s/Lj Ps xhf/df

lgD6g] cfzf lyof] . 7"nf] 3/fgfdf 5f]/L lbgnfO{ t 7"n} C0f sf] cfjZostf k5{ g} .

t/ b'ef{Uo t a|fDx0fsf] kl5 kl5 nfu]sf] lyof] . rf/}lt/ lgdGq0f jf8L

;lsPsf] lyof] . ljjfxsf] nug d'x"t{ lglZrt lyof] .a8f] hf]/zf]/sf ;fy t}of/L rNb}

lyof] . o:t}df rf]/x?n] klg cfˆgf] as|b[li6 pt} k§L nufP / hGtL cfpg' eGbf b'O

lbg klxn] g} 3/sf] ;j} gubL / tdfd dfnj:t' ;kmfr6 ul/lbP . ljxfg 3/df

xfxfsf/ dlRrof] . k+l8thL af/Daf/ d"l5{t x'Gy], a|fDx0fLnfO{ xf]z} lyPg . ufpFsf

dflg;x?sf] 7"nf] hd36 lyof] t/ ;j} lg?kfo . ;fGTjgfsf ;'vf zJb afx]s

s;};Fu c? s]xL lyPg . ufpFsf a'9fkfsfn] a|fDx0fnfO{ ;demfO{ a'emfO{ u/]/ km]/L

;fx" sxfFaf6 C0f Nofpg] ;Nnfx lbP . bz af/x hgf o'jsx? ;'/Iffsf] nflu n6\7L

/ efnf lnP/ ;fydf hfg tof/ eP . s]xL o'jsx? rf]/x?sf] ;'/fu kQf nufpg

lxF8] . b'jnf ktnf c;xfo h:tf b]lvg] b'lgofsf] ;Dk"0f{ Aoyfsf] k|ltd"lt{ e}/x]sf

Zofd z/0f cuf8L / kl5 kl5 o'jsx?sf] 6f]nL . ;fx"n] ca C0f lbG5 ls lbb}g <.

o:t} cfzf lg/fzfsf] kL+u v]Nb} lx+8b} lyP . b'O sf]; af6f] s6]sf] pgnfO{ yfx g}

ePg .

cd}of ufpFsf dflg;x?n]] xltof/ a+b s]xL dflg;x?sf] 6f]nL cfˆgf] ufpF tkm{

cfpg nfusf] b]v]/ rf/}lt/ xNnf u/L lbP . d'lvofsf] a}7sdf klg xNnf k'Uof] .

k|f0fgfy cfkm} Totfk§L nfu] . kl5 kl5 nZs/ kmf}h klg k'Uof] . lar ufpFdf b'j}

kIf cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] eP . a|fDx0fnfO{ t cfˆgf] z/L/ / j/Lk/Lsf] s'g} s'/fsf] xf]z}

lyPg . hLljt nfz h:tf lx+8]sf lyP . To;f] x'gfn] ;fd'Gg] s]f cfO k'Uof] yfx} ePg

t/ k|f0fgfyn] ltgnfO{ b]Vgf ;fy lrgLxfn] . cuf8L a9]/ b08jt u/]kl5 aNn

Zofz/0fn] k"/} cfFvf vf]n]/ x]/] .;fd'Gg] hdLGbf/nfO{ b]v]kl5 ;+lrt ;fx;sf] afFw

km'6\of] / a8f] hf]/n] ljnfk ug{ yfn] . ?bg s|+bg ubf{ ub}{ a]xf]; eP . pgnfO{ af]s]/

d'lvofsf] 3/df NofOof] . d'vdf kfgL sf] 5L6fxflgof] . d'v w'nfOof] . aNn

k+l8thLn] cfFvf vf]n] . xf]zdf cfP kl5 ;a} 36gf atfP, cfˆgf] dha'/L klg . nf]s

/ k/nf]ssf] rrf{ eof]. wd{ / sd{sf] dLdf+;f klg .

k|f0fgfy crfgs cfˆgf] cf;g af6 p7]+ / eg] æk|hfsf ] ;'v b'v ;Fu

zf;ssf] ;'v b'v uFfl;Psf] x'G5 t;y{ k|hfsf] ;'vsf] vf]hL g} zf;ssf] Psdfq


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st{Ao x'G5 . ;dfhdf ;'vsf] k|fKtL g}ltstfsf] dfWod af6 x'G5 / ;dfhnfO{

g}ltsjfg agfpg] sfddf o1, bfg / wd{ sf] 7"nf] xft x'G5 . oL wfld{s sd{x?sf]

clwi7ftf a|fDx0f ju{ xf] . s'g} klg ju{ olb ;fG;fl/s lr+Qf b]lv d'St 5 eg] dfq

cfˆgf] st{Josf] ;d'lrt kfng ug{ ;Sb5 / cfˆgf] k]zfdf bIftf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 .

Joj;flos bIftf ljgf Joj;fo cw'/f] x'G5 / tdfd y/Lsf lj3\g pkl:yt x'G5g\ /

si6sf sf/0f aGg hfG5g\ . o; cy{df a|fDx0f ju{nfO{ klg sfo{ bIftf / lgk'0ftf

k|fKt ug{sf] nflu nugzLntfsf] cj:yfdf /xg lbg' kb{5 . tkfO{ ;dfhsf] ljk| x'g'

x'G5 ,g}ltstfsf 7]sbf/ x'g' x'G5 eg] tkfO{ sf] ;'v b'vsf] 7]Ssf of] ;dfhn] lng'

kb{5 / d lsgsL o; ;dfhsf] cu|h x'F eg] tkfO{ sf] kfl/jfl/s lrGtfdf d}n]

cu+|0fL :yfg u|x0f ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj x'gfn] tkfO{sf] 5f]/L tkfO{sf] dfq 5f]/L xf]Ogg\ ls

d]/L klg 5f]/L x'g\ . ljjfxsf] vr{ o:tf] cj:yfdf d}n] Joxf]g'{ kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .

tkfO{ 3/ kms{g'; . d ;fo+sfn ;Dd tkfO{sf] ufpFdf cfpg] 5' . Æ olt eg]/

a|fDx0fnfO{ ;demfO{ a'emfO{ u/]/ k|f0fgfyn] e]nf ePsf cGo ls;fg Joj;foL

dhb'/x?nfO{ tdfd t/Lsfn] cfZjf;g bLO cf cfˆgf 3/ hfg] cfu|x ug'{ eof] .

ufpFsf] aflx/ cfFksf] ;3g au}+rfdf 8]/f lyof] hGtLsf] . k|f0fgfy k+l8t Zofd

z/0fsf] 3/ / au}+rfsf] lardf cf]x/ bf]x/ ul//x]sf lyP . Ps t a|fDx0f ;d'bfosf]

e]nf, cem To;df k'/f]lxtkg sf] ljlzi6tf . k|f0fgfy cfˆg} 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx eP h:t}

a8f] Jo:t lyP . hGtL tLg lbg dfq a:of] of] tLg lbgdf /ft lbg k|f0fgfy sf]

nflu a/fa/ /x\of] .

ljbfO{sf] ;do ghLs cfof] . k|f0fgfy cf+ugdf pleP . a/ sGofnfO{ ;fy}

/fv]/ ljbfO{ z'? eof] . k|f0fgfyn] hGtLsf] ;a} dflg;nfO{ cfˆg} xftn] blIf0ff lbb}

uP cGtdf ;dwL ldngsf] ;do cfof] . cfFvf e/L cfF;' lnPsf k|f0fgfy b'O kfOnf

cuf8L ;/] .;dwL / k|f0fgfy pleP cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] . crfgs of}6f sfl/+bf cl3

;/\of] / k|f0fgfysf] 5]pdf uP/ pleof] . p;sf] xftdf of}6f] y}n]f lyof] . k|f0fgfyn]

y}nfdf xft xfn] / dxf/fgL ljs6f]l/ofsf] kmf]6f] ePsf] Ps Ps cfgfsf 7"nf 7"nf

tfdfsf Ps c+h'nL l;Ssf lems]/ a/ sGofsf] lz/df 5'jfO{ j/Lk/L 3'dfO{ xfjfdf

kmfnL lbP . clg t s] lyof] / ufpFsf u/La u'?jf ef]s /f]un] kLl8t hgtf ef]sf]

af3 em} t5f8 d5f8 u/L l;Ssf n'6\g nfUf]] . gn'6g] sf] sdL gn'6fpg] ;Fu cefj

. k|f0fgfyn] y}nfaf6 d'¶L e/L e/L l;Ssf lgsfNg] / n'6fpg] hgtfn] n'6g] . o;tf]

hGtL / hGtLsf] ;]jf ;Tsf/, < hdLGbf/sf] bfloTj / pbf/tf g t s;}n] of] eGbf

klxn] b]v]sf] lyof] g ;'g]sf] lyof] / gt o:tf] km]/L km]/L b]vg kfpg] cfzf g} lyof] .

-%_

r}q dlxgf . dw]zdf of] dlxgfdf hf8f]sf] k"0f{tM cGt e};s]sf] x'G5 t/

hf8f]sf] cjz]if sf] ?kdf /x]sf] dn]l/ofn] kL5f 5f]8]sf] x'Fb}g . eFu]/f ;DdnfO{ t

hf8f] / tfkn] RofK5 eg] dflg;sf] s] ;Ldflyof] <


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22

k|f0fgfysf] jfT;Notf, bof, wd{zLntf / ljgosf] kl/0ffd cyjf k|fs[lts

;+s6sf] :jfefljs ;dfKtL b'O{ jif{sf] v8]/L l;l4Psf] lyof] . z'? >fj0f b]lv kfgL

kg{ z'? ePkl5 xLn] bz}+ dfg]/ dfq uof} . kl/0ffd :j?k o; jif{ hxfF afnLgfnLsf]

k|r"/tf eof] ToxL dn]l/ofsf] ljleGg ?k klg b]vf k/]sf] lyof] . @$ 3+6fdf @,#

k6s, lbgsf] Ps k6s ,t]>f] lbg jf rf}yf] lbg hf8f] nfu]/ Hj/f] cfpg], dw]zdf

o;nfO{ h"8L, lth/f, rf}yLof/ cflb gfdn] lrGg], hdLGbf/gLnfO{ sflt{s b]lv z'?

ePsf] lth/fn] clxn] ;Dd klg /fd|/L 5f]8]sf] lyPg . ljxfg gLdkftsf] sf9f lkpg],

h+unL af]6 s+hfsf] kmn kL;]/ lkpg], cfo'j]lb{s k|f0fbf cf}ifwL klg sOof] zLzL kLO

;s]sL lyOg\ . 6f}6sf, emf8km's, tGq dGq ,tfaLh slt xf] slt < z'Sn kIfsf]

k|f+/e ePkl5 lth/fn] Rof§} 5f]8] h:tf] eof] t/ 3/L 3/L k]6 b'Vg yfNof] . r}q /fd

gjdL lbg ePsf]n] k|f0fgfysf] 3/sf] cuf8L cf+ugdf eujg gfd ;+sLt{g rnL/x]sf]

lyof] . ;fw' ;+t dxGtx?sf] e]nf lyof] . gf/Ljn ,5'xf/f ,ls;ld;, ;'vf ld7fO{sf]

e/df/ . b'w bxL slt xf] slt < :jNkfxf/ rn]sf] lyof] . sLt{g ug]{ lst{gdf nfu]sf]

lyP eg] ;fw' ;Gof;Lx? oqtq w'gL /dfP/ lrlnd r9fpFb} ef]n] z+e" . æaf]nadÆ

cflb y/L y/Lsf hohosf/Lsf ;fy ufFhf efFu wt"/fsf] s; ntfnt tfGb} lyP .

j]b k'/f0fsf syfx?, Znf]s, bf]xf, rf}kfO{, 5+bx? k9b} ctL{ pkb]z lb+b} lyP . >f]tf

>4fn'x? af6 kf+8fn vrfvr el/Psf] lyof] .

.

æa'jf a'jf cfdfsf] hf]8 hf]8n] k]6 b'Vg nfu]sf] 5 xh'/nfO{ t'?Gt} leq

af]nfpg' ePsf] 5 . Æ !@ jif{sL aflnsf s'd'bgL leqaf6 xtflzb} cfP/ k|f0fgfysf]

xft ;dfTb} 3/ k§L tfg]sLn] ;fw' / eStsf] s'/fdf Jojwfg k/\of] . k|f0fgfy klg

xt/ kt/ leq bf}8] . hdLgbf/gLnfO{ k|zj Joyf nfu]sf] /x]5 . Ps l5gdf nx/

h:tf] p7]/ km]/L kL8f zflGt e} xfNy\of] . klxn] t j}BhL nfO{ af]nfpg] ljrf/ eof]

t/ o:tf]df j}Bsf] sfd s] < eg]/ gf]s/ gf]s/gLx?sf] d'vdf x]/] . ltgLx? xft

afFw]/ v8f lyP . Tolt nfdf] kl/jf/, kl/jf/sf wgL e}sg klg Psnf] , lg/Lx k|f0fL

k|f0fgfy. cfˆgf 5f]/f gftL geP ;Dd sf]xL kl/jf/sf] wgL x'G5 t < efO{x? t

efjsf ;fyL kf] t< slxNo} sf]O{ kL8f lgjf/0fsf] nflu cfPsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . ;a

:jfyL{, :jfy{s} nflu dfq ;+ks{ u5{g\ . ltgLx? eGbf t a? O{ gf]s/ gf]s/gL

sf/LGbfx? g} l7s 5g\ . wg t Ogn] klg lnG5g\ t/ ;]jf t u5{g . ;'v b'vsf

;fyL t 5g\ . pgn] Ps k6s km]/L a'9f sfl/Gbf ;'sO{sf] d'vdf x]/] . ;'sO{ o;

3/sf] a8f] jkmfbf/ JolQm . pm t tof/ g} /x]5 s]xL /folbgsf] nflu . tTsfn eGof]

dflns of] c? s]xL xf]Og v'l;ofnLsf] If0f ghLlsb} uPsf] dfq xf] .

r}t] emf+s|LnfO{ afwf lgjf/0fsf] nflu af]nfO lbG5' . wlgof rdf/gL, ;'s/L

wf]jLgL, sfnL gfpgL OgLx? g} t o:tf] ;dosf ljz]if1 x'g\ . hf hf /] nvgf

pgLx? sxfF klg va/ u/ x/ k6s pgLx?n] g} t ;'Ts]/L l;xf/]sf 5g\ .


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23

Ps} l5gdf ;a k|aGwsx? k|aGwdf nfu] . k|f0fgfy leq aflx/ ub}{ /x] lbg

laTof] /ft klg laTof] s'g} ljz]if k|ult ePg kL8f a9]g . obf sbf dfq z"n h:tf]

p7Yof] lhdLGbfl/gL 56k6fplyg\ . bf]>f] lbg j}BhLnfO{ af]NffOof] pgn] b'O rf/

k'l8of ;fdfGo cf}ifwL lbP . lrGtf glng] lgb]{z u/] / k|;jsf] ;do klg k'/f

gePsf] eGg] c8sn u/] . tLg lbg ;Dd o:t} jftfj/0f /x\of] rf}yf] lbg l7s

lbpF;f] leqL sf]7fdf s]xL Hofb} Ao:ttf b]lvof] / s'g} gjhft lzz'sf] ?bg sf]

cfjfh cfof] . Ps l5gkl5 3/ 3/df ufpF e/df k|zGgtf sf] gofF nx/ ylkof] .

hdLGbf/sf 3/ 5f]/f hGDof] 5f]/f .

of] aRrf xf] ls d';f] xf] < k|f0fgfysf] d'vaf6 c:km'6 :j/ lg:Sof] . s]xL

pd+u cyjf xif{ h'g lyof] Tof] cs:dft x/fO{ xfNof] .

5}7Lsf] lbg . aflx/ a8f] xif{ pNnf;sf] jftfj/0f lyof] . Ps 7fpFdf kft'/

gfrL /xsL]yL, st} st} efF8x?n] :jf+u kfb{} xF;fO{ /x]sf lyP . ;'sOsf 5f]/fx?

cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut afhfsf ;fh ;fdfg lnP/ h'6]sf lyP . xhf/L xHhfd emofnL

ahfpFb} pkm|b} lyof], cfˆgf cfFvf sf gfgL pN6fO{ kN6fO{ h]fs|ofO u/L s]6fs]6LnfO{

xF;fpFb} lyof] ,s+7 wf]jL /S;L vfP/ kr/f cnfKb} lyof] .

gf]s/ gf]s/fgLx? a8f] Ao:t lyP . k'/L srf}8L bxL a8f ;nfb ltsf]gf

lkrlsof ld7fO{ sf] 9]/sf 9]/ nfu]sf] lyof] . ufpFsf dflg;x? r/{d/{ h'Qf kmf6sfb}{

xftdf lunf; cyjf nf]6f lnP/ wdfwd ef]h vfg cfpFb} lyP . tnfpdf kfOg]

sdnsf] 7"n 7"nf dfof nfUbf kftx?sf] 9]/ lyof] s'gfdf . ef]hg k|aGwsx?s] kft

lj5\ofO{ lbGy] / kfgL vfgsf] nflu ;fy} NofPsf efF8fdf kfgL /fvL lbGy] . a8f]

k|]dk"0f{ e08f/f rnL /x]sf] lyof] o:tf] e08f/f t oxfF slt xf] slt < 5f]/Lx?sf]

kfnfdf rNof], 5f]/fx?sf] kfnfdf klg rNof], km/s olt dfq ls 5f]/f ar]gg\ . ef]h

e08f/fsf] rxnkxnsf] aLrdf k'/f]lxtn] 5f]/fsf] d'v x]g]{ ;fOt k|f0fgfynfO{

atfPsf]n] clxn] k|f0fgfy k|;"lt 3/df hdLgbf/gLsf] kn+usf] aundf /flvPsf]

dlrofdf a;]sf lyP / hdLgbf/gLn] 5f]/fsf] z/L/ af6 sk8f p7fO{ lbPkl5 h'g

aRrf ToxfF b]lvof] To;af6 a8f] Iff]e eof] pgnfO{ . To;}n] pgsf] d'vaf6 pk/f]Qm

s'/f cleAoQm k'g k'u]sf] lyof] .

of] t 5 lbgsf] k|uflt xf] elgg\ ozf]bf b]jLn], hGd]sf] lbg t o;nfO{ b]vbf

8/ g} nfUbYof] . d';f eGbf 7"nf] lyPg . slQsf] :ofgf] /x]5 x} < dflg;sf] aRrf]

eGg} g ;'xfpg] .

of] aRrf t Vj}, Toxf+ eGbf cuf8L k|f0fgfyn] af]Ng plrt 7fg]gg\ .

d'lZsnn] !) OGr sf] nDafO,{ kftnf xft v'§f, jhg s'GgL cfwf ;]/ 5 ls

< :jfF; km]/L/x]sf] df6f]sf] :ofgf] lvnf}gf eGbf a9L t 5b}5}g . t} klg ozf]bf b]jL

nfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg' kg]{ cfjZos lyof] .


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24

k|f0fgfysf] cfTdfnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g] 7fpF lyPg . tdfd :j:Yo 5f]/fx? hGd] t/

s'g} afFr]gg\ eg] of] d';f] afFrnf / < oxL d';f]sf] hGdsf] v';L dgfpg /}tL b'lgof

nfu]sf] lyof] tg dg wgn] . afn aRrf hGd]sf] v';LofnL < ;fFRb} lyP k|f0fgfy

dgdg} . jt{dfg ;dodf of}6f u[x:ysf] 3/df *,!) j6f ;Dd aRrfx? hGdG5g\ .

hGdfpg' klg h?/L g} 5 . lsgls slxn] x}hf, slxn] cf}nf], slxn] bfb'/f h:tf

;do ;dodf dxfdf/L km}lnP/ k"/f ufpFsf ufpF Onfsfsf Onfsf g} ;"Go u/L lbg]

ub{5g\ . dflg;sf] hLjgsf] k|Tofe"lt 5}g . o:tf]df k|s[lt k|bTt d[To'sf] af9Ln]

dfgjsf] j+z g} gfz gu/L b]cf]; eGg] p2]Zon] rfF8} rfF8}+ afns hGdfpg' kg]{ x'g

cfpF5 . o;sf nflu ;fdflhs lgod klg ag]sf 5g\ h:t} afn ljjfx, ax' ljjfx

cflb .O{ ;j} hg;+Vof j[l4sf ;fwg g} t x'g . hg;+Vof j[l4 gu/L t pkfo g} 5}g

cy{ Joj:yf / dflg;sf] hLjg s[lifdf dfq cfwfl/t ePsf] / s[lifdf 3/sf] yf]/}

hg;+Vofn] sfd glbg] ePsf] ;fy} wg ansf] ;fy} hgan klg zlQm, dfg k|lti7f /

pRrtfsf] dfgb08 x'gfn] clgolGqt ?kdf ;Gtfg kfpg' klg t h?/L g} 5 /

kfPsf ;Gtfgx? dWo] s'g} s'g} dfq afRg] x'gfn] ;Gtfgsf] hGddf v'l;ofnL dgfpg]

k|yf aGg uPsf] s'/f dx;'''; u/] k|f0fgfyn] . b]jtfx?sf] k|sf]k gxf]; dxfdf/Lx?

gcfpg\ / hGd]sf hlt ;j} ;Gtfg afFRg] s'/f kSsf e}lbPsf] eP ;Gtfg hGddf

olt v'l;ofnL dgfpg] k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; x'g] lyPg xf]nf . of] t c+Wof/f] kIfsf]

kL8fn] pHofnf] kIfsf] :jfut clegGbgsf] nflu k|]l/t u/]sf] 5 . rf/}lt/sf]

sf]nfxn gfr/+u uf]nf tdfzf b]lv cln k/ of}6f vl6ofdf cf/fdsf] d'b|fdf ljrf/

dUg /x]sf k|f0fgfysf] tGb|f e+u u/\of] ;'sO{ rdf/n] . dflns xhf/L xHhfdn] ahfO{

/x]sf] emofnL d'v+ df /fvL lbPsf] 5 To;} s'd d6sfO{ /x]sf] 5 dflns cfPkl5

dfq emofnL afhg] /] .

k|f0fgfyn] s'/f a'lem xfn] s'g} klg pT;jdf ljz]if ?kn] ;lDdlnt x'g]x?df

afhf ahfpg]x?n] afhf ahfpFbf ahfpFb} aLrdf s'g} jfB oGq /]fls lbg,] gfrg]fn]

gfrg] dfq} t/ uLt gufpg], ls t lzz'nfO{ lnP/ gfRb} hfg] lkmtf{ lbg gdfGg] .

bdfO{n] lzz'nfO{ cfwf n'uf nufO{ lbO cfwf afFsL /fvLlbg,] bLbLx?n] lzz'sf] of}6f

cfFvfdf ufhn nufO{ csf]{ afFsL /fvL lbg] Og} sfdx? t x'G5g\ / d"nLn] ltgLx?sf]

dfFu k"/f u/L lbP kl5 pgLx?n] klg cfˆgf] sfd k"/f u5{g \ .

k|f0fgfy p7]/ cf+ugdf pleP . ;j} g[[To ufg uf]nf tdfzf sf] aLRfdf

JojWffg k/]sf] /x]5 . pgn] k|zGgtfn] xf]Og ls cf}krfl/stfsf] lgjf{x ug{

cfjZos 7fg]/ ;j}nfO{ Ps Ps ljuxf hUuf lbPsf] elg cfZjf;g lb+b} uP c+tdf

Wofg lbP s6/fsL dzx'/ g[Tof+ugf zDdL lt/ . rf}aL; kRrL; jif{sL rkn ;'Gb/L

.g[Todf ;f]/} sf]0fn] gfRg]] uf9f /ftf] ;f8L, To;df 6fFl;Psf l;tf/fx?n] To;sf]

?k/+u / ;f}Gbo{nfO{ cem} sf+ltdo agfO{ /x]sf lyP eg] hdLgbf/gL ozf]bf b]jLnfO{


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25

l/emfO{ v';fO{ cg'go ljgo u/L lzz'nfO{ sfvdf lnP/ cf+ugdf a8f] dgf]of]u ;Fu

g[To ub}{ lyO{ . k|f0fgfynfO{ b]v]kl5 emg pkm|L pkm|L gfRg nfuL .

æltdLnfO{ s] lbp+ t < ;f]w] k|f0fgfyn] .

æ dnfO{ s07xf/ rflxof] .

æ of] t a8f] dxuf] s'/f xf] <

æ o:tf] v'l;sf] lbg b]Vg' klg t ax't} dxuf] xf] .

æ To;f] eP ef] dxuf]nfO{ g} n}hfpm .

æcsf{nfO{ bL ;Sg' ePsf] s'/f km]/L lbg ldN5 t dflns <Æ

k|f0fgfy em:s] . 5f]/fnfO{ g} n}hf egL ltgn] u/]sf] kl/xf;sf] pQ/df To;n]

Tof] 6f]6sf k|lt ;+s]t u/]sL lyP h;n] ubf{ hGdgf;fy ;fngfn ;lxt lzz'nfO{

t/fh'sf] Pp6f kn8fdf / csf{] kn8fdf u+ufe'h}gLn] sf]bf] /fvL lzz' a/fa/ sf]bf]

tf}nL lbO{ 5f]/f lsg]sL lyO . 5f]/f t jf:tjdf u+uf e'h}gLsf] e};s]sf] lyof] .

csf{sf] gfd lbP kl5 afFR5 ls < Pp6f pkrf/ of] klg .

æe'h}gL a'9L l5g\ ltgsf] b"wdf Tolt tfut 5 5}g a? ltdLn] cfkmgf] tfultnf]] b"w

v'jfpg]===== . s'/f k'/f x'g kfPg pgL cfkm} em:s] of] t cljjflxtf /lx5] eGg] s'/f]

x7ft\ ;Demgf x'g cfof] . zDdL klg nfhn] e't'Ss eO{ d'v d08n /ftf] x'g uof] .

?Sg g} ghfg]sf v'§fx? Ps}l5g cl8P . nfh krfpgnfO{ afnsnfO{ Ps k6s cfkm"

tkm{ kmsf{P/ ;'d;'dfO{ To;kl5 hdLgbf/sf] sfvdf ydfO{ lbO / 58\s] k/]/ gfRg

yfnL / p;n] hdLgbf/gLsf] sf]7f lt/ d'v 3'dfO{ . ptf ozf]bfb]jLn] leqaf6

s07xf/ zDdL lt/ kmflng\ p;n] xf/ l6k]/ xftdf lnP/ xNnfO{ xNnfO{ rf/}lt/

b]vfO{ / 3f6Ldf klxl/O lnO . To;} v'lzofnLdf To;sf] d'vaf6 gofF uLt

u'Ghfodfg eof] æbz/ysf] 3/df /fdn] hGd lnP, d t gfR5' gfR5' gfR5' .Æ

-^_

b'O{6f k|f}9 k'?if a8f] uDeL/ jftf{df ;+nUg lyP . jftf{sf/x? dWo] Ps hgf %%

jifL{o k|f0fgfy lyP / csf{] k'?if wfld{s sd{sf08L ufpFsf k'/f]lxt k'hf/L a|fXd0f

lyP . pgn] dy'/faf6 j]b j]bfGtsf] cWoog u/]/ j]bkf7L ePsf lyP eg] agf/;sf

k|lz4 sd{sf08L /fdgfy :jfdLsf] lzioTjdf /x]/ ;Ddf]xg jzLs/0f, pRrf6g,

df/0f cflb dGq / tdfd tGqx?sf] klg /fd|f] 1fg k|fKt u/]sf lyP . ufpF 3/df

syf jftf{ u/]/ hLjg lgjf{x e}/x]sf] lyof] . k|f0fgfysf] tkm{af6 s]xL hUufhdLg

klg kfPsf lyP . cfkmgf] wd{ sd{df ;+nUg /xg], k|foM lxGb" ljlw / ;+:sf/nfO{

s7f]/tfk"j{s nfu" /fVb} dg':d[ltsf] Joj:yfnfO{ nfu" ug{ tTk/ x'Gy] . pd]/ o:t}

s/La %), %% sf] aLrdf lyof] . uf}/ j0f{, k'i6 z/L/, r'Rr] gfs, nfdf] sfg, pGgt

nnf6 h;df lqk'08 nufPsf] ;]tf] s'tf{ dfly dzLgf] /fd|f] zfn cf]9]sf] 3fF6Ldf


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26

?b|fIfsf] dfnf, v'§fdf sf7sf v]/fp / xftdf ns8Ls]f gSsfzL] ul/sf] gDa/bf/

n¶L . b'j} k|f}9df z'?df xNsf ?kdf z'? ePsf] jftf{ clxn] a8f] uDeL/ e};s]sf]

lyof] jftf{sf] ljifo lyof] ;ljgosf] lzIffsf] lbzf lgwf{/0f .

æ;ljgo . gfds/0f ;+:sf/df s'nk'/f]lxtn] ToxL gfd lbPsf lyP k|f0fgfysf]

k'qnfO{ . Hof]ltifLx?n] afnssf] hGd klqsf agfP/ afns ljnIf0f a'l4sf] 1fgL,

wdf{Tdf, gLlt lgodsf] hflg:sf/, k/f]ksf/L x'g] / rt'lb{z gfd km}nfpg] eg]/

eljiojf0fL u/]sf lyP eg] csf{] tkm{ s]xL r]tfjgL klg lbPsf lyP h:t} #)÷#%

jif{sf] aLrdf 7"nf] v'8\lsnf, k|f0f hfg];Ddsf] ;+s6 cfpg ;Sg].

k|f0fgfynfO{ Hof]ltifdf ljZjf; gePklg lg/fzfsf] 5fofFn] uxg sfnf]

cGwsf/sf] ?klnP/ pgnfO{ o:t/L afFw]sf] lyof], h;df ls afnssf] hLljt /xg]

cfzf g} blvb}gYof] . To;f] x'gfn] st{Jox?sf] kfngf ;do ;dodf ub{} /x] klg

afns k|lt pk]Iffsf] efj g} /fVby] . of] s'/f a'9f] xhf/L xhfdn] a'em]sf] lyof] /

p;n] k|foM afnsnfO{ cfˆg} 3/df /fVbYof] . xhfdgL a'9L / a'9fn] afnssf]

z/L/nfO{ alnof] / :km'lt{ /fVgsf] nflu dflnz k|lt c;fWo ljZjf; /fVg] x'gfn] b'j}

k|f0fLn] afnsnfO{ h8L a'6L xfn]/ ksfPsf cf}iflwo'Qm pa6g / tf]/L t]nsf] dflnz

ug]{ ub{y] . clnslt klg 7G8L xfjf rNgf ;fy xL+usf] 3"F6L lbg] / aL;} j6f g+udf

xL+usf] n]k ul/ lbg] / l;pF9fsf] kftsf] /;sf] 3"F6L lbg] h:tf sfddf nfuL /xGy] .

b"w v'jfpgnfO{ ozf]bfb]jLsf] sfvdf k'¥ofpg' / ;]jf rfs/Lsf] nflu km]/L cfˆg}

3/df NofO{ xfNg' lgod em}+ lyof] . gf]s/x?n] df}sf kfpgf ;fy afnsnfO{ p7fO{

sfvdf lnP/ 3'dfpg yfNy] . slxn] dlGb/df nu]/ 3+6Lsf] cfjfh ;'gfpg], slxn]

km'njf/Ldf 3'dfpg] . afns vl6ofdf PSn} ;'Tg kfpg] s'/f t b'n{e g} lyof] . sfv}

sfvdf af; .

;a}sf] d]xgtn] /+u b]vfof] . afns z'SnkIfsf] rGb|df em}+ a9\g yfNof] . a9\g]

dfq xf]Og To;sf] xft kfpdf k'i6tf b]lvg yflnof] . o;}n] k|f0fgfy emg lrlGtt

eP . of] k"j{ hGdsf] s'g} 7"nf] zq' /x]5 . cfˆgf] cfr/0f / lqmofsnfkn] df]lxt kf/L

/x]sf] 5 . ha xfdL o;sf] k"0f{ k|efjdf cfO{ xfN5f}+ ta of] u} xfNg]5 / o;sf]

b'Mvdf /f]O{ /f]O{ k|f0f u'dfpg] cj:yf kg{ hfg]5 . hGd]/ tTsfn d/]sf cyjf b'O{rf/

b; lbg Ps cfwf dlxgf afFr]/ dg{] ;Gtfg eGbf w]/} afFr]/ dg{] ;Gtfg a9L b'vbfoL

x'G5g\ . oL t k/d zq' xG'5g\ . k"j{ hGds]f abnf lng kf] cfpF5g\ . cxF, d logsf]

hfndf, logsf] df]xdf kg{] 5}g . ug'{ kg{] st{Jo ;Dd ub{} hfg] xf], Tolt dfq xf]] .

oxL ljrf/wf/fsf] kmn:j?k pgL afns;Fu a9L 6fFl;b}gy] t/ afns kfFrf}

jif{df k|j]z u/]kl5 k9fpg' t k¥of] . snd k"hf t u/fpg} k¥of] eg]/ agf/;af6


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Ps hgf a|fXd0fnfO{ af]nfP/ afnssf] lzIfs lgo'St u/L lbPsf lyP . clxn] afns

lstfa t k9\bYof] t/ crfgs o:tf] o:tf] k|Zg aLrdf ;f]wL lbGYof] ls u'?

lg?Ql/t x'g hfGy] . :jo+ u'? ljr/f klg w]/} k9]sf lyPgg\ eg] afnssf] k|Zg klg

k|f}9x?nfO{ xNnfpg] vfnsf x'Gy] . o;af6 k|f0fgfy lrlGtt /xg yfn] .

æo:tf] afnsnfO{ t cof]Wof, sfzL, dy'/f lt/ k9fpg k7fO{ lbg' k5{ .Æ

k'hf/LhLn] ;'emfj lbP .

æTof] t 7Ls} lyof] k'hf/L hL t/ tLy{:ynx?df j]b k'/f0f, ts{, Hof]ltif /

cfo'j{]bsf] dfq lzIff x'G5 ca gofF o'us]f ;'qkft e};s]sf] 5 . dflg; c+u|]hL k9\g

yfn]sf] 5 . xfd|f] /fhwfgLdf k9]sfn] klg k/LIff lbg ef/td}+ hfg' kg{] /] . gofF o'u

lj1fgsf] o'u xf] eGg] egfO{ 5 / o;sf] nfuL c+u|]hL gk9L gx'g] /] . To;}n] d]/f]

ljrf/df xfd|f] wd{ bz{g Hof]ltif ts{sf] lzIffsf] ;fy} lj1fg k§L g} o;nfO{

em'sfpg ;s] j]z x'GYof] ls < dgsf] s'/f vf]n] k|f0fgfyn] .

k'hf/LhLnfO{ of] s'/f 7\ofDd} dg k/]g . pgn] eg] æc+u|]hL lzIff jf:tjdf lzIff

xf]Og . of] t Pp6f rfn dfq xf] . c+u|]hx?sf] ef/taf6 v'§f p7\g nfu]sf] /

gful/sx?df r]tgf hfuL/x]sf]n] pgLx?n] /fhgLlts rfn v]n]sf x'g\ .Æ

æxf]Og . lzIffdf klg rfn x'G5 / k'hf/LhL <Æ

æx'G5, cjZo x'G5, /fhgLltsf] k|j]z lzIffdf klg x'G5 o;nfO{ o:t/L eGg

;lsG5 ls lzIffnfO{ c+u|]hn] clxn] /fhgLlts ;fWonfO{ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;fwgsf]

?kdf k|of]u u/L /x]sf 5g\ / w]/} xb;Dd ;kmntf o; sf/0f kfPsf 5g\ ls

ef/tjf;L ax't} ;Lwf 5g\, logn] 7"nf a8f b]lvg] dfly ‰jf§ } ljZjf; u/L xfn5g\ /

cGw elQmdf lognfO{ k5fg{ ;Sg] s'g} cGo hflt g} 5}g .Æ

ætkfO{+sf] cfzo sxL+ of] t xf]Og ls c+u|]hL lzIffn] bf;TjnfO{ k|>o lbO{ /x]sf]

5 .Æ z+sfo'St jf0fL lyof] k|f0fgfysf] .

æcjZo . d]/f] cfzo oxL xf] .Æ eGb} k'hf/LhLn] /fhgLlts ljZn]if0f ug{ yfn]

æx]g'{;, cfˆgf] efiff / ;+:sf/ zfl;tx? dfly yf]Kg ;Sg' /fhgLltdf klxnf] ;kmntf

x'G5 eg] zfl;tn] zf;ssf] efiff / ;+:sf/nfO{ cfTd;ft u/L lnPsf] /x]5 eg] Tof]

;'l:y/ zf;gsf] k"j{ ;"rgf x'G5 . o;sf] nflu c+u|]hx?n] ef/tdf c+u|]hL lzIffsf]

k|rf/ k|;f/df nfu]sf 5g\ eg] ef/tLox?sf] k/Dk/fut ;+:s[ltnfO{ vtd ug{ wd{sf]

cf8 lnPsf 5g\ . jf}lbs wd{ lsgls /x:odo 5 t;y{ o; k|lt cljZjf; hufpg

klg ;hLn} 5 eg] O{zfO{ wd{{ b'O{ zAbdf ;Lldt 5, h;df ;fdflhs ;dfgtfnfO{


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28

k|>o lbOPsf] 5 . kmn:j?k oxfFaf6 efu]/ k6gf uPsf] a'w] ;fsL{ cfh ktn"d

nufpF5, a'z6{ nufpF5, r'/f]6 lkpF5 ;a}sf] ;fydf a;]/ vfgf vfG5, a'w]sf] 7fpFdf

a's/6\ofs ;fxa eP5 . adkm'jf t]nL aukmf]8{ ag]5, lr/}t] rdf/ rfG;n/ gfdn]

snS6/sf] cb{nL 5 . ;a wdfwd lqmli6og x'Fb} u} /x]5g\ . n+sfsf lo ljeLif0fx?n]

c+u|]hL x's"dt sfod /fVg d2t ug{df nfu]sf 5g\ . cfˆg} bfh' efO{x?nfO{ æ;fnf

OlG8og sfnf s'QfÆ eGg] ub{5g\ . gfs v'DRofp+b} eg] k'hf/Ln] .

æpgn] t kfOG6 a'z6{ kfP, b'O{ 5fs dL7f] ef]hg, lrof gf:tf, :yfoL gf]s/L,

afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff lbnfpg] cj;/ ;a} t /fd|f] eof] eg] of] k|ultaf6 of] nf]s

;k|]g / k'hf/LhL .Æ ls+lrt xfF:o ub{} k|f0fgfyn] eg] .

æof] nf]s t ;k|]g t/ of] If0f cjZo ;k|] h:tf] b]lvof] k|f0f afa'Æ k'hf/LhL

u+eL/ e};s]sf lyP, pgn] eg] æklxn] d klx/gsf] s'/f u5'{ . x]g'{; xfd|f] ;dfhdf

>lds ju{ lsgls s7f]/ kl/>dL x'G5 t;y{ /fh/f]ux? ax't} sd x'G5g\ p;nfO{ .

To;f] x'gfn] oBlk s[ifsnfO{ kfOG6 h:tf] gldNbf] kf]zfssf] s'g} cf}lrTo g} 5}g t/

klg ;do lgsfn]/ slxn] sfxLF nufo}f eg] p;nfO{ Tolt vt/f 5}g .Æ

ævt/f <, kf]zfsaf6 <Æ cfZro{ dfg] k|f0fgfy .

æxf] 7"nf] vt/f . >lds afx]s afFsL tLg ju{n] zf/Ll/s >d ax't} sd u5{ .

o:tf] cj:yfdf /fh/f]ux? x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 t;y{ k|frLg Clifx?n] o;sf]

arfpsf] nflu cGo tLg j0f{n] hg} nufpg] ljwfg rnfP . zf}r hfFbf sfgdf hg}

r9fPkl5 sfgsf] gzfdf bafa kb{5 / zf}r v'n:t x'G5 ljsf/ hGdg kfpFb}g . of]

ljsf/ /x\of] eg] kl5 dw'd]x h:tf /fh/f]ux? x'g ;Sb5g\ . a;]/ lk;fa km]gf{n]

lkzfa ;kmf x'g'sf ;fy} uf]8f e/L 5L6f kb{}g . kmn:j?k lkzfa dfu{åf/f z/L/n]

kmfn]sf] ljhftLo kbfy{x? k'gM z/L/dfly cfqmd0f ug{ kfpFb}gg\ . of] ;a} ;'ljwf

;'?jfn, wf]tL s'tf{ sdLhdf dfq ;Dej 5 . /x\of] s'/f ef]hgsf] . ef]hgdf t}No /

df+;nfO{ ltgLx?n] hlt ;'s} kf}li6s dfg'g t/ d ;+If]kdf olt dfq eG5' ls

cfw'lgstfsf] xf]8df xfdLx? /f]u Aoflwn] csfndf d/L /x]sf 5f}+ / hf] ;bfrfl/tfdf

ljZj:t /xG5 Tof] lg/f]uL / bL3{hLjL x'G5] o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt jt{dfg If0f ;'gf}n]f

b]lvP klg klZrdL kl/j]z k]g8f]/fsf] b'Mvsf] afs; h:tf] ;flat x'g]5 cem o;nfO{

;/n u/]/ egf} eg] xfd|f] ?jfO{ Tof] gjljjflxtf sGofsf] ?jfO{ h:tf] 5 hf] ;Dk"0f{

;+;f/ kfpg dfOtL3/ 5f]8\g] a]nfdf ?G5] . v'a ?G5] t/ s]xL a]/ dfq . t/ klZrdL

v'zL Tof] gf}of]jgf ljwjfsf] ?jfO{ h:tf] 5 . h;nfO{ jiff{] jif{ ?g' 5, 56k6fpg' 5,

d/0fko{Gt klg lrtfdf zj klg 56kl6g] g} 5, ;Gtfgsf] eofgs cFWof/f]

eljiosf] e'd/LnfO{ b]v]/ .Æ


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29

æclg of] c+u|]lhotsf] cfsif{0f < s] dflg; To;} bf}8]sf x'g t otf k§L <Æ

æxf], laNs'n 7Ls . of] d[udfl/lrsf . cFwf]bf}8 e]8Lsf] h:tf] .Æ

æclg of] bf}8 b]lv ;GtfgnfO{ s] k/ /fVg ;lsPnf t <Æ

æ;lsPnf t/ o;sf] nflu ;fjwfgLsf] cfjZostf 5 . of] klZrdLkg ;a}

unt xf] elglbg] xf] eg] ;Gtfgn] x]/f}+ t unt eg]sf] s:tf] x'Fbf] /x]5 eg]/ To;}df

6fFl;g k'Ug] 5g\ . of] dflg;sf] :jefj xf] . t;y{ unt s'/f rflxF s]xL /x]5 eg]

afnsnfO{ To;sf] ghLs cjZo k'¥ofO{ lbg' kb{5 ls p;n] :jo+ cln 6f9fg} a;]/

ko{j]Ifs em} To;nfO{ b]vf];\ / plrt cg'lrtsf] lgSof{]n u/L xfnf];\ . t/ afnssf]

z/L/ / ;+:sf/ cfˆg} kl/j]z leq /xg' kb{5 .Æ

æo;sf] tfTko{ aRrfnfO{ ;+:s[ltsf /Ifs ;+:s[t ljBfnodf nu]/ egf{ u/fpg'

k¥of] t <Æ

æxf]Og, d]/f] tfTko{ k'/fgf] kf]+uf kf]yL a|fDx0fsf] cfr/0f ckfpg nufpg] eg]sf]

xf]Og . s'g} o:tf] u'?s'ndf k7fpmF hxfF j]bj]bfGtdf cGj]if0f x'G5, wd{ / g}ltsjfg

hLjg z}nL 5 ;fy} jt{dfg o'usf u'0fx? u|x0f ug{] / cju'0fx?sf] pk]Iff ug{ ;Sg]

Ifdtf hxfF 5 ToxfF n}hfpmF .Æ

Psl5gkl5 b'j} ldq 3f]l/P . ljrf/ ub{} hfFbf k|f0fgfyn] æjf/f0f;Lsf] afaf

l;4]Zj/ gfysf] cf>d s:tf] /xg] 5 <Æeg].

æ7Ls, laNs'n 7Ls . d ;xdt 5', t/ clxn] xf]Og ca &÷* dlxgf kl5 ha

of] ;ftf}+ jif{df k|j]z u/f];\ ta dfq eGb} k'hf/LhL ;GWof pkf;gfsf] ;do ghLs

cfpg nfu]sf]n] ToxfFaf6 ljbf eP .

-&_

o; jif{klg ltxf/sf] rf8 a8f] w'dwfd;Fu dgfOof] . k'8L, srf}8L, ;]n, lkmgL,

vL/, lkrlsof cflb y/Lyl/sf] ef]hg / ld7fO{sf] e/df/ . s]6fs]6Lx? gofF gofF

sk8f / v]n tdfzfdf d:t lyP . t/, k|f0fgfysf] 3/df cs{} dfxf}nsf] /rgf u/]sf]

lyof] ;ljgon] . cfFugdf 7'l:;P/ a;L/x]sf] lyof] l/;fP/ . a8f] dfgdgf}tL klg

rNof] dfGb} gdfgf]; . ljifo lyof] gofF l;nfP/ NofOPsf] sf]6sf] . k|f0fgfyn]

;b/d'sfd k7fP/ ;ljgosf] nflu z'4 sfnf] sfzdL/fsf] sf]6 l;nfO{ dufPsf lyP .

;ft ?lkofFsf] sk8f tLg ?lkof l;nfO{,!) ?lkof k/]s]f lyof] sf]6nfO{ .

gf]s/rfs/x? cfFvf km}nfO{ km}nfO{ x]/] æbz ?lkofF < / l;nfO{ tLg ?lkof < x/]


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eujfg b'O{ cfgfdf Anfph, rf/ cfgf sdLh b'O{ cfgfdf g]s/ l;lnG5 of] slt

dxFuf] < eg]/ bfFtn] lha|f] 6f]Sb} lyP

t/ ;ljgon] lh2L u¥of] t u¥of] . /+u /ftf] eg]sf], sfnf] lsg < oxL lh2 lyof]

To;sf] . cfdf afa' gf]s/x?n] s;}n] dgfpg g;s]kl5 xhf/L xhfd cfof] p;n]

afnsnfO{ sfvdf p7fof] / sf]6 klg xftdf lnP/ dgfpgsf] nflu sfg]v'zL ug{

nfUof] csf{] sf]6 ef]nL g} agfO{ lbg] elg sa"n klg u¥of] . afnsn] ;Gtf]if h:tf]

dfGof] / sf]6 a'9f]sf] xftaf6 cfˆgf] xftdf lnP/ æTo;f] eP o;nfO{ hnfO{ lbG5'Æ

eGb} glhs} an]sf] cu]gf]df ‰ofKk} kmfnL lb xfNof] .

5f]/fsf] lh2af6 x}/fg eP/ ToxL a;]sL ozf]bfb]jLn] xtkt sf]6 cfuf]af6

lgsflng\, s]xL dfq} hn]sf] /x]5, sfd glbg] vfnsf] b]v]/ k|f0fgfyn] xf] xf] u/]/ a8f]

hf]8n] pGd'St xfF;f] xfF:b} eg] æt}+n] t sf]6 dfq hnfO; t/ d}n,] yfx 5< a'jfn]

NofO{ lbg' ePsf] /ftf] lsgf/fsf] ;]tf] wf]tL b'O{ cfgfsf] df]n k/]sf] To; hdfgfdf <

a'lem; d}n] bfFtn] b'O{ 6'qmf u/]/ uwfnfO{ cf]9fO{ lbP y]+ .Æ eGb} kmtkmtfpFb} aflx/

a}7s tkm{ nfu] .

Tof] 36gf eGbf klxn] efb| dlxgfdf cs{] 36gf klg 36L ;s]sf] /x]5 . Ps

lbgsf] /flt afns ;ljgo ;'Tbf ;'Tb} crfgs cfˆgf] cf]5 \ofgdf p7]/ a:of] / ?g

nfUof] . a[4 bDkltn] 8/ nfUbf] :jKg b]Vof] ls < eGg] cg'dfg u/]/ r'k u/fpg]

k|ofz ug{ yfNbf æcfn'sf] t/sf/L vfG5' .Æ eGg nfUof] .

k¥of] km;fb, cfn' < a8f] b'n{e rLh xf] . zx/ ahf/df t o;sf] lsgd]n x'G5

/ kfOG5 klg . t/, ufpFdf ebf}sf] dlxgfdf sxfF kfpg] <

ufpFn]x?n] pAhfPsf] cGg vl/b u/L lbg] d08L glhsdf gePsf]n] b'O{ b'O{

lbgsf] af6f] u/]/ cGg uf8fdf af]s]/ a]Rg ;b/d'sfd hfg' k5{ eg] cfn" g t 3/df

w]/} lbg /fVg ;lsG5 / g t sxLF ghLsdf laqmL ug{ g} ;lsG5 . km]/L ls;fgn]

uf8fdf cfn' af]s]/ d08L n}hfg] s'/f klg t nfh dg'{ xf] < cfn' a]Rg NofPsf] eg]/

pk]lIft eP/ sltn] tf8\gf lbg] x'g\ / olt ;xFbf klg sxLF s;}n] lsgL lbPg eg] <

vl/b laqmLsf] rng gePsf]n] 7"n 7"nf hUufwgL / hldgbf/n] #÷$ s¶f dfq

nufpF5g\ cfn' . afFsL ;Lhgdf :yfgLo nf}sf, km;L{ cflb 3/]n' pTkfbgn] ;a}sf]

sfd rnLg} xfn5 . ca cfn' nufpg] ;Lhg t cfpFb}5 . clns lbg kl5 lapsf]

nflu cfn' t cfpnf t/ cfh sxfF kfOof];\ .


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31

ax't kmsfOof], tdfd k|nf]eg lbOof] t/ ;a} xf/] . lh2L afnsnfO{ r'k nufpg]

s'g} pkfo g nfu]kl5 gf]s/x?nfO{ hufO{of] / gf]s/x? 3/3/df uP/ b'O{ rf/ bfgf

cfn' 5 ls < eGb} xfn ;fn} h'g h'g 3/df zfbL ljjfx, syf k'/f0f, 5}7L, Gjf/g

h:tf pT;jx? ePsf lyP Tox+f vf]hL ub{} lxF8] . cGtdf Pp6f gf]s/sf] k|ofz

;kmn eof] / b'O{bfgf cfn' lnP/ 3/ kmSof{] .pm To;sf] t/sf/L vfP/ dfq vl6ofdf

;'Tg uPsf] lyof] .

æo:tf] lh2L afnsnfO{ ca oxfF /fv]/ sNof0f 5}g . ;ftf}+ jif{ nflu xfN5 kl5

kl5, ;ftf}+ t s] < afRof] eg] slt xf] slt < o;nfO{ aflx/ gk7fO{ pkfo g} 5}g .Æ

k|f0fgfyn ]eg] .

æof] b"w] afnsnfO{ < Tolt 6f9f kGw| lbgsf] af6f] xf]nf oxfFaf6 .Æ cfZro{ /

b'vldl>t :j/ lyof] ozf]bfb]jLsf] .

æs] eof] t <Æ k|f0fgfyn] zLtn :j/df ;Demfpg] p2]Zon] eg] æhGd dfq lbP/

x'Fb}g x]/, sd{ klg lbg ;Sg' kb{5 ;GtfgnfO{ . ljGg"nfO{ aflx/ k7fpFbf bf]xf]/f] nfe

b]v]sf] 5' cem eGg] xf] eg] t]Aa/ nfe 5 . Pp6f t To;n] lzIff kfpF5, o'u hdfgf

stf u}/x]sf] 5 To;sf] cg'ej x'G5, bf];|f] s'/f 6f9fkgn] xfd|f] df]xe+u u/L /xG5 of]

klg cfjZos g} 5 . t];|f] s'/f To;sf] lh2af6 xfdLnfO{ km'/;t x'G5 .

æoL tLgj6} s'/f dft[Tj eGbf w]/} d'lg kb{5g\ .Æ

æ;Gtfgsf] eljio lgdf{0fdf hlt cfjZostf dft[Tjsf] Kof/ b'nf/sf] x'G5

Tolts} lkt[Tj s7f]/tf / cg'zf;gsf] klg x'G5 . o;sf] tof/L u/L b]p a? xfdL

klg hfpF cln lbg tLy{ a|t u/f}+ . o;nfO{ pt}lt/ 5f]8L lbpFnf .Æ eGb} k|f0fgfyn]

csf{] tkm{ d'v kmsf{O{ xfn] .

ozf]bf b]jLsf] x[bodf s;}n] xyf}8fn] k|xf/ u/] h:tf] eof] . a'9];sfnsf] ;Gtfg

a8f] bfg k'0o, o1, hf]u hksf] kmn . o;sf] afnskgaf6 cfgGb lng kfpg]

;dodf of] xfdL b]lv 6f9f hfg] eof] / v]Ng] s'b\g] ;do / lbgdf lstfa snd,

:n]6 kf6L af]s]/ u'?sf] cg'zf;gdf /xg' kg{] eof] . tF klg cefuL xfdL klg < ;f]Rb}

hfFbf ozf]bfsf] dg ef/L eof], ;fydf ;'tL /x]sf] ljGg"nfO{ 5ftLdf 6fFl;P/ hf]8\n]

lrksfpg yflng cfFvfsf] sf]/ /;fP/ cfof] .


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32


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33

cWofo @ -!_

kmfNu'g dlxgf . g hf8f], g udL{ . jf:tjdf dlxgfsf] /fhf eg] klg x'G5

o;nfO{ . u/Lan] hf8f]af6 qf0f kfPsf] x'g5 eg] a"9fx? k'g s]xL ;do af+Rd kfpg

zlSt ;+ro ug{ pT;'s x'g yfN5g\ . ls;fgn] ds} wfg, df;, leq\ofPsf x'G5g\ /

vfgfsf] kL8f x'Fb}g eg] /lj km;n tof/ x'g} nfu]sf] x'G5 . Ps t Ct' g} a;Gt kg{]

x'gfn] af]6 lj?jfx? n6/Dd km'nn] 9flsPsf x'G5g / kmn lbg] tof/Ldf cfˆgf]

;'jf;n] ufpFnfO{ 9fsL lbPsf x'G5g\ . ;+If]kdf of] dlxgf dgf]x/ dlxgfsf] ?kdf

lrlgg] x'gfn] g} xf]nf, tdfd o'js o'jtLx?sf] hLjg ;"qsf] ufF7f] afFwL lbg] sfd

klg of] dlxgfdf k|z:t x'g] x'+bf of] z'e nugsf] dlxgf gjo'jsx?sf] nflu ljz]if

cfsif{0fsf] ljifo klg x'G5 .

s[i0fkIfsf] rt'bz{L{ ltly, lxGb'x?sf] dxfg kfjg kj{, dxflzj/flq . jf/f0f;Lsf]

xf6 ahf/, uNnL, wd{zfnf, xf]6n, dlGb/, /]na] :6]zg ;a} vrfvr el/Psf lyP,

tLy{ofqLx?af6 . bf]sfgbf/x?sf] bf]sfg 7;f7; ;fdfgn] el/e/fp lyP . ld7fO{

k;nx?nfO{ km'/;t} lyPg . agf/;L ;f8Lsf] 5'§} axf/, km"n dfnf r'/f kf]t], s+7L

dfnf, 6Lsf, l;Gb"/sf] e/df/ . ho ad ef]n]sf] gf/fsf] aLr wd{sf 7]s]bf/x?n]

;f]em} :ju{ k7fpg] l6s6 afF8L /x]sfn] xl/zrGb| 3f6, dl0fsl0f{sf 3f6, bzf:jd]w

3f6 cflb k|d'v 3f6x?df :gfgfyL{x?sf] 7"nf] eL8 . ;a} 3f6x? cfhsf] h:tf] kSsL

;L9L nfu]sf ;kmf ;'U3/ ;'Jojl:yt / bz{gLo lyPgg\ . cgu9 9'+ufsf ;L9Lx? obf

sbf cJojl:yt nufOPsf] eP klg u+ufhLdf :gfgu/L dfly pSng] ofqLx?n] lnP/

lxF8\g] lr;f] n'ufaf6 6klsg] kfgLn] tL ;L9Lx?nfO{ klg lrKnf] u/fO{ lbPsf] lyof] .

To;f] x'gfn] g'xfP/ plSng] / 3f6df tn emg{]x?n] a8f] l:y/tfk"j{s v'§f /fVg'

kb{Yof] . hfg cghfgdf sf]xL lrlKnof] eg] krf;f}+ ld6/ tn, sxfF slt rf]6 nfUg]

xf] cg'dfg} ug{ sl7g . cem d]nf ePsfn] To;df lslRrP/ k|f0f} hfg] klg a9L

;Defjgf lyof] . o:t} cj:yfdf wf]tLnfO{ cfwf a]/]/ nk]6]s]f , dfly lgj{:q pGgt

nnf6 h;df rGbg n]k ePsf] t]hZjL cf+vf, 3gfsfnf /f}+n] o'St ef}x, cf]+7 ls+lrt

df]6f], ;fgf] ;fgf] skfn h:df 7"n]f ufF7f] nfu]sf] 7"nf] 6'KkL, Ps b[li6df g} jbkf7L

a|fDx0f s'df/ ePsf] :ki6} b]lvg], pd]/ oxL t]/x jif{sf] cf;kf; ePsf] Pp6f lszf]/

cln xtfl/P h:tf] Ps xftdf lktnsf] ;fg]f afN6Lg / csf{] xftn] wf]tL ;DxfnL


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34

/fv]sf] cln rfF8f] rfF8f] t/ a8f] oTgk"j{s v'§f /fVb} dl0fsl0{fsf 3f6df tn emb{}

lyof] .pm u+ufhn lng u}/x]sf] s'/f :ki6 g} lyof] .

dfly dlGb/x?df 306f aHg z'? eof] . lszf]/sf] v'§fdf emg :km"lt{ cfof] . t/

crfgs Pp6f v'§f lrlKng uP5 / ;L+9Ldf nf]6]sf] Tof] lszf]/ tn u+ufhL tkm{ ;/{

lrlKng k'Uof] t/ tn u+ufhLdf 5\ofKk} kg'{ eGbf klxn] g} Pp6f a8f] sf]dn xftn]

a8f] km'tL{;Fu s7f]/tfn] To;sf] xft ;dftLxfNof]] . ks8 olt b[9 lyof] ls lszf]/

cfˆgf] lrKnfO{sf] a]udf ePsf]n] Ps k6s kmgSs 3'dL xfNof] . ;dfTg] afnfnfO{

klg 7"nf] an} nufpg' k¥of] t/ lszf]/ km'Tsg kfPg .

a]u ?Sof] / lszf]/n] cfkm"nfO{ ;+ot ub{} p7\of] t/ To;nfO{ z/L/sf] ljleGg

c+udf rf]6 k6s nfUg uPsf]n] rf]6sf] kL8f p;sf] cg'xf/df emlNsof] . pm h]gt]g

p7]/ v8f eof] ta To;n] b]Vof] To;nfO{ u+ufhLdf k'Ug b]lv /]fSg] b[9 zlQmsL wgL

Pp6L lszf]/L kf] /x]l5g\ .

Zofd j0f{sf] ;'s'df/ z/L/, dxf;d'b| em}+ ulx/f sfnf d[uh:tf cfFvf, To;sf]

dfly wg'iffsf/ em}+ nfdf nfdf e}+f / kns, o'jtL x'g] k|f/lDes nIf0f b[li6uf]r/

e/x]sf], sfgdf :j0f{sf ;fgf ;fgf emfnf, gfsdf ;fgf] sLn, v'§fdf kfon .

wfgL/+usf] s'tL{ h;df ;fgf ;fgf rDsLnf a'§f / l;tf/f hl8Psf], ;fgf] n]+xufnfO{

gofF ?k lbP/ :s6{ gfd lbPsf] / dy'/fdf a9L rNg] /flwsf ;]6 nufPsL, o:t}

!!÷!@ jif{sf] cf;kf;df b]lvPsL lszf]/L pHhjn wjn bGtk+lQm b]vfP/ afn

;'ne r~rntf / dgf]efjn] ubf{ Ps k6s t lvTsf 5f]8]/ xfF;]sLn] j/Lk/Lsf]

eL8sf] klg Wofg Ps If0fsf] nflu cfkm"lt/ cfslif{t ul/g\, t/ lszf]/sf] z/L/sf]

rf]6k6sn] To;nfO{ rfF8} g} uDeL/tfdf kl/0ft ul/ lbof] .

o:tf] lrKnf] af6f]df o;/L bf}8 nufOG5 t < x]/ t z/L/e/L lxnf] df6f] / 7fpF

7fpFdf rf]6 k/]sf] . p;n] ;xfg'e"lt k|s6 ub{} 6'6] km'6]sf lxGbL zAb af]Nb} æca Ps

8'asL u+ufhLdf nufpm rf]6 klg ;Grf] x'G5 clg kfgL n}hfpnf . sxfF;Dd hfg' 5

< ;xfg'e"ltdf k|Zg u/L lszf]/Ln] .

æafaf l;4gfysf] cf>ddf .Æ u'?b]jn] eujfgnfO{ g'xfO{ lbg] t/v/ ubf{ ub{}

k/]jfn] kfgLdf lji6f u/L lbPsf]n] bf}8b} csf{] hn lng cfPsf] .Æ eGb} o'jsn]

emD6]/ afn6L p7fof] xtkt Ps 8'a'NsL u+ufhLdf nufof] / aflN6gdf kfgL lnP/

uLnf] wf]tL nufP/ g} lxF8\g pBt eof] .


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35

æpsfnf] cf]/fnf]df a9L rgfvf] x'g' kb{5 . o;df x8a8L eof] eg] vTtd

eOG5 .Æ eGb} lszf]/Ln] p;sf] xftaf6 aflN6g lng] pkqmd u/L .

lszf]/Lsf]] lxGbL pRrf/0f ljz'4 gePsf] n] pm u}/ lxGbL efifL ePsf] s'/f

cg'dfg ub{} cfFvf / d'vs} efjn] aflN6g lbg OGsf/ ub{} lszf]/n] ltd|f] 3/ sxfF xf]

<Æ elg ;f]Wof] .

æg]kfn . kfNkf lhNnf, tfg;]g ahf/ .Æ ;+lIfKt pQ/ lyof] lszf]/Lsf] .

ætfg;]g < p;f] eP ltdL g]kfnL .Æ o; k6s lszf]/n] g]kfnLdf g} k|Zg u¥of]

.

æxf] d g]kfnL . ltdLn] klg t xfd|f] efiff af]Nof} < s] ltdL klg g]kfnL xf}+ <Æ

æcF d klg g]kfnL x'F . d]/f] 3/ klg tfg;]g xf] .Æ

cuf8L cuf8L lszf]/ kl5–kl5 lszf]/L ;L9L pSnb} lyP . kl/rosf] l;nl;nf

hf/L lyof] . x'gt lszf]/ klg o;k6s ax't} ;fjwfgLn] v'§f uf8\b} uf8\b} pSnL

/x]sf] lyof] t/ lszf]/L cem w]/} ;fjwfg b]lvGyL . p;sf cfFvf lszf]/sf] v'§f df g}

lyof] . km]/L lrKnG5 ls < eGg] 8/ . t/ lszf]/n] cfkm"nfO{ tfg;]gsf] atfPkl5

lszf]/Lsf d'vd08ndf ck|Toflzt rds cfof] / ckgTj efjn] k'n'Ss lszf]/sf]

d'vdf x]/L .

æcg'xf/ / e]ife'iffn] t g]kfnL h:tf] 5}g .Æ dgdf ;Gb]x k:of] . t/ dgn] g}

tTsfn pQ/ lbof] æj]bkf7L xf] . olx klx/g / /xg ;xgn] klxrfg} n'sfO{ lbPsf] 5

. km]/L a|fDx0f hflt rfx] ef/tsf rfx] g]kfnsf Pp6} cfs[ltsf t x'G5g\ . lszf]/L

cfkm} ;Gt'i6 eO{ t/ tTsfn k|Zg p7\of] ætfg;]g, d}n] t ltdLnfO{ b]lvg .Æ k|s6df

k|Zg u/L .

æd]/f] cfdfn] dfOtLaf6 rf/ ufpF bfOhf] kfpg' ePsf]n] a'jf kxf8af6 dw]z

em/]sf] w]/} jif{ latL ;Sof] . a'jfg} kxf8 guPsf] o'u laTof] xfdLn] t emg ;'g]sf]

dfq .Æ

æslt jif{ b]lv oxfF 5f}+ <Æ ;f]wL lszf]/Ln] .

æeof] sl/a ^ jif{ . o; cjlwdf hDdf rf/ k6s g]kfn uPF . cfdf a'jf g}

cfpg] a:g] ug'{ x'G5 . ca t d]/f] Pp6f efO{ klg rf/ jif{sf] e};s]sf] 5 csf{] jif{


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36

p;nfO{ klg Nofpg] /] . b'j} efO{ oxL+ k9\g] /] . ltdL klg k9\5\of}+ ls <Æ lszf]/n]

k|Zg klg u¥of] .

æd 3/df k9\y]+, Ps hgf u'?n] k9fpg' x'GYof] / a'jfn] klg k9fpg' x'GYof] .

clxn] xh'/cfdf oxF 3f6 a:g cfpg' ePsf]n] cfdfsf] ;fydf b'O dlxgf b]lv d

klg oxL+ 5' . a'jf 3/ kms{g' ePsf] 5 . ca kfn} kfnf] sfG5f afx? cfpg] hfg] /] .

cfdfsf] k]6sf] /f]u 5, oxL+ cf}iflw klg u/fpg] /] d klg oxL+ a:g] / k9\g] klg .Æ

æ5f]/L dfG5] klg cf>d cyjf kf7zfnfdf k9\g] < lszf]/n] k|Zg u¥of] .

æca t ef/tdf 5f]/L dfG5] klg v'Nnd v'Nnf k9\5g\ xfdL sxfF ufpF 3/df

k9\g] t ;d:of g} 5 .Æ

æclg oxfF sxfF a:5\of} lg <Æ ;f]Wof] lszf]/n] .

æof] 6f]ndf tdfd g]kfnL kl/jf/x? 5g\, d]/f] a'jfn] Pp6f ;fgf] 3/} lsGg'

ePsf]5 ltd|f] cf>dsf] glhs} uNnLdf t 5 lg . slxn] slxn] cfpg] ug'{ clg c?

s'/f ub{} u/f}+nf .Æ

æcf>dn] aflx/ hfg t k|foM dgfxL x'G5 xfdLnfO{ . slxn] cg's'n k¥of] eg]

cfpFnf .Æ

lszf]/n] lszf]/Lsf] 3/sf] klxrfg / cfjZos ljj/0f ;f]Wof] 3/ t cf>dsf]

d"n u]6 lg/} /x]5 . lszf]/ cf>dsf] 9f]sfdf k'uL ;s]sf]n] 5'l§g] a]nf ePsf] a'emL

lszf]/Ln] .

æcf>ddf ltdLnfO{ vf]Hbf s] eg]/ ;f]Wg] <Æ k|Zg ul/ .

æd]/f] gfd ;ljgo . clg ltd|f] lg <Æ

æd <Æ, lszf]/Ln] ;ljgos]f cg'xf/df Psk6s k'gM x]b{} egL æ;ljtf .

-@_

b'Uw ljgfosdf c+u|]hx?n] O;fO{ wd{ k|rf/sf] nflu Pp6f ;]jf s]Gb| vf]n]sf

lyP . ljleGg cfkb ljkbdf :yfgLo JolQmx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{], cf}ifwf]krf/ ug]{ /

lgMz'Ns lzIff k|bfg ug{] oL tLg j6f sfo{qmdn] hgdfg;nfO{ cfslif{t t'NofPsf

lyP . c+u|]hL lzIffsf] :s'n ;fo+sfnLg ePsf]n] ;a}nfO{ ;'ljwf lyof] . o;df s]xL


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37

j]bkf7Lx?n] klg lzIff lng] ub{y] . oBlk c+u|]hL :s'ndf lzIff k|fKt ug{] s'/fnfO{

ca x]o b[li6n] t x]l/b}gYof] t/ klg ;fwf/0f dflg;x? To;df k|j]z ug{ xrlsGy]

vf; u/]/ a|fDx0f ju{ . To;f] x'gfn] cf>d af;L 5fqx? ;+:s[t kmf/;L / lxGbL

efiffsf uxg ;flxTo, Oltxf;, bz{g, Hof]ltif, ul0ft, ts{ zf:q / tTj 1fgsf]

lrGtg ub{y] h;sf] p2]Zo cWofTdsf] ;fwgfåf/f nf]s k/nf]s ;kmn kfg'{ lyof] eg]

c+u|]hL lzIffdf k|df0fjfb / oyfy{jfbL lrGtg k|jflxt lyof] h;df 1fg lj1fgsf

;fy} cfw'lgs /fhgLltsf] cWoogdf klg hf]8 lbOGYof] . To;f] x'gfn] j]bkf7Lx?nfO{

o; b]lv 6f9f /fVg] g} r]i6f ul/GYof] . t/ ;ljgo c+u|]hL lzIff k|lt :jfefljs ?kn]

rfv lnO /x]sf] lyof] / k|f/Dedf 3/df k9]sf s]xL zAbx? cem} klg p;nfO{ s07}}

lyP . ;ljtf ToxLF O+lunz :s'ndf k9\yL Ps lbg ;ljgon] cfˆgf] dgsf] s'/f

vf]Nof] M

æltd|f] :s"ndf j]bkf7Lx?nfO{ k|j]z ldNs ls gfO{ <Æ

æa8f] v'zLn] ldN5 .Æ

æs]–s] k9fpF5g\ ToxfF <Æ

æToxfF efiff, wd{, bz{g, lj1fg ;a} yf]s t k9fpF5g\ . t/ ltdLn] lsg ;f]Wof}+

<Æ

æd]/f] klg c+u|]hL k9\g] k|an OR5f 5 .Æ

æta t ax't /fd|f] . ;ljtfn] k|zGgtf k|s6 u/Lg\ . t/ tTsfng} pgsf]

v'lzofnL nf]k eof] . ;ljgo t cf>ddf cGt]jf;L eP/ a;]sf] 5 . u'?sf] ;]jf,

rfs/L, dlGb/sf] ehg sLt{g, k"hf cf/tL, cltlyx?sf] :jfut ljbfO{ slt 7"nf]

sfd o;sf] lhDdf 5 . laxfg rf/} ah] p7] b]lv lbge/L sfd / k9fO{df dfq Ao:t

. ;fFem cf/tLkl5 k|jrg ;Gt d+xtx?sf], hf] lgs} a]/;Dd rnL /xG5 . p;nfO

d]/f] 3/ Ps}l5gsf] nflu cfpg] k'm/;t lgsfng t slt sl7g 5 \ t/ pm cGt]jf;L

ePsf]n] ljleGg sfddf cf>daf6 aflx/ lg:sg' kb{5 / ;fy} p;sf] afa' hldgbf/

k|f0fgfysf] wd{zLntf, ;ljgosf] lghL Ifdtf / JolQmTjn] klg u'?b]jnfO{ k|efljt

kf/]sf] x'gfn] p;nfO{ s]xL 5"6 /x]5 . cem} xfdLx? Ps} ufpF 7fpFsf eg]/ u'?hLn]

a'em\g' klg ePsf] 5 t}klg u'?b]jn] c+u|]hL k9\g lbg] s'/fdf t z+s} 5 .Æ

æsxfF x/fof}<Æ ;ljgon] 3r3rfof] pgnfO{ .


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38

æsxL xf]Og cGt xf]Og, ltd|} ljrf/df lyPF . u'?b]jn] k9\g k7fpg'x'G5 ls

k7fpg dfGg' x'Gg < k7fP klg ltdL dfly t emg af]em dfq ylkG5 . s;/L ;do

lgsfNg ;S5f}+ <Æ

æ;dos} ;d:of 5 < u'?b]j k'/ftg s'/fnfO{ gofF kl/j]zdf j}1flgs b[li6n] x]g{]

eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVg' x'G5 . jxfFn] t cl:tg} k9\ c+u|]hL klg k9L xfn 1fg u'g

hlt tfGg ;s] j]z} xf] eGg' x'GYof] t/ ;fFem s/La rf/ 306f ;do lgsfNg] s;/L

<Æ lrGtfn]] ;ljgonfO{ 3]¥of] .

æs] ltd|f] s'g} sfd d}n] u/L lbg ;S5' <Æ ;f]lwg\ ;ljtfn] .

æltdLn] < d]/f] sfd ltdLaf6 u/fpg kfP d klg ax't} v'zL x'Gy]+ t/==. Æ

æ s] t ljGg" <Æ

æcf>dsf] s7f]/ lgodn] ltd|f] k|j]z ToxfF jlh{t 5 . a? c+u|]hL :s"n s}

kf7x? ;f/L lbg' / c? :s"n] d2t u/L lbg' d cfh u'?b]j;Fu lj:tf/df s'/f ug{]5'

.Æ

æ7Ls, laNs'n kSsf .Æ

æTo;f] eP xft ldnfpm .Æ ;ljgo wL/, uDeL/ ePklg ljgf]bL k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n]

cfˆgf] xft ;ljtf lt/ a9fof] . ;ljtfn] gd:sf/sf] d'b|fdf cfˆgf] b'j} xft hf]8 \b}

elgg\ æxft ldnfOGg .Æ

ælsg ;lj <Æ cfZro{rlst eP/ ;f]Wof] æltdL t c+u|]hL lzIff k9\b} 5\of}

c+u|]hx?n] t xft ldnfp5g\ .

æof] d"v{tfsf] s'/f xf] .Æ æh'g cfb/ ;Ddfg k|]d dof{bf xft hf]8]/ k|blz{t x'G5

Tof] t xft ldnfpg'df 5Fb}5}g eg] csf{] j}1flgs sf/0f klg 5 .Æ

æj}1flgs sf/0f Æ xftldnfpg] s'/fdf <Æ

æxf] . lgZro klg 5 . ;?jf /f]ux? xftsf] dfWodaf6 c?nfO{ ;lhn};Fu ;g{

;Sb5g\ . oL tYo xfd|f k|frLg dgLifLx?n] a'em]sf] x'gfn] clejfbgsf] xfd|f] ljz]if

k/Dk/fx? j}1flgs cfwf/df rnfOPsf x'g\ .

cf]x eujfg . ltdL t ;fx|} a'l4dfgL e};s]sL /lx5f}+ <Æ


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39

æd]/f] a'jfaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L xf] s] . ;fdfGo hfgsf/L .Æ

;+Wof bLksf] ;do x'g nfu]sf]n] ;ljgo ljbf dfu]/ ToxfFaf6 lxF8\of] .

-#_

;ljgonfO{ c+u|]hL lzIff u|x0f ug{] cg'dlt k|fKt e};s]sf] lyof] t/ To;dfly

cTolws ef/ kg{ uPsf] s'/f :jo+ u'?b]j :jfdL s[kfg+bn] klg dx;"; ub{y] . t/

;ljgosL ;xf/f lyO{g\ ;ljtf . p;sf] x/ ;Dej d2t ug{] uly{g\ . ;do rLn em}+

t]h ultn] p8\b} /x\of] . ;ljtfsf] :s'n] ;xof]u af6 ;ljgo lbg k|ltlbg pgLk|lt

cfslif{t x'+b{} uof] . To;sf] Wofgdf ca ;ljtf g} s]lGb|t x'Fb} uPsL lyOg\ . ;dosf]

ultsf] ;fy} ptf ;ljtfsf] klg lszf]/L r~rntf x/fpFb} uPsf] lyof] . To;sf] :yfg

nHhf / uDeL/tfn] ln+b} uPsf] lyof] .

;dosf] ult rNb}/x\of] . b'j}n] lszf]/ cj:yf TofuL ca gofF cj:yfdf k|j]z

ub{} lyP . k9fO{df sf] eGbf sf] sd < 5'6\ofpg} ufx|f] lyof] . ;ljgon] ptf

ljBfkL7af6 u'?s'nsf] k/LIff kf; u/L ;s]sf] lyof] eg] otf c+u|]hL lzIffsf] kl/0ffd

k|sfzg cfh ePsf]n] ljBfnodf ef/L eL8 lyof] . k/LIffdf ;kmn x'g] x? dfGohg

k|lt 9f]s clejfbg ub{} eujfg ljZjgfynfO{ wGojfb lbg / ld7fO{ k|;fb v'jfpg

bf}8 nufpFb} lyP eg] c;kmn x'g]x?n] efUo / sd{nfO{ >fKb} lxF8]sf lyP .

pb\3f]ifsn] kl/0ffd kq ljt/0fsf] qmddf gfd lnof] æ;ljtf zdf{ .Æ

;ljtfsf] 5ftLsf] w8\sg a9\of] . pgL lj:tf/} dfly plSng\ / k|df0f kq

ljt/0fsf nfu cfpg' ePsf cltly 8]k'6L lzIff clwsf/Lsf] ;fd'Gg] pleOg\ .

cltlyn] k|df0f kq xftdf lnP/ Ps k6s pgsf] d'vdf x]/]/ k|yd >]0fLdf pQL0f{

Zofaf; ax't /fd|f] eg]/ k|z+;f ub{} xftsf] ;l6{lkms]6 ;ljtfsf] xftdf /fvL lbP .

aflx/ a/08fsf] tn 5fq5fqfx?sf] aLrdf plePsf] ;ljgon] hf]8 hf]8n] tfnL

ahfpg yfNof] ToxL aLrdf pb\3f]ifsn] To;sf] gfd klg af]nfof] .

pm klg] d~rdf k'Uof] / clwsf/Ln] To;nfO{ klg k|z+zfsf] efjn] x]/] clg k|yd

>]0fLdf kf; ePsf] elg ;'vdo eljiosf] cfzLif lbFb} k|df0f kq lbP . b'j}sf] v'zLsf]

;Ldf lyPg . bf}8\} b'j} hgf . klxn] ;ljtfsf 3/ uP . cfdfnfO{ 9f]s] cfzLjf{b u|x0f

u/] . To;kl5 ;ljgo cfˆgf] cf>ddf uof] u'?nfO{ 9f]u u/]/ ;fyL ldqx?;Fu

oyf]lrt Jojxf/ k|bz{g ub{} eujfg ljZjgfysf] bz{gsf] nflu u'?sf] cf1f dfUof] .

u'?b]jn] ;xh} cf1f k|bfg ug{' eof] . pm k|zGg dgn] bf}8\b} ;ljtf sxfF uof] .


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40

æ;lj, dlGb/ hfg] xf]Og <Æ k'Ugf;fy ;f]Wof] ;ljgon] .

æeujfgsf] bz{g ug{ ls ld7fO{ vfg <Æ xfF:b} lh:sfpg] p2]Zon] ;fl]wg

;ljtfn] .

æb'j} sfd ug{ .Æ

æb]j bz{g ljlw t dfG5]n] ltdL;Fu l;sf];\ .Æ :j/df u'gf;f] ldl; h:tf] lyof] .

;ljgon] Ps k6s ;ljtfsf] d'vdf x]¥of] ToxfF lhl:sfpg] afx]s s'g} cGo efj

lyPg . ;ljtfsf] egfO{sf] tfTko{ a'‰of] p;n] k|;fb r9fpgdf cfˆgf] dfGotf /

Jojxf/nfO{ ;D‰of] . b]jtfnfO{ klg dflg;n] km"n k|;fb /+u clj/ r9fP/ k|zGg ug{

;S5 / < cfˆgf] ;b \ljj]s / st{Josf] kfng tyf >4f elQmåf/f kf] eujt k|flKt

x'G5 . ef}lts kbfy{;Fu b]jtfx?sf] g t s'g} dtna x'G5 g t cfjZostf g} . of]

ef]u k|;fbL OToflb sfddf dflg;n] :jo+ cfkm}n] vfgsf] nflu / cfkm'nfO{ wfld{s

b]vfpgsf] nflu b]jL b]jtfx?nfO{ d'5]sf] dfq t xf] . To;}n] ;ljgon] b]jtfnfO{

ef}lts kbfy{ ck{0f ug{ laNs'n dg k/fpFb}g . pm t ehg sLt{g, :jfWofo lrGtg

dgg / >4f elQmdf ljZjf; /fVb5 . s'g} c;kmntfn] csd{0o / ;kmntfn] 3d08L

g agfO{b]cf];\ To;sf] nflu ;do ;dodf b]jbz{g / lrGtgaf6 cfTdz'l4 u/L /xg'

kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . o:tf jLt/fuLsf] ;fydf dlGb/ uPdf s] nfe < dgdg}

xfFl;g\ ;ljtf .

æcfh t ld7fO{ r9fpg] efsn u5f}+ clg dfq hfG5' dlGb/ .Æ

ær9fpg] xf]Og . vfg], v'jfpg] arg lbg ;Sb5' .Æ

ær9fPkl5 vfPdf s] xflg x'G5 t <

æof] b]jtfsf] ckdfg xf], 3";sf] k/Dk/fnfO{ an k'¥ofpF5 .Æ

s'/f ubf{ ub{} b'j} hgf dlGb/sf] åf/;Dd k'u] . rGbg, k'ik, ld7fO{, cu/aQL

a]]Rg] jfnfx?sf] nfOg . k|;fb n]t] hfcf] afa" eGg] rf/}lt/ cfjfh cfO{/x]sf] lyof] .

t/ o:tf] cfjfhaf6 ljNs'n nfk/jfx b'j} hgf km"nsf] Pp6f Pp6f u'R5f lnP/

cuf8L a9\b} lyP . eujfg ef]n] afafsf] b/af/sf] l;+xåf/ cfO{ k'Uof] . jiff{ dlxgf

eP klg / ;fo+sfn e};s] klg PsfbzLsf] lbg k/]sf] n] dlGb/df eL8\g} lyof] . ç

z+e", ef]n] z+s/, af]n adsf] :j/ nx/Ldf ahL /x]sf zv 306fx?n] ;xh} elQm

dfu{ tkm{ cu|;/ x'g] k|]/0ff lbO /x]sf] lyP .


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41

wgL u/La ;a}sf] ;dfgtfsf] bz{g x'GYof] ToxfF . ;Dk"0f{ b'lgof g} wfld{s /x]5

eGg] h:tf] nfuL /x]sf] lyof] .

b'j} hgfn] b]j bz{g u/]/ r/0ffd[t u|x0f u/] . k'hf/Ln] b'j} dfly hn 5sL{ lbof]

b'j} hgf cfgGb dug eP/ 3/ kms{g elg dlGb/ b]vL aflx/ lg:sFbf l;dl;d] kfgL

kg{ z'? e};s]sf] lyof] . ;ljgon] b]j bz{g u/]/ cfTdz'l4 / dg k|zGg ePkl5

ld7fO{ vfg] lgod /fv] cg';f/ b'j}hgf ld7fO{ k;ndf uP / agf/;sf] k|lz4 /fd

e08f/af6 ld7fO{ v/Lb u/]/ cfˆgf] af6f] nfu] .

ToxfFaf6 aflx/ lg:sbf emg kfgLsf] j]u a9\nf h:tf] eof] . To;}n] r'/f kf]t]sf]

uNnL ;fgf] af6f] eP/ cl3 a9] b'j} hgf .

unLdf /+u la/+uL r'/fx? ldhf{k'/, sfgk'/, nvgpmdf ag]sf /]zdLr'8L

sf]lardf dSsfzLbf/ agf/;L r'8L, y/L y/Lsf kf]t] s07L, dfnf, kmLtf rf]6Lx?,

l6sf t slt x'g\ slt . l;Gb'/ Psbd /ftf]M l;ld|s, u'nfaL kx]+nf] / a;GtL /+usf] /

qmLd, kfp8/, ufhn, ;'/df g]nklnz, lnkl:6ssf] ahf/ .

æk|;fb n]tL hfcf] alxgL, l;Gb"/ n]tL hfcf] ljl6of .Æ unLdf rf/}lt/ oxL

cfjfh . zx/L dflg;, b]xftL dflg;, sfgk'l/of, aDaO{, dxf/fli6«og, u'h/ftL,

g]kfnL tdfd lsl;dsf ck6'8]6 / ;fwf/0f ufpFn] ls;fg ;a}sf] cfsif{0f lyof]

b'sfgdf . g bf]sfgsf] dfn 36f]; / g t u|fxs g} . v/Lb laqmL ck/Dkf/ .

bf]sfgbf/ dfnfdfn, u|fxsx? lgxfn . ;ljgonfO{ a8f] cfZro{ nfUof] . of] unLsf]

bf]sfgx?df s] s] dfnj:t' /x]5g\ < d]nf cfpg] x? s]–s] lsGbf /x]5g\ < p;nfO{

clxn];Dd yfx g} ePg5 . ;}s8f] k6s oxL af6f] lxF8L ;s]5, t/ dfnj:t' k|lt

cgle1 . sndsfkLsf bf]sfgdf cffvf u8\g] t/ o:tf b'sfgdf c+vf g}} gkg]{ < t/

cfh o:tf] s] eof] < bf]sfgsf k|To]s j:t'n] cfˆgf] kl/ro lsg lbg yfNof] < p;sf

cfFvf ulxl/P/ dfnj:t'sf] hfFr k/v lsg u/L /x]5g\ cfh <

æotf leq cfO{ xfng'; afa'Æ ?emg' x'G5, ?3f nfUnf .Æ Pp6f cwj}+;]n] Pp6f

bf]sfgaf6 af]nfO{g\ . ;ljgon] k|Zgjfrs b[li6n] ;ljtf lt/ x]¥of] . kfgL a9\b}

uPsf] b]v]/ pgn] klg cfFvfn] g} :jLs[lt ;"rs efj JoQm ul/g\ . b'j} hgf a'9Lsf]

bf]sfg leq uP/ a;] .

a'9Ln] u|fxsx?nfO{ k6fpg] p2]Zon] ufpF 3/ ;dfhsf] s'/f ubf{ ub{} a8f]

xf]lzof/Ln] cfˆgf] bf]sfgsf] dfnj:t'sf] k|z+zf, To;sf] dxTj, kmfObf cflb pNn]v

ub{} uPsL lyOg\ . o;} qmddf ;ljtfsf] ;fd'Gg] /f]N8 uf]N8 uxgfsf] afs; /fvL


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42

To;af6 gofF gofF l8hfOgsf uxgfx? lgsfNb} eGg yflng\ ææ ca ;'g rfFbLsf] o'u

x/fof] ;'g ;jf ;o ?lkof tf]nf, rfFbL tLg ?lkof t]fnf < x] eujfg t/ ca oL

uxgfn] dflg;sf] OHht /fvL lbg] ePsf 5g\ . laGbL, d+un;"q, ;'xfu lrGx, ef]n]

z+s/sf] cfzLjf{bsf] ?kdf lsg]/ dlxnfx? nufpF5g\ . o;af6 klt bL3{hLjL .

wgwfGon] kl/k"0f{tf k|fKt x'g] . of] g]sn]z, of] sfgsf em'Dsf, emfnf, afnf, gy'gL,

6Lsf, s+ug, xf/ . ;'xflug :qLsf] z'e >[+uf/ . 6Lsf laGbL, u[x0fL cfgGbL, ufhnsf]

v'df/–nf]ug]sf] Kof/ .Æ o:t} no ldnfP/ eGb} lyO{g\ a'l9n] .

h]j/x?sf] rsfrf}w+ lyof] . ;ljgon] Pp6f g]sn]z / Ps hf]8L emfnf xftdf lnP/

pN6fO{ kN6fO{ x]g{ yfNof] . emfnf clxn]sf cfw'lgs l8hfOgdf tLg v08sf] ag]sf]

lyof] . g]sn]z t hlt x]¥of], cfFvfsf] Kof; g} ga'lemg] . p;n] ;ljtf lt/ cy{k"0f{

b[li6n] x]¥of], l7Ss ToxL If0f ;ljtfn] klg p;nfO{ x]l/g\ . b'j}sf] cfFvf h'Wof]

;ljtfsf lx/0fL h:tf r~rn cfFvfn] r~rntf la;{], k'tnL sfFrsf] lzzfsf] uf]nL

em}+ cl8\of] g rfx]/ ghfg]/ gdfn'd s]–s] e}xfNof] Ps kndf .

a'9Ln] gofF gofF hf]8L 5 clnslt rnfvL ug{ ;s] dfn laS5 eGg] s'/f al'emg\

/ elgg\ æo:tf] g]sn]z, ljns'n gofF l8hfOg, alnof] klg xbsf] . emfnf t emg\

eGg} kb{}g . nufpm g gfgL z'Sn kIf rf}b;sL rGb|df h:tL 5\of} cem of] uxgf <

rf/j6f rfFb Ps} 7fpFdf e}xfN5g\ . efp klg j:t'sf] u'0feGbf w]/} ;:tf] . rf/ rf/

cfgfsf] b'j} yf]s .

ærf/ rf/ cfgf <Æ ;':s]/f 5f]l8g\ ;ljtfn] .

æxfF xfF hDdf rf/ rf/ cfgf . ahf/df ;f9] rf/ cfgf eGbf 36Lg} kfOFb}g .

ædg k5{ ltdLnfO{ <Æ;ljgon] ;f]Wof] .

æ/fd|f] 5 .Æ nfh dfGb} ;ljtfn] elgg\ .

æTo;f] eP otf cfpm . cfpm g cfpmÆ eg]/ ;ljgon] pgnfO{ cfˆgf] ghLs

a;fNof] . ;ljtfn] sfgdf nufPsf] 6K; lgsflng\, ;ljgon] emfnf nufO{ lbg elg

pgsf] sfg lt/ xft a9fof] . t/, of] s] eof] < xft cl3 a9\g} g;Sg] h:tf eP

p;sf] cfFvf km]/L ;ljtfsf] cfFvfdf h'Wg uof] . p;nfO{ k"/f ;+;f/ 3'd] em}+ nfUof] .

tL b'O{ lazfn ulx/f dxf;d'Gb|df p;sf] cl:tTj x/fO{ xfNof] . pm t b'lgofdf

5Fb}5}g of]] b'lgof g} 5}g . bf]sfg dflg; s]xL t 5}gg\ ToxfF . ToxfF 5 ;ljsf]

cfFvfdf cyfx Kof/sf] dxf;fu/ .


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43

c]x Û k|s[ltsf] /rgfdf o:tf s'/fx? klg /x]5g\ . b'O6}sf] ;fF; rn]sf] lyof] t/

;fF; rn]sf] klg kQf lyPg b'j}nfO{ . b'j} hgf Kof/sf cgGt ulx/fO{df v;L ;s]sf

lyP . bLg b'lgof b]lv a]va/ .

Pp6fn] cghfgdf 5f]8]sf] ;'jfl;t ;fF; csf{sf] gfsaf6 kmf]S;f]df k|j]z ub{}

;Dk"0f{ z/L/, gzf gzf, u|lGy, pku|lGynfO{ cfˆgf] cfln+ugdf hs8L /x]sf] lyof],

df]xofzdf afFwL /x]sf] lyof] .

æl;Fb'/ Ps k};fsf] slt tf]nf <Æ s'g} u|fxssf] :j/n] pgLx?sf] tGb|f e+u u/L

lbof] . ;ljgon] ax't k|ofz u¥of] sfgdf emfnf nufO{ lbgnfO{ t/ b'j}sf] z/L/

ghLs x'gf ;fy b'j} lt/af6 5'6\g] k|f0fjfo'n] b'j}nfO{ a];'w kf/L lbg] x'gfn] emfnf

klx/fpg ;s]g . xft sfFKof], xlNnof], ;Sb} ;s]g . crfgs, gdfn'd s'g efjgfn]

k|]l/t eP/ p;n] g]sn]z p7fof] / Ps k6s k'gM ;ljtfsf] ;'Gtnfsf] s];/f h:tf

/;Lnf cf]+7sf] d':sfg x]b{} g]sn]z pgsf] 3fF6Ldf klx/fO{ lbof] . ;ljtf nfhn]

et'Ss eO{g\ . d'v /ftf] eP/ cfof] . uf08Lj wg'if em} lvFlrPsf cfFvL ef}+sf] 8f]/L

s6] h:tf] eof], kns dfyL p7] tn v;],To; kl5 dfly p7\g} ;s]gg\, ;ljlgolt/

x]g{] ;fx; ePg .

k;n] a'9L v'zL eO{g\ pgsf] b'j} uxgf laqmL ePsf]n] . ;ljtf d'Uw lyO{g\

pgsf lk|o cfTdLon] k|]dsf] jiff{ ub}{ uxgf klx/fO{ lbPsf] lyof] / ;ljgo efjljef]/

lyof] To;sf] k|f0f, To;sf] cfTdf, To;sf] k|]o;Ln] To;sf] Kof/ :jLsf/ u/L ;s]sL

lyOg\ . k|]dLsf] nflu of] eGbf dxfg ;'v b'lgofdf c? s] x'G5 / <

-$_

r'gf/ If]qdf x}hf dxfdf/L km}lnPsf] va/ nuftf/ k|jfx e}/x]sf] lyof] .

lrlsT;sx?sf] 6f]nL x}hfsf] /f]syfdsf] nflu uPsf] ePtf klg dxfdf/Lsf] ?k lnO{

;s]s]fn] lrlsT;sx?n] :jo+;]jsx?nfO{ ;]jf ug{ ckLn u/]sf lyP . pQm sfo{df

tdfd u}//fhgLlts ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] klg cfˆgf] ;]jf k|bfg ub{} o'js o'jtLx?nfO{

dfgjhLjgsf] /Iffdf ;xof]u ug{ ckLn ub{} lyP .

o:t} Ps ;d"x lxGb' ljZj ljBfnodf klg k'Uof] / ToxfFsf k|wfgfWofks /

5fqg]tfx?nfO{ e]6L ;xof]usf] nflu cfu|x u/]sf] lyof] .

;ljtfn] !($& sf] ef/t :jtGqtfsf] ;dodf cfGbf]ngsf/L / ltgsf kLl8t

kl/jf/x?sf] nflu cfˆgf] tgdg wg ;dk{0f u/]sL lyOg\ eg] ef/t kfs ljefhgsf]

;dodf e8\s]sf] lx+;fdf klg cfˆgf] k|f0f ;Dd xTs]nfdf /fv]/ ;dfhdf


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44

pkb|jsf/Lx?sf] lj?4 n8]sL lyOg\ . ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox?n] gofF ;+ljwfgsf]

k|f?k tof/ ug{sf] nflu hgdt ;+sng ubf{ ;ljtfn] To;df a9Lr9L efu lnP/

;dfgtf ;DaGwL clwsf/x?df gf/Lsf] :yfgaf/] Jofks rrf{ u/]sL lyOg\ . xfn

pQm ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7s rNb} lyof] .

tfTko{ s] eg] To;a]nf ;ljtf Pp6f ;r]t ;dfh;]jL / ;ljgo Pp6f dxfg

bfz{lgssf] ?kdf ljVoft x'Fb} uPsf lyP . ;ljtf t ljZjljBfnodf :jtGqtf

;+/If0f dlxnf dGrsL ;]qm]6/L klg lyOg\ . To;}n] ;dfh;]jLx?n] ljZjljBfnosf]

k|fªu0fdf ;ljtfnfO{ vf]hLxfn] . ;ljtf / k+thLsf] w]/} klxn] b]lv kl/ro lyof] .

k+thLn] ;ljtf;Fu s'zn d+un ;f]Wg' eof] / cfkm"lt/ ;a} ;Gr} 5 eGb} k+thL cfh

stfaf6 o'lgjl;{6Ldf <Æ ;f]lwg ;ljtfn] .

æxfd|f] s'zntf rfxL+ cs'zntfsf] w'/Ldf gfRg z'? u/]sf]n] d otf lt/ bf}8]5'

cfh .Æk+tn] eg] .

æcF, o:tf] cz'e s] x'g uof] t <Æ

ædxf cz'e eof] gfgL, dxf cz'e . b]z e/v/} cfhfb ePsf] 5 t/ sxLF

dxfdf/L sxL+ clgsfn, sxL+ clt j[li6 rf}t/kmf b'v} b'Mv t 5 . nf} x]/ t xfd|}

l5d]sdf r'gf/df eLif0f dxfdf/Lsf] ?kdf sfn/f km}n]s]f 5 . dflg; sL/f km6]+u|f em}+

km6fkm6 d/L /x]sf 5g\ . lrlsT;sx?sf] ;]jfn] k|of{Kt ePg . :jod;]jsx?sf]

vf]hLdf tkfO{+x? sxF cfPsf] 5' . ca d2t ug'{ kg{] eof] .Æ

æd}n] dxfdf/Lsf] s'/f ;'Ggf;fy tof/L u/]sL lyPF . :jo+;]jsx?sf] 6Ld tof/

5 o;df dlxnfx? klg efu lng] ljrf/ ul/Psf] 5 . t/, xfd|f o'js ;xof]uL ;fyL

aflx/ hfg' ePsf]n] clxn];Dd 6Ld v6\g kfPsf] 5}g .Æ

ToxL+ ;dodf ;ljgo b]vf k¥of] . p;n] ;ljtfnfO{ b]lv ;s]sf]n] pgLx? tkm{

g} cfpg nfu]sf] lyof] eg] ;ljtfsf] cf+vf klg p;dfy k/L;s]sf]n] pgL klg a8f]

Aou| efjn] k+tsf ;fy pt} al9g\ . b'j}sf] ;'vb e]6df cfFvf / d'vsf] efjn] Ps}

If0fdf olt lbg 6f9f /x]sf] Aou|tf, si6 / rfxgfsf] Aoyf egL xfNof] . Ps csf{nfO{

b]v]/ cfln+uga4 e}hfg] elg cfTdfdf p7]sf] cft'/tf / Aofs'ntfdfly

ljZjljBfnosf] v'Nnf jftfj/0fn] a8f] ank"j{s c+s'zL nufof] .

æslxn] cfO{ k'Uof}+ ufpFaf6 < g]kfndf ;a}nfO{ ;Gr} 5 <Æ ;ljtfn] ;f]lwg <


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45

æ;anfO{ ;Gr} 5, d e/v/} (M#) ah]sf] /]naf6 cfO{ k'u]+ cf>ddf u'?r/0fdf

aGbgf u/]/ t'?Gt} cfO{ xfn]+ . d]/f] lgTo lqmof klg afFsL 5 3/ lt/} hfpmF .Æ

æo:tf] cft'/L s] sfd sf] < lgTo lqmofaf6 lgK6]/ /ftlbgsf] ofqfsf] ysfg /

lgGb|f d]6fP/ cfpg' kb{Yof] .Æ ;ljtfsf] :j/df ;xfg'e"lt eGbf k|]dsf] lem8sL g}

a9L lyof] . ;ljgosf] b'j} cfFvf p7]/ ;ljtfsf] cfFvfdf ufl8g k'u] . cfFvfn] g}

;ljsf] em8sLsf] pQ/ lbPsf] lyof] . æltdLnfO{ cfFvfdf aGb gu/];Dd s] cfFvfdf

lgGb|f cfpg ;S5 / <Æ

k|Zg / pQ/, ug'f;f / lg/fs/0f, Ps} If0fdf xhf/ k|Zg b'j}af6 / b'j}af6 Ps

Ps k|Zgsf xhf/ xhf/ pQ/ . d"s t/ r+rn, sf]dn t/ x[bo e]bL gogx?n]

k/:k/df lgK6\ofO{ xfn] . b'j} hgfn] k+thLsf] pkl:yltsf] sf/0faf6 cf}krfl/s

enfs'zfnLsf s'/f u/] . To;kl5 ;ljtfn] r'gf/ If]qdf x}hf km}n]sf] s'/f bzf{pFb}

t'?Gt} :jo+;]jsx?sf] 6f]nL To; If]qdf lnP/ lxF8\g] s'/f ul/g\ . ;ljtfn] 5fqfx?

klg 6f]nLdf hfg tTk/ /x]sf / k"0f{ tof/Ldf a;]sf] eg]kl5 ;ljgon] lj:do dfGof}

/ pgsf] d'v tfSg nfUof] / cfZro{ ldl>t :j/df eGof] . æxfdLx?sf] 6f]nL t ToxfF

hfg} kb{5 To;df s'g} b'Odt 5}g t/ 5fqfx?sf] 6f]nL <Æ

ælsg 5fqfx? s] :jfjnDaL 5}gg\ < ls cem} klg canf 5g\ < ca ef/t

:jtGq e};s]sf] 5 >Ldfg hL .Æ s6fIf ul/g\ ;ljtfn] .

æef/t t :jtGq e};Sof] t/ gf/L t cfˆg} :yfgdf 5g \ s'df/LhL . km]/L of]

xfd|f] ;+:s[lt < o;nfO{ klg t x]g'{ kb{5 .Æ

æcyf{t ltdLn] :qLhflt hg;]jf If]qdf plqg' xG'g eGg] kIfdf 5f} t < ca t

ef/tdf klg tdfd dlxnfx? pRr lzIff k|fKt u/]/ gf]s/L, pBf]u Jofkf/, /fhgLlt

x/ If]qdf k'?if;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . c:ktfndf dlxnf 8fS6/ g;{x? klg

5g\ lg <Æ

æTof] t 7Ls xf] . t/, oL ;a s'/f zx/ ahf/df ;+e|fGt hg ;Dd dfq ;Lldt

5g\ ufpF 3/ ;dfhdf o;/L dlxnfx?n] ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf a:g] sfdnfO{ 7Ls

dfGb}gg\ . of] clzIff / c1fgtfsf] bf}/df Ps} rf]6L dfly xfd kmfNg', dnfO{ t cln

s:tf] s:tf] nfUb5 . of] If]qdf o;eGbf klxn] o:tf] s'g} sfd dlxnf ju{af6 ePsf]

/]s8{ klg t e]l6b}g .Æ

æs'g} klg gofF sfd klxnf] sfdsf] ?kdf t ulgG5 ulgG5 . klxnf]] sfd g}

gxf]; t bf]>f] =sfdsf] cl:tTj g} sxfF x'G5 < b'O{ b]lv dflysf ;a} uGtLx? Ps s}


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46

a'O{ r9]/ t dfly pSn]sf x'G5g\ . Pssf] cl:tTj gxf];\ t cGosf] klg cl:tTj x'Fb}g

. ef/t / ;fy} o'/f]ks} s'/f ug{] xf] eg] 1ftJo Oltxf;df o;/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf]

If]qdf ˆnf]/]G; gfO6]+lun n] ;j{k|yd o'4 If]qdf uP/ ;}lgsx?sf] ;]jf u/]sf] Oltxf;

klg t ltdLn] k9]sf 5}gf} / ljGg" <Æ

æk9]5' afaf k9]5' . ;g\ !*#$ df ef]sf], gfËf], clzlIft, hF8\ofxf, n'6]/f,

emu8fn' / bl/b| c+u|]h;Fu ?;sf] n8fO{ x'Fbf o'4 :yndf ;}lgsx?sf] x]/rfx /

pkrf/sf] nflu ;f+;b ljlnod gfO6]+u]n sL 5f]/L km\nf]/]+; gfO6]+u]n s|Lldofsf]

c:ktfndf cfˆgf ;+lugLx?sf ;fy v6]sL lyOg \ . ltgsf] ;]jf sfo{sf] cfh klg

e"l/ e"l/ ;/fxgf x'G5 . ltgsf] Odfgbf/L, nug, kl/>d, b[9 ;+sNk / ;]jf j|tn]

pgnfO{ cd/ agfO{ lbof] . dlxnf 8fS6/ / g;{x?n] cfˆgf] ;]jf wd{ k|f/De ubf{

pgsf d"lt{ / kmf]6f]sf ;fd'Gg] pleP/ zky lnG5g / cflz{jfb k|fKt ub{5g\, t/

yfx 5 ;lj, ufpFn]x?n] ltgnfO{ k|f/Dedf lt/:sf/k"0f{ cf+vfn] o; sf/0f x]/]sf lyP

ls To:f ;dodf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dlxnfx?sf] k|j]znfO{ ;fdflhs dof{bfsf] pn+3g

u/]sf] dflgGYof] .Æ

æk/Dk/fjfbL, c1fgL, d"9 s'g} s'g} JolQmn] lt/:sf/ u/]sf] eP d hfGb}g t/

To; a]nfsf] la|6]g . ljZjsf] cu'jf, ToxfFsf] ;|df6sf] klg slxn] sfxLF cj1f ug{]

Ifdtf ePsf dxfb"/bzL{ / sd{7 JolQmTj k|wfgdGqL nf8{ kfd:6gn] t o'jtL

ˆnf]/]G;sf] cf1fnfO{ afnsn] em} kfng ub{y] / olt >4f uy{] h:sf] pkdf klg lbg

ufx|f] 5 .Æ

k+thLn] clxn];Dd af]Ng] cj;/ kfPsf lyPgg\ . ;ljtfsf] jfSo l;l4gf ;fy

ltgn] ;dGjofTds efjn] eg] ælxGb' bz{gdf k'?if / gf/LnfO{ Pp6f /ysf] b'O{ kf+u|f

eg]sf] 5 . Pp6fsf] cefjdf csf{] ck"0f{ 5 . t;y{ l;4fGt ?kn] ;ljtfhLsf]

k|:tfjn] ;dy{g kfpF5 .Æ

of] jftf{ cGtxLg xf]nf h:tf nfUof] ;ljgonfO{ . pm gf/L clwsf/sf] k|an

;dy{s lyof] t/ ;dfgtf ;DaGwsf] p;sf] cfˆg} b[li6sf] lyof] . ;fy} w}o{tf /

sfddf noa4tfsf] kIfkftL lyof] . s'g}klg /fd|f] sfdsf nflu hg;dy{gsf]

cfjZostf kb{5 . hglj/f]wn] /fd|f] sfdnfO{ 3[l0ft agfO{ lbG5 . ;dfhsf s'/Llt

/ d"9 dfGotfx?nfO{ lgik|efjL agfpgsnfuL klxn] hgr]tgf hufpg' clg dfq

sfo{nfO{ d"t{?k lbg' kb{5 . lzlIft ;dfhnfO{ s'/f a'emfpg sl7g x'G5 t/ a'emfO{

;s]kl5 sfd ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 eg] clzlIft ;dfhdf syf sxfgL Oltxf; cflb

b[i6f+t, /f]dflG6s d'b|f, xf; k/Lxf;sf] dfWodaf6 s'/f a'emfpg t ;lhnf] x'G5 t/

x[bo+ud u/fpg ufx|f] x'G5 . o:tf] ;dfhn] s'g} s'/fnfO{ a]l7s t 7fGb5 t/


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47

a]7LsnfO{ 5f]8\g rfxFb}g . of] t a8f] v/fa l:ylt x'G5 . o:tf] kl/j]zdf c;kmntf

cufl8 cufl8 x'G5, ;kmntf b]Vg] gu0o x'G5g\ .

t/ ;ljtfsf] cfTdan, lgi7f / st{Jok/fo0ftf b]lv pm cgle1 lyPg . pgsf]

k|To]s kfOnf ;xL lbzfdf p7\5g\ eGg] b[9ljZjf; ePsf]n] p;n] z'?df ;ljtfsf]

k|:tfjdf cfZro{ JoSt u¥of] . ;dfh;Fu gldNbf] sfd t x'g u}/x]sf] 5}g eGg]

cfz+sfdf s]xL ts{ lbP klg cGtdf cfkm}n] v'zL k|s6 ub{} eGof] æd}n] t z+sf kf]

k|s6 u/]sf] ;dfhdfly . t/, ;dfh;Fu gn8\g] xf] eg] ;dfhn] t dfgjtfnfO{ g}

vtd kf/L lbg ;Sb5 . ltdL cfˆgf] 6Ld tof/ kf/]/ cf>ddf cfpm d cfˆgf] 6Ld

;lxt ToxLF x'g]5 .Æ

ca cfZro{ dfGg] kfnf] ;ljtfsf] lyof] pgn] elgg\ æcfh} yfs]/ cfP5f}+ cfh}

s;/L hfG5f}+ <Æ cfh xfdL hfG5f}+, ltdL ef]nL cfpg' .Æ

æxf]Og ;lj Û d klg cfh} lx85' .Æ st{Jo kfngdf g} jf:tljs / :yfoL cfgGb

cfp+5 .Æ ;ljgon] a8f] sf]dn :j/df eGof] . ;ljtfsf] lagf cf1f ;ljgosf] ;fF;

klg rNb}g eg]] p;sf] dw'/ / k|]ddoL jf0fL b]lv ;ljtf klg cfb|{ e} xflng\ /

d':s'/fpFb} k+thLsf] ;fydf ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] sfof{notkm{ nflug\ .

-%_

agf/; b]lv ;Dejt ^) ls=dL= klZrd blIf0f ljGWofrn kxf8df cjl:yt

k|lz4 zlQmkL7x? dWo]sf] Pp6f zlQm kL7 5 . ejfgL k/fjDaf hub\wfqL

hublDasf ejfgL ljGWojfl;gL b]jLsf] k|l;4 dlGb/ . hxfF b}lgs xhf/f}+ >4fn'

eQmx?sf] ckf/ eL8 e}/xG5 .

agf/; b]lv eujtL ljWojfl;gLsf] bz{g ug{ a;df ofqf ubf{ sl/a $)

ls=dL= b'/Ldf kSsL af6f]sf] bfofF afofF ;fgf 7"nf ufpF oq tq b]lvG5g\ eg] ufpFsf

rf/}lt/ sf];f}+;Dd tdfd v08x/x?, l9:sf, k'/fgf 6'6] km'6]sf d"lt{, dxnsf

eUgfjz]ifn] ;xh} ko{6ssf] Wofg cfslif{t ub{5g\ .\ oL ;a} s'/fn] o; s'/fsf]

k'li6ofO{ ub{5g\ ls oxfF s'g} ;dodf s'g} ax't} ;d[4zfnL gu/ x'Fbf] xf] . cfh klg

To; If]qdf kTy/sf d"lt{ / snfs[ltx? 7]nf, 8]nf, 3'DtL / 7"nf ;fgf bf]sfgx?df

k|z:t v/Lb laqmL e}/x]sf] b]vg ;lsG5 .

jf:tjdf ToxfF lyof] r'gf/ gfdsf] ;d[4zfnL /fHo . h;sf] k|dfl0fstf

lsNnfsf] v08x/x?n] ub{5g\ . slxn] lyof] of] /fHo / s;/L ktg eof] < of]

Oltxf;sf] avfg oxfF ug{ ;fGble{s 5}g . t/ o;sf] dxTj o;df 5 ls afj" b]jsL


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48

gGbg vqLn] oxL lsNnfnfO{ cfbz{dfg]/ pb'{ efiffdf ærGb|sfGtfÆ gfdsf] k':tsnfO{

rf/ v08df k"/f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] eg] To;nfO{ klg ck"0f{ dfg]/ kl5 ;Dejt\ @@

efudf ærGb|sfGtf ;+tltÆ gfdn] a[xb pkGof;sf] /rgf ug{ k'u]sf lyP . oL

k':tsx?af6 gu/sf] dlxdf, zf;g Joj:yf / ;dfhsf] l:yltsf] ;xh} kQf kfpg

;lsG5 eg] csf{] tkm{ o;df oL dxnx? ;a} ltn:dåf/f afFlwPsf lyP eGg] bzf{pg'

ePsf]n] o:tf] /x:ojfbL pkGof;sf] hgdfg;df p7]sf] dfFunfO{ k|sfzsn] ck"lt{

ug{] g} 7"nf] ;d:of kg{ uPsf] lyof] .

ToxL+ /fhdxnsf] v08x/x?sf] Pp6f ljzfn lznfv08dfly b'O{ hLj Ps cfTdf

eP/ cfln+uga4 e}/x]sf lyP . cfTdf / k/dfTdfsf] ldng h:tf] . rf}b; ltlysf]

rGb|df cfˆgf] k"0f{ of}jgsf ;fydf ;kmf lgnf] cfsfzdf pbfPsf tf/fx?;Fu

n'sfdf/L v]n v]Nb} c¶xf; u/L /x]sf] lyof] . rf/}lt/ ;fDo / ;'?lrk"0f{ jftfj/0f .

lznfv08dfly a;]sf] t?0fn] cfˆgf] sfvdf cl4tLo ?k of}jgfnfO{ cfln+ugdf lnP/

To;sf] d'v d08nnfO{ o;/L Wofg dUg eP/ x]/L /x]sf] lyof] ls To;nfO{ s'g}

s'/fsf] ;'wa'4g} lyPg . b'j} x/fO{ /x]sf lyP k/:k/ . t?0fsf] :jfF;sf] ult

c:jfefljs e};s]sf] lyof] t?0fLsf] klg o:t} cj:yf lyof] . To;sf pGgt / k'i6

p/f]hx? rf8} rf8} p7a; u/L /x]sf lyP . t?0fn] sdngogL t?0fLsf] cfFvfdf

cfFvf u8fP/ p;sf ck|ltd ;f}Gbo{ / dw' /;n] e/k"/ cf]+7 lt/ a8f] la:tf/} cfˆgf]

cf]+7 a9fof] . pkm, cu]gfsf] cFuf/ h:tf u/d t/ /;n] kl/k"0f{ . kf]v/fsf] ;'Gtnfsf]

s];/fn] klg k|ltikwf{ ug{ g;Sg] cg'kd cf]]i7 kmns . c;xgLo lyof] Tof]] ?k ;f}+bo{

/ Tof] eGbf klg cj/0fgLo lyof] ltgLx?sf] Tof] cnf}lss ldng . t?0fL s]xL

rNdnfO{ . ;DejtM Kof; cem} a9]/ xf]nf . t?0f klg ls+lrt xf]zdf cfP h:tf] eof]

. Pp6f c:km'6 :j/ lg:of] To;sf] d'vaf6 æ;ljÆ .

æd]/f] k|f0fÆ t?0fLsf] :j/ 6f9faf6 cfP h:tf] ;'lgof] .

ædfly cfsfzdf x]/ t rGb|dfnfO{ .Æ t?0fn] p;sf] d'v b'j} xftdf p7fP/

rGb|dflt/ b]vfof] . rt'b{zLsf] rGb|df cfˆgf] k"0f{ of}jgsf ;fy 6Ns]sf] lyof] . z'Sn

kIfsf] rt'bzL{sf] rGb|df, h;nfO{ k"l0f{Dffsf] rGb|df eGbf klg ;'Gb/ eg]/ sljx?n]

sljtf n]Vb5g\ . To;nfO{ aLr aLrdf afbnsf ;fgf ;fgf 6'qmf stf stf af6f

cfP/ 9fSg] k|ofz ub{y] / rGb|df Ps}l5gdf aflx/ lgSnL xfNYof] . rGb| / afbnsf]

aLrsf] of] v]n a8f] /dfOnf] b]lvGYof] .

t?0fLn] t?0fsf] 5ftLdf n'sfO{ /fv]sf] d'vnfO{ o'jsn] rGb|dfnfO{ b]vfpg elg

rGb|df lt/ kmsf{of] . rGb|dfsf] k|sfz kgf{ ;fy t?0fLsf] cg'xf/ bLlKtdfg eof] /

;x:q]f] rGb|df Ps;fy pbfP .


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49

cf]x Û Tof] ?k ;'+wfnfO{ x]/]/ xf]zdf /xg ;Sg] dxfof]uLsf] xf]nf . gf/b, c+lu/f,

jlzi7, k'n:to < of}jgsf] ;fd'Gg] s;}n] cfˆgf] wd{ Odfg /fVg ;Sb}g . t?0fdfly

klg ?ksf] gzf xfjL x'Fb} uPsf] lyof] .

t?0fLn] ca t?0fnfO{ rGb| / afbnsf] v]n b]vfpFb} kl/xf; ul/g\ æx]/ t ljGg" .

afbnn] rGb|dfnfO{ c+sdfn ug{ vf]H5 rGb|df efuL /x]5 .Æ

æ;ljgon] klg kl/xf; ub{} eGof] æsxfF, rGb|df pHHjn wjn, sf]dn / sxfF

v;|f] afËf], l6+uf] s'?k, sfnf] 3gLe"t afbn < rGb|df To;sf] cfuf];df s;/L

hfcf];\ .Æ

æt/ k|]ddf ?k /+u cfs[lt k|s[ltsf] e]b t x'Fb}g . ;dk{0f / Ps csf{df ljnog

dfq x'G5 jf:tljs k|]ddf . o;}n] t /ftL l;t em5{, laxfg ;"o{sf] k|sfzdf ljnLg

x'gsf] nflu, ;fgf gbL gfnfsf] t s'/} 5f]8f}+ 7"n 7"nf gbLx? klg uh{gf ub{} lxF8\5g\,

nx/fpFb} lxF8\5g o'jtL 5', cfNxflbt 5', >[+ufl/t 5', lk|o ldngsf] pd+udf 5' eGg]

s'/f bzf{pFb} hf]zdf tdfd ljgfz ;d]t ub{} lxF8\5g s]jn dxf;d'b|;Fu ldngsf]

nflu . olb ltgL dxf;d'b|df gldn'g t ltgsf] ;f}+bo{, ?k of}jg, u/h t8ksf]

dxTj g} s] 5 < xf]Og / < To;}n] k|]dLsf] cl:Tjdf cfkmgf] ;dfkg g} ;f}Gbo{sf]

k"0f{tf xf] . t/ e}uf] lt b'j}sf] v]ndf xfdL afws g agL lbpF .Æ eGb} ;ljtfn]

;ljgosf] b'j} xftsf] xTs]nf v]fn]/ cfgf] d'vsf] cuf8L km}nfpFb} o:tf] ul/g\ dfgf}+

rGb|dfsf] pHofnf]nfO{ 5]Sg v]fh]sL 5g\ .

;ljgon] xfF:b} eGof] æxTs]nfn] ;"o{nfO{ 5]Sg nfu]sf] ltdLn] <Æ

æxfdL b'Osf aLrdf rGb|dfsf] s] sfd .Æ elgg\ ;ljtfn] .

æ;"o{sf] ;fd'Gg] rGb|df To;} klg t cfpFb}g .Æ

æsxfF 5 / olt a]nf ;"o{ <Æ

æd]/f] sfvdf .Æ lbge/Lsf] ysfO{ d]6\g cf/fd x'Fb}5 .Æ o;sf] d'sflanf

rGb|dfn] ug{ g;s]/ g} xf], dfly x]/ t rGb|df efu]/ hfg nfu]sf] 5 klZrd lbzfdf

.Æ

æ;"o{eGbf t rGb|df g} /fd|f], ;'Gb/, zLtn, dw'/, b[li6lk|o, dw'/;sf] jiff{ ug{],

k|]dL o'unx?nfO{ ;'v lbg], oxfF ;DdsL ?v, lj?jf nufot ;a} jg:kltnfO{ ;'wf

jiff{pg], slt dxfg, slt k/f]ksf/L <Æ ;ljtfn] elgg\ .


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50

æt/ ;"o{eGbf sd, ax't} sd .Æ ;ljgon] eGof] ærGb|dfdf zLtntf, ;f}Gbo{ /

;'wf/; t 5 t/ ;"o{ ljZjcfTdf x'g, ;"o{s} k|efjaf6 ;a} k|f0fL / jg:kltn] hLjg

kfpF5g\, phf{ kfP/ ljsl;t x'G5g\ . rGb|dfsf] k|sfzsf] cufl8 xTs]nf /fVbf k|sfz

6Ss /f]lsG5 tn emb{}g t/ ;"o{df dxfg t]hl:jtf sf] klg u'0f ePsfn] o;sf]

k|sfzn] xTs]nfnfO{ kf/ u/]/ tnlt/ klg k|sfz km}nfO{ /fVb5 . h:tf] ls ltdLn]

d]/f] hLjg dfly . ;"o{ / rGb| jf:tjdf b'j} Ps csf{sf] nflu x'g\ .Æ

;lj emg\–emg nHhfn' x'Fb} uOg\ . ltgsf cf]+7 /;fP, cf]+7 / cGo c+ux? ;a}

sfDg yfn] . v08x/x?df gdfn'd stf nf6f]sf];]/f] s/fof] . b'j}hgf em:s] ;fjwfg

klg eP . ;fjwfg gePsf] eP ;DejtM Tof] af9Ldf b'j} auL kf] hfg] lyP ls <

;ljgon] ;ts{tf ckgfpFb} k|zË abNof] æxfd|f] k|]dsf] of] 8f]/LnfO{ ax't ;Dxfn]/

/fVg' 5 s;}sf] s'b[li6 gkf/];\ .Æ

æb'lgofsf] s'g} zlQmn] of] 8f]/L 6'6fpg ;Sb}g ljGg" .Æ

æt} klg dnfO{ slxn] sfxLF 8/ nfU5 .Æ

æl5M k'?if eP/ o:tf] 8/ < n p7 ca lzlj/df hfcf}+ .Æ

;ljgon] pgs]f xft ;dfTof] / p7\of] / sGwfdf xft /fv]/ lxF8\of] .

o; ldngsf d"s ;fIfL v08x/x?, rGb|df / tf/fn] x]b{} /x] .

æ;dfhdf k;]/ sfd ug{ slQsf] ufx|f] /x]5 ,Æ b]Vof] ls gfO{ <

æufx|f] dfq xf]Og < dxfsf] ufx|f] /x]5 . ltdL ;fydf ge}lbPsf] eP t d oL

ufpFn]sf] aLrdf s;/L a:g ;Sy]+ . x] eujfg, oLgsf dfGotf / ;f]+rfO{ ;Dem]/ g}

lhp l;l/+u x'G5 .Æ

-^_

agf/;af6 :jf:Yo 6f]nL cfPsf] cfh ;ftf}+ lbg lyof] . o'js / o'jtLx?sf]

;+o'Qm 6f]nL ufpFdf k'u]kl5 ufpFdf xNnL vNnL dlRrof] . d]dx? cfP, d]dx? cfP

elg sfgf v'zL x'g nfUof] . kbf{ ug{] cfO{dfO{x? 3/sf] leQf lrofO{ lrofO{ x]g{ nfu]

. s]6fx?sf] eL8 nfUof] . k'/ftg ?l9jfbLx? o:tf hjfg s]6Lx? 3/af6 aflx/

s]6fx?sf] ;fydf lxF8]sf] b]v]/ gfs v'DRofP . s:tf] nfh} x/fPsf gSsr/f

gSsr/Lx? . 6f]nLn] ha 3/–3/df uP/ cf}iflw ;]jg ug{] / /f]u lg/f]ws ;'O{

nufpg eg] ta t emg cfkt} cfO{ nfUof] . x}hfdftfnfO{ 9f]u ug{], k"hf kf7 ug{],

aln r9fpg] kf] t cf}iflw k§L nfUbf t x}hf b]jtfsf] ckdfg x'G5 ufpFg} e'l6G5 .


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51

x/] lzj s:tf] hdfgf cfof] < b]j b]jtfx?sf] ckdfg ug{] < O{ c+u|]hL k9]sfx?n]

b'lgofnfO{ dfg{] eP . ufpF–ufpFdf k"hf kf7 rn]s} lyof] . emfFqmLx?n] s'v'/fsf] rNnf,

e]+8fsf] kf7f 7fpF 7fpFdf sf6\b} /SzL vfFb} lxF8]sf lyP t} klg x}hfsf] /f]syfd

gePsf]n] s]xL o'jfx?n] cf}iflw u/fpFbf b]jtfsf] ckdfg x'G5 ls < kmfObf x'G5 <

bf]wf/df k/]sf lyP t/ Jofks g/gf/Lsf] d[To' b]lv ql;t ePsf oL o'jfju{n]

a'9fkfsfx?sf] 8/ dfg] klg leq leq} 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u ug{] c7f]6 u/] . s'g} klg

kl/jt{gsf] jfxs o'jfju{ x'G5 eGg] s'/f a'em]/ 6f]nLsf sfo{stf{x?n] klg

o'jfju{nfO{ g} a9L k|efljt kfg{] r]i6fdf lyP . of] k|ofz ;kmn klg eof] . s]xLn]

/f]u lg/f]ws ;'O{ nufP s]xLn] cf}iflw vfP . :jf:Yo 6f]nLsf] :jo+;]js bnsf] ufpF

ufpFsf] 3'dfO{ / ;DemfO{ a'emfO{ ltgLx?åf/f /f]uLnfO{ x'g] u/]sf] ;]jf rfs/Ln] /+u

b]vfof] /f]u dfly w]/} xb;Dd lgoGq0f eof] t/ of] 6f]nLn] cfkm"nfO{ vt/f dx;'; ub{}

lyof], emfFqmL wfdLx?n] ltgLx?nfO{ wd{ lj/f]wL, O{Zj/ lj/f]wL cflb 3f]lift u/L

;s]sf lyP . kmn:j?k b'O{ u'6 lyof] / o:tf] jftfj/0fdf :jo+;]jsx? dfly s'g}

klg ;dodf s'g} lsl;dsf] cfqmd0f x'g ;Sg] cyjf vt/f x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgf a9L

ePsf]n] sfo{stf{x? ;d"x agfO{ ;]jf 6xn / hgr]tgf hufpg] sfddf nfu]sf lyP

. sfo{stf{x?sf] ef]hg cfjf; cflbsf] ax't} Go"g k|aGw lyof] t/ sfo{stf{x? h'g

nugsf ;fy h'6]sf lyP Tof] x]g{} nfos lyof] . cem ;ljtf, emg o:tL b]lvGyg\

h:tf] bof / ;]jfsL b]jL xf]pg\ ltgnfO{ vfgf kLgfsf] xf]; lyPg cf/fd s] xf]

To;sf] af]wg} lyPg . lxhf] /ftL;Dd klg aQL xftdf lnP/ %–& hgfsf] 6f]nLn]

/f]uLx?sf] ;]jf ;'>'jfdf 3'd]s} lyof] . ;ljtfn] t :jo+ cfkm"nfO{ ˆnf]/]G; s} ?kdf

pkl:yt u/L /x]sL lyOg\ .

t/ cfh ;fFem Pp6f 36gf 36L xfNof] . ;ljtfx?sf] dlxnf 6f]nL kNnf]

ufpFaf6 ;fFemsf] ;dodf 8]/fdf kms{g nfu]sf] lyof] . 8]/f u/]sf] ufpF ;'/hk'/

v08x/sf] k"j{ k§L k5{ aLrdf af6f] 5 . ufpFsf] 5]paf6 g} v08x/ z'? x'G5 .

lrlsT;sx? klg ;fy} lyP csf{] lt/af6 cfPsf] s]6fx?sf] 6f]nL;Fu rf}af6f]df e]6

x'g uof] . ;fFemsf] ;do ;a} yfsL ;s]sfn] Psl5g v08x/sf 7"n 7"nf 9'+ufdf

la;fpg] ljrf/ u/]/ ;a} hgf a;]/ ukmufkm ug{ dfq s] z'? u/]sf lyP

v08x/lt/af6 c;Lgf k/]em}+ ;fgf ;fgf 9'+uf d'9f jif{g nfUof] . ;a} ltt/ ljt/ 8]/f

lt/ efu] . crfgs Pp6f 9'+uf ;g;gfpFb} cfof] / ;ljgosf] 6fpsf]df nfUof] .

/utsf] km'xf/ aUof] . Tof] b]v]/ ;ljtf lrRrfOg . ;a} 6f]nL tTsfn hDdf eof] .

?l9jfbLx?n] 6f]nLdfly b]jtfsf] k|sf]k eof] eGg] h:tf] dx;'; xf]; eg]/ v08x/af6

9+'uf aiff{Psf] :ki6 lyof] . lrlsT;sx?n] Aofuaf6 k|fylds lrlsT;fsf pks/0f

lgsfNg nfu] . ;ljtfn] rf]6df xTs]nfn] lyr]/ /ut /f]Sg] k|ofz ub{} lyOg\ ;Dk"0f{

a|Dxf08sf] s?0ff / b'Mv ltgsf] cg'xf/df pq]/ cfPh:tf] lyof] . Tolt rfx, Tolt


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52

k|]d b'O{ z/L/ Ps k|f0f . Ps k|f0f eGg] xf] eg] Ps c+un] b'O{sf] klg cfef; lbg]

x'gfn] a? o; eGbf klgdfyL p7]/ b'O{ 5}g, cå}t e};s]sf . ;ljgonfO{ nfu]sf]

rf]6sf] kL8f ;ljtfnfO{ x'g] g} eof] .

tTsfn cf}iflw pkrf/ eof] t/ /ftL b'j} hgfn] Pp6f ;Nnfx agfP .

if8\oGqsf/Lxn] st} /ftL cfqmd0f u5{g\ ls < o;sf] nflu b'j} hgfn] kfnf] a:g]

c7f]6 u/] / v08x/sf] s'gf sfKrfnfO{ /ftL r]s ug{ ;f]r] . s'g} clgi6sf] o]hgf

e}/x]sf] 5 eg] To;sf] e08fkmf]/ xf]; eGg] p2]Zon] b'j} hgf vfgf vfP/ v08x/sf]

lsgf/} lsgf/df 3'Db} lyP . t/ sxL+ sf]xL km]nf k/]g . ck/fwLx?n] cfˆgf] lrGx

5f]8]sf /x]g5g\ . To;kl5 b':;fx;Lx?sf] of] hf]8L cfˆgf] k|]dsf] ;+;f/df lgln{Kt x'g

k'u]sf] lyof] .

;ljtfsf] k|Zgn] ;ljgosf] ;fdG'g] of] ;ft lbgsf] ufpFn] ;]jf / ;fFemsf] 36gf

Ps} l5gdf dfg; k6ndf NofO{lbPsf] lyof] . hg;fwf/0fsf] ;xof]u gkfP/ o]fhgf

;~rfngdf s:tf] b'Mv x'G5 eGg] s'/f a'emL ;s]sfn] p;n] eGof] æs'g} klg ;dfh

Ps}rf]6L ljsl;t x'Fb}g hlt klg ljsl;t ;dfh xfdLn] cfh kfpF5f}+ tL ;a} klxn]

t cljsl;t g} lyP / ha ;dfh ;'wf/sx?n] ;'wf/sf] k|:tfj NofP ta hgtfsf]

lj/f]w ;xg} k¥of], sxL+ n8fO{ n8\g' k¥of], sxLF h]n g]n vfg' k¥of] / sxL+ sxL+ t

em'l08g' klg k¥of] . ;dfhaf6 s'g} s'/Llt x6fpg k|oTg ug{] klxnf] JolQm t lgZro

klg df/ vfG5 . ;DejtM clwsf+ztof pm c;kmn dfq x'G5 t/ kl5sf

cg'ejLx?n] ;+3if{ ub{} hfFbf Tof] klxnf] JolQm zLif{:y ;Ddfghgs kbdf k'Ug hfG5

. rfx] pm d/L;s]s} lsg gxf];\ . To:tf] x'gfn] d t z'e sfdsf] k|f/Dedf

c;kmntfnfO{ ;kmntfsf] klxnf] ;f]kfg dfGb5' / w}o{, ;fx; tyf lg/Gt/tfnfO{

sd{of]uLsf] ;]gfklt 7fGb5' .Æ

æef] ef] bfz{lgs dxf]bo .Æ eGb} ;ljtf xf‘l;g .

pgsf] xfF;]fn] rf/}lt/ dlGb/df rfFbLsf 3F6Lx?ah] h:tf] eof] .

ænf} lxF8 t 8fS6/ ;flxaf ;''Tg hfp+ .Æ eGb} ;ljgon] ;ljtfnfO{ ;xf/f lbof] .

Tof] ;ljtfnfO{ h;n] ;a}sf] ;]jfdf cfkm"nfO{ lbge/ tkfO{/x]sf] x'G5 t/

ljgozLntf x/fPsf] x'Fb}g, To;nfO{ ufnL ug{] cyjf :t'lt ug{] b'j} k|lt ;defj /fVb}

xd]zf gd| /xG5 . ToxL gd|tfn] z/L/nfO{ ;xf/f lbof] . lgb|fb]jLsf] sfvdf

dfofn'nfO{ k'¥ofpgsf] nflu .

-&_


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53

agf/;sf] ;"o{ ljgfos If]qsf] Pp6f ;fgf] t/ ;'Gb/ 3/sf] aflx/ ;fd'Gg]

sDkfp08nfO{ aLrdf O§f ;f]ln+u u/L af6f] lgsfn]/ b'O{efudf ljeflht ul/Psf]

lyof] . Ps efudf a]nf h"xL rDkf rd]nL, ljleGg /+usf u'nfa cflb nufOPsf lyP

eg] csf{] tkm{sf] v08df tf8, gl/jn cflb ?vx?sf] dgf]x/ zf]efn] lrQ x/0f

ub{Yof] . ;g\ !(%) sf] km]a|'c/Lsf] klxnf] ;Ktfx . kmfNu'g dlxgf g hf8f] g udL{ .

;"o{ b]jtfsf] tfkdf cfPsf] sdLn] pgsf] nfdf] ofqf] dfkg ;dfkgsf] ;Gb]z lbg

nfu]sf] n] r/f r'?ËLx?n] klg oyf;+ej rfF8} rfF8} b'O{ rf/bfgf l6k]/ cfˆgf] u'8

tkm{ u}xfNg] s'/fdf k|oTgzLn lyP .

Tof] u[x afl6sfdf rf/ j6f au}+r] s';L{ / Pp6f ;fgf] 6]a'n /flvPsf] lyof] .

h; dWo] Pp6f s';L{ vfnL lyof] t/ afFsL s';L{df b'O6f t?0f / Pp6L t?0fL a;]/

ukm u/L /x]sf lyP . ltgLx? dWo] klZrd d'v u/]/ a;]sf] Pp6f rf}aL; jifL{o

t?0f / To;sf] 7Ls ;fd'Gg] a;]sL clt ;'Gb/L t?0fLsf] aLrdf jftf{nfk rnL /x]sf]

lyof] . klZrd d'v u/]sf] t?0fsf] pRr d:tsn] To;sf] a'l4dQf / t]hl:jtfsf]

kl/ro lbO{ /x]sf] lyof] eg] To;sf] vfbLsf] s'tf{ / kfohfdfaf6 :jIftf /

;f}Dotfsf] ;xh} af]w x'GYof] t/ d:tsdf /x]sf] lqk'08n] pGgt cfWoflTds ljrf/

wf/fsf] dxf;d'Gb| dflysf] ;]t'sf] kl/ro lbGYof] of] lyof] bz{gzf:q Pd= P= sf]

clGtd jif{df cWoo/t hdLgbf/ k'q ;ljgo . wd{ bz{g, tTj1fgsf] ;fy ;fy}

cfw'lgstf k|lt pGd'v . k/Dk/fut / cfw'lgs ljrf/sf] ;dGjosf] cg'kd pbfx/0f

ldl;Psf] of] t?0f / o;sf ljrf/wf/f a8f] qmflGtsf/L lyP t/, pm clxn] zflGt

eP/ ldqx?sf] ukm;k ;'Gb} lyof] .

t];|f] s';L{df a;]sL t?0fL xfd|f] k"j{kl/lrt ;ljtf x'g\ . lxGb" ljZj ljBfnosL

Pd=aL=aL=P;= clGtd jif{sL 5fqf . ltgL clxn] @@ a;Gt kf/ ug{ nfu]sL a8f]

nfj0odoL, d[b'eflifgL, sf]dn x[bof t/ qmflGtsf/L ;fdflhs ljrf/wf/f /fVg]

t?0fLsf] ?kdf agf/;df rlr{t x'Fb} uPsL lyOg\, clxn] . x}08n'dsf] ;"tL wf]tL /

sDd/;Dd k'u]sf] g]kfnL rf]nf] a8f] zfnLgtf;Fu nufPsL xfn ;ljgo;Fu jftf{df

clNemPsL lyOg\ . jftf{ e}/x]sf] lyof] cfh sfn]hdf ;DkGg ePsf] ef/tLo

;+ljwfgdf gf/LnfO{ k|fKt ePsf clwsf/x?sf] ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgsf] :jfut

clegGbgdf ;ljtfn] lbPsf] efif0f k|lt .

pgsf] bfofF k§L a;]sf] o'js a8f] ;'bz{g b]lvGYof] . To;sf] b]xoli6, u|Ljf,

sfg / pGgt nnf6n] gjo'jssf] t]hl:jtfsf] kl/ro lbGYof] . of] o'js g]kfnsf]

bfr'{nf lhNnfsf] z'4 s'dfo"F a|fDx0f s'df/ lyof] t/ cfdf rfxLF agf/;sL

a|fDx0fsGof lyOg\ . o'jssf] afa' j]b cWoog ug{ a:bfsf] cj:yfdf Ps hgf

;o"{kf/L a|fDx0fsf] d[b'eflif0fL clt r~rn sGof k|lt nufj x'g uPsf] lyof] . of]


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54

rfxgf b'j} lt/af6 cfzlStsf] ?kdf kl/0ft x'g gkfpFb} sGofsf] ljjfx x'g uof] .

cNkjoz sGofnfO{ b'nfx;Fu ljbf ug{] k|rng gePsf]n] p;sf] ljbfO{ ePg t/ Ps

jif{ klg glaTb} b'nfxsf] crfgs lgwg eof] . k|rng cg';f/ sGof ;tL hfg' kg{]

lyof] t/ ;tL k|yfsf] cGtsf] nfuL pRr :t/Lo g]tfx?sf] k|ofz / c+u|]h ;/sf/n]

agfPsf] sfg"gnfO{ pn+3g u/]/ ;tL hfg gkfpg] jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf e};s]s]fn]

sGofsf] 3/ kIfn] uf]Ko ?kdf ;tL u/fpg] k|ofz ubf{ g]kfnL j]bkf7L o'jsn]

k|zf;gsf] ;xof]u lnP/ sGofsf] p4f/ u/]sf] lyof] . kmn:j?k g]kfnL o'js a|fDx0f

;d'bfo b]lv pk]lIft / j]bk7g kf7gaf6 jl~rt x'g uof] . t/ o'js lyof] xf]gxf/ .

;dos]f k|jfxnfO{ a'emg] vfnsf] . p;n] c+u|]h ldzg/ldf ;xfotf dfUof] .

ldzg/Lsf] ;xof]un] To;n] c+u|]hL lzIff kfpg yfNof] / c+u|]hx?sf] ;+:s[ltdf 9Ng

yfNof] . ;dfGftf / :jtGqtf h:tf pRr cfbz{x? To;nfO{ ax't lk|o eP .

lxGb"x?df rn]sf] s'/LtLx? p;nfO{ dg kb}{gy\of] . sfnfGt/df ToxL ljwjf sGof;Fu

p;n] ljjfx u/\of} . o;af6 sGofsf] dfOtL kIf t ax't} v'zL eP t/ a|fDx0fx?af6

pm k"0f{ alxis[t eof] . agf/;df dfq xf]Og cfˆgf] ufpF 7fpFdf klg k|j]z jlh{t

eof] t/, p;sf] ;fdflhs qmflGtsf] b[9efjgfn] k|efljt eP/ c+u|]hx?n] p;nfO{

cfˆgf] ;]jfdf lnP . p;n] a|fDx0fx?sf] a:tL g} gePsf] 7fpF vf]h]/ /fd|f] 3/ agfof]

/ cfˆgf] sfo{sfndf gfd / wg b'j} sdfof] . a|fDx0fx?n] p;nfO{ alxisf/ u/]sf

lyP t/ p;n] bfg blIf0ffsf nf]eL oL 7ux?nfO{ a|fDx0fTj x/fPsf] hfltRo"t

dfGbYof] . o:tf 9f]+uLx?nfO{ e]§fP;Dd lgrf]/]/ cfˆgf] abnf lnof] ca p;sf] ;DaGw

clwsf+ztof c+u|]hx? l;t} lyof] . t/ hGde"ldsf] dfof TofUg g;s]sf] x'gfn] jif{df

Ps b'O{ k6s ;kl/jf/ bfr'{nf hfg] a:g] ub{Yof] . ToxLF a|fDx0fsf] 5f]/f] clxn] s';L{df

a;]sf] lyof] . Tof] t?0f, gfd lyof] afbn . qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ cfdf afa'af6

ck'tfnLdf k|fKt ePsf] lyof] p;nfO{ . clxn] Tof] zfGt a;]/ ;xkf7L ldqx?sf] ukm

;'gL /x]sf] lyof] .

;ljtfn] ef/tLo ;dfhdf JofKt k5f}6]kg cGt ug{sfnflu gf/LnfO{ ;dfgtf

/ :jtGqtfsf] k"0f{ clwsf/ k|fKt x'g' kb{5 eGg] ltgsf] ;'emfj lyof] .

;+ljwfg lgdf{tfx?nfO{ klg ;+ejtM ToxL s'/f v6\s]sf] x'g' kb{5 .!(%) sf]

hgj/L @^ df nfu" ePsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;ljtfn] cfzf u/] cg';f/ gf/Lx?nfO{ klg

Jofks clwsf/ lbOPsf] tyf gf/L hfltnfO{ dfly p7fpgsf] nflu cGo ;fdfGo

gful/sx?sf] clwsf/df lgoGq0f ;d]t ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg ePsf] lyof] .

gf/Lhfltsf] nflu pRr cfbz{ af]s]/ cfPsf] of] ;+ljwfgsf] clegGbgsf] cfh ljZj

ljBfnosf gf/Lhfu/0f d~rn] ljz]if cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] .


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55

clegGbg ;df/f]xdf ljleGg jQmfx?n] ud{hf]zLsf ;fy ;+ljwfgsf] clegGbg

:jfut ub{} o;sf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf u/] eg] ;ljtfn] a8f] xiff{]Nnf;sf ;fy o:tf]

cf]hk"0f{ efif0f lbPsL lyOg\ h;sf] rrf{ k|To]s JolQmsf] lha|f]df em'l08g k'u]sf]

lyof] . ToxL clegGbg ;df/f]xaf6 kms{]sf cleGg ldqx? Ps hgf ;fyL /kmLssf]

3/sf] k|+fu0fdf jftf{df ;+nUg lyP . ;+ljwfgdf gf/Lsf] k|ltef / Ifdtfsf] ljsf;

ug{sf] nflu h'g b[li6sf]0f ckgfOPsf] lyof] To;df ;ljgosf] lrQ a'em]sf] lyPg .

of] ;dfgtf zAbn] gf/Lsf] ktgsf] vf8n vgL lbPsf] 5 eGg] p;sf] ;f]rfO{ lyof] .

To;}n] p;n] l6Kk0fL ub{} eGof] ægf/L u[x0fL ePsf]n] gf/Lsf] :yfg 3/df ;jf{]k/L

x'G5 dft[;QfTds kl/jf/x?df t gf/Lsf] ;Qf ;jf{]k/L x'G5 x'G5 t/ xfd|f] h:tf]

lkt[;QfTds ;dfhdf 3/sf] cleef/f gf/Ldfly g} x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;/;/L x]bf{

gf/LnfO{ ef/ af]sfP/ k'?if oz cf/fd u/L /x] h:tf] nfU5 t/ jf:tljstf s] xf]

eg] of] ef/n] gf/Lsf] k'?if eGbf a9L dxTj /x]sf] s'/f klg ;+s]t ub{5 lsgsL ef/

h:n] w]/} jxg u5{ pm :jfefljs ?kn] sd ef/ af]Sg] eGbf >]i7 x'G5 / w]/} ef/

To;n] af]S5 h;df zlQm x'G5 . To;}n] t lxGb" jf+Udodf gf/LnfO{ zlQmsf] k|tLs

dflgPsf] 5 . k'?if t of] zlQmsf] k"/s xf] . o:tf] dxTj /fVg] =============== .

;ljtfn] s'/f sf6\b} d':s'/fpFb} elgg\ æTo;f] eP wf]aL eGbf wf]aLsf] uwf >]i7

x'G5, 6«s, a;, /]n cflb ef/jfxgx? cfˆgf] lgdf{tf dflg; eGbf klg >]i7 x'G5g \ <

ælgM;Gb]x >]i7 x'G5g\ / sbflk x'Fb}gg\ . b'j} s'/f 5 . rfx] uwf xf];\, :qL xf];\,

k'?if xf];\, of s[ltd ef/ jfxg xf]pg ltgL ta;Dd jf:tjdf >]i7 x'G5g\ ha;Dd

cfˆgf] lglZrt st{Josf] kfng ub{5g \ t/ logL lgs[i6 ta x'g hfG5g\ ta logn]

cfkm"nfO{ dfq ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] Ps dfq wf/s 7fGb5g\ . :qL / k'?ifdf snx

ta dfq x'G5 ha Pp6fn] cfkm"nfO{ csf{] eGbf a9L lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf] elg cxd\

k|s6 ub{5 . :qL hflt Ps dfq k[YjLsf] o:tf] hLj xf] h;df k|s[ltn] cb\e't Ifdtf

lbPsL 5g\ . lxGb" wd{zf:qx?n] o;} sf/0f gf/LnfO{ b]jL eg]sf 5g\ . h;sf] ;Lwf

cy{ 5 ls p;n] cfkmgf] st{Josf] kfng u/];Dd To;sf] :yfg k'?ifeGbf pRr 5 .

ca ltdL of] ljrf/ u/ ls k'?if eGbf pRr :yfgdf /x]sL gf/Ln] ;+ljwfgnfO{ cfwf/

agfP/ s'g} cbfntdf pleP/ d / k'?if b'j} ;dfg 5f}+ eGg] bfjL lnG5] eg] Tof]

gf/LnfO{ To; a]nf eL/af6 n8]sf] ufO{ gdfg]/ s] dfGg] < of] t bof ug'{ kg{]

cj:yf dfGg' kb{5 lsgls p;n] cfˆgf] b]ljTj :yfg 5f]8]/ tn em/]/ k'?ifsf]

nfOgdf cfpg rfx]sf] :ki6 g} 5 . dflyNnf] kbsf] Tofu u/]/ TfNnf]] kbsf] rfxgf

ug'{ d[u df/Llrsf dfq xf] . of] cfTd k|j+rgf xf] . cfkm"nfO{ 7Ug' xf] .Æ

æo;sf] dtna ltdL ;+ljwfgdf k|bQ ;dfgtf l;4fGt;Fu ;xdt 5}gf}+ <Æ


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56

æs]xL dfqfdf dfq < lsgls ;+ljwfgsf tL wf/fx?n] gf/L hflt sdhf]/ 5,

c1fgL 5, ;dfhdf lkl;PsL 5, lgDg :yfgdf a;]sL 5 cflb xLg efjgfsf]

k|i6Ls/0f ub{5 . tfTko{ of] ls gf/L ltdLx? t canf xf] eg]/ ;+s]t ub{5 . t/ d

o:tf] xLg efjgfsf] kf]if0fsf] kIfkftL 5}g d gf/LnfO{ canf xf]Og ;anf dfGb5'

,zlQm wf/0fL dfGb5' / k'?ifsf] nflu zlQmsf] >f]t 7fGb5' .

æltd|f] bz{gdf lg , ls+lrt Jo+u ub{} elgg\ ;ljtfn] ægf/LnfO{ olt dfly

:yfgdf /fv]sf] 5 t/ k"hf kltsf] u/fOG5 kTgL k"hfsf] ljwfg t st} b]lvPg .

gf/Lsf] nflu t klt k/d]Zj/ elgof] tLh, k~rdL nufot tdfd kltj|tx?

oxfF;DdsL kltsf] r/0f/h lng] ;Dd ========

;ljtfsf] s'/f k'/f x'g gkfpFb} xfF:of] ;ljgo . a8f] lgi5n efjsf] xfF;f] xfF:b}

eGof] æolt ;fgf] s'/f ltdLn] a'em\g ;lsg5\of} . cln slt k[i7e"ld ;lxt d o;

af/] atfpF5' . x]/ O{Zj/n] >[li6 /rgf qmddf dfgj ;dfhnfO{ ;'b[9 / ljsl;t ub{}

hfg] p2]Zon] b'O{ hflt agfof] Pp6f g/ / csf{] gf/L . ;dfhnfO{ ljsl;t ug{sf]

nflu ;fdflhs ;+/rgfnfO{ g} lqmofzLn /fVg] oGqnfO{ g/ eGof] . of] :jefjn] g}

dxTjfsf+IfL x'G5 / Ps;'/] klg . of] k|foM Pslbzfdf nlIft x'G5 t;y{ o;sf]

dfgl;s cj:yfnfO{ Psd'vL k|wfg eGg ;lsG5 t/ ;dfhn] ljsf; dfq t rfxFb}g

t;y{ ;dfhnfO{ ;'b[9tf k|bfg u/L ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf tfnd]n ldnfO{ /fVgsf]

nflu c? klg s]xL tTjx?sf] cfjZostf k¥of] . tL ;a} tTj ;a} u'0fx? O{Zj/n]

gf/Ldf e/]/ k'?ifsf] ;xwld{0fL agfO{ lbof] . o;/L gf/Ldf ;Gtfg k|ltsf] jfT;No,

klt k|ltsf] k|]d / 3/sf ;b:ox? k|lt ddtf / :g]x tyf Tofu cnu cnu u'0fx?

Pp6} hLjdf ;dfj]z u/L lbof] .Æ

;ljgo Psl5g /f]lsof] / km]/L eGg nfUof] æ;la s] ltdLn] Pp6f s'/f dx;';

u/]sL 5\of}+ Pp6} gf/L s'g} ;dodf cfdf, s'g} ;dodf kTgL / s'g} ;dodf u[x0fL

x'G5] / k|To]s e"ldsfsf] p;n] e/k"/ lgjf{x klg u/]sL x'G5] . klt c:j:ytfn], rfx]

s'g} ;d:of jf si6n] ha pm kTgLsf] sfvdf kN6G5 ta kTgLn] To; k|lt

ddtfdoL rl/qåf/f kltsf] ef/ x/0f ug{] sf]lzz u5{] . ha pm klt;Fu of}g

;dfuddf x'G5] ta pm s]jn kltsf] x'G5] Tof] If0fdf ljZjsf] s'g} dfof, dfg,

k|lti7f, nfe, ;'v p;sf] ;fd'Gg] x'Fb}g . ha kl/jf/ / ;fdflhs Jojxf/df p pq]sL

x'G5] ta p;n] :jwdf{ cg';f/ cfˆg} lsl;dsf] cfr/0f ub{5] . o;/L ax'cfofdL

JolQmTjsf] Ifdtf 5 p;df . k'?ifsf klg o4lk tdfd t ?k x'G5g\ t/ k'?if x/

If]qdf gf/L hlt Ifdtfjfg / ;Ifd 5}g .Æ


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57

æca d ltd|f] k|Zgdf k|j]z u5'{ . ltdL ca eg ls o:tf] dlxdfdoL ax'?k0fL

gf/LnfO{ olb k'?ifn] kTgLsf] ?kdf k"hf ug{] xf] eg] of] t cf]5f]kg x'ghfG5, 5f]6f]kg

x'g hfG5, gf/Lsf] ckdfg x'g hfG5 lsgls pm kTgL dfq t xf]Og] . pm ;fyL,

;xof]uL / cfdf klg t xf] . of] dd{ / dxTjnfO{ g} a'em]/ xf] lxGb' wd{zf:qn]

kTgLsf] k"hf eGbf gf/Lsf] Tof] d"n ?ksf] k"hf ul/of] h;nfO{ cfdf elgG5 . a'‰of}+

;lj < gf/Lsf] k"0f{ ?k dft[Tjdf x'G5 To;} x'gfn] cflZjg / r}qdf dxfdlxdfdoL

dft[?k zlQmbfogL hublDasfsf] k"hf cf/fwgf k'?ifn] ug{' kg{] wd{zf:qn] lgb{]z

u/]sf] xf] . of] gf/L k"hf x}g / ;lj <Æ

afbnn] z'?df b'j}sf] jftf{nfO{ t ;fdfGo dfg]sf] lyof] t/ kl5 uDeL/tf

dx;'; u¥of] / ;f]Wof] æljGg" ltd|f] s'/fnfO{ lxGb' ;dfhn] t ;dly{t ub{5 t/

lqmlZrog tyf cGo ;dfhdf hxfF dft[ k"hfsf] k|fjwfg 5}g ltgLx?sf] nflu t of]

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf w]/} /fd|f] ePg / <

æs;n] eGof] <Æ ;ljgon] ;f]Wof] . s'g wd{ u|Gydf cfdfsf] ckdfg ug{ eg]sf]

5 < s'/fg k9, ;l/ot k9, lqmlZrog wd{sf] s'/f u5f{} < afOan sf] b'j} v08 cf]N8

6]i6fd]G6 / lgp 6]:6fd]G6 k9, d}n] yfx kfP hlt sf] wd{ zf:qx? ;a}df gf/Lsf]

dxTjnfO{ k'?if eGbf a9L g} :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . olb s'g} c1ft wd{zf:qdf gf/Lsf]

dxTjnfO{ 36fOPsf] /x]5 cyjf s'g} ;dfhdf klg gf/Lsf] cjx]ngf x'G5 eg] d

lglZrt ?kn] eGg ;S5' ls Tof] ;dfh ktgtkm{ pGd'v 5 . To; ;dfhdf hlt

;'s} k|ult xf];\ t/ ;fdflhs ;Gt'ng rflxF x'g} ;sb}g .Æ

æclg of] ;dfhdf o:tL gf/Lsf] o:tf] b'/fj:yf s;n] u/\of] t <Æ afbnn]

;f]Wof] .

ægf/L k'?if b'j}n] . gf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] zlQmsf] af]w 5}g / k'?ifnfO{ gf/Lsf] dxTj]

af]w 5}g To;f] x'gfn] oL b'j} kf+u|f cFWof/f]df u}/x]sf 5g\ .Æ

æta ltdLn] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ s'g ?kdf x]5f}{ t <Æ

æof] t ljNs'n jflxoft s'/f xf] . d}n] t z'?df g} egL ;s]+ . k'?if Ps

lbzfd'vL / efj's x'G5 t/ ;fdflhs tdfd o:tf sfo{ 5g\ h'g k'?ifn] a9L /fd|f]

t/Lsfn] ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sb5 . To:tf sfdx?df dlxnfsf] cfjZostf s] < k'?if

b'?x, hl6n, 3[l0ft, ;a} sfd ug{sf] nflu ag]sf] 5 . tL ;a} sfd sf]dnx[bof

gf/Ln] ug{ ;sb}gg\ . ljsf;sf] ky k|bz{s klg k'?if g} xf] . t/ k'?if ck"0f{ 5 gf/L

lagf . t;y{ gf/Ln] p;nfO{ k|To]s If]qdf g;3fO{ pkfo g} rNb}g . o:tf] ul/dfdo


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c+unfO{ t'ngfTds ?kdf x]l/g' sbflk plrt x'Fb}g . of] t ct'ngLo 5 . lsgls

kltsf] lglDt rl/q, ;Gtfgsf] lglDt ddtf, ;dfhsf] lglDt zLn ;xof]uLsf] lglDt

bof / hLjdfqdf sf?0ffb| dxfk|s[ltsf] gfd g} gf/L xf] .Æ

æof] dxTjnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] :jLsf/ u/]/, gf/L clwsf/x?nfO{ ;dfhdf j}wflgs

k|Tofe"lt ul/ lbPsf] 5 eg] gldNbf] t ePg <Æ afbnn] k'gM k|Zg u¥of] .

ægldNbf] lsg ePg < gldNbf] g} t ePsf] xf] . d]/f] b[li6sf]0fdf ;+ljwfg n]Vbf

ægf/Lx?sf] zf:qLo dxTjnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{} gf/Lx?sf] k5f}6]kg, clzIff / c1fgtf

x6fpgs]f nflu x/;Dej pkfox? ul/g] 5g\Æ eGg] zAbfjnLsf] k|of]u u/] a]z x'g]

lyof] . cyjf s'g} klg gful/sdfly wd{, hft hflt, efiff / /fhgLlts dfGotfsf]

cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g elg k|Tofe"lt u/L lbP k'UYof] o;af6 ;k{ klg dYof{] /

nf¶L klg efFlrg] lyPg t/ ;dfgtf zAbn] t ;a u8a8 ul/ lbPsf] 5 . dnfO{

;+ljwfgdf k|o'Qm zAbfjnL;Fu lj/f]w 5 g ls jf:tjdf gf/Lsf] :jtGqtf;Fu . d

:jtGqtfsf] k|an ;dy{s 5' t/ ;a}sf] cf–cfˆg} 5'§} dof{bf 5 h;sf] kfng x'g}

kb{5 .Æ

æclg s] o; Joj:yfn] gf/Lsf] dof{bf e+u x'G5 t <Æ o;kfnL ;ljtfsf] k|Zg

lyof] .

æe+u x'g] a9L ;Defjgf 5 . Pp6f pbfx/0f lbG5' 8'+uf agfpg] sf/Lu/n] a8f]

;'em a'emsf ;fy 8'+uf agfpF5 / dfemLdf klg 8+'uf rnfpg Tolts} cem Tof] eGbf

a9L ;'ema'em x'g' kb{5 . olb dfemLn] ;'ema'emsf] kl/ro lbg ;s]g eg] 8'+uf aLr

wf/fdf 8'A5 . l7Ss o:t} ;+ljwfgsf] cj:yf x'G5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfn] ;+ljwfg agfO{

lbG5 hgtfsf] nflu . t/ hgtfdf ;+ljwfg axg ug{] Ifdtf gePdf c/fhstf

km}lng] afx]s c? s]xL x'Gg . ef/tdf xfn clzIff / c1fgtfsf] dfqf a9L 5 .

ul/aL k|an 5 . oL d'Vo zq';Fu n8\g' g} klxnf] cfjZostf 5 . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn]

h'g ;dfgtfsf] s'/f u/]5 Tof] ;fwf/0f JolQmsf] ;dem eGbf 6f9fsf] s'/f 5 .

;fwf/0f dflg;n] To;sf] cs{} cy{ lgsfNg]5 / 6f7faf7f dlxnfx?n] cfkm"nfO{ klg

æs]xL x'FÆ elg b]vfpgsf] nflu gfd, oz / a8Kkg k|fKg ug{sf] nflu ;fwf/0f

u[x0fLx?nfO{ e8\sfpg] 5g\ . ;fwf/0f u[x0fLx? ltgsf] kl5 kl5 gf/f h'n';df nfUg]

5g\, 3/ Jojxf/ rf}k6 x'g] 5g\ . ;dfhdf k|ltålGbtf l58\g] 5 ltgsf] xftdf

czflGt / ckoz kg{]5 g]qLx? dfnfdfn x'g]5g\ . ;+ljwfgsf] of] Joj:yfn] s]xL

cx+sf/L gf/Lx?nfO{ g]qL agfO{ lbg] 5 afFsL dlxnf cfˆgf] :yfg / dxTj eGbf tn

emg{] 5g\ / ;fdflhs 9fFrfnfO{ vNaNofO{ lbg]5g\ .Æ


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æof] s'/f t gf/Ldfly dfq lsg < ;Dk"0f{ ;dfh}dfly nfu" x'Gg / < g]tflu/Ldf

hgtf g} t 7luPsf] x'G5 .Æ

æTof] s'/f 7Ls xf], Tof] /fhgLltsf] Jofks ljifoj:t' xf] t/ d}n] t ;aeGbf

eofjx l:ylt h'g b]v]+ To;sf] dfq} rrf{ u/]sL x'F . /fHodf tdfd, hflt, wd{,

efiffsf emu8f x'g;S5g\ . t/ tL ;a} s'/f s]jn b'O6fsf] dfWodaf6 ;Dkflbt

x'G5g\ . Pp6f k'?if Pp6f gf/L . To;}n] d"ndf g} 6s/fjsf] cj:yf cfO{ /x]sf] 5

eGg] d]/f] egfO{ 5 < 5]p 6'Kkfsf] t u0fgf g} 5}g, d"n 6'6]kl5 c? sf] s] dxTj <Æ

;ljgosf] ts{sf] ;fd'Gg] qmfGtsf/L0fL ljrf/wf/fsL ;ljtfsf] lrQ a'em] h:tf]

b]lvof] . p;sf] cfFvfdf ;ljgo k|lt k|z+;fsf] efj :ki6 g} b]lvGYof] .

s'/f ;dfKtx'g] nIf0ft lyPg t/ clegGbg ;df/f]xsf] ysfO{sf] efj ;ljtfsf]

d'vd08ndf JofKt lyof] To;f] x'gfn] ;ljgo / ;ljtf b'j}n] labf dfu] afbn;Fu .

æ;ljtfnfO{ t ljZjn] g} !@ 306fsf] nflu labf lbO ;s]sf] 5 .Æ] afbnn]

s';L{af6 p7\b}rGof] t/, ;ljgonfO{ ljbf eg]/ d h+unL aGg rfxGg .Æ

afbnsf] s'/f ;'g]/ Psl5g t b'j} hgf lhNn} k/] t/ ;ljgon] tTsfn s'/f

a'emL xfNof] . ljgozLntfsf] Tofu u/]kl5 t dflg; h+unL x'g] g} eof] . p;n] xfF:b}

eGof] . t/ ldq, ljgozLntf klg ;ljtfsf] k|s[lt xf] . ljZjsf] dxfg Psdfq

t]hZjL ;"o{ b]jtfn] t slxn] klg cx+ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g ltgsf] ls/0f xd]zf tn

em/]/ ljgozLntfs} ;Gb]z t lbG5g\ To;}n] t ;ljtf / ;ljgosf] tfbfDo :yflkt

5 . ;ljtf ;"o{sf] t]hZjL ?k xf] eg] ;ljgo To;sf] d[b' ?k . x}g / <Æ

;ljtf s]xL nhfOg\ / nHhfnfO{ n'sfpgsf] nflu xfF:g yflng . b'j} hgf xfF:b}

afbn;Fu 5'l§P .

-*_

cfhef]nL jf/f0f;L zx/sf] gjtNnf v08df h'g 7fpFdf clxn] lrxfg 5, To;

a]nf Tof] o:tf] rf/bLjf/Ln] 3]l/Psf] lyPg / To; If]qdf o:tf] Jojl:yt a:tL klg

a;L ;s]sf] lyPg . If]q nueu lgh{g lyof] . o;}sf] kmfObf p7fP/ :jtGqtf

k|flKtsf] lgx' / rfnafh g]tfx?sf] ef]6sf] nflu >[lht dgdf]xs gf/fx?af6 jzLe"t

eP/ agf/; / 5/l5d]sL 6f]n k8f];sf u/La u'?jfx?n] lrxfgsf] rf/}lt/ ;fgf

;fgf em'08L em'k8L v8f u/L 3/ / e":jfdL x'g] ;kgf k"/f u/L/x]sf lyP .

emf]k8Lx? v8f ePsf :yfgdf g t kfgL lyof] g aQLsf] s'g} k|aGw, af6f] 3f6f]


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uNnL klg lyPg Pp6f dfly csf{] emf]k8L xhf/f}+ xhf/ . To;df z/0f lnPsf cfˆg}

b]zsf tL z/0ffyL{x? cfˆg} emf]k8Lsf] af6f] la/fP/ csf{sf] emf]k8Ldf a:g] / 306f}+

cfˆgf] emf]k8L vf]Hb} lxF8 \g] k|foM ;fdfGo s'/f lyof] . ul/aL xf]Og bl/b|tfsf] b]jLn]

ToxfF ;fIfft d'sfd u/] h:tf] b]lvGYof] . s'g} klg pBf]u, wGbf k]zf Joj;fo ug{df

cof]Uo ;flat ePsf JolQmx?sf] nflu /fhgLlts lkmN8 sdfpm pj{/ e"ld /x]sf]

To; wtL{df Rofpm em}+ pd|]sf egfpFbf g]tfx?n] lbgx"F efif0f / gf/f h'n";df tL

u/Lax?nfO{ e/k"/ pkof]u ug{ kfPsf lyP, gf/fsf] cy{ / p2]Zo a'‰g' a'emfpg'

eGbf /fhgLlts :jfy{ / ef]6sf] sdfO{ dfq Psdfq p2]Zo lyof] . jiff{sf] udL{ /

kfgLsf] em/Ldf tL ef]sf k]6 gfËf cfË cfˆgf hxfg kl/jf/nfO{ ;fy nufO{

g]tfhLx?sf] h'n"; / efif0fdf cfˆgf ;'s]sf xft p7fO{ p7fO{ lhGbfjfb \ Û d'bf{jfb

eGg] ub{y] . g]tfhLx?n] ef]6 a}+s dfly lgoGq0f ubf{ ub{} ef]6 a}+s dfly od/fhn]

klg sAhf ug{ nfu]sf] s'/f yfx} ePg5 .

Ps lbg Pp6f em'k|f]df eft kfSbf kfSb} crfgs cfuf] nfUof] . 3fF; kftsf

e'mk|f tL klg an]gL hf]l8Psf af?bdf cfuf] nfu] em}+ blGsg yfNof] . hf] h:tf]

cj:yfdf htf efUof] / efUg pDsg ;Sof] Tot} efUg nfUof] . d[To'n] nv]6\g] /

dflg; efUg]df k¥of] . To;} a]nf lg/fl>t JolQmx?sf] emf]k8L x]g{ b'O hgf

kqsf/x?n] ;ljgonfO{ ;fydf u} lbg cg'/f]w u/]sfn] tL kl/lrt kqsf/

;fyLx?sf] ;fydf Pp6f lh1f;'sf] x}l;otn] ;ljgo klg ToxfF k'Ubf cfuf] nfuL

;s]sf] /x]5 . dflg; / d[To'sf] aLrsf] Tof] ;+3if{ / To;af6 hGd]sf] xf] xNnf

qflxdfd\sf] :j/n] cfsfz u'Ghdfg e}/x]sf] lyof] t/ u/Lax?sf] s?0f lrTsf/ /

u'xf/ eujfg ljZjgfynfO{ v'zLkfg{ wgLx?n] 3gsfO{ /x]sf 7"n7"nf 306fsf]

3gsf/n] ubf{ eujfgsf] sfgdf k:g gkfP/ g} xf]nf u/Lasf] /Iffy{ cf}9/ bfgL

sxlnPsf lzjn] klg /Iff ug{ uPgg\ xf]nf . b'O{hgf kqsf/ / ;ljgosf] ;zQm

k|oTgn] klg s]xL x'g ;s]g . x]bf{ x]b{} z/0f:ynL v/fgL x'g k'Uof] / To;df tdfd

g/gf/L, a[4, afnssf] cfx'lt eof] . ToxfFsf] /Iffdf kqsf/ ;d]t ;ljgo klg

cfuf]sf] /fkmdf em'lN;of] gfs / d'vaf6 k]6df k;]sf] w'Fjfsf] d':nf]n] ltgLx?nfO{

klg d'l5{t kf¥of] . d[To'sf] Tof] tf08j g[Tosf] b[Zon] Psflt/ dfg; k6nnfO{

cfqmfGt kf¥of] eg] csf{] tkm{ cfuf]sf] eLif0f nk]6n] z/L/nfO{ z'is agfO{ lbof]

tLg}hgf oqtq 9n] . s;n] s;/L c:ktfn k'¥ofof] / k|f/lDes s]–s] pkrf/ eof] <

ltgLx?nfO{ yfx x'g ;s]g . ;ljgo xf]zdf cfpFbf 8fS6/ / g;{x?sf] aLrdf

cfkm"nfO{ c:ktfndf kfof] . ;ljtfsf] klg Pd=aL=jL=P;= k"/f e};s]sf]n] clxn]

OG8f]/df g} 8\o"6L nfUg] u/]sf] x'Fbf pgL klg ToxLF lyOg\ . ;ljgo xf]zdf cfPsf] /

zf/Ll/s l:ylt vt/fd'St esf]n] cGo 8fS6/ / g;{x? otf ptf uP . ;ljtfn]

;ljgosf] xft cfˆgf] xftdf lnP/ a]8s} Ps s'gfdf al;g \ . ;ljgosf] c:j:ytf /


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:jfF; km]g{df s]xL sl7gfO{ z]if g} lyof] To; k|lt lrlGtt / pbf; cfFvf e/L cfF;'

lnP/ a;L /lxg\ . b'j} r'k lyP t/ dgsf efjx? cfFvfsf] dfWodaf6 cfbfg k|bfg

e}/x]sf lyP . ;ljtf b'MvL lyOg, b'j}n] b'j}nfO{ ;fGTjgf / ;+j]bgf lbO{ /fv]sf, kf]vL

/fv]sf lyP d'v}n] af]Ng' kg{] cfjZostf g} s] lyof] / <

/ftL @÷# ah];Dd t ;a} l7s e};s] h:t} nfUbYof] ;ljgo cfgGbn] ;'t]sf]

lyof] ;ljtf c:ktfnsf s]xL lgod / s]lx nf]s nHhfsf] lgjf{x ub{} Pp6f :6'ndf

a;]/ ;ljgosf] lj5\of}gfdf afFsL z/L/ lkmhfO{ ;'t]sL lyOg\ pgsf] xft ;ljgosf]

ufnfdf /x]sf] lyof] . b'O{6f klys d:t lgb|fdf lyP . t/ # ah]kl5 ;ljgo ;':t/L

sxlnPsf] cfjfh ;ljtfn] ;'lgg\ cfFvf v'Nof] a8f] tTk/tfn] ;ljgosf] z/L/

5fd5'd kfg{ nflug\ pm xf]zdf t /x]5 t/ :jf; km]g{df sl7gfO{ k/]sf] /x]5 h;n]

ubf{ 5ftL b'v]sf] x'gfn] sxlnPsf] /x]5 . ;ljtfn] lbpF;f] cfunfuLsf] w'Fjfsf] d':nf]

5ftLdf hd]/ :jfF;gnLdf cj/f]w u/]sf] s'/f 7x/fOg\ / tTsfn pkrf/df nflug\ .

Ps 306fsf] cys pkrf/n] s]xL /fxt lbg ;s]g kL8f a9\b} uof] :jfF; /f]lsb} uof]

;ljtf xtf]T;fx eOg\ rf/}lt/ cFwsf/sf] sfnf] afbnn] 3]b{} uP h:tf] nfUof] . tTIf0f

8fS6/x?sf] eL8 nfUof] cS;Lhg lbg] k|aGw eof] . ;ljtf ls+st{Jod"9 lyOg\ pgsf]

lrlsT;s a'l4 x/fPsf] lyof] . t/ b'O{ k|]dL x[bosf] df}g :k+bgn] Psn] csf{]nfO{ df}g

z'efzLif lbO/x]sf] lyof] . slt cfzLif slt z'esfdgf / ;'e]R5f dfq . t/======= .

elgG5 k|]d hutsf] ;f/ xf] . ;+s6x? ha ef}lts ann] s6\g ;Sb}gg\ ta

cWoflTds an / z'e]R5'x?sf] k|]dsf] k|;fb dfq cjnDag aGg hfG5 . ;ljgosf]

;fydf cflv/df o:t} eof] ;ljtfsf] k|f0fsf] 56k§Lkgn] ;ljgosf] k|f0fdf zlQm

;~rf/ u¥of] . tLg lbgsf] cgj/t ;]jf efj ljxjntf / cfTdfsf] k'sf/ / k|an

OR5f oL ;a} tTj ;xfos ag], ;ljgo k'gM afRof], afFRof] eGg'eGbf hLjg bfg

kfof], ;ljtfsf] r/d k|]d / lg:jfy{ Tofusf] kmn .

dfgjsf] cTolws b'vL x[bon] ta dfq ;Gtf]if kfpF5 ha p;sf] cfTdLon]

p;nfO{ cfln+ugdf lng k'Ub5 . clt b'Mvn] clt ;dLktfsf] rfx ubf{] /x]5 . ctLj

b'Mvsf] efjflt/]sn] ctLj ;'vsf] dxf;fu/sf] rfxgf ub{5 cltn] cltnfO{ cfslif{t

u5{ g} . k+fr lbgsf] la/fdLkl5 c:ktfnaf6 lgSn]sf] ;ljgo / ;ljtf ;'vb rfFbgL

/ftdf xl/zrGb| 3fF6sf] ;L9Ldf a;]sf lyP . jiff{ dlxgfsf] u+ufsf] t]h snsnfpFbf]

kfgL cfˆgf] pQfn hn t/+usf ;fy k|jflxt lyof] . ;d'b|; Fu ldNg] cfkm\gf] cl:tTj

dxf;d'Gb|nfO{ ;dlk{t ug{] cbDo OR5f lnP/ bf}8b} lyOg\ u+uf . ;dk{0f g} t clGtd

rfx xf] . Tofu g} t hLjgsf] clGtd nIo xf] .


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æu+ufsf] of] cgj/t bf}8, of] t[i0ff s'g} ;dodf zfGt x'g ;Sb5 t <Æ

;ljtfsf] 7"n 7"nf cf+vfdf k|Zg lyof] .

æbf}8 / t[i0ff g} t hLjg xf] ;lj . of] gePdf hLjg g} lgliqmo x'g hfG5 .Æ

æt/ of] cy{xLg ;lqmotfn] s] lbPsf] 5 u+ufnfO{ <Æ

;ljgon] ;ljtfsf] cg'xf/ cfˆgf] b'j} xftdf lnP/ eGof] .æ ;fFRr} atfpmF ;lj

<Æ

æxF, atfpm < hfGgnfO{ g} t ;f]w]sL x'F <Æ

æu+ufnfO{ k|fKt e}/x]sf] 5 cv08 t[KtL, cgGt zlQm, h;tf] t[lKt / zlQm

ltdLnfO{ k|fKt e}/x]sf] lyof] d]/f] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf / h;tf] t[lKt /

zflGt dnfO{ k|fKtL e}+ /x]sf] 5 cfˆgf] cfTdf ltdLdf lj;lh{t u/]/ .Æ

u+ufsf] cgGt hn/flzdfly rGb|dfsf] k|sfz ulxl/b} uPsf] lyof] . ;ljtf cfh

ljz]if cfglGbt / k|d'lbt lyOg\ t}klg s'g} s'g} If0f cln plåUg h:tf] x'g hflGyg\ .

ltgsf] efjaf6 pgsf] dgdf s]xL s'/f v]nL /x]sf] h:tf] dx;'; u/]/ ;ljgon]

;f]Wof] æcfh ltdL aLraLrdf c:jfefljs lsg e}/x]sL 5\of} < lk|o <Æ

;ljtfn] ;ljgosf] sfFwdf 6fpsf]sf] ef/ /fVb} cfˆgf s]z /flznfO{ lkmFhfpFb}

;ljgosf] xft v]nfpFb} elgg\ ædnfO{ ca 8/ nfuL /x]sf] 5 ljGg", slxn] sfxLF

o:tf] nfUb5 ls dnfO{ ltdL b]lv w]/} 6f9f sf]xL tfGg vf]hL /x]5 b'ef{Uo jz o:tf]

eof] eg] ======== .Æ

jfSo k'/f x'g ;s]g ;ljtfsf] 3fF6L cj?4 eof], cfFvfaf6 t// cfF;' cfP .

;ljgo x8a8fof] . a8f] sf]dntfn] ;ljtfsf] cfFvf k'R5b} eGof] æ;lj eujfg

z+s/sf] of] gu/LDff u+ufhLsf] kljq lsgf/fdf xfd|f] hLjgsf] 8f]/L cfk;df afFlwg

uPsf] 5 . xfdLn] rfx]/ hfg]/ o:tf] ePsf] xf]Og . t;y{ o;nfO{ xl/sf] OR5f g}

dfg]/ b[9ljZjf; ;fy hLjgkydf nDsg' k/]sf] 5 . d ltdL xf} ltdL d x'F b'O{ eGg]

xfd|f] aLrdf ca 5}g / eljiodf klg xfdL Ps g} /xg] 5f}+ .Æ

æt}klg ==== . ;ljn] km]/L z+sf ul/g\ .Æ

æt}klgsf] k|Zg} 5}g k|f0f . ;ljgon] a8f] cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy eGof] .Æ hxfF

cTolws k|]d x'G5, ToxL+ g} cTolws z+sf / 8/ x'G5 . h;nfO{ dflg;n] w]/} k|]d


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ub{5 To;} b]lv p;nfO{ w]/} vt/f klg o; sf/0f x'G5 ls Pp6f lagf csf{sf] hLjg

lg/y{s /xG5 Pp6fsf] cl:tTj csf{]df ;dflxt ePsf] x'G5 . 8/ t k|]dsf] ;Gtfg xf]

h;n] cTolws k|]d ub{5 To;n] Tof] cfTdLo k|lt xd]zf z+sfn' klg /xG5 .Æ

æz+sfn' /xG5 <Æ ;ljtfsf 7"n 7"nf cfFvfdf dxfg cfZro{sf] lrGx k|s6 eof]

.

æx]f ;lj . o;sf] cGoyf cy{ nufpg' x'Fb}g o;nfO{ t o:tf] a'em\g kb{5 ls

hlt w]/} z+sf k|]dLn] ub{5 To;n] Tolt g} w]/} k|]d klg t u/]sf] x'G5 . z+sf/lxt

k|]ddf t s]xL sdL x'Gf ;Sb5 .Æ

æo;sf] dtna xfdL b'j} Ps csf{ k|lt z+sfn' 5f}+ t <Æ

ælaNs'n 5f}+ . d c:ktfndf d[To'sf] ghLs k'Ug nfUbf ltd|f] dgdf c?

8fS6/x? eGbf a9L z+sf p7\of] xf]nf . d las'n ljZj:t 5' t/ klg ltdLnfO{ k|fKt

ug{df df sxL+ s'g} afwf t cfO /x]sf] 5}g elg d lg/Gt/ ;z+lst e}/xG5' .

jf:tjdf z+sf / k|]dsf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw x'G5 .Æ

æclg k|]d / z+sf cGof]Gofl>t 5g\ eg] k|]dsf] kl/0flt cwf]ultdf x'g hfFb}g t

<Æ

æx'Fb}g, x'g} ;Sb}g .Æ ;ljgon] bfz{lgs efj JoQm ub{} eGof] æhLjgsf] r/d

nIo d[To' xf], To:t} k|]dk"0f{ ljsl;t ?k Tofu x'G5 / Tofusf] r/d nIo lj;h{g

x'G5 . cwf]ult t ta x'G5 ha k|]ddf Tofusf] ;§f nfe xflg, ;'v / b'vsf] efj

x'G5 cGoyf k|]d t kljq x'G5 .Æ

æxfd|f] k|]ddf s] To:t} kljqtf 5 / ljGg" .Æ

æu+uf h:tf] kljqtf 5 ;lj .Æ eGb} ;ljgon] ;ljtfnfO{ cfˆgf] sfvdf tfGof] .

;ljtfsf nxnxfpFbf s]z/flz ;Fu v]Nbf v]Nb} ;ljtfsff 7"n 7"nf cfFvfdf pDn]/

cfPsf] k|]dsf] dxf;d'Gb|df 8'afO{ lbof] cfkm'nfO{ . cgGt ulx/fO{, ljzfn / cGtxLg

cGtl/If h:tf cfFvfdf 8'Ab} plqb} / aUb} uof] . aUbf aUbf b'j} df}g, sxfF k'u] stf

k'u] yfx} ePg . ;ljtfnfO{ Ifl0fs r]tgf ta cfof] ha pgn] cfˆgf ;'Gtnfsf

sf]of h:tf /ftf /;Lnf t/ pGgdQ, km/km/fO{ /x]sf cfufdf tkfP h:tf tftf

cf]+7df ;ljgon] cfˆgf] cf]+7 /fVof] ta cln slt xnrn eof] t/ Tof] xnrnn] klg

ltgnfO{ emg dbxf]; kf¥of] b'j} hgf cflnuga4 x'Fb} uP b'O{ k|f0fn] dxfk|f0fsf] ?k

lnP h;sf ;fIfL cfsfzsf] rGb|df / dxflk|of u+uf dfq lyP .


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65

cWofo # -!_

;dosf] dlt s;}n] a'‰g ;Sb}g . ;do eGbf zlQmzfnL klg sf]O{ 5}g .

;dosf] rk]6fdf k/]/ g} /fd h:tf o'j/fhnfO{ rf}bx jif{ jgsf] si6 ef]Ug' k¥of],

;dos} k|efjn] ch'{g h:tf dxf/yL k/djL/nfO{ Ujfnfx?n] n'6] / ;dos} k|efjn]

s[i0f h:tfnfO{ ;fwf/0f Aofwfn] Pp6} jf0fn] xfg]/ df¥of] . /fhf /+ssf] ?kdf / /+s

/fhfsf] ?kdf kl/0ft u/fpg] sfd ;don] g} ub{5 . ;dosf] b[li6 jqm ePkl5

h:tf] ;'s} d g} x"F eGg]nfO{ e"Odf k5fl/Psf] / w'nf] rf6]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .

cfkm"nfO{ bfgjL/ 7fGg] ;j{lxt}ifL dxfgk/f]ksf/L hLj k|f0fgfysf] lgwg eof] .

6]nLu|fd ;a]/} agf/; k'Uof] . ;ljgosf] bz{g zf:qsf] c+ltdjif{sf] k9fO{df Jojwfg

k¥of] . pm t'?Gt ufpF hfg' kg{] eof] . ;ljgosL ;'v b'MvsL] dfq xf]Og sL hLjgs}

;fyL, cem hGd hGdfGt/sL ;fyL ;ljtfn] ;fy 5f]8\g] s'/} lyPg . b'j} hgf

agf/;af6 lxF8] /fte/sf] ofqf kl5 ef]nL kN6 ufpF k'u] . ufpFdf 7"nf] zf]ssf]

jftfj/0f lyof] . 5/ l5d]sL ufpFsf dflg;x?sf] lbge/L tftL] nflu /xGYof] .

k|f0fgfysf] u'0fsf] avfg la?bfjnL ;/x ufpFy] dflg;x?n] . sfh lqmofsf] ;dfKtL

kl5 lhdgbf/Lsf] x/lx;fa sfl/Gbfx?n] a'emfP . lhdLbf/Lsf] lx;fa t rf}k6 /x]5 .

lx;fa ubf{ x]bf{ t ;ljgosf cfFvfsf] cuf8L cFwsf/ 5fP em}+ eof] . ;do ;dodf

v8]/Ln] ubf{ kg{] u/]sf] vfB ;+s6nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{] ;Gbe{df k/f]ksf/L hLj

k|f0fgfyn] t ;fx"x?nfO{ C0f afkt hdLgbf/L g} a'emfO{ ;Sg' ePsf] /x]5 . dw]zdf

hUuf ;o ;jf;o ljuxf / kfNkfdf hDdf $)÷%) /f]kgL hUuf afFsL /x]5 . s'g

ls;fg cf;fdL;Fu lng'kg{] afFsL slt /x]5 Tof] sxL+ pNn]v g} gul/Psf] /x]5 t/

lbg'kg{] lx;fa b'?:t /x]5 . h] ePklg b'O{ efO{sf] nflu ;DklQ k|of{Kt /x]5 . ;f7L

;Q/L ljufx hlt Ps efO{ sf] lx:;fdf cfpg] /x]5 < Tolt hUufn] t u'hf/f x'g

ufx|f] x'g] eof] < k/Dk/fut v]tLsf] tl/sf, kfgLdf cfsfzLo lge{/tf, rsf{] dfnkf]t,

s[lif pTkfbgsf] g t s'g} ;Ifd ahf/ / g t s'g} plrt efpg}, gf]s/, sd}of,

x?jf, r?jf, b'lgofnfO{ lbg'kg{], sd{rf/L, g]tf ;anfO{ kfNg' kg{], s]xL kmh"n vrL{

klg ug'{ kg{] afWotf cflb tdfd To; a]nfsf sf/0f / l:yltx?n] eljiodf xf]lzof/L

k"0f{ sfd ug'{ kg{] cfjZostf b]lvof] . t/ bz{gsf] cWoog p;n] 5f]8\g g} ;s]g,

bz{g 5f]8\g ;s] klg ;ljtfnfO{ s;/L 5f]8\g] < ;ljtf cem Ps jif{ d]l8sn

sn]hdf a;]/ s]xL ljz]if cg'ej k|fKt ug{ rflxlGyg . lsgls g]kfn h:tf] cTolws


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lk5l8Psf] u/La ;dfh / To;df a:g] bLgxLg /f]uLx?sf] ;]jfdf ljz]if of]Uotfsf]

cfjZostf lyof] . To;}n] cfjZos sfdx? lgK6fP/ cfdfnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbP/ pm km]/L

agf/; cfO{;s]sf] lyof] . ca b'j} hgfsf] ldngdf k|foM dw'/tf sf] ;fy} uDeL/tfn]

klg :yfg ln+b} u}/x]sf] lyof} . b'j}sf] cWoogsf] s]xL dlxgf dfq afsL lyof] . k/LIff

glhs} cfO{ ;s]sf]n] ;ljgoklg k|foM k9fO{df g} Jo:t /xGYof]+ . hg:t/df uP/

;]jfug{], uf]i7L / ljrf/ ;efx?df hfg] sfd nueu aGb lyof] . oxL Jo:ttfdf

k|foM b'O6fsf] ldng klg sd} x'GYof] t/ hlt If0fsf] ldng x'GYof] Tof] If0f b'j}sf]

nflu cgdf]n x'Gy] .

-@_

;f]djf/L cdfj:ofsf] lbg lyof] d]nfsf] eL8 ef8lyof] . d]nfsf] /ldtf x]g{ /

k'/fgf ;fyL efO{x? e]l6g] ;Defjgfn] ubf{ ;ljgon] cfh 3'Dg] sfo{qmd agfP/

;ljtfsf] 3/ uof] . ;ljtfsL sfG5L cfdf / sfG5f afa' klg 3/}df x'g'x'GYof] .

sfG5L cfdf t k|foM ToxLF a:g' x'GYof] t/ sfG5f afa' slxn] sfxLF dfq cfpg' x'GYof]

. sfG5f afa' clgn zdf{n] sf7df08f}df Pp6f :6Ln km}S6«L nufpg' ePsf] lyof] .

sf7df08f}+sf k'/ftg af6f3f6f sRrL lyP . /fd|f] ahf/sf] ljsf; e};s]sf] lyPg .

pBf]u wGbfx? gu0o dfq lyP t/ clgn zdf{n] ;+of]un] ;;'/fnLaf6 lgs} wg

kfPsfn] / ;;'/fsf] b'O{6L dfq 5f]/L dWo] sf+5L 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx pgL;Fu ePsf] x'Fbf

;;'/fsf] pgLdfly ljz]if cg'u|x /x]sf] lyof] . kmn:j?k pgL ca w]/}h;f] ;;'/f;Fu

sf7df08f}df a:by] / ;;'/fsf] b[li6n] sf7df08f}+nfO{ eljiosf] /fd|f] Jojl:yt

gu/sf] ?kdf b]lv/x]sf]n] ;;'/fs} of]hgfn] Pp6f :6Ln km}S6«Lsf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP

/ /fd|f] rn]sf] klg lyof] . ;ljgonfO{ b]v]/ :jfut u/] em} æj]nsd h]G6nd}gÆ eg] .

;ljgon] klg gd:sf/ ub{} æslxn] kfNg' eof] Æ elg ;f]Wof] .

ælxhf]dfq cfO{ k'u] . ;f]djf/L cfdfj:osf] u+uf :gfg ug{] a8f] OR5f eGb}

;ljgonfO{ tvtdf a:g] 7fpF ldnfpg yfn] . ;ljgosf] cfjfh ;'g]/ ;ljtf klg

sf]7faf6 aflx/ cfO{g . b'O{ z/L/ cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] eP, cfFvfdf cfFvf k/], d'6'sf] tf/

cfk;df hf]l8P b'j} x[bo hf]8 hf]8n] w8\s], Ps} kn cyjf Ps} If0fsf] ;do, ;do

g} 6Ss /f]lsof] . t/, tTIf0f b'j}nfO{ cfˆgf] kl/l:yltsf] af]w eof] . ;ljtfsf uf]/f

uf]/f xftsf uf]n snfO{sf nfdf nfdf b; cf}+nf hf]l8P ægd:t]Æ .

clejfbgsf] k|ltpQ/ lbFb} ;ljgon] tvtdf a:b} eGof] æclg t sfG5f a'jf

d]nf x]g{ t hfg' k¥of], cfh d}n] cfˆgf] k9fO{ aGb u/]/ lxF8]sf] 5' .Æ


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æd]nf x]g{ t vfgf vfP/ hfg' s:tf] x'G5 <Æ clgnn] k'/f pQ/ lbg gkfpFb}

;ljtfn] elgg\=.

æbf]sfgbf/x?n] >fknfg x} >fknfg\ .Æ7§f ub{} ;ljgon] eGof] æagf/;sf

srf}8L / agf/; /fd e08f/sf] ld7fO{, oL ;a} s:sf nflu x'g\ <Æ

æt/ d}n] vfgf t ksfO{ ;s]sL 5' .Æ ;ljtfn] elgg\ .

æcfh d t j|t 5' ltd|f] klg t a|t xf]nf lg <Æ

ælogLx?sf] j|t 5 æo;k6s clgnn] pQ/ lbb} eg] æt/ d cN;/sf] /f]uL

ePsf]n] pkjf; ug{ ldNb}g To;}n] d]/f] nflu hfpnf] ksfO{ lbPsf 5g\ Ps} l5g\ a;

afa' ;Fu} hfpFnf x}Æ eg] .

;ljtfn] a'9fnfO{ hfpnf] k:sL lbOg\ / ;ljgosf] ;fd'Gg] Kn]6df a/kmL / kfgL

NofO{ /fvL lbOg\ . ;ljgon] Ps 6'qmf a/kmL p7fof] vfof] / kfgL vfFb} csf{] 6'qmf

tkm{ ;ljtfnfO{ ;+s]t u¥of] . ;ljtfsf cf]+7df dw'/ d':sfg km}lnof] ;'Gb/ xft

cuf8L a9] . Kn]6af6 akmL{ p7fPsf] Ps} If0fdf cfwf 6's8f ;ljgosf] d'vdf v'jfO{

cfwf cfˆgf] d'vdf /flvg \ . b'j} xfF;] b'j} dUg eP of] 36gf / efj a'9Ln] sf]7f

leqaf6 b]lvg\ a'9fnfO{ yfx} ePg5 . a'9Lsf] nflu of] s'g} gf}nf] s'/} lyPg . pgn]

dfq s] pgsf h]7fh' / h]7fgLx? ;a}n] a'emL;s]sf lyP .;a}n] a]nf avtnfO{ kvL{

/x]sf lyP .

clgnn] vfgf vfO{ ;s]kl5 ;ljgo ;ljtf / clgn cflb ;a} d]nf x]g{ lxF8] .

d]nfdf Psflt/ 7"n 7"nf bf]sfg, dx+uf ;fdfg, gf]6sf la6f af]s]sf u|fxs b]lvGy]

eg] dfgj ;dfhs} nflu b'Mv ?kdf /x]sf tdfd cGwf, n'nf nu8f, ckfË,

d/gRof;], levd+ufx?sf] nfd nfu]sf] lyof] . Ps k};f Ps d'¶L cgfhsf] nflu

bLgxLg :j/n] cfjfh nufO{ /x]sf lyP .

æcsf{] nfOgdf hfpmF of] t a8f] p/fl7nf] 7fpFdf cfOP5 .Æ ;'gLnn] eg] .

æjf:tljs ;+;f/ oxL t xf] a'jf .Æ ;ljgon] a'9fsf] hjfkm lbFb} ;ljtf tkm{ x]b}{

eGof] æltd|f] ;]jfsf] sfo{ If]q klg o:t} x'g' kb{5 . xf]Og / ;lj <Æ

æxf] laNs'n ;xL xf] laGg" .Æ g]kfndf d]/f] sfo{ If]q o:t} k|f0fLx?af6 z'? x'g]5

. ;'b"/ kxf8df /f]u / ef]sn] sxln /x]sf cf}ifwLsf] cefjdf vl6ofdf v'§f /u8L


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/u8L d[To'nfO{ kvL{/x]sf, o:t} o:t} /f]uLx? . ;ljtfsf cfFvfdf 7"nf] ;kgf / b[9tf

lyof] .Æ

æd klg ;lj . oyf;Dej ;dfh;]jfdf nfUg] 5', ltd|f] sfFwdf sfFw ldnfO{ ltd|f]

;xof]u ug{]5' .Æ ;ljgon] b[9tfsf ;fy eGof] .

-#_

agf/;sf] Kn]6kmfd{ g+= rf/df v8f lyof] PS;k|]; 6«]g . uf8L 5'6\g] ;do x'g

nfu]sf] lyof] . ;ljgo s]xL ;fyLx?sf ;fy sfZdL/ hfg nfu]sf] lyof] . kfls:tfg–

ef/t b'O{ u0ftGq aGg] a]nfdf c+u|\hx?n] sZdL/ /fHonfO{ oyfl:yltdf :jtGq 5f]8L

lbPsf lyP . o;sf] kmfObf p7fP/ kfls:tfgn] sfZdL/df d'lZndx?sf] afx'Notf

x'Fbf sfZdL/ kfls:tfgdf ldNg' k5{ eg]/ bafj lbFbf /fhf xl/ l;+x gdfg]sf]n]

pu|jfbLx?åf/f lx+;s 36gf 36fpg] sfd e}/x]sf] lyof] . /fhf x/L l;+xn] pu|jfb;Fu

lgK6gsf] nflu ef/t;Fu ;xfotf dfu]sf lyP . kmn:j?k ef/tLo ;]gf t sflZd/df

uPs} lyof] tf klg ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] If]qdf gjo'js :jo+ ;]jsx?sf] ax't} vfFrf]

lyof] . sfZdL/df cfuf] an]sf] lyof] . pu|jfbLx?sf] 3';k}7, lx+;f / sfZdL/ leq}sf

ljleGg :jfy{ ePsf ljleGg u'6x? cfk;df u[xo'4sf] l:yltdf lyP . To:tf] If]qdf

hfg] sfd sd vt/gfs lyPg t} klg ef/tLo /]8qm; ;f];fO6Ln] ljleGg ljZj

ljBfnoaf6 Voflt k|fKt sd{7 o'jf 5fqx?nfO{ of]ubfg ug{] ckLn u/]sf] x'Fbf

agf/;af6 klg Pp6f 6f]nL hfFb} lyof] . h;sf] g]t[Tj ;ljgosf] xftdf lyof] .

:jo+;]ljsf o'jtLx?n] klg hfg] OR5f JoQm u/]sf lyP t/ s]Gb|n] :jLs[lt lbPg .

czflGt / cfuf] an]sf] 7fpFdf gjof]jgfx?nfO{ s;/L xf]ldlbg] <

oxL 6f]nLnfO{ tdfd ;fyLx?n] ljbfO{ ug{ cfPsf lyP . ;ljtfsf] nflu t of]

ax't} 7"nf] k/LIffsf] 38L lyof] czflGt / b'vL jftfj/0f st} 5 / cfkm"af6 s]xL u/]/

zflGt / ;'v k'¥ofpg ;Sg] cj:yf klg /x]5 eg] cfkm'n] ;Ifd pBd gug'{

dfgjtfk|lt g} ck/fw xf] eGg] b[9 wf/0ff /fVg] ;ljtfn] ToxLF wf/0ff ;fsf/ kfg{

u}/x]sf] ;ljgonfO{ ghfpm eg]/ /f]Sg] s;/L < ;ljgon] uf8Ldf ‰ofnaf6 6fpsf]

aflx/ lgsfn]/ a;]sf] lyof] . ;ljtfn] c>'k"l/t cfFvfn] x]b{} lyOg\ . s] eGg' / s] g

eGg' . æcfˆgf] v"a x]/ ljrf/ /fVg' x} ljGg" Ps lr¶L /f]h} n]Vg' x} .Æ Tolt dfq eGg

;lsg\ pgn] .


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69

æltdLklg cfˆgf] Vofn /fVg' xfdL t Ps cfwf dlxgfdf lkmtf{ cfO{ xfN5f}+ .Æ

;ljgon] eGof] .

b'j} b'vL lyP, lrlGtt lyP / kLl8t lyP . uf8L] ;L6L lbP/ Kn]6kmfd{df lj:tf/}

lxF8\g yfNof] . lj5f]8sf ;dodf x[bosf] j]bgf lgl:sPsfn] b'j}sf cfFvf /;fP

;ljtfn] t cfF;' yfDg ;lsgg\ ufnfdf hnwf/ eof] ;ljgosf] cfFvfaf6 klg b'O{

yf]kf cfF;' v:of] . km]/L e]6f}+nf eGg] ljbfO{sf] d'b|fdf b'j} tkm{af6 xft xlNnP xlNnb}

/x] uf8L cfFvfsf] kx'Fr b]lv ax't 6f9f e};s]sf] lyof] t} klg ;ljtfsf] xft xlNnPs}

lyof] oyfjt, oyfjt, xft tn ta dfq em¥of] ha afbnn] pgsf] gf8L ;dft]/ 3/

hfpF eGof] .

-$_

/]8qm;sf sfo{stf{x? 3fon / kLl8tx?sf] p4f/df nfu]sf lyP, lbge/

cTolws Jo:ttf x'GYof] . pgLx?sf] vfg] a:g] s'/f a]7]ufg x'g uPsf] lyof] lbg

slxn] laTYof] / /ft slxn] z'? x'GYof] / slxn] vtd x'GYof] s]xL yfx x'Fb}gYof] . Ps

cfwf dlxgfsf] nflu dfq eg]/ cfPsf]df of] bf]>f] dlxgf klg laTg yfn]sf] lyof] t/

czflGt /f]lsg] gfd} lyPg . o;} aLrdf /fhf xl/ l;+xn] sfZdL/ /fHo ef/tdf

ljnLg ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/L ;Qf ef/t ;/sf/nfO{ ;'DkL lbP . ca t ef/t /

kfls:tfg b'j}n] sfZdL/nfO{ cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf lng k|ToIf ;+3if{df pq] . kl/0ffdtM

5fkfdf/ o'4, u'l/Nnf o'4 h:tf tdfd czflGtdo sfd x'g yfn] h;n] ubf{ ;ljgo

hxfF lyof] ToxLF cNem\of] a/vL km'sfpg hfg klg kfPg . k/LIffsf kl/0ffdx? cfO{

;s]sf lyP . p;n] ;ljtfnfO{ 3/ hfg lr¶L n]lv;s]sf] lyof] / cfkm" rfF8} g} ;do

lgsfn]/ cfpg] egL ;s]sf] lyof] . ;ljtfsf] km]/L lr¶L cfof] . ;ljgosf] cfdf ca

a'9L e};Sg' ePsf] 5, a'xf/L ge}sg 3/ grNg] eof] . To;}n] kfNkfdf ;'gLn zdf{;Fu

lr¶L kq / k'/f]lxtx? dfkm{t ljjfx dlª\;/df x'g] lglZrt e};s]sf] va/ klg cfof] .

k|ltpQ/df ;fyLx?n] ;ljtfnfO{ sfZdL/af6 clu|d awfO{sf] tf/ k7fP . ;ljgon]

cfˆgf] ;ljnfO{ w]/} w]/} Kof/ / :g]x ;lxt kfNkf nfUg] cfu|x u/L k7fof] t/ ;ljtfn]

b'j}hgf ;Fu} :jb]z lkmtf{ x'g] lh2L u/]/ agf/;d} a;]/ Ps Ps kn cfˆgf] ;ljgosf]

cfzfdf k|ltIffdf latfpFlyg\ . hf]lugL xf]Og j}/flugL ePsL lyOg\ ;ljtf .

-%_

cS6"a/sf] k|yd ;Ktfx;Dd o'4lj/fd x'g] eGg] s]xL cfzf aGof] . o;} aLrdf

lbg /ftsf] ysfO{n] r"/ ePsf] d:t lgb|fdf ;'s]sf /]8qm;sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{

pu|jfbLx?sf] Pp6f ;+u7gn] ckx/0f u/]5 . cGt/f{li6«o :t/df g} lgGbgLo of] va/

rf/}lt/ km}lnof] . ;/sf/L / ;fdflhs :t/df pu|jfbL ;+u7gsf] ax't} lgGbf eof] /


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aGbLx?nfO{ d'St ug{ ckLn eof], t/ pu|jfbLx?n] s;}sf] cg'/f]w dfg]gg\ . /]8qm;

h:tf] kljq sfo{sf] sfo{stf{x?nfO{ aGws agfP/ cfˆgf] s'/f dfGg ;/sf/nfO{ afWo

ug{ vf]Hbf ;/sf/ lsg dfGYof], p;n] ;}lgs sf/afxLdf tLj|tf NofO{ lbof] .

pu|jfbLx? n's]/ a;]sf] u'kmfdfly ;}lgs sf/afxL x'Fbf pu|jfbLx? kxf8} kxf8df

stf x/fP stf uP yfx ePg t/ pgLx?n] aGbLagfPsf dflg;x? eg] u'kmfdf klg

km]nf k/]gg\ . b'O lbg;Dd Jofks vf]htnfzsf] qmddfdfly rLn p8]sf 7fpFx?df

x]bf{ /]8qm;sf tdfd sfo{stf{x?sf] Ift ljIft nfz 6f9f–6f9f 3f6Lx?df km]nf k¥of]

.

ha of] va/ /]l8of] / ;dfrf/ kqdf uof] / agf/;af6 uPsf] 6f]nLsf] sf]xL

klg hLljt 5}g eGg] lglZrt e};s]sf] va/ ha agf/; k'Uof] ta t afbn xf]Og

cfsfz} v;] h:tf] eof] . k"/} agf/;df sf]nfxn, xf]xNnf, ljb|f]xsf :j/, gf/f, h'n';

;a} z'? eof] t/ ;ljtf < ;ljtf xf]zdf sxfF lyOg\ / ljGg" ljGg" eg]/ b'O{ k6s

dfq lrRofO{g To; kl5 a]xf];\ . clxn] c:ktfndf pgL rf/ lbgsf] a]xf];Ldf l5g\ .

k|f]km];/x?sf] bf}8w"kn] ;ljtfsf] z/L/df k|f0f /x]sf] :ki6 af]w x'Fb} uO /x]sf] lyof] .

o; cjlwdf afbnaf6 h] x'g ;SYof] x/ ;Dej ;]jf u¥of] . p;sf] k|]d / ;fGTjgfsf

zAbx?n] b'MvnfO{ kf/ ug{] ;ljtfsf] nflu k'n aGb} uP .

;ljtfsf] hLjg cfsfzaf6 v:g nfu]sf] zLtsf] yf]kf h:tf] ePsf] lyof] .

jfo'd08nn] afbnsf] ue{af6 kfgLsf] yf]kfnfO{ tfg]/ tn k[YjLlt/ x'TofO{ lbPsf]

lyof] . Tof] yf]kf kmf]x/d}nfsf] y'k|f] dfyL v:g] xf] ls < u'nfasf] km"n dfly kg{] xf]

ls < cyjf dxf;d'b|df d'v vf]n]/ a;]sf] zLkdf em/]/ df]tL aGg] xf] ls < yf]kfnfO{

s] yfx < ljlwsf] ljwfg hxfF k'¥ofpF5 k'Ug} k5{ . d yf]kf] x'g rfxGg dnfO{

cl:tTjsf] cfjZostf 5}g . km]/L afbn agfO{ b]p d]/f] cl:tTj d]6fO{ b]p d tn

hfg rfxGg, dnfO{ ljnLg kf/L b]p t/ cb[Zo kydf gk7fO{ b]p eg]/ eujfg;Fu

hlt k|fy{gf u/]klg cfˆgf] cl:tTj ;dfKt kfg{ dflg; sltsf] ;Ifd 5 / < 3/

kl/jf/ Oi6ldq, ;dfh lo ;a} d[To'sf] d'vdf hfgdf afws g} t x'G5g\ . ;a} yf]s

cfkm"n] rfx] h:tf] x'G5 sxfF < cem oL ;a} tTjx? dfly csf{] tTj xf] ;do, x[bosf]

Aoyf ?kL 3fpsf] ;a eGbf 7"nf] dnd xf] ;do .

jif{ e/Lsf] lbg / /ftsf] ;]/f]km]/f]n] ;ljtfsf] Joyf j]bgf s]xL c+zdf 36fof] .

ef]hg j:qsf] xf]; /xg yfNof] . vfgf kfgL t k/} /xf]; cfˆg} skfn gf]Rb}, 6fpsf]

k6ls+b},?Fb} s/fpFb} kfulngL em}+ lxF8\g], df}sf 5f]kL cfTdxTofsf] nflu bf}8g] /

kl/jf/sf dflg;n] kqm]/ Nofpg], 3/L3/L pgL d'5{f kg{] h:tf] l:ylt ca /x]sf] lyPg

. ;ljgosf] cfdf ozf]bfb]jLn] cfˆgf] o'jf 5f]/fsf] d[To'sf] b'Mv la;{]/ ;ljtfnfO{

efUo / sd{sf] dLdf+;f ub{} w]/} lbg b]lv cfˆgf] ;+/If0fdf /fv]sLn] xfntdf s]xL


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;'wf/ cfpFb} u}/x]sf] lyof] . pgL ;ljtfsf] st{Jo af]wsf] k|]/0ff >f]t ag]sLn] ;ljtf

cfˆgf] 1fg / zLk k|lt pGd'v x'Fb} uPsL lyOg \, ;'sL;s]sf] lj?jfdf gofF sf]lknf

cfpg s]xL cfzf b]lvPsf] lyof] .

;ljtfsf] lrGtfhgs cj:yfsf] va/ kfP/ ozf]bfb]jL b'O dlxgf b]lv

tfg;]gsf] cfˆgf] 3/df lyOg \ . clxn] klg ;ljtf ;]tf] n'uf nufPsL e'Odf u'Gb|Ldf

6fpsf] tn u/]/ lrlGtt / zf]s d'b|fdf a;]sL lyOg\ . ozf]bf b]jL klg x[bodf

bgbgL anL /x]s]f cfˆgf] xbosf] HjfnfnfO{ dflyNnf] dgn] zfGt kfb{} ;ljtfnfO{

;fGTjgf / gofF hLjgsf] k|]/0ff lbFb} lyOg\, ;ljtfsf] s'g} ;dodf lrQ a'em]sf] h:tf]

d'vd'b|f b]lvP klg tTsfn dxfzf]ssf] sfnf] afbnn] 9fsL lbGYof] / pgL km]/L

czfGt b]lvg yflNyg\ o;} ;Gbe{df tdfd k|Zgx? uly{g / ozf]bfb]jLn] e/;s

cfˆgf pQ/af6 pgnfO{ zfGtkfg{] x/;+ej k|ofz ub{} hflGyg .

æclg cfdf . 6fpsf] p7fP/ Ps k6s cfFvf e/L cfF;'n] ozf]bf b]jLsf] d'vdf

x]/]/ k|Zg ul/g\ æefUo g} 7"nf] xf] / sd{ s]xL xf]Og eg] t ;a} csd{0o x'g' kg{]

lyof] cyf{t\ >[li6 g} 7Kk x'g] lyPg / cfdf <Æ

æefUo / sd{ . 5f]/L dnfO{ hxfF;Dd nfUb5 b'j}df ax't} ;"Id cGt/ 5 . Pp6}

cj:yfdf /x]sf Ps ;dfg ;fwg ckgfPsf b'O{ JolQm dWo] slxn] sfxLF Pp6f JolQm

nIodf k'Ug ;kmn ePsf] x'G5 csf{] c;kmn ePsf] x'G5 eg] slxn] sfxLF a]Unf a]Un}

af6f] / 5'§f–5'§} ;fwg ckgfPsf JolQmx? Ps ;dfg nIodf k'Ug ;kmn ePsf

x'G5g\ . of] k|df0fn] efUosf] 7"nf] e"ldsfsf] ;dy{g ub{}g / 5f]/L <Æ

æt/, cfdf gbLdf e]n cfpg] ;Defjgfsf] sNkgf u/]/ gbL t6df a:g]x?n]

e]nb]lv aRg klxn] g} gbLsf] kfgLnfO{ cGo If]qdf afF8\g], gx/ agfpg], 3/df df6f]

kf6\g] pmrf kfg]{ cflb sd{ ul/g' x'Gg t <Æ

ælaNs'n ug'{ kb{5 . d}n] eg]s]f oxL xf] ;"Id cGt/ .Æ ozf]bfb]jLn] :ki6 kfb{}

elgg\ æaf9L b]lv aRg k"j{ tof/L ug{} kb{5 of] xf] dflg;sf] sd{ t/ x/ ;Dej

tof/Lsf afjh"b klg olb e]nn] /Iff x'g ;s]g eg] Tof] xf] efUo .Æ

æolb d / ljGg" b'j} cfbz{jfbL gePsf] eP d]/f ljGg" dfgjtfsf] gfddf lsg

cfˆgf] cfx'lt lbg k'Uy], d}n] lsg /f]lsg, cfbz{ dfq asjf; xf] eg]/ lsg eGg

;lsgÆ eGb} ;ljtf km]/L ?g nflug\ .


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æcfbz{df hLjgnfO{ 9fNg] / hLjgz}nLnfO{ cfbz{do agfpg] ;fx; ax't} sd

dflg;df x'G5 . To:tf zf}o{jfgsf] hggL x'g] cj;/ sd}n] kfpF5g\, cfbz{ljxLg

hLjg t kz'sf] hLjg xf], gfgL .Æ

æcfbz{sf] nflu d[To' g} j/0f ug{ k'Ug' plrt x'G5 t cfdf < kf}8L v]Ng g}

ghfGg] dflg; dxf;d'Gb|df xfd kmfN5 eg] To;nfO{ b';fx; cyjf cfTdxTof eGbf

a9L c? s] eGg ;lsG5 <Æ

æd[To' . ltdLn] d[To'nfO{ eofjx cyjf b'vb kl/0flt 7fGb5\of}+ . d[To' eobflogL

xf]Og lk|of x'G5], cz'e xf]Og z'e x'G5], cd+unsfl/0fL xf]Og d+unsfl/0fL x'G5],

lj5f]8sf] ;GWof xf]Og ldngsL piff x'G5], ljWj+zsf] kl/rfl/sf xf]Og, lgdf{0fsf]

k|lqmof x'G5] / c>'sL s[Tof xf]Og d':s/fx6sf] b]jL x'G5] . hLjg xd]zf d[To' tkm{ g}

cu|;/ e}/xg] x'gfn] d[To'sf] cEof;sf] gfdnfO{ hLjg elgG5 . cfTdf cd/ x'G5

To;sf] gfz x'Fb}g . d[To'kl5 o;n] csf{] z/L/ 5fGg] ub{5 . b';fx;sf] hxfF;Dd s'/f

5 Tof] t ug{} kb{5, sf}nDj;n] b';fx; u¥of],jf:sf]l8ufdfn] b';fx; b]vfof], ufFwL,

lx6n/ ;a} b';fx;L g} t x'g\ . o;nfO{ cfTdxTof eGg ldN5 t < b';fx;df ls t

;kmntf ls t d[To' b'O{ dWo] Ps yf]s t cjZo x'G5 / oL b'j} yf]s kmnbfoL

sNof0fsf/L g} t 5g\ .Æ

ædflg;sf] hflt s] To:tf] jLt/fuL x'g ;Sb5 t <Æ

æx'g g;s] / t xf] of] ;dfhdf b'v} b'Mv b]lvPsf] 5, b'Mv t Pp6f cg'e"lt

dfq xf] . h'g s'/f lxhf] xfdL;Fu lyPg / cfh kfOof] eg] of] lglZrt 5 ls ef]nL

Tof] kbfy{ Tof] j:t'n] xfdLnfO{ 5f]8]/ hfg]5 olb Tof] j:t'n] xfdLnfO{ 5f]8\g ;s]g

eg] afWo eP/ xfdLn] To;nfO{ 5f]8L lbg' kg{]5 rfx] cfTdt[lKt eP/ pk]Iffsf] efj

hfu]kl5 5'6f];\ jf cGo sf/0fn] xf];,t/ 5'6\g' t 5 . s'g} xfntn] klg Tof] kbfy{ /

of] z/L/sf] ;Dks{ 5'6]g eg] d[To'n] ;Dks{ 5f]8\fO{bLO xfN5 . lsg yfx 5, 5f]/L <

;ljtfn] cxF yfx 5}gsf] efjdf d'G6f] xNnfOg .

æk[YjL dfq xf]Og, ozf]bf b]jLn] s'/f cuf8L a9fO{g æ;Dk"0f{ a|Dxf08df O{Zj/Lo

;Qf afx]s cGo s'g} klg rLh j:t'sf] :j?k lr/:yfoL /xg} ;Sb}g . kl/jt{g

cjZoDefjL 5 . cfhsf] cj:yfdf ef]nL kl/jt{g lglZrt 5 . o;sf] ckjfb gbL,

kxf8, ;d'b|, ;"o{, rGb|, tf/f s]xL klg / sxLF 5b}5}g . k|s[ltsf] c6n lgod oxL xf]

o;nfO{ x[bo+ud ug{ ;lsG5 eg] b'Mvsf] Hjf/ b]lv dflg; aRg ;Sb5 .Æ


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æta, ha efUo / >[li6sf] lgod cg';f/ kl/jt{g cjZoefjL 5 eg] st{Jo /

cst{Josf] t k|Zg} cfPg, xf]Og cfdf <Æ

æxf]Og, To;f] xf]Og, >Ldbeujb\uLtfdf >Ls[i0fn] cfkm"nfO{ hutsf] stf{wtf{

;a} eg]sf 5g\ t/ st{Jo dflg;n] ug{} kb{5, st{Jo ug'{ klg dflg;sf] k|s[lt xf],

To;}n] s[i0fn] d}n] klg st{Jo sd{ ug{} kb{5 eg]sf 5g\ . st{Jo ;'Joj:yfsf] k"/s

xf] . cst{Jo s'Joj:yfsf] hgs . To;}n] dflg;n] a8f] a'l4dfgLsf ;fy st{Josf]

rog ug'{ kb{5 . lgliqmotf t >[li6sf] s'g} kbfy{, oxfF ;Dd ls 9'+ufdf klg 5}g .Æ

æd[To' / kl/jt{g s] k|s[ltsf zf:jt lgod x'g\ t <

æb'O{ xf]Og k|s[ltsf kf+r j6f c6n lgod 5g\ . klxnf] lgod t kl/jt{g g} xf]

h;sf] kmn:j?k hGd kl5 d[To', d[To' kl5 hGd, ;'v kl5 b'Mv, b'Mv kl5 ;'v, oz

kl5 ckoz, ckoz kl5 oz, wgf9\otf kl5 lgw{gtf, lgw{gtf kl5 wgf9\otf o;

k|sf/ j[Qfsf/ 3'Db5g\ h;/L lbg / /ft 3'dL /x]sf 5g\ . bf]>f] lgod, cfTdf ch/

cd/ / ckl/jt{gzLn 5 . t];|f] lgod, pTklQ, kfng / k|no hGd, hLjg / d[To'

;+;f/sf] ;To lgod xf] . rf}yf] xf] sd{ cg';f/sf] kmn, oyf ljp tyf lj?jf .

ædflg;sf] st{Jo s:tf] x'g'kb{5 <Æ ;f]lwg\ ;ljtfn] .

æwd{df cfwfl/t .Æ

æwd{ s] xf] <Æ

hf] wf/0f ug{ of]Uo 5 Tof] wd{ xf] .Æ

æd[To' wf/0f ug{] of]Uo x'Fb}g <Æ

æd[To'sf] wf/0f xf]Og j/0f ul/G5 .Æ

æo;df cGt/ s] 5 <Æ

æwf/0f ug{] s'/f ljj]sdf cfwfl/t 5 t/ j/0f eGg] s'/f wfld{s cf:yf /

cWofTd k|ltsf] ;dk{0ftf xf] .Æ

æst{Jo / wd{df lj/f]w eof] eg] s;sf] kIf lng] <Æ

æoL b'j}df lj/f]w 5}g . b'j} Ps l;Ssf b'O{kf6f x'g\ .Æ


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ædg / ljj]sdf lj/f]w eof] eg] <Æ

æljj]s sf] .Æ

ælsg <Æ

æljj]s 1fgdf k'Ug] v'8\lsnf] xf] t/ dg t[i0ffsf] afxs xf] .Æ

æ1fgsf] afxs cyf{t ljj]s, dgsf] afxs cyf{t\ t[i0ff eGbf lgj{n lsg x'G5

<Æ

ælbgsf] k|sfz eGbf /flqsf] cFwsf/ uf9f g} t x'G5 <Æ

æo;sf] sf/0f s] xf]nf <Æ

ædg / t[i0ffn] ef}lts cfzlQm af]s]sf]n] ef/L x'G5, eg] 1fgn] ;"Id tTjnfO{

af]Sg] x'gfn] xNsf x'G5 . u?Ëf] j:t'n] xNsf j:t'nfO{ yLr]/ tn bafO{ lbG5 t/, tn

ba]sf] xNsfkgdf phf{ 5 eg] s'g} g s'g} ?kdf aflx/ g cfO{ 5f]8\b}g .Æ

æVj} d}n] t s]xL a'‰g ;sL /x]sL 5}g cfdf <Æ ;ljtfn] b'j}xftn] 6fpsf] lyRb}

elgg\ .

æs'g} af6f] g b]lvg] ePkl5 dxk'?ifx?sf] egfO{nfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' kb{5 gfgL .

To;af6 hLjg k'gM kl/rflnt x'G5, ;xL lbzfaf]w klg x'G5 .Æ ozf]bfb]jLn] ;fGTjgf

lbFb} elgg\ .

æjt{dfg ;dodf d}n] s] ug'{ kg{] x'g cfpF5 .Æ

æw}o{ wf/0f ug'{ g} klxnf] r/0fsf] sfd xf] .Æ t'n;Lbf;n] /fdfo0fdf n]Vg'

ePsf] 5 ls w}o{, wd{, ldq / kTgLsf] k/LIff ;+s6sfndf x'G5 . t;y{ efUosf] b]g

O{Zj/sf] OR5f / >[li6sf] c6n lgod dfg]/ klxn] w}o{ wf/0f u/ clg ljj]snfO{

k|HHjlnt u/]/ cfˆgf] ;f}o{ / zLknfO{ b'vLhgsf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t u/L b]p o;af6

xfd|f] ljGg"sf] cfTdfnfO{ dxfg ;Gt'li6 k|fKt x'g]5, p;sf] cfTdfnfO{ b'vL k'¥ofP/ s]

xfdLn] To;sf] cfTdf ;+u cGofo ul//x]sf 5}gf}+ < o; k6s ozf]bf b]jLsf] k|Zg eof]

<Æ

;ljtf b'Mv / cfZro{ ldl>t efjn] ozf]bf b]jLsf] d'vdf x]g{ nflug\ . Pp6f

gofF k|sfz cfFvfsf] ;fd'Gg] cfnf]lst x'g yfNof] . ljGg"sf] OR5f < xf] t, slt


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cfzfjfg lyP d b]lv, o:tf] c:ktfn vf]Ng], o:tf] Joj:yf ldnfpg], /f]u pGd"ng

ug{], 6f9f 6f9f ufpFx?df uP/ SofDk v8f ug{],hgtfsf] ;]jf ug{] . slt xf] slt

sNkgf . ;ljtfsf] ;fd'Gg] ;ljgosf] cg'xf/ emNnnL cfof] cfFvfsf] ;fd'Gg] gfr]sf]

cg'xf/n] d'6'nfO{ l5ofl5of kfg{ yfNof], cfFvf cfFz'n] el/P t/ tTsfn w}o{n] ;fy

lbof] Pp6f gofF hf]z, gofF efjgf, cfˆgf] nflu gePklg cfˆgf] ljGg"sf] nflu a+fRg

gofF pT;fx / cfTdljZjf; emlNsof] d'vdf . d'vd'b|f s7f]/ x'Fb} uof], xftsf d'¶L

ldlrP, 7"n 7"nf cfFvf km}lnFb} uP, cf]+7 km/km/fP ltd|f] OR5f ltd|f] ;+sNk d k"/f

ug{]5' ljGg" . ltd|f] cfTdfnfO{ cfhLjg b'vL x'g lbg] 5}g . ;]jf, ;]jf dfq d]/f]

hLjgsf] a|t eof] dnfO{ zlQm lbg' d]/f] lk|otd zlQm ===== .

-^_

;ljtfsf] hLjg qmd Jojl:yt x'Fb} uPsf] lyof] . ca pgL 8fS6/ lyOg pgsf]

SnLlgs pgsf /f]uL g} pgsf hLjgsf s]Gb| laGb' lyP . kfNkf dfq xf]Og 5/

l5d]sL s}of}+ lhNnfdf pgsf] ;x[botfsf] hlt rrf{ lyof] Tolt g} pgsf] of]Uotfsf]

klg rrf{ lyof] . /f]uLnf+O{ 5f]O{ lbPkl5 /f]uL 7Ls x'G5 eGg] cfd rrf{ z'? ePsf]

lyof] . To;}n] /f]uLsf] eL8 tfg;]gdf a9\of] . aL;f} ztfAbLsf] dWodf g]kfndf

8fS6/sf] ;+Vof cf}+nfdf ulgg ;lsGYof] eg] dlxnf 8fS6/ < g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f

c+rnsf] nflu Pp6f sf}t"xnsf] ljifo lyof] . cem} ltgsf] of]Uotfn] zx/L

/f]uLx?nfO{ klg cfslif{t ub{} uof] . ltgsf] gfd rf}tkmL{ ljVoft x'Fb} uof] .

pgsf] sfG5f afa'sf] s'g} ;Gtfg lyPgg\ t/ sf7df08f}+sf] :6Ln km}S6«Laf6

pgn] lgs} wg sdfO{ ;s]sf lyP . clxn] pgn] ;fa'g km}S6«L klg vf]n]sf lyP

h;af6 lbg bf]Aa/ /ft rf}Aa/ eg] em} ltgsf] cfdbfgL e}/x]sf] lyof] . t/,

;GtfgxLg ePsf] sf/0faf6 cfˆgf] bfO{sf] Pp6f 5f]/f cg"knfO{ cfˆgf] wd{k'q

agfOPsf lyP / :6Ln km}S6«L ;ljtfsf] gfddf ul/ lbPsf lyP . lbbL efO{ sfG5f

a'jfsf] ;DklQsf] lx:;]bf/ aGg k'u]sf lyP . o;af6 ;ljtfsf] sfo{If]qdf 7"nf] ;3fp

k'Uof] . :6Ln km}S6«Lsf] gfkmfn] ltgn] kfNkfdf Pp6f /fd|f] c:ktfn agfOg\ .

o;} cj:yfdf ltgsf] e]6 eof] 8fS6/ /fx'n;Fu . 8fS6/ /fx'n, kfNkf s} Pp6f

ufpFsf ;fx" xl/z+s/sf 5f]/f . afnssfn b]lv k6gfdf a;]/ k9]sf], ;fx|} xf]gxf/ /

t]h . a'l4sf] s'zfu|tfaf6 eljio /fd|f] x'g] cfzfdf xl/ z+s/n] /fx'nnfO{ ljb]z

k7fO{ 8fS6/L k9fP . /fx'nsf] k9fO{df xl/ z+s/sf] >L;DklQ :jfxf eof] . t/ /fx'n

ljb]zaf6 kms{]kl5 t cs{}/fx'n eP/ cfP5 . r6k6] /fx'n t ca wL/ uDeL/

x/;do u'd;'d /xg], hxfF h] e]6fof] vfof], h:tf] n'uf ldNof] nufof] . g cfkm" k|lt

s'g} df]x g ;dfhdf s'g} ?lr . xd]zf xf:g] 77\of}nL ub{} lxF8\g] /fx'n kf+r jif{df


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s:tf] /fx'n x'g uof] < ;/sf/L of]hgfdf ljb]z uPsf] sf/0faf6 p;n] afWotfjz

;/sf/sf] ;]jfdf a:g' kg{] eof] / jL/ c:ktfndf d]l8sn clws[tdf kf]l:6Ë ePsf]

lyof] . pm cfˆgf] l8o'6Ldf t ax't} r':t lyof] t/ hLjg k|lt ls+lrt df]x lyPg .

o;sf] sf/0fsf] vf]hL gLlt t ax't eof] t/ s]xL kQf nfu]g . cflv/df s'g}ljb]zL

s]6Lsf] rSs/df k/]/ k|]d k|;+udf wf]sf vfPsf] 7x/fOof] . kmnfdn] kmnfdnfO{

sf6\5 eGg] plSt cg';f/ p;sf] ljjfx ul/lbg] lgwf] eof] t/ ljjfxsf] s'/f ;'Ggf

;fy ad k8\s] em} k8\Sof] /fx'n .

æljjfx < s;sf] ljjfx < lsg ljjfx <Æ

æltd|f] ljjfxsf] k|:tfj cfP5 afa' .Æ xl/ z+s/n] gd|tf;Fu eg] .

æd ulb{g lax] l;x] .Æ eGb} kmtkmntfpFb} pm 8]/faf6 aflx/ lg:sg yfNof] .

æ;'g t /fx'n, ;'g tÆ eGb} cfdf zlzsnf aflx/;Dd kl5 nflug .

pm efUg] lyof] xf]nf a]kQf;Fu t/ x7ft\ /f]lsof] 8]/fsf] 9f]sfdf To;sf] 8]/fdf

k|j]z ug{ nfu]sL Pp6f @% jifL{{o t?0fLn] To;sf] v'§fnfO{ afFwL lbP h:tf] eof] .

æoxfF 8fS6/ /fx'n a:g' x'G5 <Æ t?0fLn] ;f]lwg\ .

æ/fx'nn] tn b]lv dfly;Dd x]¥of] . e/k'/ b[li6 lbof] . o:tf] ;'Gb/L gjof]jgf <

sf7df08'df b]lvPsf] lyPg < crfgs p7]sf ljrf/nfO{ Ps} em6\sfdf aflx/ kmfNof],

æxF, dnfO{ s] dtna ;'Gb/tfsf] <Æ tTIf0f p;n] ;fdfGo x'Fb} eGof] æd g} x"F /fx'n .

s]xL ;]jf <Æ

o;aLrdf cfdf klg /fx'nsf] k5f8L cfP/ pleO ;s]sL lyOg\ .

æd]/f] gfd 8fS6/ ;ljtf . tkfO{+;Fu s]xL h?/L s'/f ug'{5 .Æ ;ljtfn] elgg\ .

æcfpg';\ leq cfpg';\ . tkfO{+sf] gfd v'a} ;'lgPsf] 5 cfh a8f] efUon] bz{g

eof] .Æ eGb} /fx'nn] ;ljtfnfO{ a}7sdf nUof] . ToxfF a'9f xl/ z+s/ klg lyP .

/fx'nn] cfˆgf] cfdf afa'sf] kl/ro u/fof] . ;ljtfn] klg cfˆgf] k"/f kl/ro lbOg \ .

æxfdL Ps} ufpF 7fpFsf eP/ klg o:tf] 6f9f, x]/ t <Æ xl/ z+s/n] cfTdLotf

b]vfpFb} eg] .


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77

æo:t} t xf] a'jfÆ, ;ljtfn] elgg\ ækxf8df xfdLx? !@ sf]zsf] b"/Ldf 5f}+ oxfF

t slxn] sfxLF sfG5f a'jf;Fu cfpg] u/]sL 5' . To;}n] e]63f6 / kl/ro ;Dej x'g

;s]sf] lyPg . cfh ;+of]un] e]6 eof] .

æxf] gfgL ;+of]u g} eGg' kb{5 . 5f]/f oxfF sf7df08' a:g yfNof] xfdL b'O{ a'9f

a'9L ufpFdf g a;f}+ gx'g] . oxfF a;]/ klg s] sfdn] a:g] < 5f]/fnfO{ e]6\g xfdL cfO{

k'u]sf] . oxfFaf6 kms{g t ca kf;f] nufP/ em'l08g] ;/x x'g] eof] .Æ

;ljtfn] s'/f g} a'emg ;lsgg\, /fx'n klg cjfs eof] .

æs] kg{ uof] cfdf, o:tf] cK7\of/f] s] 5 <Æ ;f]lwg\ ;ljtfn] .

æs] atfpmF 5f]/L < nfh dg'{ kg{] eof] .Æ o; k6s xl/ z+s/n] hjfkm lbP /

/fx'nsf] d'vdf x]b{} eg] æxfdLn] /fx'nnfO{ cfˆg} /ut df;'sf] c+u dfg]Yof}+] / p;sf]

lxt / xfd|f] klg :jfy{ g} egf}+ kf]v/faf6 lax] lglZrt u/LlbPsf lyof+ . 5f]/f xfd|} xf]

ljjfx ug{ Ogsf/ u/L b]nf eGg] t sNkgf klg lyPg, x] eujfg eGb} xl/ z+s/n]

lgZjf; 5f]8] .

/fx'n 7"nf] wd{ ;+s6df k/\of] . cfdfa'jfnfO{ of] s'/f gug'{; eG5 eg] ;ljtfsf]

;fd'Gg] c;Eo x'g] eof], p7]/ lxF8g klg ldn]g . To;f] x'gfn] cfdf a'jfsf] s'/f

6'+UofpgnfO{ gd|tfsf] af6f] ckgfpFb} eGof] æ;do cfpg lbg'; g a'jf . clxn] xtf/

g u/f}+, ljjfx eGg] s'/f a]nf cfPkl5 e} xfN5 lg . clg ;ljtfhLÆ . ;ljtf tkm{

pGd'v x'Fb} eGof] æs] ;]jf 5 d]/f] nflu <Æ

æd Pp6f ;xof]u lng cfPsL 5' . d]/f sfG5f a'jf o; 6f]ndf x'g' x'G5 . jxfF

x[bo/f]uL x'g'x'G5 Ps k6s em6\sf vfO{ ;Sg' ePsf] 5 / c:ktfndf tTIf0f pkrf/

kfP/ hLjgnfe klg e};s]sf] 5 .Æ ;ljtfn] cfˆgf] cfzo JoQm ub{} uO{g \ æjxfFsf]

cj:yf /fd|f] eP klg ;+tf]ifhgs 5}g d}n] jxfFnfO{ kfNkf g} n}hfg] ljrf/ u/]sL x+'

t/ nueu Ps dlxgf jxfF kxf8 hfg] cj:yfdf x'g' xG'g . d Ps dlxgf g} oxfF

a;L lbpF eg] d]/f] c:ktfnsf /f]uLx?nfO{ si6 x'G5 To;f] x'gfn] 5/l5d]sL 8fS6/

sf]–sf] x'g'x'G5 elg kQf nufpFbf tkfO{+sf] af/]df yfx kfPF . sfG5f a'jfnfO{ d}n]

kxf8 nUg g;s];Dd ;fFem laxfg tkfO{+n] x]/ljrf/ k'¥ofO{ lbg' x'G5 ls eg]/

;xof]u dfUg cfPsL .Æ

æd]/f] nflu a8f] ;f}efUosf] s'/f x'g]5 . of] ;]jfsf] cj;/ lbg'eof] . a8f cfef/L

5' .Æ /fx'nn] s[t1tf JoQm u¥of] .


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78

/fx'nsf] af]nLrfnL / lzi6frf/af6 ;ljtf ax't k|efljt eOg\ . To;kl5 b'j}sf

aLrdf Joj;fout ;d:ofx?df tdfd rrf{eof] / 3'Dbf 3'Db} s'/f km]/L /fx'nsf]

ljjfxdf cfP/ c8\lsof] . kl/jf/sf] s'/f rNbf rNb} a'9fn] km]/L cfˆgf] Joyf kf]v]

æx]/ g 5f]/L, ufpFdf wg ;DklQsf] gfddf s]xL hUuf dfq 5 . sfd ug{] dflg; klg

sd} kfOG5g\ Ps ufu|f] kfgL lng hfg] sf]xL 5}g, a'9];sfnsf] cfzf b'O{ efO{ 5f]/fdf

lge{/ 5 . sfG5f] t clxn] k9\b} 5 . ca o:tf]df xfd|f] n¶L sf] eO{ lbg] xf] < h]7f]

5f]/fsf] st{Jo s] x'g cfpF5 < cem xfdLn] t hg} ;'kf/L klg nL ;Sof}+ . Tolt 7"nf]

ljZjf; u/]d\, ca s'g d'vn] d]/f] 5f]/fn] ljx] ub{}g eGg hfp+m . s]6Lklg k9] n]v]sL

c;n ;'Gb/L 5] . s] vf]6 b]vfpmF < olQs} kms{g' eGbf t dg'{ g} j]z xf]nf .Æ a'9fsf]

cg'xf/df j]bgf emNSof] .

olt a]/;Ddsf] s'/fsfgLn] ;ljtf klg Tof] kl/jf/df v'Nb} uPsL lyOg\ t/ klg

o;} ug'{; eGg ;lsgg\ . ;+sf]r} ;+sf]rdf elgg\ æcK7\of/f] g eP b]lv t a'jf

cfdfsf] k|:tfj dfGg plrt g} xf]nf .Æ

æa'jf cfdfn] h] eg] klg dfGg' plrt x'G5 t ;ljtfhL <Æ

æcfˆgf] cfˆgf] ljrf/df of] s'/f lge{/5 .Æ

ætkfO{+sf] JolQmut ljrf/df s:tf] xf]nf <Æ

æd]/f] ljrf/ . ;fFr} eg' . d]/f] JolQmut ljrf/df cfdf a'jfn] ;Gtfgsf] clxt

slxn] klg rfxFb}gg\ . To;}n] lkt[cf1f lz/f]wfo{ ug'{ ljj]sk"0f{ x'G5 .Æ

æt/ d]/f] cfˆgf] ljjztf klg t 5 .Æ

æTof] ljjztf cfdf a'jfnfO{ atfpg ;lsG5 . jxfFx?nfO{ cfˆgf] ;d:ofsf]

;xefuL agfpg ;lsG5 .Æ

æt/ clt JolQmut ;d:of . dgsf] s'/f <Æ

æcfdf afj'sf] ;fd'Gg] ;Gtfgn] JolQmut s'/f / lghL dg oL ;a} vf]Ng ;lsG5

hlt n'sfof] Tolt g} 7"nf] ;d:of kg{ ;Sb5 .Æ

;'emfj t ;ljtfn] lbOg\ t/ pgnfO{ klg o:tf] nfUof] ls /fx'n sxL+ st} s'g}

rSs/df h?/ 5 . a'9f a'9Ln] klg dgdg} ToxL 7x/fP . /fx'nn] hg} ;'kf/L ePsf]

7fpFdf xf]Og ls kmnfgf] 7fpFdf s'/f ug'{; eGg]jfnf 5 eG7fg]/ a'9fn] /fx'nsf]


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79

d'vdf x]g{ yfn] t/ ToxfF To:tf] s'g} efj lyPg . /fx'nsf] ljrf/df e"sDk cfO{/x]sf]

lyof] .

æd]/f] Pp6f zt{ 5 .Æ ;lsg;sL af]Nof] /fx'n . a'9fn] s]xL af]n]gg\ 5f]/fsf]

d'vdf x]b{} /x] .

ljjfxsf] s'/f sxLF st} yfx x'g' x'Fb}g . xfdL ;a} kf]v/f hfpmF ToxfF Pp6f 3/

ef8fdf lnpmF / ToxLFaf6 ljjfx u/]/ s]xL lbg ToxL a;f}+ . Psl5g /f]lsP/ km]/L eGg

yfNof] To;kl5 a? a'xf/LnfO{ kxf8 n}hfg' xf]nf, Oi6ldq, gftf s'6'DanfO{ ef]h

eTof/ ub{} hfg' xf]nf .Æ

xl/ z+s/ t tLg 5Ss k/] . æof] klg s'g} k|:tfj xf] , o;sf] tfTko{ <Æ

æo;sf] tfTko{ hf] 5, 5, . of] s'/f oxL 5f]8L lbpF . n slxn] 3/ hfg] <Æ

csf{sf] s'/fdf x:tIf]k ug{ ;ljtfnfO{ plrt nfu]g . pgsf] sfd ;lsPsf]

lyof] lg/y{s a;]/ csf{sf] kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf bvn lbg a]d'gfl;a 7fgL pgL hfg

eg]/ pl7g\ / xft hf]8\b} elgg\ ætkfO{ /x]a;];Dd oxfF x]l/ lbg] ug'{ xf]nf . st}

aflx/ hfg' eof] eg] s'g} Oi6 ldq ;fyLnfO{ ;xof]uL agfP/ hfg'knf{ .Æ

æd ha;Dd 5' tkfO{+ 9'Ss x'g'xf];\ t/ Oi6ldq ;fyLsf] gfddf d]/f] sf]xL 5}g

d lgtfGt PSnf] 5' . d]/f] l5d]sdf Pshgf csf{ 8fS6/ klg 5g\ . d]/f] cg'kl:yltdf

jxfFn] x]l/ lbg elg tkfO{+n] g} cg'/f]w ug'{ knf{ .Æ

;ljtfnfO{ cfZro{ nfUof], s:tf] 8fS6/ xf]nf . sf]xL ;fyL Oi6 ldq 5}gg\ .Æ

pgn] wGojfb eGb} cfdf afj'nfO{ gd:sf/ ub{} pl7g\ .

-&_

hf]d;f]ddf Pp6f ;fwf/0f 6]G6 v8f u/]/ cfˆgf] bnanasf ;fy ;ljtf

e'Orfnf] u|:t If]qdf ;]jfdf nfu]sL lyOg\ . :yfgLo k|zf;gn] cGo :jf:YosdL{x?sf]

;fydf ltgsf] ;]jfnfO{ klg hg:t/df ;dflji6 u/]sf] lyof] . e'sDksf] k|efjn] gi6

e|i6 ePsf 3/x?sf] d/dt sfo{ rnL/x]sf] lyof] 3/leq k'l/Psf dflg;x?sf] lhpFbf]

/ d[t z/L/ aflx/ lgsfNb} lyP . rf/} lt/ ljgfz / tafxLsf] b[io lyof] . clxn]

/ftsf] Ps ahL ;s]sf] lyof] t/ e/v/} df6f]df k'l/Psf b'O hgf cw{hLljtx?nfO{

;}lgsx?n] ltgsf] 6]G6df k7fO{ lbPsf lyP ltgLx?sf] cj:yf ;fx|} lrGtfhgs lyof]

t/ ;ljtf a8f] w}o{sf ;fy cfˆgf] sfddf h'6]sL lyOg c? 8fS6/x? klg cf–cfˆgf]


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80

6]G6df Jo:t lyP ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ / g]tfx? klg o'4:t/df arfp / /fxtsf]

sfddf ;+nUg lyP .

;ljtfn] an]sf] lbof] p7fOg\ . Pp6f /f]uLsf] d'vdf x]l/g\ . xf];df cfpg

nfu]sf] b]lvof] . pgsf] d'vd08ndf Pp6f ;fgf] d':sfg b]vf k¥of] ;Gtf]ifsf] .

/f]uLsf] d'vdf kfgL /fvL lbg rDdr p7fPsL dfq s] lyOg\ crfgs cfh km]/L

e'Orfnf] cfP5 . uf]8f k[YjLdf cl8g g;lsg] eP . rf/}lt/ xf]–xNnf, efubf}8 eof]

3/ s6]/fx? wf/fzfoL x'g nfu] . sf] sxfF 5, To;sf] cQf]kQf] ePg . /ftLsf] ;do

jif{fsf] dlxgf . ;ljtfn] ;'tL /x]sL b'Ohgf g;{x?nfO{ p7fOg\ / /f]uLx?nfO{ aflx/

lgsflng\ . cfkm" leq / aflx/ bf}8g yflng\ . s] xf] s;f] xf] o;f] ug{] To;f] ug{] eg]/

s;n] egf]; . 6]G6 b]lv aflx/ /x]sf] 7"nf] 9'Ëfdf r9\g k'lug\ . crfgs Pp6f o:tf]

em6\sf nfUof] ls 9'+uf kN6]/ vf]nflt/ nfUof] / ;ljtf klg efUojz k5fl/b}

vf]nftkm{ ;n;nL aUg nflug\ . cGtdf 6fpsf]sf] an v;]sLn] lrguf/L km'6] em}

eof] . To;kl5 t xf]z} /x]g, s;n] slt xf]; /fVg] .

;ljtfnfO{ xf]; cfof] sf7df08' xl:k6ndf . klxn] t cfkm" hLljt g}g/x]sf]

h:tf] nfUof]kl5 la:tf/} la:tf/} 8fS6/x?sf] sfgfv'zL / c:ktfnsf] jftfj/0fn]

pgL c:ktfndf l5g\ eGg] s'/f ljZjf; eof] . s'g–s'g c+udf s]–s:tf] rf]6 k6s

5 yfx x'g ;s]g . k"/f z/L/ 6'6km'6 e};s] h:tf] b'v]sf] lyof] . cfFvf p3fg{ klg

;fx; x'g ;s]g . To;} a]nf 8fS6/ /fx'nsf] cfjfh ;'lgof] æ;ljtfhL cfFvf vf]Ng';

.Æ

;ljtfn] cfFvf vf]Ng] an ul/g\ t/ z/L/sf] kL8fn] ubf{ ;lsgg\ / la:tf/}

Pp6f xft 6fpsf] lt/ nlug\ 6fpsf]df k'/} k§L afFlwPsf] /x]5 . 8fS6/n] pgsf] xft

la:tf/} ;dft]/ tn emf/L lbof] / km]/L cfFvf vf]Ng eg] . ;ljtfn] km]/L k|ofz ul/g\

cfFvf v'Nof] . pgn] x]g{] sf]lzz ul/g\ kns emkfemk tn dfly kfl/g\ t/ of] s] <

s]xL b]lvPg k|sfzsf] IfL0f /]vf klg t b]lvPg . l:ylt a'‰g pgnfO{ ufx«f] ePg .

6fpsf]sf] rf]6n] cfFvfsf] Hof]lt nuLlbPsf] /x]5 . c?nfO{ Hof]lt lbg]sf] cfˆg} cfFvf

Hof]ltxLg x'g k'u]5 . /f]Og\ pgL cfˆgf] ljztf / b'b{zgdfly w'?w'? /f]Og / æca of]

k|f0f lsg afFsL /x\of] æ8fS6/, lsg dnfO{ arfpg' eof]Æ eg]/ lrRofOg a8f] hf]8sf

;fy . lrRofx6 ;'g]/ c? 8fS6/x? klg bf}8]/ cfP t/ ltgL a]xf]; e};s]sL /xL5g\ .

8fS6/x?sf] pkrf/n] km]/L ltgnfO{ xf]zdf Nofof] . xf]zdf cfPkl5 km]/L w'?w'? ?g

nflug\ .

æ;ljtfhL, w}o{ wf/0f ug'{;\ 6fpsf]sf] rf]6 5 lj:tf/} 7Ls ePkl5 hfFr ug'{

knf{, clxn] tTsfn cfkm"nfO{ ;+ot t kfg'{;\ . KnLh x]Nk x/;]Nkm .Æ /fx'nn] ;fGTjgf

lbg yfNof] . c? 8fS6/x? klg ;fGTjgf lbg yfn] . æxfdLx? 5f}+ t ;ljtfhL .Æ km]/L


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81

tkfO{+ :jod\ 8fS6/ x'g' x'G5, 8fS6/n] hlt x]/rfxk'¥ofP klg /]fuLn] klg cfˆgf]

z/L/;Fu ;xof]u u/]g eg] s;/L sfd rN5 <.Æ

8fS6/sf] cfZjf;gn] s]xL sfd u¥of] . ?jfO{ clnslt 36]sf]] b]lvof] t/

8fS6/x?n] /f]uLsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s cj:yfnfO{ x]/]/ xf]zdf /fvL /fVg plrt

7fg]gg\ . g;{nfO{ s]xL Ozf/f u/], g;{ cfOg\ 8fS6/n] Pp6f :nLkdf s'g} cf}iflwsf]

gfd n]v]/ lbP . leq uPsL g;{ Ps l5gkl5 Pp6f cf}iflw / l;l/Gh lnP/ cfOg\ .

NofPsf] cf}ifwL l;l/Ghdf el/g\ / ;ljtfsf] kfv'/fdf nufO lbOg\ . ;ljtfn] ef]–ef]

s]xL gug'{;\ eGbf eGb} a]xf]; eOg\

-*_

æ:jf:gLn] 5f]8]/ uO{ .Æ

æ5f]8]/ uO{ ,Æ ;ljtfn] a8f] cfZro{ dfg]/ k|Zg ul/g\ .

xF . 5f]8L t lg . x'g'kg{] ToxL lyof], ToxL eof] .Æ

/fx'nn] ;xh} pQ/ lbPsf] lyof] cyjf 77\7f u¥of] < Hof]ltxLg cfFvfaf6

;ljtfn] /fx'nsf] d'vsf] efj a'emg g;s]/ s]xL eGg ;lsgg\ . cfh afx|f} lbg

;ljtf c:ktfnsf] a]8df a;]sL lyOg\ . /fx'n ToxLF a;L/x]sf] lyof] ;ljtfsf] cj:yf

ca vt/fb]lv aflx/ lyof] . 3/af6 cfdfafa' efO{ OToflb tdfd s'6'Dax? hDdf lyP

sf7df08'df . ;a}n] x/ t/xaf6 ;ljtfnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbGy], Kof/ ub{y] ;ljtf cfh

ef]nL ;a}sf] nflu sfvsf] aRrf h:tf] ePsL lyOg\ . 8fS6/x?n] a8f] Wofg /fV5g\ .

k6gf / agf/;;Dd cfFvfsf] af/]df n]vfk9L ePsf] 5 . 7"n 7"nf 8fS6/x?

6fpsf]sf] 3fp 7Ls ePkl5 x]g{] eg]sf 5g\ . /fx'n h:tf] j}/fuL 8fS6/ h;sf] s'g}

Oi6 ldq ;fyL 5}gg\, s;};Fu s'g} jf:tf g} /fVb}g, cfˆgf] sfd u/]/ PsfGtdf uP/

s;};Fu s'g} af]nrfnL;Dd ug{ dg gk/fpg] 8fS6/n] cfkm"nfO{ /f]Sg ;s]g .;ljtfsf]

ljjfx x'g gkfpFb} j/sf] d[To' eof] . clxn] o:tf] bzf 5, eGg] s'/f yfx kfPkl5

d'6'sf] s'g} s'gfdf clnslt ;xfg'e"lt hfUof] . ;xfg'e"ltn] b'j}nfO{ cln cln ghLs

kf¥of] . /fx'nn] ;ljtf k|lt x/;do b]vfPsf] tTk/tfn] pgnfO{ rfF8} 7Ls x'g] w]/}

d2t k'uL /x]sf] lyof] . cfh ;ljtf tlsofsf] c8]; nufP/ a]8df a;L /x]sL lyOg\

. /fx'nn] ltgsf] k/LIf0f ub{} lyof] . To;} cj;/df ;ljtfn] ætkfO{+sf] >LdtLsf]

xfnrfn s] 5 ÆegL ;f]Wbf /fx'nn] p;n] dnfO{ 5f]8]/ uO{ elg hjfkm lbPsf] lyof] .

ætkfO{+ h:tf 3/flgof / 8fS6/ k]zfsf gjo'jsnfO{ 5f]8]/ hfg] . s:tL s]6L

xf]nL xF <Æ ;ljtfn] cfZro{ dfg]/ k'gM ;f]lwg\ .


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82

æo'jtLnfO{ 3/eGbf a9L j/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 ;ljtf hL .Æ

æj/ Û s:tf] j/ tkfO{+ h:tf] ;'bz{g o'jsnfO{ j/sf] ?kdf kfPkl5 s'g s]6Ln]

pk]Iffug{ ;S5] cem of] eGbf a9L s:tf] /fd|f] j/ vf]hLsL xf] <Æ

æd j/ eP klg ck"/f] 5' . z/L/ eP klg cfTdfljlxg 5' ls cfTdf dfq} 5

z/L/ljxLg 5' d}n] g} s]xL a'‰g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .Æ

ætkfO{+ t a8f] /x:odo x'g' x'Fbf] /x]5, /fx'nhL . eGb} ;ljtfsf] cf]+7df cln

slt d':sfg b]vf k¥of] . ;fFRr} eGg'xf];\ g < ;fyL efO{ ;Dem]/ sd;]sd jf:tljs

s'/f atfpg';\ g .Æ ;ljtfn] k'gM cfu|x ul/g\ .

æ;fFRr} xf] ;ljtfhL . afa' cfdfn] dnfO{ lnP/ hfg' eof] / d]/} zt{ cg';f/

s;}nfO{ s]xL elgPg . kf]v/fdf Pp6f 3/ ef8fdf lnP/ xfdL a:of}+, To;kl5 d}n]

s]6L;Fu e]63f6sf] cfu|x u/]+ . e]63f6 u/fOof] . d}n] s]6L;Fu d ;Fu ljjfx gu/,

daf6 ltdLn] s]xL kfpg] xf]Og eg]+ . p;n] d]/f] egfO{sf] s] cy{ nufO{ yfx 5}g t/

pm af]nb} af]lng , p7]/ cfˆgf] sf]7fdf uO{ d}n] p;sf] cfdf afa'nfO{ klg d ;Fu

ljjfx gu/L lbg'; elg cg'/f]w u/]+ t/, pgLx?n] klg gdfg'nd s] ;f]+r], clns lbg

kl5 ;a 7Ls e}xfN5 dfq eg] . d}n] k5'tfpg' gk/f];, d]/f] bf]if gcfcf]; eg]/

k6s–k6s eg]+ t/ s;}n] jf:tf ul/ lbPgg\ . ljb]zdf st} k|]d k|;+u xf]nf / clxn]

tftf] k|]ddf eGof] xf]nf eGg] 7fg]/ g} xf]nf kl5 ;a 7Ls e}xfN5 eGb} uP .

d]/f] kL8f a'lem lbg] sf]xL lyPg . kl/0ffd dnfO{ yfx g} lyof] . sf7sf] k'tnf

em}+ d]/f] ljjfx eof] . rf/ lbg kf]v/fdf g} a:of}+ . slyt kTgL;Fu kfFrf} lbg a8f]

:ki6 s'/f eof] . s]xL p;n] af]nL s]xL d}n] eg], Tof] ;a yf]s eg+] h'g ls d}n]

cfkm"nfO{ dfq atfpg ;Sby]+ cfˆgf] cfTdfsf] kL8f ljb]zsf] p7a; / Oi6 ldq; Fusf]

;DaGw ;a} atfO{ lbPF . pm t eL/af6 nf]l6Ph:tL eO{ v"a /f]O{, d klg /f]PF b'j}

/f]of}+ . t/, b'j}sf] ;f]+rfO{ cnu cnu lyof] . d]/f] b'Mvaf6 pm b'lvt eO{ p;sf]

b'Mvaf6 d b'lvt lyPF, cGtdf xfdLn] cfk;df ;dembf/L sfod ug{ vf]Hof}+ . Tof]

b'j}k§Lsf] kl/jf/df atfOof] / kl/jf/sf dflg;n] d]/f] s'/f dfGy] xf]nfg\ t/ pm g}

dflgg] . d}n] tkfO{+sf] k|ltIff cfhLjg ug{]5' eGb} ?Fb} pm p7L / xfdLn] pgLx?sf]

dfn j:t' lkmtf{ a'emfO{ lbof}+ . a'jf cfdf 6fpsf]df xft /fv]/ dnfO{ >fKb} 3/lt/

nfUg' eof] d otf cfPF . d cj ljjflxt 5' t/ d]/f] >LdtL 5}g . pm ljjflxtf 5]

t/ p;sf] klt 5}g . tkfO{+ eGbf d g} emg\ a9L cefuL /x]5', xf]Og t ;ljtf hL <Æ

/fx'nn] s'/f k"/f ub{} eGof] .


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;ljtfsf] d'v t'jfnf]n]] 9fs] h:tf] eof] . cfˆgf] j]bgfdf emg \ s?0ff klg ylkof]

. ?g dg nfUof] t/, slt ?g' ?Fbf–?Fbf cfFvfsf cfF;" g} ;'sL ;s]sf lyP . uxg

s?0ffdo cj:yfdf ltgn] km]/L ;f]lwg\ æ/fx'nhL of] ;DaGw ljR5]bdf sf/0f s] lyof]

/ sf/0f sf] aGof] <

æsf/0f s] lyof] of] clxn] g ;f]Wg';\ ;ljtfhL, t/ ljR5]bsf] sf/0f d x"F olt

dfq eG5' . ;do cfPkl5 sf/0f klg yfx e}xfNg]5 .Æ eGb} /fx'n ToxfFaf6 p7\of],

;DejtM afy?d lt/ nfUof] cfˆgf] b'ef{Uodfly b'O{ yf]kf cfF;' PsfGtdf r'xfpg .

;ljtf klg cfˆgf] b'Mv la;{]/ /fx'nsf] lrGtg ubf{ ub{} cf]5 \ofgdf 9lng\ .

-(_

;ljtfsf] cfFvfsf] pkrf/df 7"n–7"nf 8fS6/x? nfu] t/ s;}sf] s]xL nfu]g .

cGtdf ;dosf] cGt/fnaf6 la:tf/} cfkm} klg 7Ls x'g ;Sg] elg a9L ;Defjgf

JoQmu/] . cGoyf kl5 cd]l/sf lt/ uP/ pkrf/sf] k|ofz ug'{kg{] elg ;Nnfx lbP .

o;/L ;ljtf ca cGwL eP/ ;donfO{ kv{]/ a:g' kg{] ePsf]n] kfNkfsf] cfˆg}

x:kL6ndf /f]uL x]g{] / a:g] uly{g\ Pp6f kl/rfl/sf ;fydf a:yL ca /f]uLsf] hfFr

ug{df pgnfO{ d2t lbGyL / pgn] atfPsf] cf}ifwLn]vL lbGyL, eg] cg';f/ pkrf/

klg ul/ lbGyL . cf}ifwfno rn]s} lyof] /fd|} rNYof] . cGt/ olt lyof] ls pgL ca

lzlj/ nufP/ 6f9f–6f9fsf ufpFsf dflg;x?nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;s]sL lyOgg\ .

Pp6f pT;fxxLg hLjg latfP/ a;]sL lyOg\ .

Tof] lbg klg pgL /f]uL x]/]/ Jo:t e}/x]sf] ;dodf ;ljgosL cfdf ozf]bfb]jL,

;fx" xl/z+s/ / 8fS6/ /fx'nn] SnLlgsdf k|j]z u/] . g;{n] pgLx?sf] k|Zgjfrs

b[li6n] d'v lt/ x]/]/ s]xL eGg vf]h]sL lyOg\ t/ /fx'nn] g} kxn ub{} æ;ljtfhL

gd:sf/Æ eGof] .

;ljtfn] /fx'nsf] cfjfh ;'g]/ cfˆgf] s';L{af6 p7 \b} cltly ;Tsf/sf] ?kdf b'j}

xft hf]8\b} ægd:sf/, :jfutd, :jfutd\ eGb} cfˆgf] s';L{ pgL tkm{ ;f/L lbg

nfu]sL lyOg\ ls /fx'nn] æa'jf klg d;Fu x'g' x'G5 / cfdf ozf]bfb]jL klg .Æ elg

;ljtfsf] Wofg cfslif{t u¥of] .

;ljtfsf] cg'xf/df emg Jou|tf b]vf k¥of] / æa'jf gd:sf/Æ eGb} b'j} xft

km}nfP/ ozf]bfb]jLnfO{ 5fDg] k|oTg ug{ nflug\ . pgsf] b'b{zfb]v]/ ozf]bfb]jLsf]

cfFvfdf cfF;' lemnldnfP . pgL cfkm} cl3 a9]/ ;ljtfnfO{ c+sdfn ul/g\ . ;ljtfn]

cfˆgf] 6fpsf] ozf]bf b]jLsf] sfFwdf /fv]/ Ps kn t df}g eOg \ t/ tTsfn st{Jo


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84

af]w eof] / ozf]bfb]jLsf] r/0fw"n lng tn lgx'l/g\ . t/ ozf]bfb]jLn] pgnfO{ p7fP/

c+sdfn ub{} 3/leq uOg\ .

xl/ z+s/ / /fx'nsf] nflu Tof] 3/ gofF eP klg ozf]bf b]jLsf] nflu

lr/kl/lrt cfˆg} ufpFs} 3/ ePsf]n] ;/f;/ a}7s sf]7fdf u} ;ljtfnfO{ cfkm};Fu

6fFl;b} al;g\ . 3/sf kl/jf/ ;ljtfsf cfdf a'jf, efO{x? ;a} e]nf eP . ltg}j6f

kl/jf/n] cfˆgf] ;'v b'Mvsf] s'/f u/], ef]hg eof] / lj>fd klg .

/ftL vfgf vfg' eGbf klxn] ozf]bfb]jLn] ;a}nfO{ a}7sdf a;]/ s]xL h?/L s'/f

u/f}+ elg cfu|x ul/g\ / kl/jf/x? ;a} e]nf eP . cfˆgf] cfdf afa'af6 pl5§LP/

cnu ePsL b'w] aflnsfn] cfˆgf] cfdf afa'nfO{ km]nf kf/]em} ;ljtf caf]w aflnsf

em}+ ozf]bf b]jLsf] sfFwsf] c8]; nufP/ pgnfO{ b'j}xftn] afFw]h:tf] u/]/ a;]sL lyOg\

. gdfn'd lsg pgnfO{ ozf]bf b]jLsf] ;flgWodf k/d zflGt / zlQm ldNYof] .

;DejtM ;ljgosf] cfdf ePsf] x'gfn] pgsf] z/L/;Fu 6fFl;bf s]xL dfqfdf

;ljgosf] ;flgWo k|fKt eP h:t }nfUy\of]] .

kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? ozf]bfb]jLsf] d'v lt/ x]/]/ a;L /x]sf lyP ozf]bfb]jLn] klg

sxfFaf6 s'/f z'? ug{] xf] elg s'/fsf] 5]p6'Kkf] ;dfTg] k|ofzdf nfu]sL cflv/df

Aou|tfsf] ;dflKt ub{} ozf]bf b]jLn] ;'gLnnfO{ nlIft ub{} 5f]/Lsf] eljiosf] af/]df s]

ljrf/ ug'{ ePsf] 5 <Æ elg k|Zg ul/g\ .

;'gLn/fhn] tTsfn t s]xL pQ/ lbg ;s]gg\ t/ Ps l5g kl5 ;f]rljrf/ ub{}

xfdL klg ;fx|} lrlGtt 5f}+ efph' eGb} 5f]/LnfO{ pkrf/sf] nflu ljb]zdf k7fpg]

tv{/df lyof}+ t/ ljlwsf] ljwfgsf] cuf8L s]xL rn]g cfly{s l:ylt ;a} rf}k6

e};Sof] . ca ;donfO{ kv{g' afx]s c? s'g} pkfo g} 5}g .Æ eGb} 6fpsf] lgx'/fP/

a;] .

æs] eP/ cfly{s l:ylt rf}k6 eof] <Æ ;f]lwg\ ozf]bf b]jLn] .

æxfdL klxn] klg Tolt ;fx|} wgf9\o sxfF lyof}+ / efph' < afnaRrfx?sf] k9fO{

n]vfO{, 3/ vr{ ;a yf]s t 5Fb} lyof] To;df klg b}jL ljklQ ylkb} uP . k}/f] uP/

v]t af/L gf]szfg eof] . ca hLljsf e/LnfO{ dfq hUuf afFsL 5, 5]f/Lsf] pkrf/df

p:t} vr{, cem 5f]/Lsf] bjfvfgf / km}S6«Laf6 7"nf] cfzf lyof] t/ cfzf ;a}

lg/fzfdf kl/0ft eof] .Æ

æbjfvfgf / km}S6«L 7Ls rn]sf 5}gg\ ls, s;f] <Æ


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85

æbjfvfgf t b]lv xfNg' eof], 8fS6/ g} /f]uL ePkl5 s:sf]s] nfU5, h]gt]g

rn]s}5 . km}S6«L t ===== .

æcF, eGg'; g, km}S6«L t v"a rn]sf] lyof] lg <Æ

ækm}S6«L tÆ =====o; k6s ;ljtfsf] cfdfn] s]xL eGg rfx]sL lyOg\ t/ ;'gLn

/fhn] aflx/L dflg;x?sf] ;fd'Gg] 3/sf] ;a} l:ylt etfe'+u kfg{ d'gfl;a g;DemL

aLrdf s'/f sf6\b} eg] æpBf]u Jofkf/ t efph' cfˆgf] cfFvfsf] ;fd'Gg] ePg eg]

8'Ag a]/ nfUb}g km}S6«L klg To:t} t xf] lg .Æ

æo:sf] dtna ;ljtfsf] ljb]z hfg] sfd :ylut eof] <Æ

æljb]z uP/ klg s] ug'{ cfdf <Æ o;kfnL ;ljtf af]lng\ æcfFvfsf] Hof]lt lkmtf{

x'g] s'g} Uof/]G6L klg t x'Fb}g .Æ

æUof/]G6L lsg x'Fb}g ;ljtfhL ,Æ cfh ef]nL lj1fg sxfF b]lv sxfF k'uL ;s]sf]

5 <Æ km]/L tkfO{+sf] t Ho]fltjflxgL s'g} g;fdf ;fgf] cj/f]w dfq t ePsf] 5 .Æ

/fx'nn] cfZjf;g lbof] .

;ljtf r'k nflug\ . ozf]bfb]jL km]/L s'/f p7fpg] ;"qsf] vf]hLdf nflug\ .

xl/z+s/n] ozf]bfb]jLsf] cK7\of/f]kg dx;"; u/]/ cfkm}n] s'/f p7fpg] k|oTg ub{} eg]

ælogL 8fS6/ gfgLsf] eljionfO{ t h;/L eP klg ;'/lIft kf/L lbg] k|oTg t x'g}

kg{] xf] bfh' .Æ xl/z+s/ ;'gLn/fh tkm{ pGd'v eP .

æTof] t 7Ls} xf], nfu] k'u]sf] ub{}5f}+ klg . t/ efUosf] ;fd'Gg] s] nfU5 / .Æ

;'gLn/fhsf] :j/df lg/fzf lyof] .

æd]/f] Pp6f k|:tfj / ;Nnfx dfGg' x'G5 eg] 8fS6/ gfgLsf] ljjfx u/L lbg'

k¥of] .Æ

æljjfx < ;'gLn/fh / ;ljtf b'j}sf] d'vaf6 Psrf]6L cfZro{ldl>t :j/

lg:Sof] .

æxf] Û ljjfxaf6 g} of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb5 . sd;]sd cfˆgf] pd]/

cj:yf;Dd kltsf] ;xof]uk|fKt x'g]5 a'9];sfndf ;Gtfgn] ;]jf eg]/ o]gt]g

u'hf/fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] g} 5g\ . of] eGbf /fd|f] c? s'g} pkfo 5}g .Æ


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86

æt/, klxnf] s'/f ljjfx e};s] kl5 kltsf] 3/df hLjg u'hf/f x'g] Uof/]G6L g} s]

5 / < bf]>f] s'/f,;ljtfsf] ;'vsf] cfwf/ agL lbg tof/ g} sf] xf]nf <Æ

æu'hf/fsf] hxfF;Dd k|Zg 5, ca ozf]bf b]jLn]] s'/f cuf8L a9fpFb} elgg\ 5f]/L

dfG5] cfˆgf] hGd]sf] 3/sf] nflu x'Fb} xf]Og . lkt[3/df v'a} rNof] eg] cfdf afa'sf]

hLjgko{Gt t xf] . To;kl5 bfO{ efO{ efph' OToflb;Fu pk]lIft eP/ a:g'kg{],

etLhfx?sf] kfnfdf t emg s] eg ;lsG5 / , To;}n] gf/L hflt hlxn] klg cfˆgf]

klt 3/dfg} zf]ef kfpF5] / ;'/lIft klg x'G5] .

ca o:tf] cj:yfdf ;xf/f sf] e}lbg] eGg] lt/ …hxfF rfx ToxfF /fxÚ eGg]

pvfg klg 5, eujfgn] s'g} g s'g} af6f] lgsfnL lbG5g\ . oL 8fS6/ /fx'nnfO{ x]g'{;

. d]/f 6f9fsL lbbLsf 5f]/f x'g\, legfh' klg cfpg' ePs} 5, jxfFx?n] tkfO{+x?sf] d

dfly ljZjf; 5 / oL gfgL ;ljtfn] d]/f] s'/f sf6\b}lgg\ eGg] s'/f yfx kfP/ dnfO{

lnP/ tkfO{+x?;Fu k|:tfj /fVg cfpg' ePsf] xf] .Æ

æd ;Fu /fx'nhLsf] ljjfx < x] ejfg , x'Fb}g x'b}g, sbflk x'Fb}g, d s;};Fu

ljjfx ulb{gÆ eGb} ;ljtf b'j} xftn] d'v 5f]k]/ ?g nflug\ .

jftfj/0f s?0ffhgs eof], ozf]bf b]jLn] ;ljtfnfO{ cfˆgf] sfvdf tflgg \ /

skfn ;'d;'DofpFb} r'k nufpg] sf]lzz ub{} ljjfx ug{] ctL{ pkb]z lbg yflng\ .

;ljtfsf cfdf afa' cfZro{rlst lyP . Pp6f 8fS6/ h:tf] dflg;n] cGwL s]6L

lsg dg k/fof] xf]nf <

;ljtfdfly bof u/]/ efjgfjz ljjfxsf] k|:tfj NofPsf] xf] eg] hLjgsf

jf:tljstf;Fu ;fdgf x'Fbf o:tf efjgf Ps} l5gdf au]/ hfg] x'g\ < o:tf] a'xf/Laf6

xl/z+s/nfO{ klg s] nfe xf]nf / < ljjfxg} gug{] eGg] 5f]/fn] ljjfx ug{ eg]kl5

h:tf] ;'s} xf]; ljjfx t xf]; kl5 h] xf]nf xf]nf, ;ljtfsf] cfFvf 7Ls klg t x'g

;Sb5 o;} ljrf/n] cfPsf x'g\ ls < ;'gLn/fh lrGtfdUg ePsf lyP .

ptf ozf]bf b]jLn] ;ljtfnfO{ a8f] ckgTjk"j{s sfg]v'zL u/]em}+ s'/f a'emfpg]

k|oTg ub{} lyOg\ t/ ;ljtfn] cfˆgf] x7 5f]8 \g] s'g} nIf0f b]vf k/]g. dnfO{ df/] df/L

lbg';\, sf6L lbg';, a? d cfTdxTof u5'{ t/ cGo s'g} k'?ifsf] ;+;u{df hfg] 5}g

elg lh2L ug{ nflug\ . ozf]bfb]jLn] /fx'nn] klg cGt lax] g} gug{] cfhLjg a|Dxrf/L

eP/ a:g] eG5 ,s;}sf] 3/hd x'G5, p;sf] pksf/ x'G5 eg] ltdLn] csf{sf] ;'vsf]

nflu Tofu t u/L lbg} k5{ . 7"n 7"nf dflg;n] k/:jfy{sf nflu alnbfg lbPsf

5g\ k/;'v g} cfˆgf] ;'v xf] . o;}df zlQm k|fKt x'G5 . d o'jf k'qsf] d[To'sf] b'Mv


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87

k/:jfy{df nfu]/ la;{g] sf]lzz u/L /x]sL 5' o;}af6 cfTdfnfO{ ;Gtf]if k|fKt e}/x]sf]

5 . 5f]/L . sd;]sd d]/f] cg's/0f t u/, eGb} ;Demfpg a'emfpg nflug\ t/

;ljtfn] cfˆgf] cfTdf nfO{ wf]sf lbP/ of] k|:tfj :jLsf/ ug{ ;lSbg eGb} ToxfFaf6

p7\g] pkqmd ul/g\ .

k|:tfj c:jLs[lt e};s]sf] / ;ljtf ToxfFaf6 p7]/ hfg vf]h]sf] b]v]/ /fx'nn]

clGtd xltof/ rnfpg] k|ofz ub{} eGof] æ;ljtfhL csf{nfO{ pkb]z lbg' h:tf]

;lhnf] sfd ljZjdf s'g} klg 5}g eGg] egfO{ laNs'n 7Ls /x]5 .Æ

;ljtfn] s'/fsf] cfzo a'em\g eg]/ /fx'n k§L d'v u/]/ s] eGg vf]Hg' ePsf] xf]

eg] h:t} k|Zgjfrs b[li6n] x]l/g\ .

/fx'nn] eGof] æcfdf a'jfn] ;Gtfgsf] clxt lrtfpb} lrtfpFb}g . t;y{ pgsf]

cf1f lz/f]wfo{ ug{} kb{5 eGg' ePsf] lyof] tkfO{n] g}, h'g a]nf d}n] cfˆgf] cfdf

afa'sf] ;fd'Gg] ljjfx gug{] x7 ub{} lyPF . ;Demg'; t ;ljtfhL h'g kf]hLzgdf cfh

tkfO{+ x'g' x'G5 ToxL+ kf]hLzg d]/f] lyof] t/ d}n] tkfO{+sf] pkb]zsf] kfng u/]sf] lyPF

/ cfh klg tTk/ 5', olb ddf s'g} bf]if b]vf kb{5 eg] OGsf/ u/L lbg' j]z} xf]nf

cGoyf cfhLjg d}n] tkfO{+nfO{ x/ ;Dej v'zL /fVg] k|oTg ug{]5' of] d]/f] jrg xf] .Æ

n ca d ;'Tg hfG5' ef]nL k|ftMsfn xfdL cfˆgf] ufpF lt/ nfUg]5f}+ . h] h:tf]

hjfkm x'G5 xfdL ufpFdf k|tLIff ug{] 5f}+ .Æ olt eg]/ /fx'n p7\of] / ;'Tg] sf]7fdf

uof] .

;ljtf klg :tAw eOg\ /fx'nsf] :ki6sfl/tf b]lv . ;a} hgf d'vfd'v ug{ nfu]

ozf]bfb]jLn] ;ljtfsf] xft ;dfTb} 5f]/L ;'Tg hfpmF cfdf5f]/Ln] s'/f u/f+}nf eGb}

k|]dk"j{s ;ljtfnfO{ ;xf/f lbP/ leq n}hfg tTk/ eOg\ . cGo ;b:ox? cfk;df

ukm;km / of]hgf agfpFb} /x] . ;ljtfs} d~h'/Lg} ;jf{]kl/ x'g] eGg] lgisif{df ;a}

hgfk'u] .


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88

cWofo $ -!_

ltg} ;ljtfsf] cfh ljjfx x'Fb} lyof] /fx'n;Fu . ck|Toflzt ;+of]u . ;ljtf / /fx'

. /fx'n] jif{df Ps k6s ;ljtfdfly cfqmd0f ub{5, cfˆgf] 3]/fdf lnG5, ;"o{

56k6fpF5 t/ p;n] 5f]8\b}g, cg'go ljgo dfGb}g, ljZjj+lbtfnfO{ ;tfP/ Psl5g

;+;f/nfO{ cGwsf/do agfP/ cGtdf u} xfN5 . ;ljtfsf] xf]+7df Ps} l5gsf] nflu

Jo+UofTds d[b'n d':sfg cfof] . aflx/, ufpFsf] s'g} v08df, afhfufhfsf] cfjfh

cfO{ /x]sf] lyof], ;+ejtM hGtL cfO{ k''u]sf] lyof] afhfsf] cfjfhn] ;ljtfsf] tGb|f

e+u eof] . ctLtaf6 pgL jt{dfgdf cf]ln{g . cfˆgf] l:ylt / kl/l:yltdf hsl8P/

/x]sL gf/L slt canf x'FbL /xL5g\ ;ljtfn] cfh /fd|/L a'emLg\ . slxn] b]ljsf] ?kdf

cfzLj{rg 5s{g] slxn] b'uf{sf] ?kdf v8\u wf/0f u/L ljs/fn ?kdf cfpg] / slxn]

u[x0fL slxn] cfdfsf] ?kdf b]vfkg{] of] gf/L hflt slxn] sfFxL s:tf] c;xfo

cj:yfdf k'UbL/xL5g\ < of] s'/f t ;don] b]vfpF5 / h;nfO{ k5{ p;n] a'em\5 .

ozf]bfb]jL, Pp6f dlxdfoL gf/L csf{sf] ;'vdf cfˆgf] ;'vsf] vf]hL ub{} lxF8 \g]

. cfh slt c;xfo l5g\ pgL klg . cfˆgf] cfTdfnfO{ s'Nr]/ cfˆgL cefuL

k'qaw"nfO{ /fx'nsf] cg'/f]wdf /fx'nnfO{ ;'lDklbg] c7f]6 u/]sL 5g\ cfˆgf] d'6' dfly

9'+uf /fv]/ ;ljtfnfO{ slt pmr gLr ;demfO{ a'emfO{ u/]/ aNn aNn ljjfxsf] nflu

tof/ kfg{ ;kmn eO{sL lyOg\ . ;ljtf, s'g k|efjn] s'g hfb"n] ljjfx ;sf/ ug{

;lsg\ < pgnfO{ hlt cfZro{ 5 Tolt g} pgL b'vL l5g\ . pgsf ;fyL cfF;" afx]s

c?sf] x'g] < cfF;' klg tL cfF;' h;sf >f]t ;'Vg] l:yltdf 5g\ . tL cfF;' hxfF Hof]lt

g} 5}g,tftf tftf cfF;' / lxSsf pgsf hLjg ;fyL=======

cefuLx?sf] e]nf . ;ljgo, h;n] k|]dsf] bf/m0f Joyf t ;xg' k/]g, t/ p;sf]

hLjg g} /x]g . ozf]bfb]jL, ;a}sf] cfzfsL ljGb', k/f]ksf/L dlxnf, ;Gof;Ln] b'O{ k'q

sfod /xg] cfzLif lbPsf] t/ cfˆg} b'ef{Uon] ubf{ t xf]nf Pp6f k'qdfq sfod /xg

uof] . ;+;f/sf] ef/L 5ftLdf af]s]/ hLljt k|ltdf h:t} afFRgnfO{ afWo u/fOPsL,

plg klg ceflugL g} l5g\ . ;ljtf Û b'Mvsf] klg Pp6f ;Ldf x'G5 xf]nf t/ pgL

r/db'Mvdf l5g\ cfh . ck"mnfO{ ;ljgosf] ljwjf 7fg]/ a;]sL, cGwL x'g k'u]sL .

cem yk b'Mv pgsf] nflu of] ljjfx . ljwjfsf] ljjfx . s'df/L ljwjfsf] cgGt

b'Mvsf] ;Ldf lyPg .


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89

ljjfxdf afhf aHof], d+unuLt ufOP, ;ljtfsf] l/Qf] l;pFbf]df /ftf] /ftf]

l;Gb'/ el/of] . l;Gb'/sf] :kz{n] l;pFbf]dfq xf]Og d'6' klg kf]Nof], 89]nf] nfu]em}+ eof],

c;Xo si6n] 56k6\6LOg\ pgL . t/ 9'+ufsL dfgjL lznf ozf]bfb]jL x/ kfOnfdf

ltgsf ;fy lyOg\ .

sGofbfg slxn] / s;/L eof], ljjfxsf s'g s'g /Lt k'¥ofOP < ;ljtfnfO{ yfx

5}g pgL cfˆgf] xf];df g} 5}lgg \ . ckmLdsf]] g;f nfu]em}+ lyof] pgnfO{, t/ ljbfO{

pgnfO{ yfx 5 . d/]sf] dflg;n] lrxfg 3f6 k'u]sf] s'/f yfx kfpFb}g, t/ ;ljtf

dfgjLo ;+j]bgdf d/]sLn] cfkm" lrxfg 3f6tkm{ u}/x]sf] s'/f yfx kfOg\ . dg{nfu]sf]]

dflg;nfO{ Ps l5gkl5 ltdLnfO{ cfuf]df kf]Ng] xf] elg hfgsf/L u/fpg]] xf] eg] <

s:tf] cfs'ntf, sltsf] Jofs'ntf, s:tf] kL8f x'g] lyof] xf]nf < of] dd{ t

d[To'b08sf] ;hfo lbgnfO{ n}hfg nfu]sf] s}bLn] g} a'em\g ;Sb5 . c;xfo, lg?kfo,

xf]ldgnfO{ afWo . 5'6sf/fsf] s'g} pkfo g} 5}g .;ljtfn] cft{gfb ul/g\ . To:tf]

cft{gfb < dflg;dfq xf]Og kz' k+IfLsf] nflu klg c;Xo eof] . ;ljtfsf] cfdf afj'

/ ozf]bfb]jLsf cfFvfdf ;fpg ebf}sf] em/L nfUof] d'6' y/y/fP . ufpFn]x? klg 8'a]

b'Mv / s?0ffsf] cyfx dxf;fu/df .

-@_

gj ljjflxtf . gf/Lsf] bf]>f] hGd . ;'vdo b'vdo < lxts/, clxts/ <,

cFWof/f], pHofnf] . Og} sNkgfdf laT5g\ gj ljjflxtfsf knx? . t/, ToxfF oL s'g}

sNkgf lyPgg\ . hLjgsf] hxfF OR5fg} 5}g ToxfF z'esf] rfxgf / cz'eb]lv eo klg

t x'Fb}g . lglj{sf/, lghL{j xfF8 df;'sf] z/L/ PsfGt sIfsf] ;hfOPsf] kn+udf

lgZrn k8L/x]sf] lyof] / ;DejtM ?Fbf ?Fb} lgbfPsL lyOg\ ;ljtf . sxL cfF;'sf]

>f]t g} ;'sL ghfcf]; eGg] 8/ klg ePsf]n] xf]nf lgb|fb]jLn] pgnfO{ cfˆgf]

c+ufnf]df lnP/ t[lKt lbg] k|oTg ub{}lyOg\ . lgb|fb]jLsf] k|ofz k"0f{ ;kmn e};s]sf]

lyPg To;}n] pgL rfF8} eml:sg\ . k'?if z/L/n] ltgsf] :kz{ u/L /x]sf] lyof] lj:tf/}–

lj:tf/} .

ædL7f] lgb|fn] 5f]k] h:tf] 5 lg ;ljtfnfO{ <Æ /fx'nsf] dw'/ :j/ ;'lgof] .

;ljtf x8a8 u/]/ pl7g\ / kn+usf] Pp6f s'gfdf ;b{} al;g\ . /fx'n kn+udf a;L

;s]sf] lyof] . p;n] ;ljtfnfO{ tfg ]/ cfˆgf] sfvdf lnof] b'j} xTs]nfn] d'v

d08nnfO{ ;dft]/ cfˆgf] d'v la:tf/} Totflt/ a9fPsf] dfq s] lyof], ;ljtf lrKnf]

df5f em}+ xftaf6 km'lTsP/ k/ uOg\ / ?g nflug\ . /fx'n Ps l5g t csdsfof] t/

p;sf] k'?ifTjn] zlQm lbof] / p;n] km]/L ;ljtfnfO{ tfg]/ c+sdfn ub{} wdfwd

r'Dag ug{ nfUof] . ;ljtf ljl5Kt eOg\ . ?g] afx]s ltgL;Fu c? xltof/ s] lyof] /

< kl/l:yltnfO{ :jLsfg{] afx]s cGo ljsNk klg s] lyof] / <


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90

/fx'n ?kL clUgs'08df xf]ldPsL ;ljtf xjgsL ;ldwfdfq t ePsL l5g\ .

aNg' g} ltgsf] gLolt xf] v/fgL x'g' ltgsf] eljio xf] . ;dfhn] ltgsf] eljio

lgwf{/0f u/]/ df]x/ nufO{ ;s]sf] 5 . ca ?g] s/fpg], u}/ k'?ifnfO{ :kz{ ug{ glbg]

< oL ;a} s'/f slt lbg ;Dej x'G5 < o;af6 aRg Pp6f ljsNk 5—cfTdxTof . t/

cGwf]sf] nflu of] klg t ;Dej 5}g . sxfFaf6 stf xfdkmfNg] . d[To'b]jLn] em\jf§}

u|x0f u/L lbg] :yfg klg t rflxof] . xfdkmfNbf x'lQPsf] z/L/ cGt st} k/Llbof]

eg] < xft uf]8f dfq efFlrP eg], cGwL, cem To;df klg ckfË, ckflxh, la:t/fdf

g} lgTo lqmof ;d]t ub{} d[To'nfO{ kv{g] < k"/f z/L/ Ps} l5gdf l;l/+u eof] . To:tf]

l:yltsf] sNkgf u/]/ pgL cw{d"l5{t eOg\ . /fx'nsf xft ltgsf c+u k|ToËdf 3'Db}

lyP, ;ljtf lg9fn e};s]kl5 /fx'nn] cfTd ;dk{0f u/]sf] 7fGof] / cfkm" klg pgs}

;fydf kN6\of] . pgnfO{ tfg]/ cfˆgf] ;fd'Gg], d'vsf] ghLs Nofpb} eGof] æltdL b'Mv

gdfg] ;ljtf d ltd|f] cf}iflw u/fpg oxL dlxgfdf ljb]z n}hfG5', ca ltdL PSnL

5}gf}+, ca oL b'O6f z/L/ cnu – cnu ePklg Ps Hofg 5f}+ .Æ

;ljtf s]xL af]lngg\ . /fx'nn] pgnfO{ lrpF8f] ;dft]/ xNnfpFb} æd ;Fu

l/;fPsL 5\of] ;ljtf < d}n] anhkmtL ljjfx u/]sL 7fGb5\of] .Æ eGof] .

æTof] t xf]Og .Æ ;sL g;sL ;ljtfn] elgg\ .

æclg lsg t o:tf] ?g], s/fpg] . lj5f]8sf lbg t ;dfKt eP ;ljtf . ca

t ldngsf lbg 5g\ v'zLsf lbg 5g .Æ

æ;'v ;a}sf] efUodf t x'Fb}g /fx'nhL .Æ a8f] d'lZsnn] ;ljtf af]lng\ .

æ;'v ;a}sf] efUodf lsg x'b}g ;ljtfhL . hLjg Pp6f d'/nL h:tf] x'G5

o;sf] k|To]s Kjfnaf6 lg:sg] :j/x? slxn] dfly slxn] tn x'G5g\ . dl;gf] cyjf

df]6f] b'j} lsl;dsf :j/x? tn / dfly b'j} lbzfdf k|jflxt x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 eg]

hLjgsf] syf klg t o:t} 5 .Æ

æd]/f] hLjgdf cf/f]x 5}g, ca cj/f]x dfq 5 . eL/af6 n8]sL ufO{nfO{

tkfO{+n] /fd /fd ug'{sf] abnf sfFw} yfKg cfpg' eof] . k|s[lt lj/f]wL sfd tkfO{+af6

ePsf] 5 . km]/L d]/f] 5fofF cz'e 5 /fx'n, cz'e 5 . dnfO{ g5f]O{ b]p, kf]nfO{ gdfu

/fx'n, cem klg s]xL lau|]sf] 5}g .Æ

æs]xL lau|]sf] 5}g , d klg t ToxL elg /x]sf] 5', s]xL lau|]sf] 5}g . dflg;sf]

@$÷@% jif{sf] cj:yf t e"n / untLsf] cj:yf x'G5 jf:tljs hLjg t ca z'?

x'G5 xfdLn] oyfy{nfO{ :jLsf/]/ cl3 a9\g' k/]sf] 5 .Æ


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91

æcfFvfsL cGwL / x[boxLgfnfO{ 8f]¥ofP/ hLjg latfpg] < s] oxL xf] t oyfy{

<Æ

æoyfy{ xf]Og ;ljtf . oyfy{ o; b]lv leGg 5, leq n's]s]f 5 . ca d /

ltdL b'j}n] sf7df08"df lrlsT;f If]qdf cGwfw'Gw wg sdfpg' k¥of] . b'j}sf]

kl/>dsf] kmn / ltd|f] ljzfn km}S6«Lsf] cfo . cem gk'u ePdf a? km}S6«L laqmL u/]/

eP klg xfdL ljb]z hfpFnf / ======= .Æ

;ljtfn] /fx'nsf] cfzo al'emg\ . /fx'nnfO{ ca s] atfpg] < km}S6«Lsf] af/]df

yfx kfPg / /fx'nn] < sf7df08'df t a:5 t/, yfx gkfpg klg ;Sb5 . pm Ps;'/]

dflg; b'lgof;Fu dtna klg t 5}g . p;sf] e|d lgjf/0f ul/ lbg cfjZos 7flgg\

;ljtfn] . klxnf] lbg g} s'g} e|d a:of] eg]kl5 To;nfO{ lgsfNg ufx|f] kb{5 eGg]

;f]r]/ pgn] cfˆgf] z/L/af6 /x'nnfO{ cln k/ ;fb{} elgg \ ækm}S6«Ldf t xfd|f] ljjfx

eGbf s]xL lbg klxn] cfunfuL eof] ;a :jfxf e};Sof] /]Æ sfG5f a'jfn] bfg lbPsf]

;a} t :jfxf eof] ca s]xL afFsL 5}g .Æ

æs]xL afFsL 5}g < km}S6«L 5}g ca < /fx'n t cfsfzaf6 v;] h:tf] eof] .

;/;/fO{ /x]sf] To;sf xft 6Ss /f]lsP . ;ljtfsf] nfj0odoL z/L/ df6f]sf] 9]/

h:t} nfUof] . ca, ca s] ug{] < ;ljtfnfO{ dfq ljb]z k7fP/ pkrf/ u/fpg] nIo

t lyPg . ljb]z uP/ cfˆgf] hLjgsf] Hof]lt klg t afNg' lyof] . of] b'3{6gfsf]

hfgsf/L ljjfx k"j{ lsg ePg < ljb]z hfg g;s]/ cGwsf/df nf6f]sf];]/f] em}+ hLjg

JotLt ug{ cfkm" t afWo lyof] lyof] . ;ljtfnfO{ klg lsg To; cGwsf/df tfg]/

NofpFYof] < ca t ;ljtfnfO{ cFWof/f]df tfGgf ;fy pgsf] ;d]t ylkPsf] af]emn] ubf{

pm t ulx/f] vf8ndf kf] kg{ uPsf] /x]5 .

/fx'nnfO{ rSs/ cfof], cf]7 d'v ;'s], xft v'§f sfDg yfn], k|yd ldngsf]

/flq sfn/fqL em}+ x'g] eof], af]Ng] zlQm x/fof], a8f] d'lZsnn] ;ljtfsf] xft cfˆgf]

xftdf lnP/ ;':s]/f 5f]8\b} eGof] æof] b'3{6gfsf] k"j{ hfgsf/L dnfO{ lsg x'g ;s]g

;lj <Æ

æ;lj ÛÆ ;ljgosf] efiff < d]/f] ljGg"sf zAb, p;sf] ;Daf]wg < c?sf] d'vaf6

o;sf] pRrf/0f <, k/k'?ifsf] ;+;u{, ldng, Pp6} vf6 . /fx'n, Pp6f j[Ttfsf/ em}+

kmgkmgL gfRof] ltgsf] cuf8L, Pp6f x'/L, Pp6f Hjf/ef6f p7\of] dgdf . To;}

k|jfxdf cs:dft d'vaf6 …ljGg" d]/f] ljGg"Ú b'O{ k6s lrRofOg\ clg rf/}lt/ gL/jtf

. zfob ;ljtf a]xf]; e};s]sL lyOg\ . /fx'n xtk|e lyof] . ;ljtfsf] cw{gUg z/L/

n}Dksf] dw'/f] k|sfzdf p;nfO{ luHofO{ /x]sf] lyof] t/, /fx'nsf] nflu ca ToxfF s'g}


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92

cfsif{0f lyPg . cfkm}n] p3fg{ nfu]sf c+ux?nfO{ cfkm}n] 5f]Kg afWo lyof], afWo

lsg gxf];\, cefuLx?sf] ;d"xdf cfkm" klg t ldl;g k'u]sf] lyof] <

-#_

3/sf ;a} hgf rlst eP /fx'nsf] s'/f ;'g]/ . laxfg} p7]/ p;n] cfˆgf]

;/;fdfg ldnfpg yfNof] / cfh} sf7df08f} hfg] elg 3f]if0ff u/L lbPsf] lyof] .

;ljtfn] klg ;'lgg\ . s]xL t eGg' kg{]g} eof], h] eP klg b'lgofsf] b[li6df t pm

pgsf klt, :jfdL ;ayf]s xf] lg <

æd;Fu /ftL s]xL ck/fw eof]] ls < cfh} sf7df08" hfg tTk/ x'g' ePsf] xf]

<Æ eg]/ ;ljtfn] ;f]lwg\ .

/ftLsf] plDnPsf] gbL olt a]nf t zfGt e};s]sf] /x]5, zfGt gbLn] klg

/fx'nnfO{ s] zflGt lbg ;Sb5 / < t}klg cf}krfl/stf jz p;n] klg æltd|f]

ck/fwsf] s'/f x}g h?/L s]zx? cfhnfO{ lglZrt ul/Psf 5g\ To;}n] hfg nfu]sf]Æ

elg :ki6 kf/\of] .

æ/ftL t To:tf] s]xL ;+s]t ug'{ ePg <Æ

æ;+s]t ug{] cj;/ g} sxfF cfof] < ltd|f] dg dl:tis ltdL;Fu 5Fb}lyPg, sf]

;Fu s'/f ug{] <Æ /fx'nn] u'gf;f] u¥of] .

æof] ToxL ck/fwsf] b08 xf] <Æ

æb08 xf]Og, ltd|f] unt wf/0ff xf] .Æ

æTo;f] eP dnfO{ klg ;fy} nfg'; g < km}S6«Lsf] af/]df klg x]g'{ a'em\g' 5 oxfF

PSn} a;]/ s] ug{] <Æ

æPSn} sxfF 5\of} ltdL < cfdf x'g'x'G5, afa' x'g'x'G5 .Æ

æ;fyL efO{x?df cGwL b'nxL NofPsf] elg ckdfg xf]nf To;}n] dnfO{ oxfF

/fVg vf]Hg' ePsf] xf] <Æ ;ljtfsf] cfjfhdf kL8f lyof] .


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93

æTo:tf] xf]Og ;ljtf . cln lbg oxfF, cln lbg dfOtLdf a:g', d rfF8} cfO{

xfN5' lg .Æ]

æTo;f] eP cfh} lsg lxF8\g' k¥of] < b'lgof ;dfhn] s] eG5, ljjfx u/]/ Nofof]

/ cfkm" efuL xfNof] k/b]z .Æ

æb'lgof ;dfhn] s] eG5, s] eGb}g o;df xfdL nfUg' x'Gg, xfd|f cfˆgf

;d:of 5g\ / ltgsf] ;dfwfg xfdLn] g} ug'{ kb{5 .Æ

æd}n] oxfF ug'{ kg{] sfd sf] af/]df s]xL atfO{ lbg' x'G5 ls <Æ

æltdL k"0f{ :jtGq 5\of} ;ljtf .Æ /fx'nn] ;fdfg ldnfO ;s]sf]n] s';L{df a:b}

eGof] .

æk"0f{ :jtGq Û, of] s] zAb xf] < s] cy{ xf] o;sf] ,Æ

æzAb d}n] egL xfn]+ cy{ cf–cfˆgf] OR5fg';f/ nufpg] :jtGqtf g} 5 .Æ

/fx'nsf] :j/df tLtf]kgf lyof] .

æk"0f{ :jtGqtfsf] nflu g} ljjfx ug'{ ePsf] lyof] <Æ of] k6s ;ljtfsf]

:j/df dxfg cfZro{sf] efj lyof] .

æb'lgofdf ;a}sfd s'/fsf] k5f8L Pp6f lglZrt p2]Zo x'G5, Tof] p2]Zo k|fKt

e};s]kl5 To;sf] k|flKtsf nflu ul/Psf k|ofzx? uf}0f x'g hfG5g\ .Æ d}n] klg t

ozf]bf cfdfn] atfPsf] p2]ZonfO{ nlIft u/]sf] lyP+ <Æ

æs] p2]Zo atfPsL lyOg\ ;fgLdfn] <Æ

æljb]z hfg] <, cf}iflw pkrf/ u/fpg], u[x:ywd{sf] kfng ug{]==== ;ljtfn]

ozf]bfb]jLsf s'/f x?nfO{bf]xf]/fpg nflug\ .

æcfb{zjfbLx?nfO{ hLjgsf] oyfy{tf yfx gx'g klg t ;Sb5 <Æ

æs] cfbz{jfbLx? efjgfzLn cyjf snkgfzLn dfq x'G5g\ <Æ

æltdLn] w]/} xb;Dd 7Ls a'em]sL /xL5\of}+ . d}n] klg cfbz{jflbtfeGbf

oyfy{jflbtf w]/} dg k/fp5' .Æ


____________________________________________________________________________

94

æca clGtd k|Zg u5{' .Æ ;ljtfn] k'gM s'/f sf]6\ofpFb} elgg\ .

æTof] k|Zgsf] pQ/ klg gsf/fTds g} 5 . /fx'nn] k|Zg ;f]Wg gkfpFb} pQ/

lbof] .

æo;sf] dtna tkfO{+n]] k|Zg yfx kfpg' ePsf] 5 <Æ

æyfx kfPsf] 5' .Æ

æd}n] s] k|Zg ug{] lyP+ eGg ;Sg' x'G5 < eGg ;Sg' x'G5 eg] atfO lbg'xf];\ .Æ

æljjfx b]lv c;+t'i6 x'g'x'G5 < eg]/ ;f]Wg vf]h]sL lyof}+ xf]Og <Æ

;ljtfnfO{ cfZro{ nfUof] .

æca ltd|f] tkm{af6 clGtd k |Zg / cfˆgf] tkm{af6 clGtd pQ/ b'j} atfpF5'

eg]/ /fx'n Ps l5g /f]lsP/ ;ljtfsf] d'v lt/ x]¥of] . slt ;'Gb/tf 5 ;ljtfdf,

ljZjsf dxf;'Gb/Lx?df Ps cg'kd t/, k|s[ltsf] lj8Dagf Hof]ltxLgf agfO{ lbPsf]

5 . dg klg t a8f] ;/n / sfd]n /x]5, ptf ljnIf0f k|ltef, sd{7tf, k/f]ksf/ /

Tofu ;a} u'0fx?n] pg}sf] z/L/df af; u/]sf 5g\ . pgnfO{ kTgL agfP/ 3/df /fVg

kfpg' t ax't} 7"nf], a8f] efUosf] s'/fxf] dg / d'v b'j} ;'Gb/ 5g\ t/=======. o:tL

b]jLnfO{ cem d}n] yk si6 lbg'kg{] l:ylt cfO{ nfUof] . x] eujfg Û ca s] ug{] < d]/f]

h'g;'s} Jojxf/af6 ;ljtfnfO{ si6 g} x'g]eof] . s]/fsf] a'6f;Fu sfF8]bf/af]6 pd|g

k'Uof] . a]/ v'a} v'zL eP/ xfjfsf] ;fydf uLt ufpFb} s]/f;Fu 6fFl;g k'Ubf klg

s]/fsf c+u lrlyl/g] eP, l/l;P/ To;dfly hfO{ nfUbf klg s]/fsf kft / a'6f

l5ofl5of x'g] eof] . /fx'nnfO{ cfˆgf] l:ylt b]lv ax't} lvGgtf a9 \of] . s'g} pkfo g}

5}g < Ps pkfo s]xLxb;Dd sfd nfUg ;Sb5 . ;ljtfsf] kl/Tofu . cfh} b]lv

clxn] b]lv .cfkmgf]] hfndf xfkm} kmF:g k'u]sf] lyof] /fx'n . p;sf sNkgf t

cfsfzdf afn'jfsf] dxn agfPem}+ rsgfr"/ eP . d]wfjL 5fq ePsf] sf/0faf6

ljb]zdf uP/ 8fS6/L k9\g kfPsf] /fx'n . s'g s'/fdf sf];Fu sd lyof] . ca ;f]r]/

s] ug'{ < ;+uL ;fyL, cf]x ljZj g} clezfk eof] d]/f] nflu .

;ljtfn] /fx'nsf] crfgssf] Jojxf/ kl/jt{gnfO{ a'em\g ;s]sL lyOgg\ .

To;}n] km]/L s'/f sf]6\ofpFb} elgg\ æslxn] kmls{g] xf]nf <Æ

æ7]ufg 5}g .Æ ;+lIfKt pQ/ lyof] /fx'nsf] .


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95

æd b]lv lg/fz eP/ 3/ 5f]8\g nfUg' ePsf] xf] <Æ

æof] d]/f] :j]Iffsf] s'/f xf] .Æ

æ ;'v b'Mvdf d}n] kq Jojxf/ ug{ t kfpF5' xf]nL .Æ ;ljtfn] clGtd k|Zg

ul/g\ .

æTolt cfjZos knf{ h:tf] nfUb}g .Æ /fx'nn] hjfkm lbP/ Aofu p7fof] /

sf]7faf6 aflx/ lg:sL xfNof] .

elgG5 …/ft rfx] h:tf] sfnf] wgLe"t lsg gxf]; \ ;"of{]bo cjZo x'G5 .Æ t/

;ljtfsf] hLjgdf klg ;"of{]bo x'g ;S5 / < cfzfsf] s'g} ls/0f klg t afFsL

b]lvFb}g . /fx'nsf] laxfg} crfgs sf7df08' k|:yfgn] 3/sf dflg;sf] t s'/} 5f]8f}+,

ufpFsf dflg;, Oi6ldq ;a} 5Ss k/] t/ sf/0f ha ;ljtfnfO{ g} yfx x'g ;s]g

eg] c?nfO{ s] yfx <

-$_

b'O{lt/af6 ;dfrf/ k|fKt eof] ozf]fb]jLnfO{ . /fx'nn] ;ljtfnfO{ ck|Toflzt

?kdf ;DaGw hf]l8g uPsf]df efUosf] v]n eGb} cfkm" crfgs sf7df08f} cfO{

k'u]sf] s'/f ;fgLdfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf] lyof] eg] ;ljtfsf] dfOtLaf6 Ps dlxgf

kltsf] 3/df a;]/ ckdflgt eP/ kms{]sL ;ljtfsf] b'vb l:yltsf] ;dfrf/ k|fKt

ePsf] lyof] . ozf]bfb]jLn] a8f] uDeL/tfk"j{s o; kl/l:ylt dfyL ljrf/ ul/g\ .

pgs} ctL{ a'l4n] t xf] ;ljtfn] ljjfxnfO{ OGsf/ ug{] ;fx; b]vfpg ;s]sL lyOgg\

. ;ljtfn] ljjfxsf] :jLs[lt lbPsL x'g / < dfq s'/f of] eof] ls ozf]bfb]jLsf] cfu|x

olt k|an lyof] ls ;ljtfsf] Ogsf/L bAof] . o;}nfO{ ;xdlt dflgPsf] lyof] /

ljjfx ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . t/ /fx'nn] ;ljtfsf] lsg pk]Iffu/\of{]] < pm t cfkm}

cl3 ;/]/ ljjfx ug{ OR5's ePsf] lyof] . s] ;ljtfn] ;dk{0f ul/gg\ t < To;}n]

kf}?if hfu]sf] xf]nf . p;sf] cxd\nfO{ rf]6 k'Uof] xf]nf . ;ljtfsf] dgl:ylt ;fdfGo

ePkl5 Tof] t To;} ;fdfGo e}xfN5 lg . nf]Ug]:jf:gLnfO{ klg s;}n] ldnfO{lbg' kb{5

/ < t} klg Ps k6s hfg' t kl/g} xfNof] . oxL ;a ;f]rljrf/ u/]/ ozf]bfb]jLn]

tfg;]gsf] ofqf ul/g\ .

tfg;]g k'u]kl5 ozf]bfb]jLn] 7x/ u/] eGbf l:ylt t ljifd /x]5 . s]xL cfdf

5f]/Lsf] k|uf9 gftfn], s]xL ;'ema'emn] ubf{ pgn] ;ljtf;Fu /fx'nsf] k|yd /flqsf]

cfBf]kfGt Jojxf/ / lqmofsnfk af/]df yfx kfO{ xflng\ . pgsf] kl/kSj a'l4klg


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rs/fof] . sf/0f s]xL yfx x'g ;s]g clg pgL sf7df08" uOg\ . /fx'nn] d}n]

kl/Tofu sxfF u/]sf] 5' / pgnfO{ ljb]z n}hfg vr{sf] nflu oxfF lbg /ft cys

kl/>d ug{ kf] cfP5' eg]/ s'/f 6+'UofO{ lbof] .

ca ozf]bfb]jLn] b'Mvsf] Ps dfq d"n ;ljtfsf] cFWff]kgnfO{ dflgg\ . To;sf]

lg/fs/0fsf] pkfo M s;n] u/L b]nf / < 7"nf] cfF6 rflxG5 7"nf] ufF7 rflxG5 . s]xL

c7f]6 u/]/ pgL k'lug\ tfg;]g . o; kfln klg dfg; ;f;' a'xf/Ldf km]/L :ki6 s'/f

eof] .

æslthlt ?k}ofF vr{ xf]nf gfgL< n08gdf lrlsT;f x'G5 /] .

æsl/a !)÷!% xhf/ eGbf 36L nfUb} xf]nf .Æ ;ljtfn] elgg\ .

æ!)÷!% xhf/ <Æ ozf]bfb]jLsf] cfZro{sf] ;Ldf /x]g . olt 7"nf] /sd .

gubsf];Fu xf]nf / < sf]xL ax't} 7"nf] ;fx" dxfhg;Fu eP dfq .Æ

Ps l5g sf]xL klg af]n]gg\ . b'j}sf] dgdf cnu cnu s'/f v]nL /x]sf lyP

cGtdf ozf]bfb]jLn] g} elgg\ 5f]/L eg] klg a'xf/L eg]klg / ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg]

ljGg"sf] cfTdf ltdL;Fu uf+l;Psf]n] ljGg"sf] efusf] hUuf hdLg wg ;DklQ dfly

cGtdf ltd|f] g} clwsf/ t 5 . ltdL tof/L u/ /x'nnfO{ lr¶L k7fpg nufpm

af]nfpm / ltdLx? hfpm n08g . d ;a k|aGw Ps xKtfd} ul/lbG5' .Æ

dflg;sf] x[bodf hGd]sf z'eljrf/x?nfO{ k"/ ug{ p;n] s'g} ;+sNk ub{5 /

cfˆgf] ;+sNknfO{ st{Jolgi7f;Fu hf]8]/ ha cuf8L a9 \5 ta nIo :jo+ stf{ tkm{

cfslif{t x'G5 . TofxF klg Tof] eof] . cwf hUuf lhdLbf/L laSof], /sdsf] k|aGw eof]

. a8f] cg'go ljgo ;DemfO{ a'emfO{ u/]/ /fx'nnfO{ af]nfOof] / ;ljtfnfO{ n}hfg p

tTk/ eof] .

;Dk"0f{ xjfO{ ofqfdf gj ljjflxt klt kTgL o;/L r'k lyP h:tf] b'O{ ckl/lrt

;fy} xf]pg\ . cf}krfl/s sfd s'/f dfq x'g] ub{Yof] b'j}df . ;ljtf gofF hLjgsf]

;kmntfdf ;+lbUw lyOg\ . csf{] tkm{ ck|];g ;kmn x'g] gx'g] Tof] 5'§} kL/ lyof] . t/,

;a} eGbf d"ndf lyof] ;ljgosf] ;Demgfsf] s;s . oL tLg b'mveGbf Pp6f csf{]

kL/n] klg pgnfO{ cfh lgs} lk/f]n]sf] lyof] . Tof] lyof] ;ljgosf] gf;f]sf] /Iffsf]

k|Zg . z/L/sf] ;Dfk{0fnfO{ s;/L /f]Sg] , hals ;dfhn] :jLsf/]sf] j}wflgs klt

;fy} lyof] . ljjfx kl5 olt lbgsf] /Iff t ;+of]u dfq lyof] . ;ljtfsf] 5]pdf csf{]

;L6df a;]sf] /fx'n t 9'+ufdf d"lt{ s'FlbP h:tf] lyof] . ;ljtf h:t} pm klg zfGt,

uDeL/ . dxf;d'b|dfly pl8/x]sf] hxfh leq a;]sf] Tof] ofqL klg dxf;d'b| h:t}


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b]lvGYof] . clg+B ;'Gb/L kTgLsf] ?k of}jgn] klg To;nfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;sL /x]sf]

5}g . p;n] lsg ljjfx u¥of] < o:tL ?k;Lsf] cfFvfsf] Hof]lt jfk; u/fpgdf t

ljjfx gu/Lsg ;xof]u t To;} klg ug{ ;lsGYof] . kTgL < kTgLnfO{ kf}?iflbg g;s]

lsg kTgL agfpg] < csf{sf] k"/f hLjg;Fu lsg lvnjf8 ug{] < p;n] s] ?k;L

kTgLs} nf]edf cGwLsf] ljjfx u/]sf] xf] t < xf]Og . xf]Og . b'j} kLl8tsf] pkrf/

u/fP/ ;'vdo hLjg k|flKtsf] nflu kf] t . ;'vdo hLjgsf] k|fKtL . pkrf/df

Pp6fnfO{ nfe eof] / csf{]nfO{ ePg eg] < s] x'G5 Tof] cj:yfdf < o:tf] l:ylt

klg cfpnf / < dgn] ts{ u¥of] cfO{ xfNof] eg] , o;sf] pQ/ a'l4;Fu ePg .

p;sf] cg'xf/ /ftf] x'Fb} tgfj a9\b} uof] . dlitisdf cfFwL rNof] . duh k8\snf

h:tf] eof] . hlt ;f]Rof] Tolt k|Zg t/ ;a} cg'Ql/t .

-%_

n08gdf 8fS6/x?sf] cg';Gwfgdf s]z hl6n h:tf] nfUof] . To;df pgLx?n]

Pp6f k|wfg sf/s s] kfP eg] /f]uLn] rfx]/ klg cfˆgf] ;xof]u cfkm"n] ug{ ;ls

/x]sf] 5}g . aLr aLrdf cTolws tgfju|:t b]lvg' / csf/0f ?g nfUg' . ;ljtfsf]

Aojxf/] ToxL b]vf kb{Yof] . pgsf] ;fyL hf] ls hLjg ;fyL lyof] To;n] cfZjf;g

lbnfpg] / af]Ng] u/]sf] sd} b]lvPsf] lyof] . ;ljtfsf] sfFwdfly xft /fv]/ slxF

lxF8\Yof] eg] slxn] sfxLF xft ;dft]/ . s'g} a]nf df}sfdf dfq slxn] sfxLF ufnf

ykykfO{ lbGYof] . cfh pgLx?sf] n08g k|jf;sf] % lbg e};s]sf] lyof] .

lrlsT;sx?n] dgf] lrlsT;f ljefudf hfg l;kmf/Lz u/L lbPsf] x'gfn] cfh /fx'n

;ljtfsf] sfFwdf xft /fv]/ lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} dgf]lrlsT;f ljefusf] tNnfdf

pSngnfO{ lnˆ6 ?d lt/ a9\b} lyof], lnˆ6 ?ddf b'j}n] k|j]z u/]/ lnˆ6sf] 9f]sf aGb

ug{ h;/L g} /fx'nn] xft a9fof] crfgs a8f] t]h rfndf Pp6f 8fS6/ ToxL

lnˆ6df r9\g cfO{ k'Uof] . lnˆ6sf] 9f]sf aGb eof] / rf}yf] ˆnf]/sf] a6g bafOof] .

/fx'n klg rf}yf] ˆnf]/df hfg' kg{] x'gfn] s]xL af]Ng} k/]g . lnˆ6dfly ;g{ nfUof] ca

cfuGt's 8fS6/sf] Wofg uof] ;xofqLx? tkm{ . b'j} hgf Plzog /x]5g\ . Plzog

dfq xf] / < cF, of] s] crDd, ;'vb cfZro{, ;ljtf < ;ljtf oxfF < lsg < x'g\ .

xf]Og < lnˆ6leqsf] 8Ld nfO6df u8a8 x'g yfNof] 8fS6/ t olt x8a8fof] ls

To;sf] x8j8L /fx'nn] klg dx;"; u/L xfNof] . /fx'n / cfuGt's 8fS6/ b'j}n]

nueu ;Fu–;Fu} c+u|]hLdf Ps csf{;Fu ;f]w] æcf/ o" Plzog <Æ

b'j}n] b'j}sf] of] k|Zgsf pQ/ glbP/ ;f]em} eg] æo; g]kfnL .Æ


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;fgf] 7"nf] jfSo sfkmL lyof] cfˆgf] afn;vfnfO{ lrGgsf] nflu . ;ljtf

cfZro{ t/ ;'vn] efj ljef]/ x'g k'lug\ / cfTdlgoGq0f /fVg g;sL cfˆg} b'j} xft

htfaf6 cfjfh cfPsf] lyof] Totf a9fpFb} xiff]{Nnf;do :j/df afbn afbn eGb}

cuf8L al9g\ . afbnn] pgsf] xft cfˆgf] xftdf lnof] . ptf lnˆ6 cfˆgf] 7fpFdf

k'u]/ 6Ss /f]lsPsf]n] tLg} hgf aflx/ cfP . ;ljtfn] afnb;Fu /fx'nsf] kl/ro lbFb}

elgg\ æd]/f afn;vf afbn, 3/ bfr'{nf t/ lgjf; agf/; .Æ

clg oxfF lg <

æd 8fS6/ /fx'n, sf7df08f}+, logL d]/L= kTgL ;ljtf .Æ

/fx'nn] kTgL zAbsf] k|of]u a8f] afWotfn] u/] h:tf] nfUof] . ptf ToxLF Ps

zAbn] x7ft ;ljtfsf] d'vd08nnfO{ cFWof/f] kf/L lbof] eg] afbnnfO{ klg ;ljtfsf]

;DaGw ;"rs Tof] zAbn] stf stf cK7\of/f] l:yltdf kf/L lbof] . t/, p;n]

cfkm"nfO{ tTsfn ;+ot u/]/ pgLx?nfO{ Pp6f sf]7fdf nUof] . ToxfF cf/fd;Fu

skmLsf] r':sLsf] aLrdf bf?0f Joyf, syfsf] cfbfg k|bfg eof] . afbnn] ;ljtfsf]

;Dk"0f{ hLjgdfly l;+xfjnf]sg u¥of] .

;ljtf / ;ljgosf] k|uf9 k|]dsf] s'/f :d/0f eof] p;nfO{ . ;ljgo aLrdf

gcfO{lbPsf] eP < cflv/ logL p;sf] klTg x'g ;lsgg\ . d]/f] klg efUosf] k/LIff g}

x'g kfPg . d klg t ;ljtfsf] Kof/sf] k|TofzL lyPF . ;ljtfn] klg t plQs}

rfxlGyg . t/, ltgsf] rfxdf t8k lyPg . p;nfO{ ;Demgf eof] Tof] If0f ha

x}hfsf] 6Lddf hfFbf p;sf] cgfofz ;ljtf;Fu s'/f x'g uPsf] lyof] .

æ;ljgonfO{ g b]v] klg cfTdf t8kG5 / tkfO{+nfO{ gb]v]kl5 b]vf}+ b]vf}+ h:tf]

nfUb5 .Æ s:tf] :ki6 hjfkm lbP lyOg\ ;ljtfn] .

pm klg t slxn] b'j}sf] aLrdf tuf/f] aGg uPg . p;sf] dgsf] efj ;ljtf

/ ;ljgo b'j}nfO{ yfx lyof] / b'j} d]/f] ldqtf k|lt ljZj:t klg t lyP .Æ

pgL g ;ljgosL eOg\ g t d]/L g} . cGwL eOg\ . cs{}sL eOg\ . cem cs}{sL

/xLg5g\ / 8fS6/x?n] dgf]lrlsT;fsf] nflu oxfF k7fPsf /x]5g\ Oltxf; ;d]t n]v]/

.

afbnn] b'j}nfO{ cfZjf;g lbFb} eGof] ælrGtf gug'{; tkfO{x? . d o;}

ljefudf h'lgo/ 8fS6/ 5' . ;Llgo/x?nfO{ d b]vfpF5' . pkrf/ klg u5'{ . d 5' .Æ


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99

æltd|f] kl/jf/, s]6fs]6L klg xf]nfg\ . oxL+ n08gd} 5g\ ls <Æ ;ljtfn]

afbnsf] l:ylt hfGg] aNn Wofg cfof] .

afbnsf] d'vd08df Ps;fy tdfd /+u cfP/ uP æljjfx} ePsf] 5}g ;ljtf .Æ

Ps bL3{ lgZjf; km]¥of] afbnn] . æca of] sf];{ k"/f u/]kl5 ;f]Rg' knf{ .Æ

To;}If0f ;Llgo/ 8fS6/sf] a]n aHof] k};]G6nfO{ sf]7fdf n}hfg] l;Ugn lyof] .

-^_

;ljtfsf] cf}ifwf]krf/ z'? eof] . nfe x'g] s]xL ljGb' afFsL /x]5 eGg]

8fS6/x?n] eg] kl5 /fx'ndf emg a]r}gL a9]sf] b]lvof] . To;}sf] ef]nLkN6 p;n] d

b'O{ lbgsf] nflu :jL6h/n}08 hfG5' elg lxFl8xfNof] . ;ljtfsf] ca k"0f{ af]em

afbndfly kg{ uof] . b'O{ lbg eg]sf]df rf/ lbg laTof] t/ p;sf] s'g} ;"rgf cfPg

. p;sf] Oi6 ldq sf]xL 5g 5}gg\ sxfF s] sfddf uPsf] xf], s]xL klg t eg]sf]

lyPg . ;ljtf ax't a]r}g lyOg\ . kfFrf} lbg To;sf] kmf]g cfof] . kmf]g ;+of]un]

afbnn] g} l/;Lj u¥of] .

æd clt h?/L sfdn] hd{gL hfg' kg{] eof] . Ps xKtfdf cfpF5' .Æ

æt/ /fx'nhL, afbnn] eGof] ætkfO{+ oxfF cfP/ dfq hfg'; tkfO{+sf] kTgL ax't}

lrlGtt x'g' x'G5 . jxfFsf] ef]nL ck|]zg x'g]jfnf 5 .

æcfO Pd e]/L ;/L, dfO{ u'8 k|]m08 KnLh x]Nk c; . d clxn] ev{/} hd{gL gu}

gx'g] eof] . tkfO{n] d2t ug'{ xf]nf d ljZj:t 5' .Æ olt eg]/ kmf]g sfl6of] . s]

sfd 5 < hd{gLdf, sf];Fu hfg] x'g\= . s'g} unt wGwfdf t nfUg u}/x]sf 5}gg\ .

logL t a8f /x:odoL /x]5g\ . ozf]bfb]jLsf] wgsf] s'g pkof]u x'Fb}5 <

afbn / ;ljtf b'j}nfO{ a8f] cfZro{ nfUof] . kTgLsf] ck|]zg, Tof] klg clt

sl7g / 7"nf] dflgPsf], To; a]nf klt ga:g] < o:tf] ;dodf /f]uLnfO{ dfgl;s

zlQm / pT;fxsf] a8f] cfjZostf x'G5 . b'vL, lrlGtt / a]r}g /f]uLn] g} k|f0f

u'dfpg] ub{5g\ . afbnn] l:ylt ljs6 b]Vof] . 8fS6/x?nfO{ 8]6 ;f/L lbg cfu|x

u¥of] t/ ;Llgo/x? dfg]gg\ . ck|]zg 7Ls ;dodf eof] . ;ft lbgkl5 k§L v'Ng]

elgof] .

/fx'n cfO{ k'u]g . cfh k§L v'Ng] lbg;Dd klg t cfPg . o; kfnL t s]xL

va/ g} u/]g . afbnn] pgsf] l;/fgLdf a;]/ cfˆgf] xft pgsf] lgwf/df /fv]sf]

lyof] / lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} ykykfpFb} dw'/ :j/df dL7f] s'/f u/L /x]sf] lyof] afbnsf]


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100

o;/L :g]x kfP/ pgL a8f] ;Gtf]if / t[lKtsf] cg'ej ub{lyOg . cGtdf k|ltIffsf]

38L laTof] pgnfO{ k'gM ck|]zg lyo]6/df nluof] .

d'Vo lrlsT;flwsf/Ln] pgs]f 6fpsf]df xft /fVb} ;f]Wof] æHof]lt lkmtf{ ePsf]

cfFvfaf6 ;a eGbf klxn] s;nfO{ x]g{ dg k/fpg' x'G5 .Æ

Pp6f 7"nf] x"k k:of] sn]hf] lrl/of] . sf] 5 / oxfF To:tf] cfˆgf] <M 5 lg .

afbn, afbn < xf], cfkmGt g} t x'g\ pgsf] ;fldKodf slt zflGt k|fKt x'G5, dg

9'Ss x'G5 . æafbnnfO{ af]nfO{ lbg' k¥of] .Æ lj:tf/} elgg\ ;ljtfn] .

afbn t ToxLF lyof] . p;n] pgsf] xf]+7df xft /fVb} æd oxL+ t 5' nf6L elg

d':s'/fpFb} k|]dk"j{s cfZjf;g lbof] .

;ljtfsf] cfFvfaf6 k§L x6fOof] . afbn / ;ljtfsf] d'6' w8w8 u/]/ w8\sg

nfUf]] ha 8fS6/n] la:tf/} cfFvf vf]Ng eGof] . cfFvfsf] kns p7fpg' jf:tjdf ax't}

;fx;sf] sfd lyof] . cfFvfsf] Hof]lt cfO{;s]sf] 5 eGg] sNkgf / u};s]sf] Hof]lt s]

kmSof{] xf]nf / < eGg] eo b'j}sf] aLrsf] n8fO{n] ;ljtfsf] d'6'nfO{ emg w8sfO{

/x]s]f lyof] .

ælj:tf/} kns p7fp g , ;ljtf . d 7Ls ltd|f] ;fd'Gg] ltd|f] vf6df

lgx'l/Psf] 5'Æ eGof] afbnn] .

;ljtfsf b'j} kns la:tf/} dfly p7], tL kns, h;sf] emkemkfO{n] lxdfno

xNnG5 eGYof] ;ljgon] . klxn] t sfnf] w'Gw h:tf] b]lvof], To;kl5 gfO6 aNasf]

xl/of] k|sfz, dgnfO{ l:y/ kf/]/ k"/f cfFvf vf]n]/ x]l/g\ ;ljtfn] . ta b]lvof] Pp6f

gofF cfnf]s, gofF ;+;f/ . g]qHof]lt lkmtf{ cfO{ ;s]s]f lyof] . Tof] Hof]lt klxn] cfO{

lbPsf] eP /fx'n;Fu lsg afFlwg' kg{] lyof] < of] Oltxf; lsg cuf8L a9\g] lyof] <

k§L v'n]sf] rf}yf] lbg . ;ljtf a]8df kN6]sL lyOg\ . 8fS6/n] cfh pgnfO{

g'xfO{w'jfO{ u/fO{ lbg] k/fdz{ lbPsf]n] s]xL ;dok"j{ afbnn] Pp6L g;{sf] ;xfotfn]

pgnfO{ g'xfO{ lbPsf] lyof] / pgnfO{ gf:TffkfgL u/fO{ lbP/ cfˆgf] sfddf uPsf]

lyof] . pgL a]8sf] c8]; nufP/ lr;f] skfndf la:tf/}–la:tf/} sfOof] rnfpFb}

cfˆgf] eljiosf tfgf afgf a'Gb} lyOg \ . /fx'nsf] af/]df klg lrGtf lyof] t/ leq

leq cfqmf]z klg lyof] . To;} ;dodf /fx'n a8f] efj ljxjn eP/ sf]7fdf k|j]z

u¥of] . p;nfO{ b]v]kl5 qmf]w, lh1f;f / u'gf;f]sf] ldl>t /+u cfof] ;ljtfsf]

cfFvfdf t/ /fx'nsf] ptf k§L Wofg lyPg\ . pm cfˆg} t/+udf lyof] . ck|]zgsf]

;kmntfsf] hfgsf/L af6}df afbn;Fu e]6 x'Fbf yfxf kfO{;s]sf] lyof] p;n] a8f]


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101

efjfj]zdf cfP/ a8f] ckgTjsf ;fy emK6]/ ;ljtfsf] vf6df a:b} pgsf] b'j}xft

;dft]/ KofRr–KofRr b'j} cfFvfdf DjfO{ vfFb} awfO{ lbof] .

;ljtf x8\a8fOg . pgsf] hLjgdf s'g} cGo k'?ifsf] o;/L r'Dag . klxnf]

k6s cfFvfn] b]lvg\ .

æd t a8f] Jo:t ePy] ;ljtf . dnfO{ dfkm u/L lbg' . ltd|f] ck/fwL 5' . a8f]

ljGtL efjn] /fx'nn] eGof] .Æ

æs] To:tf] sfd kg{ uPYof] tkfO{nfO{ n08gdf ufoa /xg] . hd{gL hfg] .

sfd gatfPsf] s:tf] lrGtf k¥of] oxfF .Æ ;ljtfn] l/; / u'gf;f] b'j} ul/g\ .

æ7"nf], ;ljtf ax't} 7"nf] sfd lyof] . ltd|f] hLjg ;kfg{] p2]Zon] clGtd k6s

cys k|ofz u/]+ eP e/sf] k};f ;a} vr{ eof] t/==== .Æ

olt eg]/ pm ;'Ss ;'Ss ?g nfUof] . ?b} ?b} 9Nof] ToxL cf]5\ofgdf .

;ljtf ls+st{Jod"9 eOg\ . pgn] p;nfO{ ;fGTjgf lbFb} elgg\ æxl/ OR5f

anjfg x'G5 . tkfO{ o;/L lsg xtfl/g' eof] . s] sfddf k};f nufpg' eof] < s]

3f6f eof] <Æ

æ7"nf] 3f6f eof] ;ljtf . ;a} nufgL 8'Aof], nufgLsf ;fydf d, d]/f] cfzf,

cfsf+Iff ;a 8'a] . ca s]xL afFsL 5}g, ca xfdL kmsL{ xfnf}+ . ;ljtf, ;a} vtd .

;a :jfxf . d :jfyL{ st}sf] klg eOg, ;ljtf ;ljtf . eGb} pm /Gylgof] ToxL

cf]5\ofgdf 56kl6of], /f]of] .

-&_

>Ldbefujt dxfk'/f0fsf] syf ;'gfpg cfPsf kl08thLnfO{ lkmtf{ k7fpg

elg /]nj] :6]zg;Dd uPsf] a'w}sf] a}nuf8f Totfaf6 vfnL kms{]g . Pp6f ;fgf]

sfv] aRrf ;lxt Ps hf]8L klt kTgLn] uf8fsf] pkof]u ug{ kfPsf]df v'zL dfg]sf

lyP eg] a'w} t cfh cfkm"nfO{ k/d ;f}efUozfnL 7fg]sf] lyof] tL gj bDklQnfO{

cfˆgf] uf8fdf a;fNg kfPkl5 . p;n] cflv/L Ifdtf;Dd uf]?nfO{ xfFSb} hlt x'g

;s5 Tolt 5L6f] ufpF k'Ug] sf]lz; ub}{Yof] . uf8f ha ufpFsf] ;Ldfgfdf k'Uof] ta

v]tdf sfd u/L /x]sf / af6f]df cfjthfjt ug{] dflg;x? uf8fdf a;]sf] hf]8fnfO{

b]v]/ b+ubf; eP . xf];} x/fof], s'/f ug{} la;{] . hf] h:tf] cj:yfdf lyof] pm To;}

cj:yfdf d"lt{jt eof] . tL dWo] ha s'g} s'g}nfO{ xf]z cfof] ta 3f]8f em}+ ;/k6

efu] ufpFlt/, ufpFdf xNnf x'g nfUof] g/gf/Lsf] eL8 af6f]df lgSNof] . a'w} a8f]


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102

uj{;Fu uf8f xfFSb} lyof] . ufpFsf s]6fs]6L w"n p7fpFb} xNnf dRrfpg yfn] æljGg"

bfO{ cfP, b'nlx NofP .Æ

sf]7f/df klg ;ljgo kms{]sf] ;dfrf/ k'Uof] . s;}n] ljZjf; ug{ ;s]g .

ozf]bfb]jL n8\b} k8\b} aflx/ bu'l/g\, gf]s/ rfs/ sfl/Gbfx? bf}8] .

geGb} ;fFRr} g} a'w}sf] uf8f sf]7f/df uP/ /f]lsof] . ozf]bfb]jL bf}8]/

;ljgofnfO{ 5ftLdf nufP/ d';fb{} r'Dag lnFb} ?g nflug\ . xhf/f}+ xhf/ v'zLsf tL

cfF;"n] afFw tf]8]sf lyP hf] ;ljgosf] d[To'sf] va/df lg:Sg ;s]sf lyPgg\ . ;+ot

ePkl5 pgsf] Wofg uf8fdf a;]sL /d0fL lt/ uof] . @%÷@^ jif{sf] aRrf uf]/f] /+u

t/ s]xL kLlndf lnPsf] cfef . ;'8f}n gfs gSzf 5/x6f] z/L/, cg'kd ;'Gb/L geP

klg bz{gLo /d0fL .

ozf]bf b]jLn] k|Zg ;"rs cfFvfn] ptf k§L x]l/g\ . ;ljgon] ;+sf]r dfGb} eGof]

æa'xf/LÆ .

tTsfn olt eGg' g} kof{Kt lyof] . a'xf/Lsf] dof{bf / ;Ddfgk"j{s pgnfO{

leq\ofOof] . pgsf] sfvdf /x]sf] ;fgf] aRrf lgbfO{ /fv]sf] lyof] . aRrfnfO{

ozf]bfb]jLn] cfˆgf] sfvdf lnP/ ;a} hgf 3/ leq k|j]z u/] .

o'jtLsf] nflu cGo ;a} gofF lyP, To;n] pm a8f] ;+sf]rdf la:tf/} lj:tf/}

lxF8\b} lyOg\ . pgLx? a}7sdf k'Ug kfpFbf gkfpFb} aflx/ ufpFn]x?sf] 7"nf] eL8 x'g

uof] . ;a} k|f0fL xfn;dfrf/ hfGg Aou| lyP . t;y{ pgLx? leq uP/ af6f]sf] ysfO{

dfg'{ eGbf klxn] ufpFn]x?;Fu e]6 3f6 / jftf{ ug{ cfjZos 7fgL tTsfn aflx/ 7"nf]

a}7s 3/df uP/ oyf]lrt clejfbg, cfb/ u/]/ ;a} cf–cfˆgf] cf;gdf a;] .

rf/}lt/ ;a} a;L ;s]kl5 a"9f] sfl/Gbfn] ;f]Wof] æ;/sf/ Tof] em"7f] va/ s;/L

km}lnPsf] lyof] <Æ

sxfFaf6 pQ/ z'? u/f}+ elg Psl5g ;ljgo 3f]l/P . 36gfsf] s8L hf]8b} eg]

æva/} em"7f] t lyPg . xfdLx?sf] k"/} 6f]nLdfly cfqmd0f ePsf] lyof] /ftL . tdfd

;fyL dfl/P t/ s]xL ;fyLx?sf ;fy d efUg ;kmn ePF t/, efUg] stf < k5f8L

cfqmd0fsf/L lyP, cuf8L kfls:tfgsf] ;Ldf / kfls:tfgL ;}lgs . d[To' b'j}lt/ lyof]

. afWo eP/ xfdL kfls:tfg lt/ a9\g' k¥of] .Æ

æc? pkfo g} s] lyof] / <Æ eL8df Pp6f a[4n] s'/f yKof] .


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103

æcflv/df ToxL eof] h;sf] sNkgf xfdLn] klxn] g} u/]sf lyof}+ . xfdLnfO{

aGbL agfP/ Pp6f ;}lgs 5fjgLdf k'¥ofO{ lbP . xfdL sxfF 5f}+ eGg] s'/f 7Dofpg

;lsPg . xfdL hf;"; xf}+ eGg] s'/f pgLx?nfO{ nfu]sf] /x]5 . tdfd oftgf lbP

xfdLnfO{ kl5 s]xL lgisif{ glgSn]kl5 xfdLnfO{ l+;wsf] ;}lgs 5fjgLdf k7fO{lbP .

Ps l5g /f]lsof] ;ljgo . ærf/ dlxgf hlt ToxfF /x\o+f} xfdL . 5fjgLdf xfdL

/]8qm;sf] sfo{stf{ ePsf] s'/f k'li6 e};s]sf]n] Tolt s7f]/ lgoGq0f /x]sf] lyPg .

o'4 /f]lsPkl5 jfk;L x'g] cfzf lyof], t/ o'4 /f]lsg] g} cfzf gb]lvPkl5 xfdLx?n]

Ps lbg ToxfFaf6 efUg kfof}+ / ;a}hgf efUof}+ . Ps ;fy efUg plrt gePsf]n]

xfdL ltt/ ljt/ eP/ efu]sf lyof}+ . /fte/L efUof]+ sf] stf k¥of] yfx 5}g .

ysfO{n] lg9fn k/]/ cf/fd ug{nfO{ / lbg latfpg s'g} ;'/lIft 7fpFsf] vf]hLdf

lxF8\b} hfFbf pHofnf] x'g' eGbf s]xL klxn] Pp6f ufpFsf] ghLs k'u]+ . ufpFsf] aflx/

rf/bLjf/Ln] 3]l/Psf] Pp6f au}+rf b]v]+ / bLjfnaf6 xfdkmfn]+ ysfO{n] r"/ ePsf]n]

emf]nfaf6 Pp6f Rofb/ lgsfnL Pp6f emf8Ldf cf]5\ofPF / ;'tL xfn]+ .Æ

lbgsf] Ps ah] cfFvf v'Nof] . :jfefljs ?kn] lgb 6'6]sf] lyPg . s;}n]

xkf/]sf] x'gfn] em:s]/ cfFvf v'n]sf] lyof] . ;fd'Gg] uf}/j0f{ / jlni7 b]lvg] k|f}9

plePsf] lyof] .

æva/bf/ p7\g] sf]lzz gug'{ æk|f}9n] ;fjwfg u¥of] . d p7]/ a;]+ t/ xft

dfly p7fO{ cfTd;dk{0fsf] efjdf plePF .

æsf] xf} ltdL / sxfFaf6 cfPsf] <Æ k|f}9sf] k|Zg lyof] .

æd}n] cfˆgf] sxfgL ;+lIfKt ?kdf atfPF . p;n] ljZjf; ug{] gug{] bf];fFwdf

/x]sf] h:tf] b]lvof] . Psl5g\ larf/ u/]/ pgn] dnfO{ ;fy lxF8\g] Ozf/f u¥of] . d

p7]/ p;sf] kl5 kl5 nfu]+ . au}rfdf 5]pk§L Pp6f ;'Gb/ xj]nL /x]5 . k5f8Lsf]

9f]sfaf6 pgn] dnfO{ leq lnP/ uP . ToxfF Ps k6s km]/L kl/jf/sf] ;fd'Gg] d]/f]

5fgaLg u/] . d}n] ;To ;fFrf] s'/f cfBf]kfGt atfP+ . pgn] cg's"n jftfj/0f

ePkl5 ToxfFaf6 hfg', geP;Dd xj]nLdf u'Kt ?kn] z/0f lnP/ a:g' eg] . dnfO{

ckl/lrt b]zdf j[4sf] :g]x kfPsf] eujfgsf] j/bfg h:tf] nfUof] . j[4 ef/tLo

;]gfsf] e"tk"j{ hg/n l;wL /x]5g\ . b]z ljefhgkl5 kfls:tfgdf k/]sf /x]5g\ . d

u'Kt ?kn] ToxLF a:g nfu]+ . o; aLrdf pgsL sGof ======== .


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104

Tolt eg]/ ;ljgo r'k nfUof] / 5]pdf a;]sL cfˆgL kTgL tkm{ x]¥of] .

ufpFn]x?n] klg pgsf] d'vdf x]g{ nfu] . pgL nfhn] e't'Ss eOg\ . Pp6f ufFpn]n]

s'/f cuf8L a9fpg] p2]Zon] eGof] æsGofn] s] ul/g t\ <Æ

æpgsL sGofn] ddf ?lr lng nflug\ pgL;Fu la:tf/} la:tf/} 3lgi7tf x'g

nfUof] . hnkfg / ef]hg kl5sf d]/f s'/fsfgL wd{ / bz{gdf rnL/xGy] . a'9fn] klg

ax't} ?lr lnGy] t/ d]/f bfz{lgs s'/fn] a'9fnfO{ z+sfn' kf/]sf] /x]5 . pgn]

;}lgs:t/df d]/f af/]df leq leq} ;f]wk"5 ug{ nfu]sf /x]5g\ . d zq' b]zsf] ;}lgs

jf hf;"; /x]5' cyjf To:tf] z+sf;Dd k/]5 eg] dnfO{ ;]gfnfO{ ;'lDkg] ;Ddsf]

;f]rfO{ a'9fsf] /x]5 . a'9fn] z+sfjz sxL+ ;]gfnfO{ ;'k'bL{ u/L lbP eg] < d[To'b08

afx]s c? s'g} ljsNk 5}g .

Ps lbg d bf]>f] tnfsf] dflyNnf] sf]7fdf PSn} lyPF . a'9fsL k'qLn] /ftL

d;Fu e]6 ul/g\ . cfˆgf] a'jfsf] z+sfn' :jefj / eljiosf] vt/fsf] :ki6 rrf{ ul/g \

. d t xtk|e ePF . cfh} /ftL efU5' eg]+ . pgn] d]/f] xft ;dft]/ ‰ofnaf6 aflx/

x]g{ elgg\ . aflx/sf] b[Zo b]v]kl5 d t xtflzPF . a'9fsf jkmfbf/ sb\bfj/ sfa'nL

k7fgx? a8f] ;ts{tfsf ;fy kx/f lbO/x]sf /x]5g\ . a'9fn] Psflt/ dfgjtfjfbL

ePsf]n] lg/k/fwnfO{ si6 gxf]; elg z/0f lbPsf] /x]5g\ eg] s§/ /fi6«jfbL x'gfn]

cfˆgf] st{JonfO{ klg la;{]sf /x]g5g \ .

d t :ju{af6 em/]/ vh"/sf] ?vdf 6fFluP h:tf] ePF . pgnfO{ cfˆgf]

lgbf{]liftfsf] s;/L ljZjf; lbnfpg] < 5ftL lr/]/ b]vfpg g;lsg] . t/ pgn]

ljZjf; ul/g\ / dnfO{ h;/L eP klg eufpg] sfddf ;xof]u ug{] arg lbOg\ .

k|f0f/Iff x'g] lsl;dsf] ;xof]u kfpg] cfzfdf dg olt s[t1 eof], olt

k|km'Nn eof] ls ;ayf]s lal;{of] . logL gdfn'd s;/L d k|lt ;fx|} g} cfzSt

e};s]sL /xL5g\ . pgn] aufOg\ d au]+ . b'j} aUof+}, ax't 6f9f uof}+ .

;ljgo / pgsf] kTgL b'j}sf] 6fpsf] lgx'/Lb} uof] . s'g} 7"nf] ck/fw eP h:tf]

. cfTdUnflg klg eof] .

Psl5g /f]lsPkl5 ;ljgon] km]/L eGof] æ dnfO{ aLrdf eufpg] sOof]++ k|ofz

eP t/ ;kmntf ldNg ;s]g km]/L klZrdL k|fGt b]lv efu]/ k"/f kfls:tfg ofqf u/]/

lgaf{w ;Ldf kf/ ug{] s'/f ax't} sl7g lyof] . o;sf] nflu 7"nf] tof/Lsf] cfjZostf

lyof] xfdL cfˆgf] tof/Ldf lyof}+ To;} a]nf Pp6f 36gf 36 \of] .

æx] eujfg cem} 36gf <Æ ozf]bfb]jLsf] d'vaf6 lg:Sof]] .


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105

æxh'/, 36gf dfq xf]Og b'3{6gf eof] . logL ue{jtL e};s]sL /x]l5g\, ca t

bf]x/]f ;d:of . b'j}n] cfˆgf] d[To' dfq b]Vo+++f] . ca s] ug{] < a'9fnfO{ eGg] < b'j}n]

;Nnfx u¥of}+ .

æof] 7Ls sfd lyof] .Æ s;}n] s'/f yKof] .

æ;fFRr} 7Ls} eP5 . a'9f] ax't l/;fP .kl5 dft[lalxg Ps dfq 5f]/Lsf] OR5fsf]

;fd'Gg] pgsf] cfbz{ / qmf]w ;a rsgfr"/ eP/ uP . pgn] g} of]hgf agfP/ dnfO{

leqsf] zx/ k7fO{ lbP . s]xL lbgkl5 Toxf+af6 s]xL Oi6 ldqx?sf ;fy zx/ aflx/

cfP/ afhf ufhf ahfpFb} ufpFdf k'Uof}+ . xfd|f] ljjfx ;DkGg eof] / d 3/ HjfO{sf]

?kdf zx/af6 cfPsf] s'/f k|rf/ ul/of] . o;} qmddf sfvsf] lzz'n] cjt/0f u¥of}+

/ ca ha of] kf+r dlxgfsf] eof] / b'O{ b]zsf] aLrdf clxn] o'4 lj/fd klg 5 ,

d]/f ;;'/fhLn] xfdL klt kTgL kfls:tfgL gful/snfO{ tLy{ ug{ Ps dlxgfsf] nflu

ef/t k7fPsf 5g\ . ef/t cfPkl5 lbg /ft Ps u/L xfdL ;/f;/ cfˆgf] b]zdf cfO{

xfn] 5f}+ .Æ ;ljgosf] jfk;Lsf] syf ;'gL /x]sf ufpFn]x?n] p;n] ;xg' k/]sf] si6sf]

af/]df hlt b'vL eP Tof] eGbf a9L v'zL pm hLljt kms{]/ cfPsf] eof] .

-*_

6f9fsf] kxf8sf] r'r'/f]nfO{ lglg{d]if b[li6n] x]/]/ cfFugdf s';L{df a;L /x]sL

;ljtfsf] ;fd'Gg] cs:dft l7+ul/Ë pleof] ;ljgo . ;ljgo < xtk|e eOg\ ;ljtf .

KjKg xf] ls h:tf] nfUof] . s';L{af6 h'?Ss pl7g\ / bfofF afofF ul/g\,ub{g rnfP/

x]l/g\ . ljkgf d} /x]l5g\ . ;ljgo d':s'/fof] ltgsf] x8a8fO{af6 . xftsf] Aofu

ghLs} s';L{df /fVb} cuf8L a9\of] / ;ljtfnfO{ cfˆgf] jlni7 e'hkfzdf afFwLxfNof] .

;ljtf Ps}If0f s;d;fOg t/ gbLgfnfx? pT;flxt eP/ au]/ dxf;d'b|df ;dlk{t

x'g] u/] h:t} pgL klg ;dlk{t eOg\ p;sf] x[bodf, p;sf] z/L/df nx/f nk]l6P em}+

nk]l6b} uOg\ . lal;{g\ cfkm"nfO{, of] ;+;f/, ;'v b'Mv, :ju{ ,gs{, wd{, kfk ;a} b]lv

6f9f, b"/ ax't b"/ cGtl/If eGbf klg gdfn'd stf stf < sxfF k'lug\ yfx 5}g .

pgsf] lghL cl:tTjg} nf]k eP/ ;ljgosf] JolQmTjdf Psfsf/ e};s]sf] lyof],

pgsf] k|f0fdf nLg e};s]sf] lyof] .

lgs}a]/ kl5 b'j}nfO{ xf]z cfof] . ;ljtfn] ;ljgosf] xft cfˆgf] cfln+ugaf6

a8f] ;':t/L k/ x6fOg\ . b'j} cfDg] ;fd'g] eP, b'j}n] x]/] Ps csf{nfO{ . ;'v, j]bgf,

lj8Dagf, c;xfo cj:yf ;a} efj b'j}sf] cg'xf/df emNsb} uof] . b'j} r'k lyP .

tdfd efj ha Ps}rf]6L b'j} lt/af6 p7\b5g\ ta jf0fL g} aGb e}xfN5, To;sf] ;§f


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106

;a} sfd cfFvfn] u5{g\ . x[bos]f w8\sgn] d'vn] geg]sf] s'/f klg cfkm} a'em\g

nfUb5 .

æsxfF x/fPYof] ljGg" ÛÆ ;ljtfn] g} s'/f lgsfNb} elgg\ æd t of] tLg jif{df

ajf{b ePF tafx ePF . cu]gfdf ca g t cfuf] g} 5 g t lkmln+uf g} .Æ

æxfd|f] b'j}sf] b'ef{Uon] xfdL cnu kg{ uPYof+] ;lj .Æ eGof] ;ljgon] / cfˆgf]

cfBf]kfGt syf ;'gfpg yfNof] . p;n] syf ;'gfpFb} hfGYof] ;ljtf aLr aLrdf ?g

nflUyg . p;n] a8f] d'lZsn d'lZsnn] 36gf atfpg ;Sof] .

æd]/f] Aoyf ;'G5f}+ ljGg" ,Æ ;f]lwg\ ;ljtfn] . t/ tTsfn} elgg\ æxf]Og, xf]Og

ltdL g ;'g, ltdL ax't efj's 5f} d]/f] syf ;'Gg} ;Sb}gf} .

dw'/ d':sfg cfof] ;ljgosf] cf]+7df . æ d 3/af6 cfpFb} 5' ;lj .dnfO{ ;a

yfx 5 .Æ t/ ca s'g af6f] ckgfpg' kg{] xf] < d]/f] a'l4n] sfd ub{}g . d}n]

rfxFb}grfx]/ k|f0f arfpg] nf]edf tf/fsf] OR5f cg';f/ pgL;Fu ;DaGw agfpg'

k¥of] kl/0ffddf 5f]/f / ljjfx b'j} eof] . pgL d]/f] 3/df l5g\ pgnfO{ kTgLsf] bhf{

k|fKt eof] t/ pgL k]|o;L xf]Olgg\ . ltd|f] klg grfx]/ ljjfx eof] t/ ;DejtM b'j}sf]

;DaGw Tolt /fd|f] geP klg klt kTgL t 5f}+ .Æ

æ;DejtM ;DaGw Tolt /fd|f] 5}g eGof] ljGg" . of] ltd|f] zAb xf] < ;DaGw g

lyof] g eof] g t 5 g} / x'g] klg 5}g . ;ljtfn] uDeL/ d'b|fdf elgg\ . ltd|f] ;ljtf

========== af]Nbf af]Nb} ?lsg\ ;ljtf .

eg g lk|o, lsg c8s]p <Æ ;ljgon] pT;flxt u¥of] . ;ljtfsf] gzLnf

cfFvfsf] kns 6Kk v'Nof] / Hof]lt k:of] ;ljgosf] cfFvfdf . Tof] Hof]tLn] pgnfO{

emg\ e't'Ss kf¥of] pgL ;ljgosf] sfvdf 9lng\ / c8\sb}, nhfpFb} elgg æltd|f]

;lj clxn] klg ltd|} ;tLTjdf a;]sL 5] .Æ

;ljgo b+u k¥of] 8]9 jif{sf] bfDkTo hLjgdf o:tf] kljqtf s;/L sfod

/x\of] t ;lj .Æ

of] eujfgsf] v]nf /x]5, ljGg" . ca ;demdf cfof] . gq eg] /fx'n Pp6f

k'?ifnfO{ ;w}+ d;Fu 6f9f eP/ a:g'df c? s] /x:o x'g ;Sb5 < d klg o:tf]

tgfju|:t ;DaGw b]lv d'lQm kfpgnfO{ t xf] lg, olt 6f9f oxfF b'u{ddf 5', ltd|f]

gfdsf] dfnf hKb} cghfg nf]en] k|f0f wfg]sL lyPF . ca ltdL cfof], cfˆgf] gf;f],


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107

ltd|f] gf;f], ltdL hfg], d ca ;Sb}g eGb} ;ljtf ;ljgosf] sfvdf 56kl6b} ?g

yflng\ .

æof] /fx'nn], s'g cfsif{0fn] ljjfx u¥of] xf]nf Æ ;ljgon] z+sf u/]/ ;f]Wof] .

æoxLF t cfZro{ 5 . p;n] clt cfjZos s'/f afx]s c? s'/f g} ub{}g .Æ

æTo;f] eP p;n] 5f]8kq ug{df s'g} afwf 5}g <Æ

æ5f]8kq u/fP klg gu/fP klg s] km/s k5{ / < b]vfj6L ljjfxsf] .Æ

;ljtfn] pk]lIft efjn] elgg\ .

æax't km/s k5{ ;lj . ;dfhdf ePsf] ljjfx xf] .Æ ;ljgon] b"/ b[li6

k'¥ofpFb} eGof] . ;j{k|yd t /fx'nsf] p2]Zog} k|s6 ePsf] 5}g clxn];Dd . To;f]

x'gfn] of] emg\ cK7\of/f] s'/f xf] . csf{sf] nIo yfx kfP kl5 To;df cfˆgf] af6f]

agfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 t/ ljkIfsf] nIog} c1ft 5 eg] of] t ax't sl7g s'/f xf] .

bf]>f] s'/f kxf8 lt/ cem} hf/ sf6\g] efjgfn] ?l9jfbLx?sf] aLrdf dfGotf kfPsf]

5 . t]>f] s'/f s]xL g eP klg ef]nL xfd|f ;Gtfg xf]nfg\ . pgL sfg"gL ;Gtfg

/fx'nsf 7xl/G5g\ . ltd|f] å}w l:yltdf w]/} cK7\of/f]kg v8f ug{ ;Sb5 . To;}n]

lgis+6s hLjg latfpgnfO{ ltdLn] Ps k6s ;fx; b]vfpg} kb{5 . 5f]8kq lng}

kb{5 . cfdfsf] ;xof]u x'gg} 5 .

æltdLn] l7s eGof] ljGg" . cF oxfF lg, ;ljtfnfO[ csf{] s'/f ;Demgf eof] .

æxfdL cfˆgf] ufpF3/ b]lv ax't} 6f9f 5f}+, ufpFn] ;dfh 5 ;a} lt/ Wofg lbg' kb{5 .

To; p;n] ======eGbf eGb} aLr}df /f]lsOg\ ;ljtf . nfh dfg] h:tf] eof] . To;kl5

;ljgosf] 5ftLdf d'v uf8\b} cuf8L elgg\ . æxfdL klt kTgL xf} x}+ .Æ

-(_

dw'ofldgL /ft laTof], lbg lat] dxLgf laTg nfUof] ;ljgo / ;ljtf .

k|s[ltsf b'O{kIf /ft / lbg h:tf . hxfF ;ljtf ToxfF ;ljgo ;ljtfnfO{ /fx'sf] bzf,

of] t k|s[lthGog} xf] . Ps l5g\sf] nflu jif{]gL p;nfO{ cfqmfGt u/]/ hfg] ub{5 t/,

k|v/tf / k|r08tfn] o'Qm ljlrqsf] ljgozLntf ;ljtfsf] ;f:jtt u'0f ePsf]n]

To; ;+u t pgL Ps If0f, Ps kn Ps lgldif klg cnlUug ;Sb} ;Sb}lgg\ .

;ljgon] kxf8L If]qdf pBf]usf] ?kdf :yfkgf x'g ;Sg] /f]lhg P08 6kG]{6fOg km}S6«L

v8f ug{] ljrf/ u¥of] . kTgL 8fS6/ klt pBf]uklt . sRrfkbfy{ ;lhn} k|fKt x'g],

pTkflbt dfnnfO{ ahf/;Dd k'¥ofpg oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] 7fpFdf km}S6«L


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108

nufpg b'j}sf] ;NnfxnfO{ ;DefJotf cWoog x'g yfNof] . o;} aLrdf afn/f]u

ljz]if1sf] Ps jif{] sf];{ ug{ ;ljtfsf] gfd cfof] .

g]kfnL jftfj/0fsf] afnaflnsf ;DaGwL cWoog, nfUg] u/]sf /f]u, hGdb/,

d[To'b/ cflb k|f/lDes ;d:ofsf] hfgsf/L af/]df sf7df08f+}df Ps dlxgfsf] ;]ldgf/

/ lbNnLdf Ps jif{sf] sf];{ ug{ ;ljtf lxFl8g\ . ;ljgo klg km}S6«Lsf] nflu nfO;]G;

cflb lng sf7df08" hfg' kg{] eof] . t;y{ p klg lxF8\of] t/ ;ljtfn] ;f}tf;Fu

e]63f6sf] pTs+7f / ozf]bfb]jLsf] jfT;Notf k|fKt ug{] elg ;ljgosf] ;fy p;sf]

ufpF uOg\ . ufpFdf b'j}sf] /fd|f] :jfut eof] . ozf]bfb]jLn] of] l:ylt cfO{ ;s]sf]

sNkgfu/L ;s]sL lyOg\, tf/fn] klg kltsf] cTolws cg'/fu ;ljtfdf /x]sf] s'/f

yfx kfO{ ;s]sLn] kl/l:ylt;Fu ;Demf}tfug{] sf]lz; ub{} ;ljtfnfO{ lbbL eg]/ ;Ddfg

lbg yfn]sL lyOg\ . lau|L ;s]sf ;a} kl/l:yltdf ;'wf/sf] cfzf b]lvP . cem /fx'n

/ ;ljtfsf] aLrdf ePsf] s'/fsfgLn] emg a9L cfzfsf] ;+s]t u¥of] .

æ;ljgo hLljt 5g\ < ltdL xf]zdf 5\of} ;ljtf <Æ cfZro{ dfGb} ;f]w]Yof]

/fx'nn] .

æ;ljtf laxfg} /fx'nsf] 8]/fdf k'u]sL lyOg\ . ToxfF ;f;'sf] pkl:ylt /x]5 .

;f;' a'xf/Lsf aLr 9f]u cfzLif, enfs'zfnL ePsf] lyof] /fd|f] tl/sfn] . /fx'n

To;a]nf afy?ddf lyof] . g'xfO{ w'jfO{ u/]/ ha pm a]8?ddf k:of] ;ljtfnfO{ b]Vof]

. pm cfZro{ rlst eof], tTsfn b'Mv / lg/fzfsf afbnn] cg'xf/nfO{ sfnfGt agfO{

lbP . w]/} dlxgfkl5 5f]/f / a'xf/L cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] k/]s]f x'gfn] ;f;'n] ToxfF a;L /xg

d'gfl;a g ;DemL sf]7faf6 aflx/ lgl:sg\ . u|fdL0f a[4 dlxnfnfO{ gofF o'usf

efjgf, rfxgf / 36gf af/] s] yfx . rff8} gfgL cfcf];\ eg]/ eujfg;Fu k|fy{gfug{]

afx]s pgsf] c? s] OR5f <

Ps l5g t b'j} af]Ng} ;s]gg\ ;ljtfnfO{ kl5Nnf] k6ssf] la5f]8sf] :d[lt

tfhf eof] . nGbgaf6 xtfl/P/ kmsf{P/ NofPYof] /fx'nn] . sf7df08" cfO{ k'Ugf ;fy

pgnfO{ 8]/fdf /v]/ cfkm"n] a8f] h?/L sfd 5 elg tTsfn} aflx/ lg:s]sf] lyof] /

Ps} rf]6L /ftL kmf]g u/]/ c:ktfndf ;Ll/o; s]z x]b{}5' 8]/fdf cfpg ;Sb}g elg

hfgsf/L u/fO{ lbPsf] lyof] . ;ljtfsf] cxdnfO{ of] 7"nf] rf]6 lyof] . pgL v"a

/f]PlyOg\ /ftL . ljxfg} Pp6f ;fgf] l:nkdf d 3/ lxF8] elg n]v]/ 8]/f 5f]8L

lbPlyOg\ . To;kl5sf] oxL e]6 lyof] pgsf] . To;}n] s;n] s'/f z'? u/f];\ eGg]

Psl5g cK7\of/f] t k¥of] cGtdf ;ljtfn] g} ætkfO{+;Fu ;fx|} h?/L sfd k/]/ cfPsf]

elgg\ .Æ


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109

æTof] t ltdLnfO{ b]v]/ g} yfx kfPF .Æ /fx'nn] eGof] .

ædnfO{ ca cfˆgf] aGwgb]lv d'Qm u/]/ Pp6f k'0o sdfO{ xfNg'; Æ;ljtfsf]

:j/df ofrgf lyof] .

æs] ltdL d]/f] aGwgdf 5\of} / < d}n] t dfGb}gÆ /fx'n xfF:of] .

æ7§f u/]sf] xf]Og d}n] . ;fFRr} d]/f] laGtL 5 . xfdLx?sf] j}jflxs aGwg

ck|Toflzt /x]5 . To;}n] t of] ljjfxaf6 g tkfO{+nfO{ s]xL ldNof] g dnfO{ .

eujfgn] d]/f] / ljGg"sf] k/LIff lnPsf] /x]5 .Æ

æk/LIff kmn s:tf] eof] t <Æ

æxfdL b'j} kf; eP h:tf] nfU5 . c+s kq tkfO{+n] lb lbg] xf] eg] .Æ

æxfdL b'j}sf] <Æ /fx'nn] cfZro{ dfGb} eGof] . æltd|f] tfTko{ s] xf] <Æ

æljGg" hLljt 5g\ /fx'n, clxn] xfdL;Fu} 5f} .Æ eg]lyOg\ ;ljtfn] .

/fx'n ax't} crlDet eof] / ha ;ljtfn] ;a} syf a]ln lj:tf/ ;'gfOg ta

pm Psbd uDeL/ x'g uof] . ;DejtM b'j}sf] ;f}efUo k|lt klxnf] k6s Oiof{ hfUof] /

pm r'k nfUof] .

æltd|f] ;fdfg OToflb sxfF 5 <Æ /fx'nn] s'/f 3'dfof] .

æsfG5f a'jf sxfF a;]sL 5' . clxn] ;]ldgf/df cfPsL x"F .Æ

ækTgL d]/L /v}n cs}{ sf] <, o; s'/faf6 ltd|f] :jtGqtf l;4 x'Fb}g / <Æ

æxfd|f] agfj6L ;DaGwdf klg ;dfh Uof/]G6L a;]sf] x'gfn] xfdL 6f9f–6f9f

/xFb}df dfq t ;DaGw 6'6]sf] s'/f ;dfhn] :jLsf/ ub{}g lg .Æ

/fx'n r'k /x\of] . æs] eGg' x'G5 t <Æ, Psl5g kl5 ;ljtfn] k|Zg ul/g\ .Æ

æcfˆgf] ;]ldgf/ / tfnLd k"/f u/, of] uDeL/ k|Zg ePsf]n] d klg ljrf/ u/]/

;d'lrt pQ/ lbg]5' .Æ /fx'nn] cfZjf;g lbof] .

;ljtf p7]/ lxFl8g\ . /fx'n s]xL af]Ng ;s]g x]/L /x\of] dfq Pp6f nfdf] lgZjf;

5f]8\of] o:tf] nfUof] dfgf}+ 9'+ufn] klg ;fF; km]bf]{ /x]5 .


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110

-!)_

ætflnd cjlwdf lbNnLdf g} ;ljtfn] 5f]/L kfPsL l5g\ . of] xNnf /fx'nsf]

cfdf afj'sf] sfgdf klg k¥of] . t/ sGofsf] hGd sd{ ;a} EofP/ pgL km]/L pt}af6

8f]6L uOg\ / of] xNnf klg a'9fa'9Ln] ;'g]kl5 ;fx|} g/dfOnf] nfUof] . gfltgLnfO{

sfvdf lnP/ of] eGg] Tof] eGg] o:tf] v]Ng] p:tf] vfg] ;a} ;kgfsf s'/f x'g] x'g ls

< a'9fa'9Ln] /fx'nnfO{ xkf/] . a'xf/Lsf] ot} kf]l:6Ë u/fpg eg], t/ /fx'nn] ;f]emf

cfdfafj'nfO{ /fuk§L k9fO{ lbof] . a'9fa'9L sxfF dfGg] jfnf lyP Ps lbg b'j}n]

;Nnfx u/]5g\ . a'xf/L xf] cln lbg uP/ p;};Fu a:g' k¥of] . a'xf/LnfO{ klg

afnsaf6 ;'ljwf x'g] xfdLnfO{ cfgGb ldNg] /fx'nnfO{ geg]/ b'j} lxF8]\5g\ . /fx'nn]

ha of] s'/f ;'Gof] ta p;sf] xf];n] sfd u/]g . a'9fa'9L cfdf afa' . Pp6} 5f]/f

/fx'n . t/ b'ef{Uo o:tf] ls a'9fa'9Ln] 5f]/fsf] dfq ;'v kfP t/ a'xf/L / gftL

gfltgfsf] ;'v pgLx?n] k|fKt ug{ ;sL /x]sf 5}gg\ . /fx'nn] of] ;'v of] hGddf

:jkg xf] eGg klg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;ljtf;Fu 5f]8kq ug{ klg o;}n] ubf{ t

cK7\of/f] 5 . cfdf afj'nfO{ s] hjfkm lbg] <

pgLx?n] a'9];sfndf ef]Ug rfx]sf] ;'v ef]Ug ;S5g\ eg] ef]u'g\ . d}n]

;xfof]u cyjf afwf s;}nfO{ lsg ug{] < p;n] dxfj]ujtL gbLsf] k|jfxdf c;xfo

au]h:tf] ;dosf] cfuf];df cfkm"nfO{ 5f]8L lbof] . h] x'G5 h:tf] ;'s} x'G5, s]xL

;xof]u / la/f]w gug{] . cflTds, t6:ytf . oxL t /fx'sf] hLjg xf] ckozL hLjgdf

k"lht 5 t/ lglGbt / cjx]lng klg t 5 .


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111

cWofo ५

-!_

sDkgLsf] Joj:yfkg kIfsf] b'|t ultdf sfd eof] / Ps jif{d} /f]lhg P08

6k{]g6fOg km}S6«L tof/ eP/ plePsf] lyof] . km}S6«L lgdf{0f sfndf ;ljgon] ax't}

bf}8 w"k ug'{ k¥of] . sf7df08", 8f]6L, cfˆgf] ufpF / lbNnL . oL rf/ 7fpFsf]

kl/qmdfdf Ps jif{ lat]sf] lyof] . ;ljtfsf] sf];{ k"/f u/fP/ l8p6Ldf k7fpg] tv{/

dfq s] ePsf] lyof] p;n] klg k|fljlws 1fgsf] nflu 5 dlxgf ldhf]/d hfg' k/]sf]

lyof] lsgsL km}S6«Lsf] rLkm ef]nL p g} x'g'kg{] lyof] . ldhf]/ddf a:bf b'O{dlxgf t

kq Jojxf/af6 dg a'emfpg] sfd ePsf] lyof] t/ To;kl5 crfgs ;ljtfsf] kq

aGb eof] . p;n] 6]nLu|fd k7fof] . g]kfn cfP/ jfo/n]; u¥of] . 3/ kq n]Vof] t/

;ljtfsf] pTt/ kq hfFb} uPg .

3/af6 cfdfn] ;ljtfsf] dfOtLaf6 kfPsf] va/ lbFb} ;ljtf / 5f]/L ;Gr}

/x]sf] s'/f kqåf/f cjut u/fPsL lyOg\ eg] km}S6«Lsf ;~rfns ldqn] 8fS6/ ;ljtf

;Gr} /x]sf] s'/f n]v]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 ;ljgon] ;ljtfnfO{ km}S6«L dfkm{t lr¶L

k7fPsf] lyof] / lr¶L ;ljtfnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] hfgsf/L klg km}S6«Ln] u/fO{ ;s]sf]

lyof] t/ ;ljtfsf] df}g 6'6]sf] lyPg . To;}n] cfˆgf] tfnLd ;s]/ sf7df08f} cfO{

k'u]sf ;ljgo sf7df08f}af6 Kn]gdf p8\bf Kn]g ax't} 9Lnf] lxF8]sf] dx;"; u/L /x]sf]

lyof] . Kn]gsf] ;L6df ps'; d's'; u/L /x]sf] c;fdfGo cj:yfdf b]v]kl5 Po/

xf]:6];n] s]xL ;]jf u/f}+ ls <Æ eg]/ ;f]Wg k'u]sL lyO{ .

ægf], y}+S; .Æ ;+lIfKt pQ/ lyof] ;ljgosf] . Ps l5gkl5 pm km]/L cfˆgf]

;L6df rndnfpg nfUof]] . Ps k6s t ;L6af6 h'?Ss p7]/ cuf8L df]6/ a;df

sltsf] af6f] afFsL /x]5 elg x]/] h:tf] cuf8L x]g{] klg sf]lzz u¥of] t/ ToxfF lyof]

z"Gotf dfq .

Po/kf]6{af6 pm ;b/d'sfd s;/L k'Uof] p;nfO{ yfx 5}g . s/La * dlxgf

e};s]sf] lyof] p;n] ;ljtfnfO{ gb]v]sf] g e]6]sf] . p;n] el/ofnfO{ cfˆgf] ;fdfg

NofO{ lbg cx|fP/ cfkm' v'Nnf xft bf}8b} n8\b} k8\b} lxF8]sf] lyof] . 38Ldf x]¥of]

;ljtfsf] c:ktfn k'Ug] a]nf x'g nfu]sf]n] p;n] km}S6«Lsf] af6f] 5f]8]/ ;f]em} dfly


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112

c:ktfn lt/ pSng yfNof] . p;sf] cg'dfg ;xL /x]5 . ;ljtf Sjf6{/af6

c:ktfntkm{ pSnb} /x]l5g\ . p;n] x:of+u km:of+u ub{} pgnfO{ e]§fO{ xfNof] . pgnfO{

b]v]/ pm nl¶of] xif{n] cfFvfaf6 em/{ k|]d cf>' em/] / cs:dft ;ljtfnfO{ c+sdfn

ug{ k'Uof] .

;ljtfn] klg b]lvg\ ;ljgo cfPsf] . t/, pgnfO{ c+sdfn ug{ vf]Hbf æs]

ax'nfPsf 5f} ljGg" <Æ eGb} clnkl5 ;l/g\ / uf]/]6f]af6 cln 5]p nfUb} cfˆgf] c+u

arfP h:tf] ub{} ;/f;/ lxFl8g\ . ;ljgon] s]xL a'em\g ;s]g . p;n] emd6]/ pgsf]

xft ;dftL xfNof] / s] eof] ltdLnfO{ xF <Æ d cfO{ k'u]+, o;/L lsg ts{]/ lx8\of} <

elg tfa8tf]8 k|Zg ug{ yfNof] . ;ljtfn] xft em8s]/ cfˆgf] xft 5'6fpFb} æd ;Fu

s'/f gu/ eg]/ lx8L xflng\ .Æ

;ljgo Ps l5g\ t ls+st{Jo d"9 eof] t/ tTsfn p;nfO{ xf]z cfof] . p;sf]

;lj, p;sf] k|f0f g} z/L/af6 lg:s]/ p8\g nfu]sf] /x]5, tTsfn ;dfTg' kg{] eof]

eg]/ bf}8\of] pm kl5–kl5 æ;lj ltdL lsg l/;fPsL < d]/f lr¶L ltdLnfO{ ldn]gg\ ls

< d}n] gn]v]sf] sxfF xf] / , ltd|f] lr¶L kf] kfOg . s] ck/fw eof] daf6 ;lj .Æ eGb}

cfFvfaf6 em/ em/ cfF;' emfb{} lxF8\of] pgL;Fu} .

t/ ;ljtfn] jf:tf u/] h:tf] nfu]g . b'Mv ljiffbsf] s'g} lrGx lyPg . pgsf]

cg'xf/ ;fdfGo ;'Gb/ r]x/f . Ps} If0f cl8P/ elgg\ .

ætkfO{ ca d]/f] kl5 g nfUg';\ <Æ

ælsg ;lj < s] eof] < tkfO{+ /] < of] zAb sxfFaf6 cfof] <

æs]xL ePsf] xf]Og . t/, tkfOsf] / d]/f] af6f] cnu cnu 5 .Æ

;ljtfsf] d'vaf6 o:tf s'/f < c;Dej zAb < s;/L lg:sL /x]5g\ <

p;nfO{ a8f] b'Mv nfUof] . d'6' lrl/of] .

æs]xL ck/fw u/] d}n] < Ifdf u/L b]p ;lj .Æ p;n] cfˆgf] d'v xftn] 5f]k]/

?g yfNof] .

pgL af]Nb} af]lngg\ lxF8L xflng\ . c:ktfn ghLs cfO{ k'u]sf]n] pm ToxLF Pp6f

9'+ufdf a;]/ v"a /f]of] . eP e/sf cfF;" l;l4P h:tf] nfUof] clg p7\of] TofxFaf6

lhpFbf] nfz em}+ h]gt]g l3l;|Fb} km}S6«Lsf] u]6;Dd k'Uof] t/ cuf8L a9\g] hfFu/ nfu]g

. 6fpsfsf gzfx? tgSs tlGsP d'v /ftf] eof] / ‰jfF ‰jfF :jf; 5f]8 \of] . b\jf/sf]


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u]6d}gn] kfun h:tf] ;'bz{g o'js b]v]/ kl/ro ;f]Wg cuf8L dfq s] a9]sf] lyof]

;ljgosf] v'§fn] p;sf] ef/L yfDg Ogsf/ u/LlbPsf]n] pm ToxLF k5fl/of] . a]xf];

eof] .

km}S6«L e/v/ gofF v'n]sf]n] n]j/ / u]6 d}gx?n] ;ljgonfO{ lrGg] s'/} ePg .

u]6df Pp6f gjhjfg a]xf]; ePsf] eGg] xNnf leq k'u]kl5 OlGhlgo/ gf/fo0f aflx/

cfP/ x]bf{ t ;ljgo /x]5g\ . km}S6«Lsf] dflns .p;n] tTsfn ;ljgonfO{ p7fP/ leq

n}hfg] k|aGw ldnfof] . ptf xtkt 8fS6/nfO{ lng k7fP/ cfkm" k|fylds pkrf/df

h'6\of] / d'vdf kfgL 5\ofKg], d'vdf kfgL xfNg] h:tf sfd x'g yfn] .

;ljtf cfOg\ / ;ljgosf] vl6ofsf] 5]pdf pleP/ Psk6s ;/{/ ;Dk"0f{

z/L/dfly cfFvf bf}8fOg\ . pgsf] cfudg pEofO{ / cfFvf bf}8fO{df d'lZsnn] @÷$

;]s]G8 nfUof] xf]nf . s'g} b}jL zlQmsf] rdTsf/ h:t} ;ljgo xf];df cfO{ xfNof] .

;ljtf /x]l5g\ ;fd'Gg] .æcFwf]n] s] vf]lh;, cfFvf .Æ eg]em} eof] p;sfnflu . d'v

d08n t]hn] bDSof] / h'?Ss vl6ofaf6 p7\b} ;ljtfsf] xft ;dfTb} of] s] eof] ;lj

< eg]/ ?g nfUof] <

;ljtfn] s]xL vf; 5}g elgg\ / cfˆgf] xft 5'6fO{ km}S6«Lsf] dflg;n] af]sL

/fv]sf] a|lkms]z dfu]/ v]flng\ / Pp6f ;'O{ lgsfn]/ nufpg vf]lhg\ . ;ljgon]

dnfO{ s'g} /f]u nfu]sf] 5}g eg]/ ;'O{ nufpg k|ltsf/ ug{ nfUof] t/ gf/fo0fn]

;demfO{ a'emfO{ u/]/ ;ljtfn] klg Pp6f ;'O{ nufO{ xfNgf]; g eg]/ kfv'/f ;dfltg\

/ la:tf/} kN6fOg\ . pm r'k nfUof] . OGh]Szg nufOof] . To;sf] k|efjn] pm nl¶of]

gzf, t]h gzf nfUof] cfsfzdf p8] h:t} nfUo]f bfofF afofF x]g{ rfx\of] cfFvf vf]Ng

c;lhnf] eof], t/ ;ljsf] ;Demgf x/fPg . ;ljtf tkm{ km]/L xft a9fof] ,t/ pgsf]

xft ;dfTg ;Sg] ePg . nueu b'O ldg6sf] pkrf/ . ;ljgo vl6ofdf nl¶Psf]

lyof] . laxfgb]lv kfgL klg gvfPsf] ;ljgo ;lj ;lj elg otf af]nfO{ /x]sf] lyof]

eg] ptf a}7s sf]7fdf hfkfgL g]zgn kfgf ;f]lgs 6«flGh:6/df cfO{/x]sf] ‰ofp/]

uLtsf] aLr aLrdf ;ljtfsf] km';km';fx6 / obfsbf c¶xf; u'l~ht e}/x]sf] lyof] .

;ljgon] o]gs]g k|fsf/]0f sfo{ef/ ;xfNg} k¥of] . gf/fo0fn] xflh/L /lhi6/

;fd'Gg] /fv]/ ;a} sd{rf/Lx?;Fu kl/ro u/fpb} uP . kl/ro ;dfKt ePkl5 p;n]

Ps gh/ km}S6«LnfO{ x]¥of] / ;'6'Ss c:ktfn lt/ a9\of] . ;ljtf ev{/} cfˆgf] ?ddf

k'u]sL /x]l5g\ . pgnfO{ b]v]/ ax't v'zL eP/ ;lj ;lj eGb} pgs]f glhs s';L{df

a:of] / ;lj ltd|f] o:tf] Jojxf/ lsg eof] eg]/ ;f]Wof] < pgn] s'g} pQ/ glbP/

aflx/ a;]sf /f]uLx?nfO{ af]nfpFb} hfFRb} k7fpg nflug\ . pm ToxfF 306f}+ a;L /x\of] .


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114

pgL cfkm\gf] sfddf nflu /lxg\ . c+tdfæd lbpF;f] Sjf6{/df cfp+ t <Æ, eg]/ ;f]Wof]

;ljgon] .

ækb{}g . kb{}g .Æ ;ljtf emls{g .

ælsg ;lj < d cfˆgf] kTgL / 5f]/L;Fu e]6 \g gkfpg] <Æ

ætkfO{+ r'k nfUg';, srsr gug'{; .Æ l/;fP/ elgg\ ;ljtfn] .

a8f] SnfGt eP/ ;ljgo ToxfFaf6 p7\of] . /f]uLx?sf] ;fd'Gg] s'/f ug{] df}sf

ldn]g . lbpF;f] pm ;ljtfsf] Sjf6{/df uof] . a}7s sf]7fdf 5f]/L PSn} a;]/ v]nL

/x]sL lyO . ;ljgon] NofPsf] 5f]/Lsf n'uf nQf v]nf}gfsf Kofs]6x? ToxLF 6]a'ndf

/fVb} 5f]/LnfO{ p7fP/ RofKk sfvdf lnP/ afb/n] aRrf 6fF;] em}+ u/]/ 6fF:of] /

t8ft8 r'Dag ug{ yfNof] . 5f]/L ljgLtfsf z/L/n] klg afa'sf] zf/Ll/s :kz{sf]

c1ft cg'e"ltjz pm;Fu RofKk 6fFl;O . pm 5f]/LnfO{ lnP/ ;f]em} a]8?d tkm{ a9\of] .

;ljtfn] cfndf/Ldf s'g} k':ts vf]Hg nfu]sL lyOg\ . ;ljgo xif{ / ljiffbsf]

;lDd>0f af]s]/ cufl8 a9]/ pgsf] sGwfdf xft /fv]/ RofKk cfkm";Fu 6fF:of] .

;ljtf klxn] t cgsgfOg t/ tTIf0f ;r]t x'Fb} æof] s] kfunkg xf] < eGb}

p;nfO{ k/ ws]lng\ / cfkm" pl5l§P aflx/ cf+ugdf uP/ pleg\ .

;ljgo kl5 kl5 a}7s sf]7fdf cfP/ plePsf] lyof] . ToxfFaf6 Ps b'O{ k6s

;lj leq cfpm, leq cfpm g ;lj eg]/ af]nfpg dfq s] kfPYof] ;ljtfsL ;f;',

;;'/f l5d]saf6 cfpg nfu]sf] b]vf k¥of] clg pgL ;a}sf] ;fy} leq} cfOg\ / a8f]

rfvn] ;ljgosf] kl/ro u/fpFb} jxfF d]/f ;xkf7L clxn] oxf+ km}S6«Lsf] dflns eP/

cfpg' ePsf] 5 . klxn] d jxfF s} ;+/If0fdf lyPF eg]/ kl/ro u/fOg\ . a'9f a'9L

ax't} v'zL eP ;fdfGo enfs'zfnLsf] s'/f eof] ;ljgon] cfˆgf] s'/f eGg] df}s}

kfpg .

-@_

n}Dksf] pHofnf]df gjo'js OlGhlgo/ gf/fo0f a8f] a]za|Lsf ;fy s;}sf]

k|tLIffdf ldg6 ldg6sf] cGt/df 38L x]b{} lyof] t/ ;do lyof] ls s6\b} gs6\g] . of]

Aofs'ntfdf p;n] 6]adf /fv]s]f lunf;sf] dB 5L6f] 5L6f] tfgL /x]sf] lyof] . km'Tt

km'Tt r'/f]6 d'vdf /fVg] / lgsfng] sfd u/L /x]sf]n] p;sf] Aofs'ntf ;lhn} yfx

kfOGYof] . a8f] d'lZsnn] k|tLIffsf] 38L ;dfKt eof] / ;ljtfn] ;fgf] x}08 Aofu

lnP/ sf]7fdf k|j]z ul/g\ . pgnfO{ b]Vg] lalQs} gf/fo0fn] emD6]/ pgnfO{ b'j} xftdf


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115

aRrf em}+ p7fof] / t8ft8 ljleGg c+udf r'Dag ug{ yfNof] . ;ljtf kvg kv eGb}

/lxg\ p;n] pgnfO{ vl6ofdf k5f/L xfNMof] .

æcfh ltdL cfpGg]p h:tf] nfu]Yof] dnfO{ .Æ pgsf ljleGg c+ux? :kz{ ub{}

eGof] gf/fo0fn] .

æltd|f] la/fdLsf] va/df 8fS6/ gcfcf];\ <Æ s6fIf ul/g\ ;ljtfn] .

æltd|f] 7"nf] /f]uL cfO{ k'u]sf] 5 lg < b; dL6/ km/s pm cfˆgf] Sjf6 {/df ;'tL

/x]5 t <Æ gf/fo0fn] Ao+Uo u¥of] .

æl5M s:tf] grflxFbf] s'/f ug'{ x'G5 .Æ ;ljtf l/;fOg\ .

ælsg ltd|f] k"j{ k|]dL xf] /] lg <Æ

æd]/f] k|]dL xf]Og >Ldfg\ .Æ ;ljtfn] :ki6 ug{ vf]lhg\ . d p;sf] k|]o;L lyPF /

clxn] klg t 5' lg .

ægf/fo0fsf] b'j} xft Ao:t x'g yfn]sf] b]v]/ ;ljtfn] elgg\ æcfh s'/f ;kmf

u/f}+ dnfO{ slxn] j/0f ug'{ x'G5 <Æ

æof] j/0f xf]Og <Æ

æxf]Og .Æ x]g{';\ efj's / sNkgfjfbL JolQm;Fu dnfO{ 3[0ff 5 . d /fx'nsf]

bf;tfaf6 d'lQm lbnfpg] ;fx;L k'?if eg]/ tkfO{+nfO{ k|]d u/]sL x'F .Æ

æd ;fx;L 5' / <Æ xfF:of] gf/fo0f .

æ;fx;L geP t ==== .Æ ;ljtf r'k nflug\ .

æs] t <Æ gf/fo0fn] s'/f vf]tNof] .

æk|yd k6s ha la/fdLsf] :jfFu u/]/ af]nfpg' ePsf] lyof] .Æ ;ljtfn] :d/0f

u/fpFb} elgg\ . æolx sf]7fdf t xf] < gf]s/ sfl/Gbfx?nfO{ wkfpg' eof], ;a} jnlt/

klNt/ ghLs} t lyP t/ d]/f] ;fydf anhkmtL ug{ ;kmn x'g' eof] .Æ ;ljtfsf] d'v

nfhn] /ftf] eof] .


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116

æd]/f] ;fx;n] dfq ;Dej lyPg ;ljtf .Æ gf/fo0fn] :ki6 kf¥of] . æd}n] xft

;dft]/ tfg]sf] dfq lyP+ . ltdL t vl6ofdf lrt . gf/Lsf] OR5f / rfxgf lagf

To:tf] b'n{e 36gf 36\5 <Æ

æh] xf];\ . d}n] t ;fx;L 7x/fPsL 5' . ca ;do atfpg';\ .Æ

æca Ps k6s sf7df08f} uP/ kms{]kl5 . ;Dejt @÷# dlxgf dfq .Æ

gf/fo0fn] cfZjf;g lbof] .

æKnLh ;lj dnfO{ st} s'/f ug{] df}sf t b]p . d t ltdL;Fu ca s'/f klg

ug{ gkfpg] ePsf] 5' .Æ cfh ;ljgon] ToxL uf]/]6f]df psfnf]df;ljtfsf] v'§f

;dftL xfNof] . p;sf c>'wf/fn] v'§f kvflnP .

æ;ljtfn] otfptL x]l/g\ ;ljgon] 5f]8\nf h:tf] dflggg\ . s] ug{] xf]nf <

Ps l5g ljrf/ u/]/ pgn] cf7 ah] dlGb/sf] ;L9Ldf e]6\g' eg]/ 5L6f] 5L6f]

c:ktfnlt/ nflug\ . ;ljgonfO{ k"/f lbg kxf8 em}+ nfUof] . pm ;fFem g} dlGb/ k'uL

xfNof] .

;ft aHof] / cf7 klg aHof] . agf/;sf Ps Ps If0fsf] ofbn] ;tfof]

p;nfO{ . o:t} t e]6\Yof}+ xfdL . t/, eg]sf] ;dodf Ps ldg6 klg km/s gkg{] .

cfh s] eof] < cfpFlgg Sofxf] < cfpFl5g\ . kSs} cfpFl5g pgL t d]/L cfTdf, d]/L

k|f0f, d]/L b]jL x'g\ . d ;Fu em'¶f lsg af]lN5g\ . gf} aHof] b; aHof] dlGb/sf k6

aGb eP, t/ pm ToxLF 5 . s]xL eof] xf]nf < sf]xL uDeL/ la/fdL cfof] xf]nf . cyjf

5f]/L lgbfOgg\ xf]nL . pgnfO{ klg t o:t} 56k6L xf]nf . km'/:ft kfpgf ;fy t

cfO{ xflN5g\ lg . slt a]nf km'/;t kfpg] xf]lng\ <Æ

ca t hf8f] x'g nfUof] s:tf] rL;f] 5 < s'Ss?Ss k/]/ a:bf klg xfjfn] d'6'

5]8L /x]5 . kmsf{} 8]/df < gfO{, gkmsf{} . pgL cfP/ Tolts} kms{g' k¥of] eg] < of] k|]d

xf], o;df Tofu g} k|yd zt{ x'G5 .

/ft laTg kf] nfUof] < ca hf8f]n] df/\of] . Sjf6{/df kms{g' k¥of] . /ftL vfgf

klg t vfP 5}g . xf]Og, s;/L kms{g] < pm em;+u eo]f cf7 ah] ;fFemnfO{ xf] ls

laxfgnfO{ xf] < ;f]Wg} lal;{P5 . ca d laxfgL kv efu]/ Sjf6{/df hfg] xf] / pgn]

laxfg cf7 ah] af]nfPsf]/x]5 eg] < uP/ km]/L cfpg] < xf]Og, hfFb} ghfg] .

pHofnf] eof] ;ft aHof], cf7 klg aHof] gf} ah]lt/ dlGb/ psNg nfu]sf]

b]vf kl/g\ ;ljtf . pm xif{n] ubub eof] . emD6\of] tn lt/ . pgsf] km"n ;dft]sf]

xft ;dfO{ xfNg elg cl3 xft ;fb{} . æcf]x ;lj a8f] s[kf u/]/ cfof} d /fte/L


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117

oxLF 5',Æ eGg dfq s] kfPYof] km}S6«L lt/af6 cfP/ ToxL lg/ hf]l8Psf] uf]/]6f]sf]

3'D6Ldf kf+r kfOnf km/sdf dfq OlGhlgo/ gf/fo0f klg dfly pSnL /x]sf] crfgs

b]vf k¥of] . ;ljgosf s'/f 6'+luP . ;ljgonfO{ b]v]/ gf/fo0fn] gd:sf/ ub{} æcfh

>Ldfg /ft e/L dlGb/df s] ub{} x'g' x'GYof] <Æ elg ;f]wL xfNof] .

gf/fo0fn] p;sf] s'/f ;'gL ;s]sf] eGg] 7x/ eof] .

æo:t} hf]u hk ehg lyof] .Æ ;ljgon] hjfkm lbof] .

æTo;f] eP ;a EofP/ kms{g' ePsf] /x]5 . dnfO{ cln 9Lnf] eof]Æ eGof]

gf/fo0fn] .

;ljtfsf] cy{k"0f{ d':sfg cf]+7df cfof] pgLx? cuf8L a9] . ;ljgo ca s]

eg]/ dlGb/ kms{g] <

ToxfF b]lv p;n] PSn} e]6\g] x/ ;Dej k|ofz ubf{ klg ;+of]u g} gkg{] eof] .

3/ hfFbf ;f;' ;;'/f /xg], c:ktfndf ;xsdL{ / /f]uL /xg] . c:ktfn af6 3/ hfFbf

gf]s/n] kl5 kl5 a|Lkm]s; lnP/ hfg] . 3/df ;f;' ;;'/f st} 6f]n l5d]sdf /x]sf]

cj:yfdf pm hfFbf k|foM 6f]n l5d]ssf dflg; 8fS6/ ;flxaf sxfF pkl:yt /xg] .

sf]xL g /x]s]f cj:yf kg{ g} uof] eg] ;ljtf 3/af6 km'Q aflx/ cfFugdf cfP/

5f]/L;Fu v]Ng yfNg] / Ps cfw k6s p;n] ;ljtfnfO{ a]8?d cyjf a}7sdf PSn}

km]nf kf/]/ xft ;dft]/ /f]s]/ aflx/ lg:sg gkfpg] u/fO{ lbFbf ôf§ 8fS6/ ;fxa

eGb} sf]xL aflx/ cfO{ k'Ug] / p;n] s?0f g]qn] pgnfO{ 5f]8\g' kg{] .

Ps lbg ;ljtf crfgs cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] eOg\ ahf/df .

æ;lj, cf] ;lj < ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf] s?0ff ;ljgosf] cfFvfdf b]lvof] . plg l7+u

pleOg dfq . s]xL af]lngg\ .

æ;lj, Ifdf u/L b]p ;lj . ca k|f0f lg:sg dfq afFsL 5 .Æ p;n] ofrs em}+

xft hf]8\of] .

æo:tf] ahf/ xf6df o:tf s'/f u/]/ lxF8\g]Æ xkfl/g pgn] .

æo:tf] s'/f ug{] 7fpF / df}sf ltdLn] g} atfO{ b]p ;lj .Æ

æo:tf s'/f afx]s c? s'g} s'/f 5}g tkfO{+;Fu <Æ l/;fOg\ pgL .


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æ5}g ;lj 5}g, c? s'/f d ;Fu 5}g .Æ

æ5}g eg] dnfO{ o:tf s'/f ;'Gg] km'/;t 5}g .Æ eg]/ pgL 5L6f] 5L6f] ljk/Lt

lbzfdf lxFl8g\ .

;ljgon] æ;'g t, Ps l5g t ;'g, eGb} pgsf] kl5 nfUof] pgL kmgSs kms{]/

/ftf /ftf cfFvf ub{} æof] u'08fubL{ slxn] l;Sof}+ < nfh nfUb}g eg]/ a8f hf]8n]

k8\lsg .

;ljgo t h8 eof] . kTy/sf] d"lt{ .

-#_

dflns c:j:y 5g /] . km}S6«Lsf] xNnf . kfun e};s] /] . /ft lbg ?G5g\

s/fpF5g\ skfn n'R5g, 6fpsf] k6sG5g\ . km}S6«Lsf c? clwsf/Lx?n] h8La'6L tGq

dGq, cf}ifwL d"nf] u/fP/ x}/fg 5g\ . cGg k]6df guPsf] s}o}f+ lbg e};s]sf] 5 .

8fS6/n] pgnfO{ sf7df08" n}hfg] ;Nnfx lbPsL 5g\ . ufpFsf] wfdLn] ?Gr] b]jLsf]

>fk kg{ uPsf]n] ljGWojfl;gL b]jLsf] bz{g u/fpg n}hfg' k5{ elg ;Nnfx lbPsf

5g\ . cfh t emg laxfg} b]lv xf]z 5}g . 8fS6/nfO{ va/ ul/of] t/ 8fS6/nfO{ :jo+

6fpsf] b'v]sf] va/ cfof] . km}S6«Lsf lgDg:t/sf åf/], rf}lsbf/, efG;]x?n] gf/fo0fsf]

d'vdf k'n'Ss x]/] . ;DejtM of] cfzon] ls pgn] af]nfpg k7fPdf 8fS6/ cfpFl5g\

. t/ gf/fo0fn] tTsfn pgnfO{ af]s]/ P/kf]6{ k'¥ofpg] cfb]z u/L lbof] .

Ps} l5gdf cfb]zsf] kfng eof] . a]xf]; z/L/nfO{ af]s]/ el/ofx? lxF8] ;fydf

sf7df08f}+ hfg lbn/fh s'Fj/ gfdsf] Pp6f x§f s§f kmf]/d}g tof/ eof] .

l7s ToxL ;dodf Pd/h]G;L jfo/n]; cfof] / h;df OlGhlgo/ gf/fo0fnfO{

cfhsf] k\mnfO6df sf7df08" k'Ug] cfb]z ePsf] lyof] . pm xtk|e eof], lrlGtt klg .

p;n] l8n/fhnfO{ s]xL cfjZos lgb{]zg lbof] ;ljtfnfO{ t'?Gt cfpg] elg

rf}sLbf/ dfkm{t va/ u/]/ ;fdfg ldnfp yfNof] . ;ljtf cfOg\ p;n] pgsf] xftdf

jfo/n]; ydfO{ lbof] . pgn] jfo/n]; d};]h kl9g\ / g/fo0fsf] d'v lt/ k|Zg;"rs

b[i6n] x]l/g\ t/ p;n] s]xL hjfkm lbg ;s]g . cfh}sf] ˆnfO6 ;dfltg] ePsf]n]

xtkt cfˆgf] ;"6s]; tof/ u¥of] . lxF8 \g] a]nfdf Ps k6s ;ljtfsf] d'vdf x]¥of] .

k|]dLsf] lj5f]8 ufx|} x'Fbf] /x]5 .


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119

æs'Fj/ d]/f] ljZjfl;nf] ;xsdL{ xf], ltdLnfO{ yfx} 5, cfjZos k/]df p;sf]

;xof]u lng' d rf8} cfpF5' .Æ eGb} p;n] rf}sLbf/nfO{ ;"6s]z p7fpg ;+s]t u¥of] .

æcF, ;ljtfn] :d/0f u/fpFb} elgg\ æTof] s'/f g la;{g' lg, cfjZos k/]df

/fx'n;Fu s'/f ug'{, geP sf]xL jsLn;Fu s'/f u/]/ ug'{ kg{] sfd s'/f u/]/ cfpg'

xf]nf .Æ

æx'G5, x'G5 eGb} gf/fo0f sf]7faf6 aflx/ lg:s\of] .

-$_

;ljgonfO{ ef/tsf] laxf/ /fHosf] /fFrL eGg] cTofw'lgs / ;'ljwf k"0f{

kfunvfgf k'¥ofOof] . sDkgLsf] 7"nf] km}S6«L ef/tsf] ldhf]/ddf lyof] . ToxfF sd{rf/L

x8tfndf b'3{6gf eP/ km}S6«Ldf cfunfuL / hg/n d}g]h/ ;d]tsf] d[To' x'g uPsf]n]

km}S6«L dd{t u/fpg] / ;~rfng ug{] sfdsf] nflu tTsfn gf/fo0fnfO{ af]nfOPsf]n]

pgL sf7df08" k'u]s} lbg ldhf]/dsf] nflu k|:yfg ug'{ k/]sf] lyof] . p;nfO{ ToxfF 5

dlxgf hlt ;do nfUg uof] . z'?df b'O{ rf/ k6s ;ljtfsf] lr¶L cfPsf] lyof] .

p;n] sfo{ Ao:ttfdf ;a}sf] hjfkm lbg ;s]g . t/ pm 8f]6L cfˆgf] km}S6«Ldf xflh/

x'g hfFbf;Dd ;ljgo kfunvfgfdf g} /x]sf] s'/f yfx eof] t;y{ pm km]/L sfo{jfxs

OGrfh{ x'g] eof] .

t/ o; k6s b'ef{Uo gf/fo0fsf] ;fy} nfu]/ cfPsf] /x]5 . p;n] cfˆgf] c6}rL

sf]7fdf /fVb} eflG;ofnfO{ gf:tf agfpg / rf}sLbf/nfO{ ;ljtfnfO{ af]nfpg k7fof] .

;ljtfn] va/ kfOg PUof/x ah] t/ uOg\ e]6\g tLg ah] . gf/fo0f clxn];Dd klg

ltgs} k|tLIffdf sf]7fd} a;L /x]sf] lyof] . ;ljtf 8«fOË ?ddf uP/ al;g\ .

gf/fo0fn] cfZro{ dfGb} x]¥of] / leq cfpg cfu|x u¥of] . pgn] aflx/L sf]7fdf cfpg

elgg\ b'j} cl8P . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;ljtf leq hfg' kg{] lyof] t/ pgL gf/fo0feGbf

klg a9L 3d08L 7xl/g\ . s'/} g xf] . s] 7]ufg s;n] s'g ljifo ;dfO{ cfˆgf] OHht

k|lti7fsf] laGb' agfO{ lnG5 <

gf/fo0f aflx/ cfP/ pgnfO{ ;dft]/ leq tfGg vf]Hof], t/ pgn] sf7df08'sf]

s'/f lgsfNb} elgg\ æ5f]8kqsf] s'g} sf/afxL u/]/ cfpg'eof] <Æ

æu/]5' . gf/fo0fsf] ;Lwf hjfkm lyof]Æ klxn] leq t lxF8 .

æklxn] s'/f t atfpg'; .Æ


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120

b'j} hgfsf] csf/0f emu8fsf] k|f/De . gf/fo0fn] æ5f]8kqsf] sf/afxL t

ltdLn] rnfpg' kb{5 d}n] s] ug{ ;Sb5' <Æ eGof] .

ætkfO{n] d]/f] x/0f t ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 < Tolt cfF6 t xf]nf lg < o; af/]df

cfO{ kg{] afwfx?sf] lgk6f/f ug{ jsLnx?;Fu ;Nnfx dfUg eg]sL lyPF .Æ ;ljtfn]

lrl8P/ elgg\ / kmgkmgfpFb} p7]/ lxFl8g\ . gf/fo0f xtk|e lyof] .. p;n]

;fFem g'xfO WjfO{ u/]/ Ps cfw Kofs nufof] / ;ljtfsf] Sjf6/ tkm{ nfUof] .

;ljtfsf] Sjf6/df s] eof] < Tof] s'/f k|sfzdf t cfpg ;s]g . t/ gf/fo0f

;f] lbg a]n'sf ;ljtfsf] Sjf6{/ b]lv cln km/sdf /x]sf] Pp6f xf]6ndf v"a /S;L

vfP/ 9n]sf] lyof] eGg] s'/f xf]6n dflnsaf6 ufO{ u'O{ ;'lgPsf] lyof] .

To;kl5 OlGhlgo/ OlGhlgo/ h:tf] /x]g laxfgb]lv z'? eP/ csf{] laxfg;Dd

/S;Ldf 8'aL /xg] k|f0fL x'g uof] .;fyL efO{n] tx nufpg ;s]gg\ . To:tf] sd{7

OlGhlgo/ o:tf] eof] s;/L < sf/0f c1ft /x\of] .

pm la/fdL lyof], kf}ifsf] cflv/L lbg . c:ktfndf etL{ u/fOof] p;nfO{ .

;ljtfnfO{ klg Hj/f] cfP/ 8]/faf6 gcfPsLn] p;nfO{ csf{] 8fS6/n] x]/L /x]sf] lyof]

. p;sf] rf/}lt/ km}S6«Lsf tdfd :6fkm /x]5g\ . pm ;a}nfO{ lrGg] sf]lzz ub{} lyof] .

Tolts}df crfgs ;ljgosf] k|j]z eof] . s;}nfO{ ;"rgf g} glbOsg cfP 5g\ . ;a}

x8a8fP . ;ljgo :jo+ ax't sdhf]/ b]lvGYof] . p;n] cfpgf ;fy klxn]] gf/fo0fsf]

k/LIf0f uof] . 8fS6/;Fu ;Nnfx u/\of] . tTsfn cGt n}hfgnfO{ ofqf u/fpg cg's"n

gldNg] b]lvPkl5 pm :jo+ ;lqmo eof] . h8La'6L, afaf, tGqdGq, wfdL cf]emfsf]

nflu rf/}lt/ dflg; bf}8] . ;ljgosf] :km"lt{ b]v]/ 8fS6/df klg gofF hfFu/ cfof] /

;3g lrlsT;f z'? eof] . b'O{ lbg b'O{ /ftsf] cys k|ofz kl5 pm d[To'sf] d'vdf

kg{ b]lv hf]luof] . b'O{ lbg /fd|/L lat] . df3sf] kfFrf} lbg lbpF;f] gf/fo0fn] Ps

lunf; b"w vfof] s]xL af]Ng] nfos h:tf] eof] .

;fFem gf/fo0f a]8df kN6]sf] lyof] ;ljgo ghLs} :6"ndf a;]/ p;nfO{ rfF8}

;~rf] x'g] cfZjf;g lbFb} lyof] . ;ljgosf k|]dk"0f{ zAb ;'g]/ p;sf] cfFvf /;fP ;fy}

Jo+Uok"0f{ d':sfg Ps If0fsf] nflu cf]+7df cfof] . dfgf} p;n] dnfO{ s] 9fF6\5f}+, d[To'

cjZoDefjL 5 eGof] . k|s6df p;n] ;ljgosf] xft ;dft]/ eGof] ædnfO{ dfkm

u/L lbg'xf]nf d tkfO{sf] ck/fwL x'F .Æ

;ljgo Ps l5g r'k /x\of] clg eGof] ædnfO{ ;a yfx 5 .Æ


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121

æ;a yfx 5 < gf/fo0fn] cfZro{ dfGof] .

;ljgo d';'Ss xfF:of] .

æ;ljtfnfO klg dfkm u/L lbg' xf]nf . csf{] cfu|x lyof] gf/fo0fsf] . p;n]

km]/L cfu|x u/\of], o; k6s xft g} hf]8\of] æd t lau+|] t/ tkfO{+ k9] n]v]sf 7"nf

lj4fg, dg:jL lrGts / ljrf/s x'g' x'G5 s[kof tkfO{+n] ;ljtfnfO{ 5f]8L lbg';\ .

;ljtfsf] 5fof h;dfly k5{ pm========= . jfSo k"/f gu/]/ r'k nUof] .

;ljgo r'k g} /x\of] .

/ftL crfgs p;sf] xfnt lalu|g nfUof] . km}S6/Lsf sd{rf/Lx? cfP . 8fS6/

/ g;{x? Jo:t eP . ;ljgo 3/L leq 3/L aflx/ cfpg] hfg] ljrlnt cj:yfdf

lyof] . s;}n] ;ljtfnfO{ klg va/ u/\of] . pgL klg cfP/ gf/fo0fsf] l;/fgdf pleg\

. pgn] v}/f] /+usf] sn/bf/ dbf{gf h}s]6 nufPsL lyOg\ sfFwdf ;fgf] 6fj]n lyof] .

$÷% ldg6 hlt pleP/ x]l/g\ dfq . ;ljgon] klg pgnfO{ b]Vof] . gf/fo0fsf] :jfF;

pN6f] rNg nfu]sf] lyof] . ;ljgon] ;ljtfsf] cfFvfdf k|Zg ;"rs b[li6n] x]/\of] pgL

s]xL af]lngg\ Ps cfwf ldg6 c? ple/lxg\ To;kl5 æs:tf] hf8f] 5 <Æ elg gfs

v'DRofO{g, s'd prsfOg\ / sf]7faf6 aflx/ lgl:sg\ .

tTIf0f gf/fo0fsf] cg'xf/df cln rds b]lvof] / p;n] cfFvf vf]Nof] / ghLs

plePsf] ;ljgosf] d'vdf s]xL cfzf / s]xL lg/fzfn] x]/\of] . s]xL af]Ng vf]Hof]] t/

tTIf0f ;a ;dfKt eof] . d'6'sf] :k+bg aGb e};s]sf]n] 8fS6/n] nfdf] ;fF; km]/\of]

;ljgosf] cfFvfdf cfF;' lemnldnfP .

-%_

æ;lj <Æ

æxh'/ .Æ

æolt b'Mv lsg lbof}+ dnfO{, kfunvfgf;Dd k'Ug] lsg agfof] ltdLn] <Æ Pp6f

ofrssf] :j/df lyof] efjk"0f{ u'gf;f] . ;ljtfsf] sfFwdf c8];\ nufP/ b'j} xft

k5f8L kmsf{P/ pgnfO{ cfˆgf] afx'kf;df /fv]/ ;f]Wb} lyof] ;ljgon] .

æd}n] t s]xL klg u/]sL lyOg . ltdLnfO{ To:tf] s] x'g uP5 <Æ cfh ef]nL

;ljtfn] nueu o:t} pQ/ lbg] ub{lyOg\ . t/ ;ljgo cfZj:t lyPg . p;n] t


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kfunvfgf;Ddsf] oftgf ef]uL;s]sf] lyof] / klg ;ljtfn] s]xL ePsf] lyPg elG5g

t . To;}n] b'j}sf] e]6 x'Fbf k|foM ;ljgon] of] k|Zg u/L g} xfNYof] .

æltdLn] s]xL u/]sL lyof] eg]/ d kfk af]Ng} ;Sb}g . d]/f] efUon] dnfO{ s'g

vfN6f]df xfn]sf] lyof] Tof] kf] eG5' / ca t ax't 8/ nfU5 .Æ

æs] 8/ nfUb5 < ;ljtfn] ;f]lwg\ .

;ljgon] gf/fo0fsf] bfx ;+:sf/ u/fP/ e]fnL kN6 ;ljtfsf] ;dfrf/ lng

pgsf] Sjf6/df uPsf] lyof] pgL a]8?ddf kN6]sL /x]l5g\ . 9f]sfdf k'u]kl5 pm

cl8Psf] lyof] / leq cfpg ;S5' elg ;f]w]sf] lyof] . ;ljtfn] 6fpsf] gp7fP/ leq

af]nfPsL lyOg\ . ;ljtfnfO{ Hj/f] /x]g5 cln slt plb\bUg dgl:ylt h:tf] b]lvof] .

b'j}sf] aLr enfs'zfnL eof] . b'Mv bb{sf s'/f eP ;ljgon] cfkm\gf] Aoyf j]bgf

kf]Vof] pgsf] 5ftLdf 6fpsf] /fv]/ /f]PYof] klg .

9'+uf klg slxn] sfxLF kUnbf] /x]5 . ;ljtfn] o;ks xsfg{], xkfg{] s]xL ul/gg\

. ToxL lbgsf] df}g :jLs[ltn] b'j}sf] aLrsf] b"/L 36fO{ lbPsf] lyof] . kl/0ffd :j?k

slxn] dlGb/sf] ;L9Ldf, slxn] snsn alu/x]sf] vf]nfsf 7"n 7"nf 9'+ufdf, k|s[ltsf]

sfv xf]; rfx] s[ltd lgjf; :yfg, c:ktfn, km}S6«L, Sjf6{/x?, ;b/d'sfd /

j/Lk/Lsf s'gfsGb|fdf slxn] sf]OnLs]f t slxn] uf}+ynLsf] :j/df, slxn] emLu'/sf]

emfO{ emfO{ t slxn] xfjfsf] ;g;gfx6df b'O{ k|]dL x[bosf :j/ nx/L n8La'8L x'g]

ub{y] . t/, of] k6s Aou|tf pQ]hgf / pNnf;sf] ;§f ;ljgon] cfkm"df kfpFYof]

j]bgf / s?0ff . km]/L s'g lbg l/;fO{ kf] xfNg] x'g ls <

s] 7]ufg 5 / pgsf] < clxn] klg ;w} ;do lblGgg\, slxn] sfxL+ dfq e]6\g]

ul5{g\ . k|s[ltsf] sfvdf pgsf] k|ltIffdf ;ljgon] hf8f], udL{ / jiff{sf tdfd /ft

pgsf] ;Demgfsf] ;xf/f lnP/ PSn} latfO{ klg ;s]sf] 5 .

pgsf] k|To]s lbgsf] ldngn] clGtd ldngsf] eo pTkGg ug{] x'gfn] ldng

If0fdf ;ljgo h:tf] efj's JolQm pNnfl;t x'g g} s;/L ;SbYof] < pbf;L t

p;sf] cg'xf/df JofKt /xg] :yfoL tTj e};s]sf] lyof] .

cfh klg z'e| rfFbgL /ftdf k|s[ltsf] cfFrndf vf]nfsf] 9'+ufdf a;]sf b'O{

t?0f x[bo To:t} k|Zg / pQ/, z+sf / cfZjf;gsf aLrdf e'n]sf lyP, em'n]sf lyP

ædnfO{ 8/ nfU5 .Æ elg ;ljgon] eGbf ;ljtfn] s] sf] 8/ eg]/ ;f]w]sL lyOg\ .

;ljgon] t 8/ nfUg] z+sf k|s6 ubf{ klg 8/fpg' kg{] lyof] . To;}n] Ps l5g r'k


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nfUof] . ;ljtfn] eGgf]; g s] sf] 8/ < elg s'/f k"/f ug{ elgg\ . :j/df cfu|x

eGbf lh1f;f s} efj a9L lyof] .

æltdLn] km]/L klg dnfO{ 5f]8L lbG5\of} ls <Æ ca g 5f]8lbg' x} ;la . jf0fLdf

c;Ld Aoyf af]s]/ orgf u¥of] p;n] .

æn . Æ ;+lIfKt pQ/ lyof] ;ljtfsf] .

ænÆ of] s] zAb xf] < ;ljtfsf] tkm{af6 æxf]Og laGg', h] eof] eof], b'j}sf]

b'ef{Uon] eof] ca o:tf] x'Fb}g, ltdLn] klg d]/f] pk]Iff gu/L lbg' x}, KnLh d]/f] laGg"

.Æ o:tf zAb ck]lIft lyP To:tf] ;dodf . t/ – æn .Æ pksf/ u/] h:t} .

æxf] t lg ;f]Rof] ;ljgon] . æpksf/} u/] h:tf] t 5 lg . p;n] s'g} ;'emfj

lbFbf s'g} k|:tfj /fVbf, o'jf x[bosf] t'i6Ls/0fsf] s'g} s'/f ubf{ klg t ;ljtfn] cF,

laNs'n 7Ls ax't /fd|f] cflb eg]sL l5g\ slxNo} < tdfd Ogsf/Lsf aLrdf slxn]

sfxLF af]lN5g\ eg] Ps zAb dfq, Tof] lyof] ænÆ . of] k|]dsf] zAb xf] t <

t/ oxL klg t 7"nf] cf}iflw ePsf] 5 ;ljgosf] nflu . olt t g 5'6f];\ . o;

k6s p:n] pgnfO{ x/ t/xaf6 afFWg rfxL /x]sf] lyof], eljio ;'/lIft ug{ rfx]sf]

lyof] . To;}n] km]/L levf/L em}+ 8/fO{ 8/fO{ emf]nL vf]Ng nfUof] æTo;f] eP, d]/L ;la .

cfkm'n] hGdfPsf] ;GtfgnfO{ ;Dem]/ d]/f] 6fpsf]df xft /fv]/ ca To:tf b'vb 38L

cfpFb}g elgb]p g <

æcF slQ sfd gkfPsf] < o:t} s'/f ug{ nfU5f} / d ltdL;Fu a:g rfxb}g .Æ

emsf{] dflgg\ ;ljtfn] .Æ

pgsf] s'/fn] 8/df emg} 8/ k}bf u/L lbof] . ca t cfhsf] ldngnfO{ clGtd

x'g glbg ;a} OlGb|ox? hfu], pm rgfvf] eof] . ca t wd{ g esfO{ 5f]8\g g} ePg .

afns cfdfsf] sfvdf lh2L u/]/ rndnfP h:t} pm ;ljtfsf] sfvdf rndlnb}

lh2L ug{ yfNof] . gfO{ ;lj Tolt elg b]p g, d]/f] ;Gtf]ifsf] nflu eP klg em'7} eP

klg elg b]p ;lj . cGtdf xfl/g\ ;ljtf / xfF:b} p;sf] 6fpsf]df xft /fv]/

vf]nfsf] kljq hnsf] dfemdf arg lbOg\ . ;Fw} Ps ;dfg /xg], slxNo} gl/;fpg] .

;ljgon] km]/L ;ljtfsf] k|]d t kfof] t/ cfTd;+tf]if kfpg ;s]g . ;ljtf

klxn] h;/L ;dlk{t x'lGyg\ ca Tof] ;dk{0f b]vf kb{}g . ca pgL k|]ddf

cf}krfl/stfsf] lgjf{x ug{] u/] h:tf] nfUYof] . b'j}sf] Jojxf/df 7"nf] cGt/ b]vf

kb{Yof] . ;ljgo Pp6f eQm em}+ pgsf] cf/fwgf ub{Yof], x[bosf] b]jL dfGbYof] .

clnslt 6fpsf];Dd b'v]sf] yfxf kfPkl5 e'OF / cfsfz Ps u/L lbGYof] . xf6


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ahf/sf rLh j:t' h'g p;nfO{ dg kb{Yof] pgnfO{ gr9fP;Dd ;+tf]if x'Fb}gYof] .

p;sf] cfˆgf] kTgL, 5f]/f cfdf efO{ ;a} bf]>f] :yfgdf lyP . ljZjd} olb k|yd

:yfgdf sf]xL lyof] eg] tL lyOg\ ;ljtf . km}S6«Ldf hlt ;do p;sf] laTYof] / sxLF

cfjZos sfddf aflx/ cyjf 3/ uPsf] ;dodf ;ljtf lagf hlt ;do p;sf]

laTYof] Tof] To;sf] hLjgsf] ;"Go ;do x'GYof] . ;ljtf lagf hLjgsf] s] cy{ <

ef]hg :jNkfxf/ zog k|To]s sfo{df p;sf] ;ljtfsf] :d[lt /xL /xG5 .

ptf ;ljtfsf] h'g lsl;dsf] k|]d 5 Tof] p;n] a'em\g ;sL /x]sf] 5}g . pgL

e]6\l5g\, dfof ul5{g t/ ;a Ifl0fs h:tf] x'g] u/]sf]5 afWo eP/ ug'{ k/]sf] 5 /

ul5{g eGg]] nfUb5 .

;ljgo cfˆgf] sf]7fdf vl6ofdf kN6L/x]sf] lyof] zf]s ;+tKt Jolyt x[bo .

;Dk"0f{ hLjg dfly ljrf/ ub{}lyof] . s'nLg 3/sf] pRr lzIff k|fKt pRr ljrf/ /

wg ;DkGg ;a} yf]s t 5 . cfdf, efO{, kTgL, 5f]/f ptf 5g\ eg] ;ljtf h:tL

k|]o;L / km"n h:tf] rf/ jif{sL 5f]/L otf 5g\ . t}klg To;sf] hLjg cfF;'df 8'a]sf]

5 . s'g} ;dodf ha Tof] c:j:y x'G5, ;ljtfnfO{ jf:tf g} x'Fb}g . sof}+ k6s To:t}

e};s]s]f 5 .;do ;dodf lsl;d lsl;dsf :jf:Yo afwf kg{] u/]sf] 5 p;nfO{ .

lxhf] b]lv dn]l/of Hj/f] cfPsf] 5 c:j:y 5 . va/ t u/]sf] lyof] pgnfO{ . t/,

pgL cfOgg\ . cfh laxfg oxL af6f] dlGb/ uOg\ / kmls{g\ klg . p;n] ‰ofnaf6

b]v]sf] 5 . ltgL p;sf] Sjf6{/df k;Lgg\ . sltsf] lgi7'/L l5g\ < k|]ldsfsf] cfTdfdf

t t8k x'G5 . vf]O{ t To:tf] t8k < pGdfb < s]xL klg t 5}g . c?sf ;fd'Gg] pm

;Fu ax't yf]/} s'/f ul5{g\ . ;f]Rbf ;f]b} pm d':sfof] . b'lgofnfO{ yfx 5 b'j}sf] ;DaGw

s:tf] 5 eg]/ t/ pgn] o;/L b]vfpFl5g ls b'j}sf] aLrdf s]xL 5}g .

s] pgL;Fu ljjfx ug{ g;s]sf] x'gfn] pgn] cf}krfl/stfsf] dfq lgjf{x u/L

/x]sL l5g\ . ljjfx klg s;/L ug{] < of] ;dfh, of] sfg"g < oL ljifd kl/l:ylt < s]

o:sf]] cGt xf]nf / < cGt ePkl5 klg s] pgL;Fu ljjfx ug{ plrt x'G5 < x'Fb}g,

x'b}g . p;sf] hLjgsf] s] 7]ufg < p;sf] z/L/ x/ ;do tftf] /xG5, /fkm lgSnL

/xG5, jfsjfsL cfO/xG5 . plxn] g} lbNnLsf 8fS6/x?n] p;nfO{ s'g} s8f /f]u

nfu]sf] cfz+sf u/L ;s]sf 5g\ t/ p;n] s'/f n'sfO{ /x]sf] 5 . of] ;fF; slxn] 6'6\g]

xf] s] 7]ufg 5 < pgnfO{ leq\ofP/, ljwjf agfpg t ePg lg . k|]ddf olt Tofu

klg g ug{] < t/ of] Tofu / o:tf] k|]dsf] ;DaGw s] < s] of] kfk xf]Og < csf{sL

kTgL;Fu of] ;DaGw < ck/fw xf]Og < ljNs'n ck/fw xf] . t/ of] ck/fw ug{nfO{

dgn] afWo u/fO{ /x]sf] 5 . p;sf k"hf cf/fwgf wd{bz{g 1fg s'g}n] klg p;nfO{

of] ck/fw ug{ b]lv /f]Sg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . p;sf] 1fgsf] pkof]lutf s] /x\of] .


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ck/fwL xf] pm o; ;dfhsf],t/ O{Zj/sf] xf]Og lsgls ;ljtf p;sL k|]ldsf klxn]

x'g /fx'nsL kTgL t kl5 ePsL x'g\ .

;"Godf x]bf{ x]b{} p;sf] cfFvf x]Gu/df 6+ufOPsf sk8fdf k¥of] . z"6 k'/fgf] e}

;s]sf] 5 . ;6{ klg c?nfO{ af6b} hfFbf 36]sf 5g . clxn] pm ;Fu sk8f sf] cefj

/x]5 . s}of}+ dlxgf b]lv ;ljtfnfO{ cfu|x ub{} cfPsf] 5 . ahf/ hfpm+ d]/f] nflu

sk8f lng' 5 . pgn] /f]h]sf n'uf nufpg kfP cs{} lsl;dsf] /f]df~r x'G5 z/L/df

. dfof nfU5 . s'g} o'udf Pp6f ;6{ /f]h]/ lsgL lbPsL lyOg\ ,pgn] a'g]sf :jL6/,

;6{ nufpFbf slt cfgGb ldN5 . ca pgnfO{ km';t 5}g . hfpFnf s'g} lbg /] . of]

s'g} lbg slxn] cfpg] xf], :jL6/ a'Gg t ca hfFu/ nfUb}g .

s] xf] of] ;a} < gf/Lsf] v'§f lrKn]kl5 s] o:t} kl/jt{g cfpF5 < xf] t lg

lrlKnPsL l5g\ t ltgL . s;/L lrlKng < gf/fo0fn] s'g dGq k9fO{ lbPsf] lyof] <

s'Fj/n] s] df]xLgL nufO{ lbPsf] lyof] < o:tL z';Lnf / ;'nIf0ff o'jtL s'nIf0ff /

s'zLnf s;/L eOg\ < gf/fo0fsf] d[To'sf] pQ/bfoL pgL g} t x'g\ <] d]/f]

cg'kl:yltdf gf/fo0f;Fu / gf/fo0fsf] cg'kl:yltdf s'Fj/;Fu /f]dfG; ul/g\ . pm t

kfun dfq ePYof] t/ lar/f gf/fo0fn] Hofg} kmfNof] . clg s:tL lgi7'/L, gf/fo0f

dg{] cj:yfdf k'Ubf Ps k6s l;/fgLdf pleg dfq k'u] lyOg\ . d'v} g b]vfO{

af]Nb}gaf]nL lxFl8g\ . s'g} ckl/lrt dg{ nfu] h:tf] pgsf] Jojxf/ lyof] .s:tL 8fS6/

< ;f]Rbf ;f]Rb} p;sf] d'vdf 3[0ff b]vf k¥of] .

of] t k|]d k|lt g} ck/fw eof] . ljr/f s'Fj/ 7Ls ;dodf 3/ kms{]5 gq

To;sf] klg o:t} ktg x'GYof] xf]nf . s'Fj/ 3/ gkms{]sf] eP p;sf] k|]d { klg t

lkmtf{ x'g] lyPg .

;ljtfn] p;nfO{ s]xL yfx 5}g eG7flG5g\ . t/ p;nfO{ ;a yfx 5 . t} klg

pgnfO{ TofUg t ;Sb}g . k|]ddf klg sxL+ zt{ x'G5 < pgn] h:tf] ;'s} Jojxf/ u?g\

t/ p;n] t pgnfO{ k|]d u/]sf] 5 / clGtd ;fF;;Dd ug{] 5 klg . pgL klttf

xf]pg\ pgL hfg'g\ . p;nfO{ s] dtna . p;sf] cfˆgf] st{Jon] 7fpF 5f]8]sf] 5}g lg .

p d5{ xf]nf Ps lbg . leq vf]qmf] e};s]sf]5, 8fS6/n] /f]u nfu]sf] 5= eg]sf 5g\ .

SofG;/ xf] ls < xf]; s] km/s, t/ pgnfO{ atfpg' x'+b}g . pgsf] enfO{ sf] nflu .

pgsf] sNof0fsf] nflu .

pTtfgf] kN6]sf] x'gfn] cfFvfsf cfF;' ufnfsf b'O{ lt/ 9Ns] . tftf] cfF;' p;n]

k'R5g] cfjZostf 7fg]g . aUf'g\ hlt aUg ;S5g\ lsg 5]Sg] <


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p;n] cfˆg} c+u k|To+udf cFvf bf}8fpg yfNof] . xft–v'§f pN6fO{ kN6fO{ x]¥of]

. cfOgfdf d'v klg x]¥of], skfn x]¥of] Pp6f Jo+u d':sfg cfof] cf]+7df . pg} xft t

x'g\ h;sf] c+ufnf]df cfpg ;ljtf 56\k6fO{ /xlGyg\ t/ cfh < oL 3]/fdf cfpg

sd} ?rfpFl5g\ . oL skfn < sfnf], afSnf], nfdf] slt dg k/fpFlyg\ slt k|z+;f

uly{g < oL cfFvf oL cf]+7 ;lj s} c+u k|To+udf 6fFl;Psf x'Gy] x/ ;do . t/ ca

===== . ca t ;a ;+of]udf lge{/ 5 .

la:t/fdf pn6 kn6 u¥of] p;n] . dg} nfuL /x]sf] 5}g, 56k6fO /x]sf] 5,

b'O{ lbg e};Sof] pgnfO{ gb]v]sf] . c8\rfln; 306f latL ;s] < p;n] nfd]f ;fF;

km]¥of] . p;nfO{ Hj/f] 5 / pgL sxfF hfg ;s]g / pgsf] OR5f ePg / cfOgg\ .

t/, cfpg' t kg{] xf] . 3/df km'/;t ePg xf]nf cfˆgf] dgnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg vf]Hof] .

t/ dgn] ljb|f]x u¥of] æof] s'g} gf}nf] s'/f xf] / < ;}s8f}+ k6s b]lvPsf] s'/f xf] <

pgs} ;fd'Gg] slt k6s crfgs r;Ss 5ftL b'v]sf] / ltdL df5f em}+ 56kl6Psf

5f}+ . s}of}+ k6s 6fpsf] b'Vg], s}of}+ k6s jfsjfs afGtf x'g] Joyf ef]u]sf 5f}+ . t/

pgL t u}/ eGbf klg dxf u}/ h:tf], df6f]sf] d'tL{ h:tf] lgZrn, lglZrGt a;L /xg]

ub{l5g\ . s] eof] xF < lsg b'Vof], s;/L si6 eof] < 5f]/Lsf] hGdkl5 t pgn] ;f]Wg

klg 5f]8L5g\\ .8fS6/n] b]vfpg] cf}krfl/stf ;Dd klg /x]g5 . ToxL af6f] cfjt

hfjt ul5{g . c?;Fu xfF; 7¶f ub{} lxF8\l5g\, t/ vf]O t < cf}krfl/stf k"/f ug{ klg

t p;sf] Sjf6{/df k;]/ Ps l5g xfn ;dfrf/ ;f]w] klg t x'GYof] lg .

ca cfh s] ug{] < pgsf] sfFwdf c8]; nufP/ cfFvf lrDn]/ zflQk"j{s Ps

l5g cf/fd ug{ kfP slt cfgGb cfpg] lyof], g};lu{s ;'vsf] k|flKt x'g] lyof] . Tof]

geP pgnfO{ x]g{ kfP klg t x'GYof] . s] ug{] < km]/L af]nfpg k7fpg] < rf}sLbf/n] s]

;f]Rnf < olt 7"nf] dflg;n]] af]nfpFbf 8fS6/ gcfpg] /x]l5g < cfˆgf] ;fyL efO{df

s'/f unf{, gdfn'd s]–s] cy{ nufpnfg\, dflg; sf] hft . ;ljtfs} af/]df klg

cgfk zgfk ;f]Rnfg < nfhsf] ug'{ . ef] af]nfpg k7fpg' ePg . pgsf] abgfd x'g]

sfd lsg ug{] <

æta cfkm} hfg] t < guO{ gx'g] ePkl5 hfg} k¥of] . z/L/ lzlyn e}/x]sf] 5,

lxF8\g ufx|f] 5, t/ uOG5 pgn] zlQm b]lng\ .Æ

pm p7\of] z/L/df :km"lt{ cfof], n'uf nufP/ la:tf/} la:tf/} lxF8\b} af6f]df

lg:Sof] . af6f]df p;sf cfFvf e'OFdf ufl8P . cl3 oxL af6f] t pgL dlGb/ uPsL /

kms{]sL lyOg\ . t/ pgsf kfOnfsf lrGx t b]lvb}gg\ . lsg g b]lvg], b]lvPs} 5 t

< p;sf] cfFvf Pp6f lrGxdf k'Uof] . of] xf]Og / < xf] s] xf] . dgdf ts{ ljts{

rNof] . kfOnf pt}lt/ kms{]sf] 5 . 7Ls xf], oxL t xf] . pgsf kfOnfsf lrGx


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p;nfO{ cfwf/ ag] . pgsf] ;Demgf olt t]h eof] ls p;nfO{ zlQmsf] ?kdf tfGg

yfNof] . af6f] s;/L s6\of] p;nfO{ yfx ePg. pm Hj/f]n] y/y/ sfDb} ;ljtfsf]

Sjf6{/df uP/ ;ljtfsf] vl6ofdf k5fl/of] kl5 aNn xf]; eof] p;nfO{ .

p;nfO{ b]v]/ ;ljtf x8\a8fOg\ . p;sf] 6]Dk/]r/ x]g{ gf8L ;dfltg\ t/ p;n]

pgnfO{ g} ;dft]/ tfGof] / cfˆgf] 6fpsf] pgsf] sfvdf /fvL lbof] / a8f] ;+tf]ifsf]

nfdf] ;f; km]¥of] . pm 9'Ss eof] ;+;f/sf] r/d ;'vsf] k|flKt eof] . ;ljtfn] p;sf]

cfFvfdf x]l/g\ / p;sf] xft d'v ;'d;'dfpg yflng\ . efj ljef]/ eP b'j} hgf .

crfgs ;ljtfnfO{ st{Jo af]w eof] . pm la/fdL cj:yfdf o;/L cfpg'

k/]sf]df kL8f klg eof] . dgsf] s'g} s'gfdf r;Ss 3f]lrof] . pgn] ;ljgosf]

6fpsf] cfˆgf] sfvaf6 ;':t/L p7fpFb} ækv t cf}iflw lgsfN5', klxn] cf}iflw vfpm

clg==== eGb} p7\g v]flhg\ t/ ;ljgon] df}sf 5f]Kof] pgsf] 3fF6Ldf b'j} xft km;fP/

dfly, cln dfly tlGsg vf]Hof] rf/j6f cfFvf k/:k/ h'w] . a'lemg\ ;ljtfn] klg .

pgsf] cfFvfdf klg Kof/sf] Hof]lt aNof], 7"n7"nf cfFvfdf dxf;d'b|sf] nx/f cfof] /

p;sf] tftf] z/L/df zLtn hnsf] jiff{sf] em/L nfUof] .

cfh ef]nL pm km]/L lrlGtt 5, cfˆgf] nflu xf]Og, ;ljtfsf] nflu . 5f]/L 5

jif{sL eO t/ ;ljtfsf] bf]>f] k6s cfdf aGg] nIf0f b]vf kb{}g . x/;do z/L/

lzlyn h:tf] e}/xg] c+u k|To+u ;':t b'vL /xg], hfFu/ g nfUg] t/ k|ToIf /f]u s]xL

blvb}g . sxL+ /fd|/L pkrf/ gu/fP;Dd pkfo nfUnf h:tf] 5}g . Ps cfwf

dxLgfsf] nflu pgnfO{ aflx/ st} nfg' k¥of] . pm ;ft cf7 dxLgf b]lv 3/ klg t

uPsf] 5}g . cfdf c:j:Yo x'g' x'G5 eGg] lr¶L cfPsf] lyof] . t/, hfg kfPsf] 5}g .

b'j} sfd x'g] eof] . p;n] 3/ hfg] c7f]6 u/]/ ;ljtf sxfF k'Uof] .

;ljtf PSn} a;]/ s]xL ;f]rL /x]sL lyOg\ . ;ljtfnfO{ b]v]kl5 a8f] ub\ub

eO{g\ p;sf] :jfutdf p7\b} æcfpm laGg" v"a df}sfdf cfof}Æ elgg\ .

æs:tf] df}sfsf] s'/f u¥of} ;lj <Æ p;n] pgsf] sfFwdf xft /fVof] .

æcfh dg ax't plbUg e}/x]sf] 5 .Æ

æltd|f] dg < / plbUg ,Æ pm xfF:of] . b'j} xfF;] .

æxf] < cfh ax't} lg/fzf nfu]sf] 5 < cfh dnfO{ PSn} g 5f]8L b]p . ltdL

;fy} a; .Æ pgn] p;sf] 5ftLdf 6fpsf] /fv]/ cfFvf aGb ul/g\ . o;af6 pgnfO{

dxfg ;'vsf] cg'e"lt eof] .


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æd}n] ltdLnfO{ lnP/ 3/ hfg ;f]r]sf] 5' .Æ ptf s'g} /fd|f] 7fpFdf ltd|f]

:jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpg' k/]sf] 5 .Æ

æsxfF, hfg] <Æ

æhxfF ltdL eg .Æ

æklxn] 3/} hfpmF . cfdfnfO{ gb]v]sf] w]/} eof] . tf/f lbbLnfO{klg e]6\g dg

nfu]sf] 5 .Æ ;ljtfn] k|:tfj /flvg\ .

æTo;kl5 agf/; uP/ ltd|f] k/LIf0f u/fpnf .Æ ;ljgon] pgsf] k|:tfjdf

s'/f yKof] .Æ

æx'G5 .Æ of] 8'Ëfsf] dfemL t ltdL g} xf] .Æ eg]/ ;ljtf r'k nflug\ .

b'j}sf] ;Nnfx x'g dfq k/]sf] lyof] . gq ToxfF s;n] /f]SYof] . 5]saf/ s] lyof]

/ < pgLx? klxn] ;/f;/ 3/ uP, cfdf ozf]bf b]jL / sfG5L kTgL tf/f . ;ljtfn]

tf/fnfO{ h]7L dfg]/ lbbL eGg] tf/fn] pgnfO{ h]7L dfg]/ lbbL eGg] . ;a} ax't} v'zL

eP . b'j}df ;f}t]sf] e]b slxNo} b]lvPsf] lyPg . Pp6} cfdf afa'sL ;Gtfg b'O{ alxgL

h:tf . cfdf ozf]bf b]jL ca clwsf+z lj/fdL e}/xlGyg\ . b'j}n] yfx kfP . b'j} b'MvL

eP t/ k"/} kl/jf/sf] ;fysf] xif{ pNnf; / ;'v b'Mvsf s'/fdf b'O{ xKtf lat]sf] yfx}

ePg . cflv/df cfdfn] g} ;ljtfsf] k/LIf0f u/fpg agf/; n}hfg elgg\ . ;ljtfn]

cfdfnfO{ klg n}hfg cfu|x ul/g\ .

t/ ozf]bf b]jLn] cfkm"nfO{ lgs} c:j:Yo 7fg]sLn] nfdf] ofqf ug{ g;Sg]

l:ylt bzf{Pklg pgLx? dfg]gg\, pgnfO{ klg ;fy} agf/; nu] .

;f;' a'xf/Lsf] k/LIf0fdf !% lbg nfUof] . cflv/df ;a} l/kf]6{ sn]Szg eP/

8fS6/ r8\9f sxfF kmfOn uof] . r8\9fn] ;ljtfsf] gfd b]Vof] . pgsL lziof

;ljtfsf] kmfOn xf] ls c? s'g} ;ljtfsf] kmfOn xf] < kmfOn cWoog ul/;s]kl5

/f]uLnfO{ cfˆgf] s]lagdf af]nfpg k7fof] . ;ljtf r8\9fsf] ;fd'Gg] uP/ gd:t] u/]/

pleg\ . r8\9fn] b]Vof] pgnfO{, lrGof] klg . t/ Tof] t]h, Tof] cfef, h'g 5fqf

;ljtfdf lyof] Tof] sxfF x/fof] < cfFvfsf] t]h dfq oyfjt 5 . d'vsf] nfj0otf <

sxfF uof] < /f]un] vfO{ lbof] <

Psl5g pgnfO{ k|f]km]z/n] x]/L /x\of] . kl5 ;ljtfn] g} df}g e+u ub{} elgg\ æd

>LdfgsL lzio ;ljtf x'F .Æ


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æToxL t x]b{} 5' < cfˆgL lziofnfO{ vf]Hb} 5'Æ of] s] cj:yf u/fPsL z/L/sf] .

Pp6L 8fS6/ eP/ o:tf] nfk/jfxL ug{] . p;n] k|]dn] dL7f] km6sf/ nufof] .

;ljtf af]Ng ;lsgg\ .

o;/L jhg 36L ;s]kl5 aNn xf]; cfof] < p;n] cem} emkf¥of] . To;kl5

;fGTjgf lbFb} eGof] æltdL t cfkm} 8fS6/ . n x]/ /f]un] 5f]Psf] dfq /x]5 s]xL lau|]

5}g . Ps b'O{ dlxgf otgn] cf}iflw ug'{ 7Ls e} xfN5 . nfk/afxL gug'{ .Æ

cF, of] bf]>f] /f]uL=====, p;n] csf{] kmfOn k§L Wofg lbof] . æd]/L ;f;' x'g'x'G5

af]nfpF5'Æ eGb} ;ljtf s]lagaf6 aflx/ lgl:sg vf]lhg .

ækv kv eGof] k|f]km];/n] / pgnfO{ s';L{df a:g ;+s]t u/]/ Ps l5g cfkm}

3f]l/of] To;kl5 l/kf]6{sf] kmfOn la:tf/} ;ljtf lt/ ;fb{}} of] s]z uDeL/ 5Æ eGof] .

;ljtfn] ;/;/L kmfOn x]l/g\ / k|f]km]z/sf] d'vdf x]l/g\ . æof] s]z ca

8fS6/sf] ks8 eGbf aflx/ e} ;s]s]f 5 .Æ p;n] s'/f bf]xf]/fpFb} eGof]Æ SofG;/

clGtd r/0fdf 5, b'O{ dlxgfeGbf a9L hLjg 5}g, /f]uLnfO{ yfx x'g g lbg', ;fydf

sf] cfPsf] 5 <

æd]/f ==== . ;ljn] pQ/ lbg ufx«f] dflgg\ . u'?sf] ;fd'Gg] ;fFrf] / em'7f] s'g}

s'/f eGg] cj:yf 5}g .

r8\9fn] xfF:b} eGof], æn n 7Ls 5, d}n] a'em]+ cfˆgf] >Ldfg \nfO{ af]nfpm,

;f;'nfO{ klg .Æ

;ljtfn] ozf]bf b]jL / ;ljgonfO{ af]nfP/ NofOg\ . r8\9fn] 3/ Jojxf/ b]z

ljb]zsf tdfd s'/f u¥of}+ / cfkm"nfO{ pgLx?sf] 7"nf] z'elrGts / ;xof]uL bzf{of] .

To;kl5 ozf]bf b]jLnfO{ ;'v b'Mv /f]u Joflw ;a} s'/f O{Zj/sf] cwLgdf ePsf] s'/f

atfpFb} rfF8} g} b'Mv b"/ x'g] elg cfZjf;g lbof] kl5 cfˆgf] s'/f ;dfKt ub{} ;ljtf

/ ozf]bf b]jLnfO{ labf u/L aflx/ k7fof] / ;ljgonfO{ a;L /xg ;+s]t u¥of] .

pgLx? aflx/ u};s]kl5 p;n] ;ljgo;Fu eGof] ætkfO{ t wd{ / bz{g k9]sf] dflg;,

:jo+ tTj1fgL x'g'x'G5 To;}n] tkfO{+nfO{ a9L ctL{ pkb]z lbg'eGbf d ;f]emf] s'/f u5'{

.Æ


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Ps l5g pm r'k nfUof] / km]/L eGof] cfdf t a'9];sfn c:;L jif{ klg sf6L

;sg' ePsf] 5 jxfFsf] 7"nf] cfGb|fdf SofG;/ /x]5 . jxfFsf] ca ;]jfefj ug{] / v'zL

/fVg] pkfo u/L /xg' xf]nf . hlt lbg ;fF; 5, 5 .

;ljgosf] cfFvfdf cGwsf/ 5fof] . t/ km]/L dgnfO{ ;+ot u¥of}+ . 8fS6/n]

eGb} lyof] ;ljtfnfO{ Tolt cK7\of/f] t e};s]sf] 5}g t/ pkrf/ eGbf a9L k/x]hdf

a:g' kg{] l:ylt 5 eGb} p;sf] sfg km's]em}+ ;':t ;':t s]xL s'/f atfof], a'emfof] .

clg p;nfO{ aflx/ k7fP/ ;ljtfnfO{ km]/L leq PSn} af]nfof] / s';L{df a:g Ozf/f

u¥of] . ;ljtf s';L{df a;]kl5 p;n] eGof] æPp6f s'/f yfx 5 ;ljtf <Æ

;ljtfn] k|Zg ;"rs b[li6n] k|f]km];/sf] d'vdf x]l/g\ .

ælxGb"wd{ zf:qdf k'?ifn] jLo{sf] / gf/Ln] zLnsf] /Iff ug'{ kb{5 eg]sf] 5, x}g

<Æ

;ljtfn] s'/f g a'em] em}+ k|f]km];/sf] d'vdf x]b{} /lxg\ .

æh;n] of] dof{bfsf] kfng ub{}g, k|f]km];/n] s'/f cuf8L a9fof] .Æ Tof] gs{df

kb{5 eg]/ oqtq tdfd n]v]sf] 5 . Tof] gs{ sf] cy{ yfx 5 <Æ

;ljtfn] yfxf 5}g eg]/ 6fpsf] xNnfOg .

æTof] gs{ sf] cy{ xf] oxL z/L/sf] ktg . Jolerf/n] Aoflw k}bf ub{5 /

;bfrf/n] lg/f]u /fVb5 . of] s'/f c?nfO{ klg x[bo+ud u/fpg' . ca hfpm . ;'vL

/x] .elg k|f]km];/n] cfzLjf{b sf] d'b|fdf xft p7fO{ lbof] .

;ljtfnfO{ k|f]km];/sf] s'/f ;demdf cfPg . k|;+u g} yfx ePg . pgL] gd:t]

u/]/ s]lagaf6 aflxl/Og\ .

-&_

agf/;sf] s]xL lbgsf] k|jfzn] ;a}sf] dg s]xL xn'+uf] u/fO{ lbof] . ozf]bf

b]jLsf] nflu tLyf{6g eof] eg] ;ljgo / ;ljtfn] Oi6ldq;Fu e]6\g kfP . ldqtfsf]

gjLs/0fn] dgnfO{ k|km'lNnt agfof] . o;} ;Gbe{df afbn;Fu klg e]63f6 eof] . tLg

j6} ldq v"a /dfP . afbn clxn] ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] tTjfjwfgdf sfd ub{Yof] .

of] ;+u7gn] clxn] ljZjaf6 dxfdf/Lx?sf] pGd"ngsf] sfo{qmd rnfPsf] lyof]

. h;df afn d[To'b/ 36fpg], nIo k|yd r/0fdf cfPsf] lyof] . o;sf] nflu


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afnsx? / ue{jtL dlxnfx?nfO{ s'kf]if0fsf] lzsf/ x'g glbg], ;Gt'lnt ef]hg

pknAw u/fpg], ue{ lg/f]w, :qL lzIff, k|fylds afn pkrf/sf] lzIff, :jR5

vfg]kfgL, ;kmfO{, emf8fkvfnf, dn]l/of, x}hf / ljkm/ pGd'ngsf tdfd sfo{qmdx?

of]hgfa4 ?kdf rnL /x]sf lyP . o; k6s of] ;+u7gn] cfˆgf] sfo{ lj:tf/

g]kfndf klg u/]sf]n] tLg dlxg] sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu 8fS6/x?sf] Pp6f 6f]nL

g]kfn hf+b} lyof] h;df afbn klg ;lDdlnt lyof] . of] s'/f yfx kfP/ ;ljgo /

;ljtf b'j} hgf ax't} v'zL eP . ;ljgo cfdfnfO{ 5f]8\g ;Sg] cj:yfdf lyPg .

ptf ;ljtfsf] klg Wofg /fVg' kg{] h?/L lyof] . o:tf]df cfdfnfO{ cgs+6f/ kxf8df

n}hfg pko'Qm lyPg, ta ;ljtfnfO{ g} ufpFdf /f]Sg' k5{ . ;ljgon] of] s'/f elg

klg ;s]sf] lyof] t/ afbnsf] g]kfn hfg] s'/fn] pgLx?sf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg u/L

lbof] .

afbnnfO{ klg cfˆgf] ufpF 7fpFsf] df]xn] tfGof] . p;n] g]kfnsf] klZrdL

If]qdf cfkm" vl6g] / ;ljtfsf] klg x]/rfxdf d2t ug{] s'/f lglZrt eof] . ;ljgon]

;ljtf / cfdfnfO{ lnP/ 3/ kmSof{] . s]xL lbg ufpFdf a;]/ ;ljtfnfO{ xjfO{

hxfhaf6 8f]6L hfg eg]/ sf7df08' k'¥ofO{ lbof] / cfkm" kmSof{] .

sf7df08" k'u]kl5 ;ljtfnfO{ /fx'nsf] ;Demgf eof] / pm ;Fu clGtd s'/fsfgL

ug{ eg]/ Ps lbg ;fFem e]6\g p;sf] 8]/fdf k'lug\ . /fx'n klxn] h:t} PsfsL hLjg,

PSn} a;]/ s'g} klqsfsf] kfgf kN6fpFb} lyof] .

s]xL jif{kl5 crfgs ;ljtfnfO{ cfkm" ;fd'Gg] b]v]/ pm klxn] rlst eof]

To;kl5 pgsf] xftdf Pp6f ;fgf] a}lg6L a}u afx]s c? s]xL b]vf gk/]sf]n] Tolts}

cfPsL /x]l5g\ eGg] ;f]r]/ p;sf] cg'xf/df lg/fzf emNSof] t/ tTIf0f ;fjwfg eof]

/ æcfpm ;ljtfÆ eg]/ d':s'/fof] .

;ljtf uP/ ;f]kmfdf al;g\ . ladf/Ln] pgsf] cg'xf/ Snf+t ePsf] lyof] .

/fx'nn] Tot} ;+s]t ub{} æof] z/L/sf] o;/L b'u{lt s;/L eof] ;ljtf <Æ eg]/ b'Mv

k|s6 u¥of] .

;ljtfn] cfBf]kfGt ;a} s'/f j0f{g ul/g\ . pgsf] ;ljgo;Fusf] ;DaGwsf]

af/]df /fx'nnfO{ t klxn] b]lv :ki6 g} lyof] . To; afx]s aLrsf] s'/f klg elgg\ /

clxn] pgLx? klt kTgLsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] t/ of] ;DaGw ;ljgosf] ufpFdf dfq

k|s6 ePsf] / kxf8sf] ;dfhdf k|s6 gu/]sf] s'/f klg atfOg\ . ;ljtfn] /fx'n;Fu

Pp6f ;fdfGo ldqtf;Ddsf] ;DaGw :jLsf/]sLn] pm;Fu s]xL 9fF6\g' kg{] cfjZostf

klg lyPg .


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132

ækxf8df of] ;DaGw k|s6 x'g glbg ;fjwfgL /fVg'kg{] sf/0f d}n] a'em\g

;lsg . ToxfF t emg ;/n ;dfh 5 .Æ /fx'nn] ;f]Wof] .

æoxL ;/ntfn] t afwf u¥of] . tkfO{+;Fu ljjflxt 5' eGg] s'/f ToxfF :ki6 5 .

tkfO{+sf cfdf afa' b'O{ k6s ToxfF uP/ Ps Ps b'O{ b'O{ dlxgf a;]/ klg cfpg'

ePsf] 5 . ca tkfO{+n] ;DaGw laR5]b gu/L lbg] xf] eg] xfdL b'j}nfO{ xflg 5 .Æ

æb'j}nfO{ s;/L xflg 5 <Æ

æd /v}nsf] hLjg latfpg afWo e}/x]sL 5' / xfd|f] of] ;DaGw syd sbflrt

st} k|s6 x'g hfG5 eg] tkfO{+ Pp6f ;/n / lgbf{]if JolQmsf] csf/0f abgfdL x'g

;Sb5 .Æ

æ;/n / lgbf{]if .Æ /fx'nn] ;ljtfsf] zAb bf]x/fof]] . æ ca s] ug{ plrt 5

tÆ xfF:b} ;f]Wof] .

æ5f]8kq .Æ

æTof] t x'g g ;Sg] eof], ;ljtf < /fx'n crfgs uDeL/ eof] .

æg x'g] eof] < lsg <] ;ljtfsf] d'v tdtdfof] . pgL pQ]lht eP/ plEeg\ .Æ

s] /x:o 5 o;df .Æ pgL lrRofOg\ .

æzflGt eP/ a; ;ljtf .Æ /fx'nsf] :j/df gd|tf lyof] . æ/x:o 5, o;nfO{

/x:o g} /xg b]p, g ;f]w ;ljtf, s]xL g ;f]w, d ljGtL u5'{, h;/L hLjg rnL /x]5

rNg b]p .Æ af]Nbf af]Nb} p;sf] cfjfh ef/L eof] .

;ljtf km]/L ;f]kmfdf al;g\ . pgnfO{ cfZro{ nfUof] . /x:o 5 /] < s] xf]nf <

cfh s'/f 5Lgf] kmfgf] ug{} k¥of] . ca o;/L rNb}g .Æ cfh tkfO{+nfO{ s'/f ;kmf ug{}

k5{ .Æ

æd]/f] b'Mv, d cfkm} PSn} ef]uL /x]sf] 5' cf7 jif{ b]lv . of] /x:o d]/} ;fydf

l;l4of]; eGg] d]/f] sfdgf lyof] t/ ltdLn] lh2L u¥of] / h] eP klg ltdL kTgL g}

xf] to;}n] cfh cfˆgf] :jfy{sf] syf ltdLnfO{ atfpF5' .Æ

æ:jfy{sf] syf <Æ cfZro{ dfGb} ;ljtfn] ;f]lwg\ .


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133

æxf] :jfy{ s} syf Joyf eGg' kb{5 . b'lgof :jfyL{ 5, k/dfy{df klg :jfy{ g}

gLlxt 5, d t emg===== . pm Ps l5g r'k nfUof] . 3l6t 36gfsf tfgfafgf a'Gb}

Ps l5g 3f]l/of] . cfˆgf] ctLtdf k'Uof] .

æd ;/sf/L sf]6fdf k9\g ?; uPsf] lyPF . klZrdL d'Qm ;dfh klxn]f k6s

b]v]+ ToxfFsf] v'Nnfkg dnfO{ v"a dgk/\of] . s'g} klg PlzofnL JolQmsf] nflu ToxfFsf]

:jtGqtf / of}g :j5+btfn] cfsif{0f ub{5 . d klg cfslif{t dfq eOg, To;df v"a

/dfPF, r'n'{Dd 8'a]+, 8'afOPF . t/ k|s[ltnfO{ Tof] ;xg ePg .Æ pm /f]lsof] . cuf8Lsf]

Joyf eGg ufx|f] nfUof] t/ km]/L cfˆgf] efjgf dfly lgoGq0f ub{} Joyf kf]Vof] .

ædflg;sf] nflu rl/q /Iff p;sf] hLjg x'G5 hLjgsf] ;f/ x'G5 . d}n]

To;sf] /Iff ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg . sf7df08" cfPsf] s]xL ;do leq} zf/Ll/s Joflw

b]vfk/], /f]u a9\g yfNof], pkrf/ u/]+ u/fPF, ef/tsf 7"n7"nf lrlsT;sn] x]/] tdfd

k"FhL To;df rf}k6 eof] t/ /f]u lyof] ls lbg b"gf /ft rf}u'gf a9\of] cGtdf

lrlsT;sx?n] d]/f] k'?ifTj x/fPsf] s'/fsf] 3f]if0ff ub{} ljb]zdf uP/ Ps k6s k|ofz

ug{] ;Nnfx lbP .Æ

pm km]/L /f]lsof] . ;ljtfsf] cg'xf/ ljbL0f{ eof] . pgsf] cfFvfdf x]b{} /fx'nn]

eGof] æd cfˆgf] cfdf afa'sf] PSnf] ;Gtfg ePsf]n] cfdf afa' rf8} eGbf rf8} d]/f]

ljjfx u/]/ cfˆgf] bfloTjaf6 km'/;t lng rfxgf /fVg' :jfefljs} xf], t/ d}n] ljjfx

u/]/ s] ug{] / cfˆgf] Aoyf cfdf afa'nfO{ eg]/ pgLx?nfO{ b'vL agfpg klg gldNg]

. o:t}df ltd|f] cg'/f]wdf d}n] cfkm"nfO{ kl/l:yltsf] xftdf ;'DkL lbPF / kf]v/fdf

uP/ ljjfx u/]+ . cfdf afa'sf] ;Gt'li6 eof] ptf kTgL;Fu cfˆgf] x[bo vf]n]+ .

kTgLnfO{ Tof] c;x\o eof] / p;n] dnfO{ 5f]8L . kl/0ffd dnfO{ yfx g} lyof] To;}n]

dnfO{ ;'v b'Mv s]xL nfu]g .Æ

bf];|f] r/0fsf] Joyf cK7\of/f] 5 .æ oxfF d]/f] :jfy{ g} b]vf kb{5 . ltd|f]

;'Gb/tfn] dnfO{ ljdf]lxt kf¥of] . d ltdL;Fu dgdg} ax't} Kof/ ug{ yfn]+ /ft lbg

ltd|f] :d[ltdf /x]+ t/ ltdLnfO{ kfpg] pkfo s]xL lyPg . cs:dft ltdL b'3{6gfdf

k¥of], cfFvfsf] Hof]lt gi6 eof], To; a]nf ltd|f] lgs6tf k|fKt eof] Tof] lgs6tfn]

emg dnfO{ kfun agfO{ lbof] .

3/sf] Tolt 7"nf] ;Dklt lyPg, 5}g klg . o;} sf/0f ljb]z uP/ cfˆgf]

lrlsT;f u/fpg ;Dej lyPg\ . crfgs dnfO{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg b]vf k¥of] . Tof]

lyof] ltd|f] km}S6«L .Æ


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ækm}S6«LÆ cfZro{ dflgg\ ;ljtf .

æxf] km}S6«LÆ /fx'nn] nfd]f ;fF; km]¥of] . ædflg;sf ckl/xfo{ cfjZostfn]

p;nfO{ ;'ljrf/ TofUg nufP/ s'ljrf/ tkm{ klg k|]l/t ubf{ /x]5g\ . ltdL lyof]

cGwL, ltdLnfO{ of]Uo ;fyLsf] cfjZostf lyof] / dnfO{ cfˆgf] :jfy{ / cfdf afa'sf]

rfxgf k"/f ug{ cfjZos lyof] . oL tLg j6} sfd k"/f ug{] >f]t ltd|f] km}S6«L ePsf]n]

d}n] ltdL;Fu ljjfx u/]+ . km}S6«Lsf] cfdbfgLaf6 ljb]z uP/ b'j} hgfn] pkrf/

u/fpg] d]/f] nIo lyof] . ta;Dd e/;s ltdL;Fu /ft g latfpg] o]gs]g axfgf

agfP/ 5'§} a:g] of]hgf lyof] . t/ cefuLx?sf] cl3 cl3 b'ef{Uo bf}8G5 . ljjfx

eGbf $÷% lbg klxn] ltd|f] km}S6«L 89]sf] /x]5 Tof] s'/f ha ltdLn] k|yd lbg eGof]

ta d]/f] 6fpsf] l/+Uof] . d xtfz ePF, PsfGt vf]HgnfO{ efuL xfn]+ . ltd|f] hLjgnfO{

emg b'vbfoL kf] agfpg k'u]sf] /x]5' .Æ

æh] eP klg efUon] s]xL ;fy lbof] . ;fgLdfsf] wgn] xfdL nGbg uof}+ . ltd|f]

ck|]zg lkl/o8df d}n] cfˆgf] hfFr u/O{ /x]+ ltdLnfO{ egf}+ eg] s;/L egf}+ . sd{ef]u

lyof] PSn} ef]Ug' lyof] . cGtdf kl/0ffd =========.Æ

ækl/0ffd Û s] eof] /fx'n s] eof] <Æ ;ljtfn] xtfl/P/ ;f]lwg\ .

æcefuLsf] kl/0ffd s] x'GYof] ;ljtf < lg/fzf xft nfUof] . 8fS6/x?n] w}o{

/fVg] / ;+oldt /xg] ;Nnfx lbP . rf/ kf+rjif{df Tof] zlQm cfkm} kms{g ;Sg] cfzf

JoQm u/] . ca dnfO{ t emg\ 7"nf] ;d:of eof] . ltdL;Fu a:g] s;/L < ltdLnfO{

5f]8f}+ eg] ca s] eg]/ 5f]8f}+, cfdf afa' / ;dfhnfO{ s] hjfkm lbg] < :jo+ ltdLnfO{

s] hjfkm lbg] < s'g} af6f] b]lvPg . ta Pp6f {] c7f]6 u/]+ . Psdfq pkfo .

ltdLnfO{ c+sdfn u/]/ ;'v b'Mv kf]Vg] clenfiff Tofu]/ ltd|f] pk]Iff ug'{ g} Ps dfq

af6f] /x\of] . ltd|f] kf]l:6Ë eof] d}n] eg ;'g u/]/ ltdLnfO{ b'u{d kxf8df ws]n]+ .Æ

æo;} aLrdf ;f}efUosf] Pp6f ;fgf] ls/0f b]vf k¥of] . ltd|f] k"j{ Kof/, ltd|f]

;ljgo crfgs pbfof] . dnfO{ ;lhnf] eof] . ltdL cfˆgf] ;+;f/df /dfPsL b]v]/

dnfO{ ;Gtf]if nfUof] / cfkm"nfO{ ltdLb]lv ljNs'n 6f9f /fVb} cfPF t/ 5f]8kq eg]

ug{ ;lsg o;df klg d]/} :jfy{ 5 .Æ

æca s] :jfy{ afFsL /x\of] <Æ ;ljtfn] ;f]lwg\ .

æ7"nf] :jfy{ 5 ;ljtf, sd;]sd d]/f a'9f cfdf afa'nfO{ a'xf/Lsf] ;'v ldn]sf]

5 ,gfltgL eg]/ ltdLx?s} ;Gtfgdf ;'vL t 5g\ To;}n] t b'O{k6s ltdL sxfF k'u]sf

5g\ . pgsf] ;fd'Gg] of] Oltxf; k|s6 eof] eg] s] x'G5 ;ljtf yfx 5 < pgLx?sf]


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clGtd cj:yfdf e'Orfnf] hfg]5 . To;}n] ;ljtf ltd|f] ;'vsf] nflu d}n] cfkm"nfO{

cnu /fvL /x]5' / cfdf afa'sf] ;'vsf] nflu of] gftf sfod} /fv]sf] 5' . hf] u}/ xf]

To;sf] ltdL ef]Uof xf}, ltdL d]/L xf} t/ d ltdLnfO{ c+uLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}g . s:tf]

lj8Dagf xf], ;ljtf s:tf] la8Dagf xf] < d}n] efUo;Fu ;Dem}ftf u/L ;s]sf] 5' .Æ

p;n] 6]landf 6fpsf] /fVof] / ?g yfNof] .

;ljtf t cfsfzaf6 v;] h:tf] eOg\ . olt j]bgf cfkm\gf] x[bodf n'sfP/

a;]sf /x]5g\ pgL . To;}n] t b'lgofFdf PSn} 5g\ . g sf]O{ ;fyL 5g\ g t sfd

sfhdf pgs]f ?lr g} 5 . dxf b'ef{Uodf /x]sf] cefuL .

/fx'n Psl5g v"a /f]of] ta dg s]xL xn'+uf] eof] . ;lbof}+ b]lv dgsf] ef/

cfF;'n] x/0f ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . b'Mvsf Psdfq ;fyL ltg} t x'g\ . p;n] km]/L cfu|x

ub{} eGof] æ;ljtf ltdLx?sf] aLrdf d kb{}g, olt ljZjf; u/, ca tdfd gofF gofF

lrlsT;f k|0ffnL ljsl;t e}/x]sf 5g\ d}n] 7"nf 7"nf lrlsT;sx?;Fu ;Dks{ agfPsf]

5' . ca lrlsT;sx?n] ljZjf; lbnfPsf 5g\ Ps b'O{ jif{df s]xL zlQm lkmtf{ cfpF5

eg]/ . d ;donfO{ kv{]/ a;]sf] 5' . efUon] d]/f] ;fy lbof] eg] Ps k6s km]/L

s;};Fu ljjfx ug{]5' / ltdLnfO{ k"0f{ d'Qm ul/lbg] 5' . ta;Dd d]/f] laGtL 5 of]

/x:o /x:o /xf];\ . ;dfhn] agfO{ lbPsf] ;DaGw b]vfj6L ?kdf sfod /xf];\ .Æ /fx'

/ ;ljtf sxL+ w]/} ;do ;Dd ;fy} /xg ;S5g / ;ljtf <Æ

-*_

/fx' / ;ljtf w]/} sfn;Dd ;Fu} /xg ;Sb}gg\ eg] ;ljtf / ;ljgo

w]/}sfn;Dd ;Fu} /xg ;Sb5g\ t < pbo / c:tsf] ;dodf of] ljgozLntf x'G5

;ljtfdf t/ lbo+;f] t k|r08 tfkn] ljgozLntfnfO{ k/ x'TofO{ lbPsf] x'G5 . of] t

k|s[lts} lgod xf] eg] o;sf] ckjfb sxfF <

s/La Ps dlxgf cfdfsf] ;]jf ;'>'jfdf /x\of] ;ljgo . cGtdf cfdf

lr/lgGb|fdf k/]kl5 sfh lqmof ;a} lgK6fP/ pm lxF8\of] 8f]6L . ca 3/ kl/jf/ 5f]8]/

6f9f a:g] cj:yf /x]g . ptf p;nfO{ klg leqleq /f]un] vf]qmf] kfb{} uPsf] 5 . pm

:jo+ klg c:j:y 5 .

km}S6«Ldf k'Ubfk'Ub} pm emg\ c:j:Yo e};s]sf] lyof] . k"/f z/L/ tftf] tjf em}

u/d lyof] / jfsjfsL nflu /x]sf] lyof] . pm lg9fn eP/ kn+udf n8\of] / tTsfn

;ljtfnfO{ af]nfpg rf}sLbf/nfO{ k7fof}+ .

;ljgosf] cfudg / c:j:Yotfsf] va/ ;ljtfnfO{ b'O 306fkl5 k|fKt eof] .

pgL :jf:Yo lzIff sfo{qmddf :jf:Yo 6f]nLsf ;fy cs{} ufpFdf uPsL /x]l5g\ .


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afbn klg vl6P/ cfO{ ;s]sf] /x]5 . ;ljgosf] va/ kfpgf ;fy b'j}hgf p;sf]

km}S6«Lsf] Sjf6/df k'u] . b'j}n] k/LIf0f u/], s]xL cf}iflw dufP / v'jfP / c}iflwsf]

k|efj x]g{ s';L{df a;] .

;ljgon] a8f] nfnflot / pT;'s eP/ ;ljtfsf] d'vdf cfFvf u8fPsf] lyof]

/ Ps k6s, pgsf] :kz{ ug{ kfP x'GYof] eg]/ ;f]Rb} lyof] . ;ljtf s';L{df a;]/

ysfO{ nfu]sf] eGb} 6]a'ndf 6fps]f /fv]/ bfo+f k§L s';L{df a;]sf] afbnsf] d'vdf

x]b{} lyOg\ . afbn s]xL lrlGtt lyof] t/ ;ljtf nfk/jfx b]lvlGyg\ pgL dGb dGb

d':s'/fpFb} afbnsf] cfFvfdf cfFvf uf8]sL lyOg\ . pgsf] cfFvfdf /;do l6dl6dfx6

lyof] . k|]dn] /l;Psf lyP 7"n 7"nf cfFvf .

elgG5 cfFvf x[bosf cfOgf x'G5g\ . cfFvfsf gfgLx? k|]dn] 6gf6g el/Psf,

cfFvf klg xfF;]sf Tof] efjk"0f{ x]/fO{ . cfFvfsf] oxL x]/fO{n] t dgsf] e]b vf]nL lbG5 .

k|]dnfO{ hlt n'sfP klg n'Sg} g;Sg] u/fO{ lbg] oL cfFvf g} t x'g\ . ;ljgo em:Sof]

. s] ;ljtf km]/L====== . cuf8L p;n] ;f]Rg} ;s]g . æxf]Og s]xL xf]Og hxfF w]/} k|]d

x'G5 ToxfF z+sf klg w]/} x'G5 . dgdg} cfkm"nfO{ ;fGTjgf lbof] . d lt/ x]bf{ x]b{}

ptflt/ cfFvf 3'Df] xf]nfg\ . of] x]/fO{ t d k|ltsf] xf] .Æ ;+tf]if e}xfNof] p;nfO{ .

s]xL cfkmGt] ukmufkm eof] . s'/f sfgLdf ;ljtfsf cfFvfdf To:tf] Hof]tL

lg/Gt/ b]Vg yflnof] . p;n] 6fpsf] em6s]/ Oiof{n' ljrf/ wkfpg sf]lz; ub{} eGof]

ætkfO{+ lbge/L yfs]/ cfpg' ePsf] 5 afbnhL . ca uP/ cf/fd ug'{;\, d cln cln

l7s 5' . ;ljtf oxfF 5Fb} l5g\ .Æ

afbn p7\of] / lxF8\g pBt eof] . crfgs ;ljtf klg pl7g\ æ5f]/LnfO{ cfh

laxfg} b]lv 5f]8]\sL 5' d klg hfG5' .Æ eGb} plg klg lx8\g tof/ eOg\ .

;ljgo x8a8fof] p;n] ;ljtfnfO{ æ?s t ;lj, Ps l5g c? a; .Æ eGof]

t/ ;ljtfn] cfu|x c:jLsf/ ub{} lxF8L xflng\ . b'j}hgf ;Fu ;Fu} ;ljgosf] Sjf6{/af6

lgSn]/ af6f]df cfP . ;ljgon] ;ljtfnO{ x]g{] df]x ;+j/0f ug{ ;s]g . pm;n] vf6df

a;]/ em\ofnaf6 aflx/ cfFvf bf}8fof] . afbn / ;ljtf laNs'n} cun aun, b'j}sf]

aLrdf d'lZsnn] ^ OGrsf] b'/L, b'j}sf xft / kfOnf noa4 ePsf lyP . b'j}sf

kfOnfdf ;dfg ult ;dfg tfn lyof] ;/;tf lyof] / ;fy} b]lvGYof] hLjGttf klg .

;ljgo 6f9f;Dd x]/L /x\of] . afbnsf] u]:6xfp; lt/ hfg] af6f] 5'6\of] pgLx?

cufl8 al9;s]sf lyP . ;ljgon] nfdf] ;fF; k]m¥of] / lg9fn eP/ vl6ofdf 9Nof] .


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Ps lbg Ps /ft p;n] vl6ofdf latfof] . afbn b'O k6s cfof] p;nfO{ x]g{

t/ ;ljtf cfOgg\ .

t]>f] lbg laxfg pm ;/f;/ ;ljtf sxfF uof] . p;nfO{ b]v]/ ;ljtf aflx/

cfFugdf cfP/ pleg\ / otfptfsf s'/f ug{ yflng\ . ;ljgonfO{ ysfO{ cg'ej

e}/x]s]f lyof] t/ ToxfF a; eGg] sf]xL ePg .a; eGg] rng eP kf] t . ta pm cfkm}

a}7s sf]7fdf uP/ a:of] . ;ljtf ;fgf ltgf sfddf leq aflx/ ub{} /lxg\ p;n]

k6s k6s cfu|x ubf{ klg pgL pm ;Fu a:g uOgg\, l5d]ssf s]6Lx?nfO{ 8fs]/ of]

sfd u/L b]p Tof] sfd u/L b]p eg]/ sfd cx|fO{ /lxg\ / ;ljgosf] ;xgzLntfn]

;Ldf gf£of] . pm p7\of] / pgL;Fu efG;fdf k'u]/ æof] s] xf] ;lj <Æ eGb} RofKk xft

;dfTof] . pgLn] em6s]/ xft 5f]8fpb}æ Sjf6{/df uP/ cf/fd u/Æ elgg\ .

ædnfO{ kmfObf a]kmfObf s] eof] < ;f]Wof} ltdLn] ;ljtf <Æ

æcfFvfsf] ;fd'Gg] b]lvPs} 5 s] ;f]Wg' k¥of] <Æ;ljtfn] ems{]/ hjfkm lbOg\ .

æltd|f] of] Jojxf/ d]/f] ;demdf cfPg .Æ lvGg eP/ ;ljgon] eGof] .Æ

;ljtf af]lngg\ .

æs]6Lx?nfO{ oxL a]nf lsg af]nfPsf] lgÆ, ;ljgon] t]h :j/df eGof] .

æd]/f] sfd lyof], d}n] af]nfPF ltd|f] s] dtna .<Æ

ædtna t 5, Tof] dtnasf] nflu ca ;fFem cfpF5' eg]/ pm ToxfFaf6 kmSof{]

.

æ;fFem oxfF gcfpg', atfO{ lbP5' . k5f8Laf6 ;ljtfsf] ?vf] cfjfh ;'Gof] p;n]

.

Sjf6{/df kms{]kl5 pm sfl6Psf] ?v em}+ lj:tf/fdf k5fl/of] . ;ljtf p;sf]

xftaf6 km]/L km'TsL 5g\ pm ;f]Rg yfNof] . ca, ca s] pkfo /x\of] < s] ug{], ;ljtf

ljgfsf] hLjg < gL/; / z'is hLjg . afFr]/ s] nfe 5 < pgL t d]/f] hLjg Hofl]t

x'g\ . dl0f ljgf ;k{ sxL+ /xg ;Sb5 < d]/f] t dl0f n'l6of] rf]l/of] . pm w]/} ;f]Rg

;s]g . w'? w'? ?g yfNof] .

p;sf] cfFvfsf] rds, cf]+7sf] d':sfg ;a x/fof] . c:ktfn hfFbf afbn ToxfF

pkl:yt /xG5 / ahf/df klg afbns} ;fy x'lG5g\ . p;sf] Sjf6{/df pgL hfg] s'/}


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ePg pgsf] Sjf6/df hfFbf cfFugdf pleP/ aflx/L s'/f ;'g]/ ckdfg ;x]/ wf]aLn]

n'uf lgrf]/] em}+ cfˆgf] d'6' cfkm} lgrf]b{] 8]/fdf kms{g] afx]s c? k|fKt x'g] s]xL xf]Og

.

æs:tL l5g d]/L ;ljtf <Æ pm ;+w} tgfju|:t /x]/ ;f]rL /xG5 . pgL o:tL

s;/L eOg\ . pgnfO{ 8fS6/n] ====== cuf8L pgsf] clgi6sf] s'/f t p;n] ;f]Rg}

;s]g . d]/f] efUodf o:t} cfx ug'{ / ?g' g} n]v]sf] 5 < xf] t lg < oxL t n]v]sf]

/x]5 . t/ o;k6s pgn] o:tf] pk]Iff ug{] sf/0f < p;sf] t ?cf af;Ldf lbg /

/ft laTg nfu] . ;ljtfnfO{ PsfGtdf kfpg p;n] hlt k|oTg ub{Yof] Tolts} lg/fzf

xft kb{Yof] . t/ hxfF rfx ToxfF /fx eg] h:t} Ps lbg p;n] cb\'e't ;fx; b]vfof] .

Ps lbg ;fFem pm wdwdfpFb} pgsf] sf]7fdf k:of] . pgL cf/fd ub{} /lxl5g\ vf6df .

p;n] vf6df g} pgnfO{ k5f¥of] . pgL 56kl6Og\ . p7]/ aflx/ hfg] k|oTg ul/g\ t/

pgsf] s]xL gnfu]kl5 leQfsf] cf8]; nufP/ vf6ofdf a:b} æltdL s] rfxG5f} laGg"Æ

eg]/ ;f]lwg\ .

æltdLnfO{, ;lj . dfq ltdLnfO{ .Æ

æTof] t ca x'Fb}g .Æ

ælsg <Æ

æOg, lsg s]xL gfO{ .Æ

æxf]Og, sf/0f t atfpm .Æ

æd o;/L /v}n eP/ a:bLg .

Psl5g 3f]l/of] ;ljgo / tTsfn Pp6f lg0f{o lnP/ pgsf] xft ;dfTb} æn

ev{/} p7, d}n] :jLsf/]Æ eGb} pgnfO{ tfg]/ p7fpg vf]Hof] .

æef] ef] kb}{g . ca dnfO{ s;}sf] s]xL aGg' 5}g .Æ eGb} ;ljtfn] xft 5'6fOg\ .

æca s] d]/f] xftdf xft klg /xg lbGof} <Æ

ælsg xft lbg] < s] gftf 5 ltdL;Fu <Æ

æd afx]s sf]O{ c?;Fu klg t ltd|f] gftf 5}g ;lj .Æ


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æc? ;Fu < sf] c?;Fu d]/f] gftf x'g' kg{] eG7fG5f}+ < d n'uf km]/]em} nf]Ug] km]g{]

:qL x'F .Æ ;ljtfn] kmTkmtfpFb} elgg\ .

æxf]Og, xf]Og < To:tf] kfk d t lrtfpFb}g . ltdL d]/L xf}, dfq d]/L . c?

s;}n] xft nufpg] s'/f t k/ hfcf];\,Æ ;ljgon] d'¶L afFw]/ bfx«f s6s6fpFb} eGof]

æs;}n] cfFvf p7fP/ ltdLnfO{ x]/L dfq lbof] eg], ltd|f] zky, ;ljtf p;nfO{ sf6L

lbG5' / cfkm" klg ;]tLdf xfd kmfN5' .Æ

;ljtf r'k nflug\ . pm klg r'k eof] . tdtdfP/ /ftf] ePsf] d'v km]/L

:jfefljs eof], qmf]w / cfj]zsf] 7fpFdf p;sf] d'vd08n km]/L bofb{ eP/ cfof] /

;ljtfsf] cfFvfdf x]b{} a;L /x\of] .

æolt Wofg lbP/ s] x]/]sf] <Æ o;k6s ;ljtfn] ;f]lwg\ .

æx]/L /x]5' tL cf]7, tL cfFvf, tL ufnf, To]f lrp8f], Tof] 3fF6L / ltd|f z/L/sf

tL c+u k|To+u hf] s'g} ;dodf d]/f lyP . d]/f nflu lyPÆ p;n] bL3{ lgZjf; 5f]8\b}

eGof] .

æca s] eof] <Æ ;ljtf d':sfOg\ .

æltdL xfF:5\of} ;ljtf . xfF; d cefuL dfly xfF; .Æ p;sf cfFvfdf cfF;'

el/P . p;n] ca?4 s+7n] u'gf;f] u¥of] . æt/ ;lj ca oL s'g} c+u klg d]/f /x]gg\

. d]/f] clwsf/ l;l4of], l;l4of] x}g / ;lj < p;sf cfFvfdf ;fpg ebf} pln{of] . pm

?Fb} /x\of] ;ljtf r'k nfu]/ a;L /lxg\ . Ps l5g kl5 ;ljgon] 6fpsf] p7fof] /

;ljtf lt/ x]b{} eGof] æoxL 6fpsf]df xft /fv]/ s] elgYof] ;lj < ofb u/, d}n] s'g}

ck/fw u/]sf] 5' eg] atfO{ b]p, b08 lbg] eP Tof] klg b]p t/ ;lj oL c+u k|To+u

;a ltd|} x'g\ . ltd|f] dfq x'g\ olt t elg b]p .Æ

æltd|} t x'g\ . c? s:sf x'g kfun <Æ ;ljtfn] cffvfaf6 k|]d kf]Vb} elgg\ .

;ljgo efjljxjn eof], k|f0fbfg kfP h:tf] eof] / p;n] pgsf] xft ;dft]/

æ;fFRr} xf] ;lj <Æ km]/L eg ;lj . km]/L eg . d ax't v'zL 5'Æ eGb} t8ft8 xftdf

r'Dag ug{ yfNof] .

p;sf /f]u, p;sf Aoyf ;a efuL ;s]sf lyP . To;}n] ha ;ljtfn] P}n]

hfpm kl5 e]6f}+nf elgg\ ta pm cf1fsf/L afns em}+ v'/mSs lxFl8xfNof] .


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ef]nLkN6 p;n] cfˆgf] Sjf6{/df afbnnfO{ vfgf vfg] lgDtf lbof] . ;ljtfnfO{

klg va/ k7fof] cfkm" klg eGg uof] . ;fFemsf] ;dodf ;ljtf cfˆgL 5f]/Lsf ;fy

klxn] k'lug\ / k'Ugf ;fy æafbn hL cfpg' ePsf] 5}g <Æ eg]/ ;f]lwg\ .

æcfpFb} x'g'xf]nf, xfdL a:b} u/f}+Æ eg]/ ;ljgon] pgnfO{ ;f]kmfdf a:g] ;+s]t

u¥of] / 5f]/LnfO{ sfvdf p7fP/ DjfO{ vfg yfNof] . t/, ;ljtf uP/ a/08fdf

pleg\ . ;ljgosf] Sjf6{/ ;ljtfsf] Sjf6{/ / afbn a;]sf] u]:6xfp; lqe'hsf] tLg

laGb'df lyP / ;ljgosf] Sjf6{/af6 u]:6 xfp;sf] aflx/L 9f]sf b]lvGYof] . ;ljtfsf]

cfFvf ToxL 9f]sf / af6f]df bf}l8g yfn] . k6s–k6s 38L x]b{} sxfF x/fpg' eof]

afbnhL eGb} Jou| x'g yflng\ .

;ljgon] lbPsf] ;do latL ;s]sf]n] pm klg lrlGtt eof] . x'g t vfgf kfSb}

lyof] ;fFem kg{ dfq nfu]sf] lyof] t/ ;ljtf ax't} lrlGtt b]lvlGyOg\ . pgn] If0f–

If0fdf afbn lsg cfO{ k'Ug' ePg <Æ eg]/ ;f]Wg] / sf]7fdf k:b} gk;]/ a/08fdf 3/L

pleg] 3/L s';L{df a:g], ;f8Lsf] cfFrndf ufF7f] kfb{} vf]Nb} 38L / af6f]df cfFvf

bf}8fpg] / ;ljgo;Fu s'/f gug{], pgs]f o; Aojxf/af6 ;ljgosf] dg lvGg eof] .

s/La cfwf 306f o:t} laTof] . ha efG;]n] ævfgf kfSof] ;fx]a rf8} lhpgf/ eP

j]z xf]nf jiff{ dlxgfdf aTtLdf sL/f cfpF5g\Æ eg]/ Wofg cfslif{t u¥of] ta p;n]

vfgf k:sg egL xfNof] .

;ljgon] ax't cfu|x u¥of] t/ pgL leq hfg dflggg\ . pm klg anhkmtL

u/]/ pgnfO{ l/;fpg] df}sf lbg rfxb}gYof] . t;y{ ;a} hgfn] a/08fdf g} vfgf vfP

. ;ljtf lxF8\g tTk/ eOg\, t/ ;ljgon] Ps l5g c? ?Sg] cfu|x u¥of] t/ pgL

dflggg\ . .5f]/Lsf] cf}+nf ;dft]/ lxFl8g\ . ;ljgo kl5 kl5 nfUof] / Sjf6{/;Dd

k'¥ofpg hfG5' eGof] t/ pgL dflggg\ . PSn} hfG5' elgg\ pgs]f v'zL g} p;sf] klg

v'zL . p;n] a9L s]xL ug{ klg t ldNb}g . t}klg aflx/ 9f]sfdf pgsf] ;fd'Gg]

plEeP/ eGof] æPs lgj]bg u5'{ x} ;lj c:jLsf/ gug'{ .Æ

æ s] <Æ

æl;pFbf] lsgf/df agfP/ v"a uf9f] /ftf] l;Gb"/ eg'{ x} dnfO{ ax't} dg k5{ .Æ

;ljtf d';'Ss xfFl;g / s]xL gaf]n]/ lxFl8g\ .

-(_

tLh cfof] k~rdL cfof] ;ljtf v"a /dfOg\ t/ ;ljgosf] pbf;L b"/ x'g

;s]g . pgn] p;nfO{ ghLs kg{] df}sf g} lbOgg\ . t/ Pp6f gofFkg s] b]lvof] eg]


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pgn] ;ljgon] dg k/fpg] u/] h:tf] >[+uf/ eg] cjZo ug{ nflug\ . Tof] >[+uf/sf]

ef]u ug{ p;n] gkfP klg x]g{ t kfPs} lyof] . t/ p;nfO{ olQn] ;+tf]if sxfF <

pgn] p;sf] pk]Iff u/]sf] :ki6 lyof] . of] pk]Iff ;ljgosf] d'6'sf] Aoyf aGg uPsf]

lyof] . To;}n] pm Ps lbg lbpF;} pgsf] Sjf6{/df k'Uof] / hfgf ;fy æ;ljtf cfh

cflv/L lg0f{o dfUg cfPsf] 5' . ltdL d]/L xf} ls xf]OGof}+ <Æ eg]/ ;f]Wof] .

klxn] t ;ljtf crsrfOg\ t/ kl5 elgg\ æslt k6s egL;s]+ d]/f] kL5f

5f]8\ b]p eg]/, t/ ltdL dfGb}gf} t .Æ

æxf]Og ;lj o:tf] geg .Æ p;n] xft hf]8\of] æd laGtL u5'{ o:tf] cgy{ gu/L

b]p . ltdL lagf d /xg} ;Sb}g . dnfO{ h'g lbg of] ljZjf; x'g hfg]5 ls ltdL d]/L

/lxgf}, d tTIf0f k|f0f TofuL lbG5' . x]/ ;lj, b'O{6Lsf] l;pFbf]sf] l;Gb'/ x'F d, b'O{

;Gtfgsf] eljio x'F . dnfO{ cfTdxTof ug{ lsg afWo u/fpF5\of} ;lj <Æ

æh] ;'s} xf];, h] ;'s} u/ dnfO{ s] dtna <Æ

æo:tf] g eg xf] ;lj . d]/f] ck/fw s] 5 lk|o <Æ

;ljtfn] p;nfO{ 5f]8]/ wdwdfpFb} l5d]sLsf] 3/ lt/ nlfug\ .

cfhef]nL ;ljgonfO{ lgGb|f nfUg 5f]8] h:tf] 5 . x/ ;do 6fpsf] ef/L eP/

r8\sL /xG5 . pm xd]zf ;ljtfsf] b'lgofdf ;ljtfsf] sNkgfdf pgL;Fu} /xgG5 .

e]6 pgL;Fu /f]h x'G5, x'G5 xf]Og ls p;n] u5{, df}sf ldNgf ;fy tdfd lanf}gf

u5{ t/ ;a} lg/y{s .

Tof] lbg, ;DejtM 36:yfkgfsf] Pslbg klxn] . p;n] a8f] cg'go lago

u/]Yof] ;ljtf;Fu . æbz}+sf] rf8kj{ xf] ;lj z'esfdgf lbg] lng] ;dodf b'ef{jgf

lsg .Æ tdfd s'/f tdfd :t'lt . t/ afn'jfdf kfgL xfn] h:tf] . Tolt Wofg j+bg /

k"hg eujfgsf] u/]sf] eP ;DejtM eujfg ldNy] xf]nfg\ . oxL lrGtgdf pm PsfGt

lgh{gdf ;fFem b]lv a;]sf] lyof] . 6f9f st} 3+6fsf] cfjfh cfof] 6g 6g 6g=====.

uGof] p;n] /ftsf] b; ahL ;s]sf] /x]5 . pm lhp+bf] nfz em} p7]/ lxF8\of] Sjf6{/

tkm{ . u]:6 xfp; tkm{af6 hf+Fbf ef]nL 36:yfkgf ;Fu} dgffpg afbnnfO{ lgDTofpF5'

elg ;f]Rof] / p;sf v'§f u]:6xfp; lt/ nfu] . ToxfF 9f]sf 9s9sfpFbf rf}sLbf/n]

p7]/ 9f]sf vf]Nof] p;n] ækfx'gf 8fS6/ ;fx]a ;'tL ;Sg' eP5 ls hfub} x'g' x'G5

eg]/ ;f]Wof] .Æ

æjxfFsf] sf]7f aflx/af6 aGb 5Æ rf}sLbf/n] eGof] æjxfF s'g} s'g} lbg ;fx|}

ca]/ kms{g' x'G5 s'g} s'g} lbg /fte/L cfpg' x'Gg laxfgL kv dfq kms{g' x'G5 .Æ


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æsxfF hfg] ug'{ x'G5 <Æ ;ljgon] cfZro{ dfGb} ;f]Wof] .

ævf]O ;fx]a, h'g lbg laxfg kms{g' x'G5 Tof] lbg sf]7f aGb u/]/ $÷% 306f

;'Tg' x'G5 . 7"nf a8f dflg; ;fx]a, sxL+ ;fyLefO{x?sf h'jf tf; rN5 xf]nf .Æ

;ljgo ToxfFaf6 lxF8\of] . lgGb|f gnfu]sfn] sf]7fdf hfg dg nfu]sf] lyPg

To;}n] Ps rSs/ ahf/ lt/af6 nufpFb} pm cfˆg} w'gdf lxF8 \b} lyof] . pm xf]6n

kj{tsf] ;fd'Gg] k'Ubf xf]6njfnfn] aGb u/L /fv]sf] xf]6nsf] ;6/ leqaf6 p7\of]

ToxfFaf6 b'O{ hgf h'cf8Lx? lg:s], ;6/ km]/L aGb eof] . ;ljgonfO{ TolQs}

afbnsf] af/]df ;f]Wg dg nfUof] / pgLx?nfO{ /f]Sof] . h'cf/Lx?n] p;nfO{ lrg]sf

/x]5g\ pgLx?n] p;nfO{ gd:sf/ u/]/ pleP .

ædfly xf]6ndf 6f]nLsf 8fS6/ ;fxa x'g' x'G5 <Æ ;ljgon] ;f]Wof] .

dfly xf]6ndf xf]Og jxfF csf{] dlxnf 8fS6/ ;fxa sxfF x'g'x'G5 . Pp6f

h'cf/Ln] s'/f :ki6 ub{} eGof] .Æ d]/f] l5d]ssL 5f]/Lsf] k]6 b'v]Yof] p;nfO{ 8fS6/

;fxasf] Sjf6{/df b; ah] lt/ nu]Yof]+ ToxfF 9f]sf 9s9sfpFbf b'j} 8fS6/ ;fxax?n]

x]g'{ eof] / bjfO{ lbg' eof] . l5d]sLx? 3/ lt/ nfu] x8a8Ldf xfd|f] s]xL ;fdfg oxfF

xf]6ndf 5'6]sf]n] ToxL lng cfPsf lyof}+ .Æ

;ljgosf] ;fd'Gg] cfsfz k[YjL ;a} gfRof] . p;sf] cfˆg} ;fyL, cfˆg} ldq,

afbnn] p;}sf] lk7\o"df 5'/f /f]Kof] . To;}n] t ;ljtf ablnPsL /x]l5g\ . s'/f :ki6

e} xfNof] . 6fpsf] r8r8fof] / km'6\nf h:tf] eof] . b'j} xftn] sGr6 bafP/ pm

yrSs af6f]df a;L xfNof] . t/ tTsfn p;nfO{ cfˆgf] cj:yf / :yfgsf] Wofg cfof]

. ahf/df o;/L a:g ePg . pm p7\of] ToxfFaf6 / Sjf6{/df uP/ lagf kfgLsf] df5f

em} 56kl6g yfNof] . kfun em}+ a8a8fpg / 6fpsf] k8sg yfNof] .

/ft laTof] lgTolqmofaf6 lgD6]/ cfˆgf] lgTosf] k"hf:yndf uof] . t/ ToxfF

eujfg eP kf] eujfgsf] k"hf cr{gf x'GYof] . p;sf] x[bodf t lj/fhdfg l5g\

;ljtf . 9gdlgP/ k5fl/of] e'OFdf . æeujfg ltdL 5f} sxL< 5}gf} 5}gf}, 5f} eg] ltdL

klg cTofrf/L /x]5f}+, cf] k|e' of] k|f0f ca of] z/L/df lsg afFsL 5 < eGb} /f]of]

s/fof], kmf]6f] / d"lt{x? p7fof], k6\Sof], 7f]Sof], ufnL u¥of] . kfunkgsf] k|f/+e .

gofF hLjgdf kbfk{0fsf] z'esfdgf t lbg} k¥of] . xf] hfpmF x]/f}+ s:tL ePsL

5g\ ;lj . d]/f] gfddf ul/Psf] l;Fuf/ c?nfO{ n'6fPkl5 s:tL b]lvPlng\ . pm

;/f;/ lxF8\of] . b]Vg]jfnfn] k|ftsfnLg jfo' ;]jgdf lg:s]sf] eG7fg] . pm ;Lw}

;ljtfsf] Sjf6{/df uof] . aflx/sf] 9f]sf v'nf /x]5 < sxfF 5\of} ;ljtfÆ eGb} pm


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wgwgfpFb} leq k:b} uof] . st}af6 s'g} cfjfh cfPg . pm ;/f;/ a]8 ?ddf k:of] .

;ljtf cN5L dfg]em}+ kN6]sL lyOg\ vf6df .

æxgLd"g s:tf] /x\of] ;lj < Ao+u u¥of] p;n] .

æoxfF ;Grf] 5}g ltdLnfO{ xgLd"g k/]5 .Æ ;ljtfn] elgg\ .

p;sf] dgdf t cfof] ls ltdLnfO{ ;Grf] cfhLjg nfUg] 5}g t/ eg]g . æ7Ls

5 ;'t d hfG5'Æ eg]/ pm lxF8\g vf]Hof] . t/ ;ljtfdf crfgs kl/jt{g cfof] .

x7ft p;sf] xft ;dft]/ tflgg\ . ;ljgo em6sf vfP/ pgLdfly 9Ng k'Uof] .

;ljtfsf] af;L / blnt >[+uf/ ;ljgosf] hLjgsf] cfwf/ aGg k'Uof] .

-!)_

blnt >[+uf/sf] Ps l5gsf] dfq dw'/ ;'jf; kfPsf] cfh 5 lbg eof] . aLrdf

;ljtfsf] p:t} ;'vf Jojxf/ /x\of] . ef]nL ;KtdL, bz}+sf] km"nkftLsf] k"j{ /fqLdf

ahf/sf s]6fx?n] ahf/df gfr /+usf] cfof]hgf u/]sf /x]5g\ . ;ljgo ;ljtfs}

lrGtgdf /ftL ljl5Kt dg lg?2]Zo oq tq 8'Nb} sfo{qmd e}/fv]sf] 7fpFdf k'u]sf]

lyof] . Ps l5g ToxfF xfF:o /+u x]¥of] t/ pm xfF:g ;s]g . ptfaf6 kms{b} lyof] .

crfgs p;sf] ;fd'Gg] afbn cfO{ k'Uof] . pm u]:6 xfp; lt/af6 cfPsf] /x]5 .

p;n] ;ljgonfO{ b]Vgf ;fy d'v cs{}lt/ kmsf{of] / km'tL{ ;fy cufl8 al9 xfNof] .

;ljgo Ps l5g t cSs g aSs k/]/ pleof] t/ tTsfn p;sf v'§f klg cs:dft

afbnsf kl5 nfu] . p;n] cfkm"nfO{ ax't} /f]Sof] t/ /f]Sg ;s]g . b'j}sf] aLrdf

sl/a @) ld6/sf] km/s lyof] . afbn ;ljtfsf] Sjf6{/sf] cufl8 uP/ 6\ofSs

cl8of] . pm cl8Psf] dfq s] lyof] 9\ofSs 9f]sf v'Nof] / pm leq k;L xfNof] 9f]sf

tTIf0f aGb eof] .

of] t ;fIfft k|nosf] b[Zo lyof] ;ljgosf] nflu . p;sf] a'l4n] 7fpF 5f]8\of] .

pm ;ljtfsf] Sjf6{/sf] j/Lk/L kmgkmgL 3'Dof] . 9f]sf v6v6fpF < gv6v6fpmF . s]

kmfobf , xf]Og, xflg g} s] 5 < xflg 5, csf{sf] sfo{df lsg lj£g pkl:yt ug{] .

pm /fte/L stf stf 3'd]5, vf]nf lsgf/df s'g 9'+ufdf k5fl/P5 slt /f]P5,

rLTsf/ u/]5, skfn n'5]5, s;nfO{ yfx < s'g n]vssf] snddf Tolt zlQm 5

h;n] n]Vg ;sf]; To;sf kL8f . df}g k|s[lt, rGb|df / tf/fn] b]v] To;sf] j]bgf /

;'g] To;sf] cft{gfb .

k|ft sfnLg xfjf / r/fx?sf] uLt nx/Ln] p;sf] tGb|f e+u eof] . vf]nfsf]

sfvdf k|s[ltsf] cfFrndf p;sf] /ft lat]sf] /x]5 . ;ljtf g ;xL pgsf] :d[lt t


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;fy} lyof] .pm p7\of] / la:tf/} la:tf/} 8]/f lt/ lxF8\of] . pm ;ljtfsf] Sjf6{/ b]lv

cln k/} lyof] ls cgfofz To;sf cfFvf pgsf] 9f]sfdf kg{ uof] l7s ToxL If0f

9f]sf v'Nof] / lem;ld;] cFWof/f]df afbn ôf§ 9f]sfaf6 aflx/ eof], 9f]sf aGb eof]

/ nfdf nfdf kfOnf rfNb} afbn p;} lt/ cfO{ k'Uof] . ;ljgosf] l7s ;fd'Gg] cfO{

k'u]kl5 afbnn] cuf8L b]Vof] ;ljgonfO{ . p;n] km]/L d'v csf{] lt/ kmsf{P/ p;nfO{

b]Vb} gb]v] em}+ u/]/ a8f] t]h rfndf u]:6 xfp; tkm{ u} xfNof] . of] 36gf Ps} l5gdf

36\of] .

æcfhsf] dw'ofldgL s:tf] laTof] < cfh a];Grf] t ePg ,Æ dgn] eg] klg

p;sf] dfgl;s zlQmn] 7fpF 5f]8L ;s]sf] x'gfn] pm ;ljtfsf] Sjf6{/df ;'v;dfrf/

;f]Wg k:g ;s]g . cfˆgf] Sjf6{/df cfP/ 9f]sf aGb u/]/ sk8f RofTg yfNof] .

kfunkgsf nIf0f :ki6 x'g nfu]sf lyP .

æd[To' lsg cfO{ /x]sf] 5}g < cfkm};Fu k|Zg / pQ/sf] qmd rNof] .

cefuLx?sf] sfn rfF8} sxfF cfpF5 , ta cfTdxTof ug'{ k¥of] < xf]Og, rf/ kfFr

lbgkl5 t afbn hfFb}5 lg . To;kl5 t ;ljtf p;}sL x'lG5g\ . of] t Ps ;dodf

b'O6f ofqLnfO{ cf>o lbg g;Sg] pgsf] afgL kf] t . cfTd xTof lsg ug{] < s]

pkGof; / lkmNdx?df 3l6t x'g] h:t} km]/L s'g} rdTsf/ x'G5 < lans'n x'G5 .

cfzf g} t hLjgsf] zlQm xf] < pgL lagf t ltdL dg{ klg t ;Sb}gf} . ltdL

;ljtfsf ;ljgo xf] lg < dfly ;ljtf 5g\ eGg] yfx kfP/ cfˆgf] kl/hgnfO{ 5f]8]/

nfdf] ofqf u/]/ ltdL sdn em}+ t kfgLdfly pd|]sf lyof] lg Û ;ljtfs} cfufw k|]ddf

a9\of], x'Sof{], xfF:of] ca ;ljtfsf] k|r08 tfk gkfP;Dd ltdL cf]Onfpg klg t

;Sb}gf}+ . ltd|f] d[To'df klg t pg}sf] ;xof]u x'g' kb{5 . pgL;Fu ;xof]u dfu g <

x[bon] ;'emfj lbof] .

ToxL efjgfjz p;n] snd p7fof] / Pskfgf sfuh lr¶L n]Vg yfNof]

;ljtfnfO{ . o;?kdf cfO{ lbg cfXjfg ug{ yfNof] . lr¶L t sljtf kf] ag]5 .

lr¶L n]v/ pm sf]7fsf] 9f]sfdf cfof] / gf]s/nfO{ af]nfP/ lr¶L ;ljtfnfO{

lbP/ cfpg eof] . gf]s/n] lr¶L lbP/ cfof] . pm p7\of] / ;]ljË u¥of], g'xfof], n'uf

km]/\of] / cfndf/Ldf /x]sf] ;]G6sf] lzzL p7fof], lhpdf 5s{g eg]/ . t/ p;nfO{

tTsfn ;Demgf eof] ;ljtfn] s'g} t]n / ;]G6sf] uGw dg k/fpFb}lgg\ . Pp6f lkmSsf

d':sfg Ps l5gsf] nflu cf]+7df cfof] / tTsfn ljnLg eof] . ;]G6sf] lzzL To:t}

/fv]/ pm sf]7faf6 aflx/ lg:Sof] .


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Ps k6s bz{g kfP x'GYof] . pgsf] Sjf6{/df hfg gk/] x'GYof] . ToxfF s;/L

hfg] < ToxfF uPkl5 tL kn+u, tL l;/fgL, k"/} sf]7fn] luHofPsf] x]g{ / ;xg ;S5 <

;Sb}g . ef] ToxfF g hfpmF . pm lg?2]Zo 3'Dbf 3'Db} dlGb/ k'Uof] . dlGb/sf ;L9L, Tof]

s'gf hxfF hf8f]df p;n] /ft latfPYof], ;a}n] p;sf] pkxf; u/L /x] h:tf] nfUof] .

pm Sjf6{/df kmSof{] laxfg gf:tf klg u/]sf] lyPg . gf:tf vfgf s'g} s'/f klg

7]ufgdf 5}g . p;n] vfgf vfP/ sfof{nodf uP/ cfkm\gf] r]Da/df a;]sf] dfq s]

lyof] p;nfO{ vf]Hb} afbn cfO{ k'Uof] . rf/ 306f klxn] b]lvPsf] /+u p8]sf] afbn /

clxn] 7f6af6n] cfPsf] afbndf km/s lyof] .

b'j}n] a8f] k|]dn] e]6] Ps csf{nfO{ . xfF;], d':s'/fP klg . t/ ;ljgosf]

xF;fO{df hLjg lyPg, cf}krfl/stf / g}/fZotf lyof] . lvn–lvnfpFbf] xF;Lsf] gd'gf

ahf/df pknAw eP p;n] klg lsg]/ d'vdf nufO{ lnGYof], ;f]Rof] ;ljgon] .

dflg; s:tf] gf6ssf/ x'G5 . leq cfTdf t8\kL /x]5 aflx/ cf]+7df d':sfO{/x]5 .

afbn e]fnLsf] ˆnfO6af6 cfˆgf] k|:yfgsf] ;"rgf lbg cfPsf] lyof] . ;fy}

ef]nL ;ljtfsf] klt oxfFsf] :jf:Yo sfo{sf] k+|ult ljj/0f lng / bz}+ ot} dfGg

cfpg nfu]sf] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] lyof] . ;ljgodf s]xL cfzf / s]xL lg/fzfsf] ;+rf/

eof] . afbnnfO{ cfh vfgfsf] nflu cfˆg} Sjf6{/df lgDTofpg 7Ls k5{ kb{}g . cfh

p;sf] oxfFsf] clGtd a;fO{ xf] . of] clGtd lbg t pm ;ljtf sxfF hfnf . lglZrt

hfG5 . t/ p;sf] nflu t of] /flq klg sfn/flq x'g] eof] . ls t p;nfO{ yfx

ge}lbP x'GYof] . cfh afbn ef]nL /fx'n k;L{===== .

ef]nLkN6 afbn t uof] t/ /fx'n s'g} sf/0fjz cfpg ;s]g . ef]nL cfpg] /]

. cfP cfcf];\, dnfO{ s] < ;ljgon] cfˆgf] dgnfO { alnof] u/fpg rfXof] . cfh

pgnfO{ gb]v]sf] tLg lbg eof] .x]g'{ t k¥of] . x]g{ t kfpg' k¥of] .

;ljgon] 38L lt/ x]/\of] . s] u/f]; ca < b'O ahL /x]sf] 5 . k6s k6s

pgsf] Sjf6{/df hfg plrt nfUb}g / pgL oxfF cfpb}lgg\ . xf6 ahf/df, d]nf

7]nfdf pgL ;Fu e]6} x'Fb}g . pm Pp6f af6f] uPsf] x'G5 pgL cs{} af6f] u} ;s]sL

x'lG5g\, pm s'g} bf]sfgdf k:5, ;ljtf ToxF k;]/ kmsL{ ;s]sL x'lG5g\ . a8f] ljlrq

s'/f . ;+of]u g} gh'6\g] .

p;n] ;]Rof] ca Sjf6{/df guP;Dd pkfo 5}g .

pm ;ljtfsf] Sjf6{/df k'Uof] . ;ljtf lrof vfg nfu]sL /x]l5g\ . p l7+u

9f]sfdf pleof] / pgsf] d'v}df lgofn]/ x]g{ yfNof] .


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æs] x]/]sf] o:t/L < slxn] dnfO{ b]v]sf 5}gf} s] < ;ljtfn] ;f]lwg\ .

æcfˆgf] hLjgnfO{ x]/]sf] . Æ;ljgon] nfdf] :jfF; km]b{} eGof] æhlt x]¥of] Tolt

Kof; a9\5 .Æ

ækm]/L pxL kfunkgsf s'/f ,Æ ;ljtfn] emsf{] dfGb} elgg\ .

ækfun ltdLn] g} t agfPsL xf] . d kfun sxfF lyP / <Æ

æa9L as as g u/ n lrof vfpmÆ pgn] Ps sk lrof p;sf] ;fd'Gg] /flv

lbOg\ .

p;n] lunf; xftdf lnof] b'O{ 3"F6 lrof vfof] / eGof] æof] v]n lsg v]n5\of}

;lj .Æ

æs'g v]n <Æ

æoxL dnfO { es'08f] agfP/, v]nf}gf em}+ v]Ng] / ôfFSg] u/]sf] v]n .Æ

ær'k nfu, w]/} g s/fp .Æ

ælsg g s/fpF, cfh s/fpg} cfPsf] 5' .Æ

æTo;f] eP s/fO{ /fv d lxF8]Æ eg]/ ;ljtf sf]7faf6 lg:s]/cfFugdf uP/

u'Gb|Ldf al;g\ .

;ljgo klg kl5 kl5 uP/ pgsf] glhs} pleof] .

ædnfO{ PsfGtdf dg{ t b]p, o;/L lsg kl5 nfU5f}+ <Æ ;ljtfn] elgg\ .

æltdL lsg dg'{ k¥of] ;ljtf < ltdLn] /r]sf v]n t afFsL g} 5g\ . d h:tf]

k9]n]v]sf, wg ;DklQ, kl/jf/, kb k|lti7f ;a} ePsf] 1fgL, WofgLn] dgnfO{ ax't

;Demfpg] a'emfpg] ubf{ klg ha cfkm" dfly lgoGq0f ug{ ;sL /x]sf] 5}g / ltdL

h:tL nfO{ g} cfˆgf] hLjg dfG5' eg] csfn dg'{ t d}n] xf] . d}n] ;a b]lv /x]sf] 5'

. ;a yfx kfpF5' . ;'sd{ / bi'sd{ ;a d}n] u/]sf] 5' rf]/L d}n] u/]+, 8fFsf d}n] u/]+, tL

;a} af6f]df lxF8L ;s]sf] 5' eg] d]/f] cfFvfdf 5f/f] xfNg] ltdLn] < t} klg d t eG5'

ls ltdL cfˆgf] Jojxf/nfO{ ;'wf/ . d ltd|f] x'F .Æ


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147

æx'F, d]/f] < d]/f] sf]O{ 5}g, ca ltdL;Fu laNs'n ;DaGw 5}g . hf] eof] eof] .

ca b]lv d sxfF cfpg' kb{}g . ;ljtf l/;fOg\ sfl6Psf] 3fpdf g"g r's nfu] em}+

ltnldnfOg\ .

æxf] . ca ;fFRr} ;DaGw 5}g <Æ

æ5}g s] 5}g, ca 6fpsf] g vfpm .Æ

;ljgon] ;fIfft cfˆgf] sfn b]Vof] . pm klg u'Gb|Ldf yrSs a:of] / eGof]

æTo;f] eP ;lj, of] xft cfh clGtd k6s ;dfTb} 5', ca b]lv ;ljgo ltd|f] 6fpsf]

vfg, ltdLnfO{ b'Mv lbg cfpg] 5}g . ;s] of] cfˆgf] ljGg'nfO{ arfpm ;lj . ltdLnfO{

a8f] kfk nfUg] 5 .Æ

;ljtf df}g /lxg\ . ;ljgon] g} eGof] æs]xL cfzf u/f}+ ;lj <Æ

pgn] Ogsf/df 6fpsf] xNnfOg .

æ;fFRr} xf] <Æ km]/L ;f]Wof] <

æ;fFRr} xf] .Æ s7f]/ :j/ lyof] ;ljtfsf] .

æTo;f] x'gfn] ca clGtd xf], clGtd bz{g . nf} ;lj ljbf ltdL ;'vL /x], d]/f]

nflu b'Mv gdfg], g/f]P ;ljÆ eGb} ;ljgon] cfFvfdf 5Ns]sf cfFz' k'5\of] / Ps

k6s c? hf]8n] pgsf] xft bafP/ p7]/ lxF8\of] .

-!!_

gf/Lsf] sfvdf k'¿ifsf] :ju{ 5 . gf/L ljgf k'¿if dxTjxLg 5 . ;ljgo

cfˆgf] Sjf6{/df cfof] / cf]5 \ofgdf 9Nof] . hLjg / d[To' . hLjg t v]n xf] . d[To'

xf] clGtd ;To ;f]Rof] p;n] . lg/y{s / b'MvL eP/ afFRg] lsg < p;n] b'j} xftn]

cfˆgf] s~r6 bafof] . 6fpsf]sf gzfx¿ tGs]/ r/r/fP h:tf] nfUof] . xF, 6fpsfsf

gzf km'6] eg] pm t kfun x'G5 . kfun < p;n] sNkgfdf b]Vof], n'ufsf gfddf

rLy8f] nufPsf] skfn bfx|L a9]sf], w"nf]df nyky, ;lj, ;lj eg]/ lrRofpFb} bf}8L

/x]sf] ;ljgo, k5f8Laf6 s]6f s]6Lx¿n] O§f 9'Ëf xfg]/ lh:SofO{ /x]sf .

pm ;r]t eof], kfunkgdf ;ljnfO{ abgfd x'g] sfd x'g ;Sb5, pgsf]

clgi6 x'g ;Sb5, Tof] t unt xf] . h;nfO{ cfTdfn] Kof/ ul/G5 To;sf] clgi6 t

;f]Rg' klg x'Gg . kfunkg t cfpg lbg' ePg . PSn} a:g' ePg . dflg;x¿sf]

dfemdf a;]df dg xn'+uf] xf]nf .


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148

p;n] 9f]sf v'Nn} 5f]8]/ km}S6«Ldf uof] . cfh rf8 kj{n] ubf{ yf]/} sd{rf/Lx¿

sfddf lyP . ;a}sf] clejfbgsf] pQ/ lbFb} pm a8\b} uof] cufl8, 7"n7"nf dzLgx¿

;a rn]sf lyP . p;n] ;Nnfsf lr¿jf sf7sf 6'qmfnfO{ v8v8 kmf]8L /x]sf]

dzLgsf] ;fd'Gg] pleP/ x]¥of] . s:tf] ljlrq 5 ;+;f/ < ;f]Rof] p;n] . cufl8 7"nf]

Ajfon/df ns8Lsf kmrL{x¿ plDn+b} lyP . cem cufl8 a9\of] . cufl8 ljzfn :6Ld

OGhg v8f lyof] . dzLgdf hf]l8Psf To;sf k§fx¿ v6k6 v6k6 ub{} lyP O{Ghg

:jfF ˆjfF ub{} efk kmfnL /x]sf] lyof] .

;ljtfsf] hLjg klg t o:t} :jfF ˆjfF u/]/ rn]sf] 5 . pgsf] klg t ;fx|}

b'vb hLjg 5 . pgL o:tf] rl/qxLg s;/L eOg\ < pgL t a8f] a'l4dtL, ;'x[bof /

bofn' l5g\ . ;dfhdf pgL h:tL of]Uo / k/f]ksf/L dlxnf t sfxL+ stf st} dfq

xf]nfg\ . p;n] 7Dofof} pgsf] Psdfq sdhf]/L / 7"nf] bf]if s] t eg] pgn]

cfkmGt]sf] jrg xfg{ ;SbLgg\ . cTolws zLnjtL /x]l5g\ . rf6'sf/, ef]uL, :jfyL{ /

:jod\ kltt k|j[lTtsf k'¿ifx¿n] pgsf] v'Nnf ;dfhdf hxfFklg cfjt hfjt

p7a; ug{] :jefj / pbf/tf, ;f}Dotf, nHhfzLNftf, zfnLGftf, bofn'tf / zLn

h:tf u'0fx¿sf] gfhfoh kmfObf p7fO{ zLnjtLnfO{ kltt agfpg] u/]sf /x]5g\ .

clg bf]ifL sf] t < ;a}n] cf–cfkmgf k|s[lt cg';f/ ljrf/ unf{g\ . s;}n]

;ljtfnfO{ bf]ifL eGnf t/ ;ljgon] eGb}g . p;n] t ;ljtfdf k|s[lthGo sdhf]/L

cyf{t b[9tfsf] cefj dfq b]Vb5 . clg s'g} sdhf]/L ePsf] gf/Ln] s] of] ;dfhdf

OHht / k|lti7fsf;fy afFRg kfpg' xF'b}g < afFRg g kfpg] t xf]Og, t/ k'¿if

k|e'Tjsf] of] ;dfhdf k'?ifn] rfx] cg';f/ afFRg kfOg] /x]5 . p;n] dgdg} ljZn]if0f

ub}{ ;dfhdf k'¿ifsf] x}sdsf] cGt u/L p;sf] ljrf/ kl/jt{g ug{' kg{] cfjZostf

b]Vof] . p;n] k'¿if ;dfhnfO{ bf]ifL 7fGof] .

t/ ;ljtf :jfyL{x¿sf] e]ndf obfsbf au] klg ;ljgo;Fusf] pgsf] Kof/

stf kfvf nfU5 < pgL Tolt s7f]/ lsg x'g k'lU5g\ < clg slxn] sfxL+ Kof/ klg

ul5{g\ . pgsf] of] Jojxf/sf] af/]df p;n] ax't ;f]Rof] .

p;n] ;f]Rof]—s'g} gf/L ljz]ifdf s'n6f / kltt k|j[lQ /x]5 eg] Tof] s'/f cs}{

xf], cGoyf gf/L hfltdf Ps ;dodf Ps eGbf a9L k'¿if;Fu :j]Iffn] ;dfud ug{]

k|s[lt t xF'b}g . csf]{ s'/f ;ljtf ;fdflhs Gofosf] b[li6n] /fx'nsL kTgL x'g\ eg]

p;sf] 5f]/Lsf] gftfn] x]bf{ p;sL /v}n klg x'g . pgnfO{ /fx'nb]lv d'lSt lbnfP/

k"0f{tof ckgfpg g;Sg' p;sf] cfˆg} sdhf]/L xf] . o:tf] bf]xf]/f] e"ldsfdf ;ljtfsf]

dg ljrlnt x'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] pgn] obfsbf pm eGbf alnof] ;xf/fsf] vf]hLdf

p;nfO{ 5f]8g / c¿nfO{ ;dfTg k'u]sf] x'g' kb{5 .

pgsf] rl/qsf] csf{] kf6f] klg x'g ;Sb5 . ;ljtf t klZrdL ;Eotf dg

k/fpg] gf/L x'g\ . lxGb'–g]kfnL kl/j]z / ;fdflhs ;+:sf/sf] bfo/fdf hGd] x's{]sL

tyf o;} kl/j]z;Fu afFlwPsL gf/Ln] ;fdfGo efjgfjz klZrdf ;+:sf/ / /Llt


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149

gLltsf] cEof; ug{ yfn]kl5 b'O{ ;+:s[ltsf] 3if{0faf6 lg:sg] lkmln+uf]af6 cfuf]

nfu]sf]n] o:tf] b'u{tL / b'3{6gf ePsf] b]lvPsf] dfq t xf] . k"jL{of bz{g / dfGotfdf

of}g :jtGqtfnfO{ 3[l0ft sfo{ dflgPsf]n] t o:tf] b'/fu|x b]lvPsf] xf] cGoyf

klZrdL hutdf PseGbf al9 k"?if;Fu of}g ;dfud t ;xh / ;fdfGo s'/f xf] .

o;sf] s'g} b'Zkl/0ffdsf] ;Defjgf sd} x'G5 . xf], ;ljtf leq klZrdf gf/Ln] sf]N6]

km]/]s} sf/0faf6 k"jL{of ;dfhsf] k|f0fL ;ljgon] ;xg ug{ sl7g e}/x]sf] /x]5 .

c+u|]hL b'lgofsf] s'g} gf/Ln] cfˆgf] k|]dL cyjf kltnfO{ Tofu]/ cGt st} dfof lk|tL

nufPdf Tof] k|]dL jf kltsf] nflu ;fdfGo s'/f x'G5 . k|]dL k|]ldsf km]g'{ eg]sf] t

n'uf km]/]em} ;fdfGo Jojxf/ xf] . sf]lx s;}sf] nflu ?Fb}g .

clg ;ljgo ;ljtfsf] nflu lst o:tf] kfun ePsf] xf] < olx t cGt/ 5,

klZrdf / k"jL{ ;dfhdf . dfGotf / efjgf g} cnu–cnu 5g\ / kf] ;ljgo

5§kl6Psf] 5, /GylgPsf] 5 ljof]udf . k"jL{of bz{gsf] efjgf / ljrf/nfO{ klZrdf

bz{gn] b'Zk|efljt u/]sf] sf/0faf6 g} ;ljtfsf] Jojxf/df ljlrqtf b]lvPsf] xf] . of]

Jojxf/ ljlrqtfnfO{ ;fdfGo jf c;fdfGo h:tf] rfx\of], t} ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

;ljgon] o;nfO{ c;fdfGo dfGb5 eg] pxL hfgf];, pxL ef]uf];\ .

x'gt ;d:t k'¿if cyjf ;d:t gf/Lx¿sf] rl/qnfO{ s'g} Pp6} kl/efiffdf

afFWg ;lsb}g lsgls …s'08 s'08kfgL, d'08 d'08 a'l4Ú eg]/ elgPsf] 5 ;a}sf]

efjgf,ljrf/ / ;+j]bgf Psgf; x'+b}g . ljleGg s'/fdf dgsf] t/+un] klg e"ldsf

v]n]sf[ x'G5 . ;fy} gf/Lx¿ kb\ldgL, z+vgL, x:tgL cflb sOof]+ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ elg

zf:qLo juL{s/0f /x]sf]n] pgL To:t} s'g} ju{df kg{ ;Sbl5g\ / cfbz{jfbL

kl/efiffdf gc6fpg ;lS5g\ . pgdf sfd'stfsf] bf]if x'g ;Sb5, ;+;f/} t xf] . u'0f

bf]if t h]df klg 5 . To;f] xf] eg] t ltgL s'N6f x'g\, kflkgL x'g\ / ;ljgosL

ck/flwgL x'g\ .

s;}n] klg ;ljtfsf] rl/q ljZn]if0f u/]/ jf:tljstf 7Dofpg g;Sg] eof] .

:jod\ ;ljtfn] g} ;lS5g\ ls < eGgnfO{ pgL t k':tssf] kfgfdf l5g\, t;y{ pgn]

eGg ;Sg] s'/} ePg . pgL hLljt :qL ePsf] ePklg t cfˆgf] rl/qsf] sf/0f cfˆg}

dgsf] t/Ë cg';f/ g} t eGbL x'g\ . clg < clg ;fFrf] s'/f s] xf] t < :jod\

;ljgon] klg t pgL k|ltsf] cfzlStn] ubf{ lg/k]If lrGtg ug{ ;ls /x]sf] 5}g .

;ljtfsf] Jojxf/sf] af/]df ;f]rg]x¿n] cf–cfˆgf ljrf/ / cf:yf cg';f/

;f]rg' :jfefljs xf] . ;a}sf] Pp6} 7f]; lg0f{o t x'g} ;Sb}g t;y{ p;n] klg hlt

;f]Rb} uof] Tolt lsl;dsf ljrf/ cfO{ /x], t/ s]xL lgisif{ lgsfNg ;s]g . pm

cfs'n Jofs'n, xtf; / lg/fz lyof} . a'l4n] sfd ug{ 5f]8b} uPsf] lyof} .

ca pm ;L9L ghLs k'u]sf] lyof] . OlGhgsf] dfly 6kdf k'UgnfO{ kftnf]

;L9L lyof] / 6k dfly Pp6f rf}tf/f h:tf] ag]sf] lyof] . ld:qLn] aLr aLrdf ToxL

rf}tf/fdf uP/ OlGhgsf] ultljlw b]Vg] ub{y] . pm klg dfly pSNof] / rf}tf/fdf uP/


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150

pleof] . 6k{]g6fOg cfonsf] af;gf / dflysf] xfjfaf6 p;n] km'tL{ c'gej u¥of] /

rf/}lt/ x]g{ yfNof] . ;fd'Gg] ;fgf 7"nf tdfd dzLgx¿, t/ cfh clwsf+z aGb 5g\

. p;sf] k5f8L rf}tf/fsf] d'lZsnn] kfFr ld6/ km/sdf cf]x|fnf] 5,. tn gbL au]sL

5g\ . km}S6«Lsf kmf]x/d}nf ToxLFaf6 tn auL /xg] ub{5 . cUnf] eL/dfly ljlrq ¿kn]

k|s[ltn] ;Dd kf/]s]f 7fpFdf /x]sf] km}S6«Lsf] of] 6fj/af6 lbkfonsf] cfwf ahf/ 5n{Ë

b]lvGYof] .

p;sf] cfFvf ;ljtfsf] Sjf6{/ vf]Hg yfn], t/ ToxFaf6 b]lvPg . pm lg/fz

eof] / tn lt/ x]¥of]. :6Ld OlGHfgsf] 7"nf] kfª\u|f kmgkmgL gfrL /x]sf] lyof] .

dflg;sf] hLjg o:t} t /x]5 . oxfFaf6 3'kn'Ss v;]/ klxofdf kg{] xf] eg] < ;f]Rof]

p;n] / lhpm l;l/+u eof] .

p;n] a8f] Wofg;Fu kf+u|fnfO{ x]/L /x\of], lgs} a]/;Dd . of] kf+u|f d]/f] hLjg

nLnf ;dfKt ug{ kof{Kt 5 < b'3{6gf eGnfg dflg;n], t/ ;ljtfn] a'emL xflN5g\ ls

of] b'3{6gf xf]Og . p;n] b"lift ljrf/x¿nfO{ em6s]/ aflx/ lgsfNg sf]lz; ug{

yfNof] . of] s] kfunkg xf] < p;sf] cfTdfn] p;nfO{ ;Demfpg nfUof] æ;ljtf h:tL

klttfsf] nflu ¿G5f}+, ltd|f] k5f8L bf}l8g] tdfd ;ljtf 5g\ . dgnfO{ lgoGq0fdf

n]p, ltdL t ax't a'l4dfg 5f}+Æ t/ dgn] xkf¥of] cfTdfnfO{ æof] a'l4dQfn] g} t

hLjgnfO{ gL/;b]lv /x]sf] 5, s] 5 / ;+;f/df . s;n] s] n'6]sf] 5 oxfF < t[Ktsf] 5

< ;a Joy{ / 9sf]:fnf dfq . ct[Ktx¿sf] e]nf dfq . of] klg hLjg xf] <, of] ;+;f/

c;f/ /x]5, oxfF s]xL ;f/ 5}g . eGgnfO{ t dg{' eGbf af}nfpg' lgsf] eG5g\ t/

af}nfP/ ;ljtf ;ljtf lrRofp+b} cfkmgf] / pgsf] a]OHht ug'{ eGbf t dg{' g} j]z

xf]nfÆp;sf] 7DDofOdf oxL cfof} .

p;sf] d'vd08n tdtdfP/ /ftf] eof], xftsf d'¶L afFlwP z/L/ tGSof] /

æ;ljÆ eg]/ Ps k6s hf]8n] lrRofof] / lrRofx6sf ;fy} p;sf] z/L/ rf}tf/faf6

v;]/ ToxL 7"nf] kf+u|fsf] aLr k§fdf k¥of] . pm k§fdf kgf{ ;fy k§f c8\Sof], h;n]

ubf{ OlGhgsf] :6Ld Ps} rf]6L a9\of] / tTsfn Pp6f wdfsf eof] . OlGhgsf] w'hf

w'hf cfsfzdf p8\of], ;ljgo v;]sf] kf+u|f klg p;nfO{ lnP/ kmgkmgL gfRb}

eL/af6 tn v:of] . Ps} l5gdf Tolt 7"nf] 36gf <

k|ftMsfn, bz}+sf] 6Lsf . tdfd dflg; km}S6«Lsf] b'3{6gf x]g{ cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ u/L

/x]sf lyP . eL/sf] tn s]xL dflg;x¿ ;ljgosf] nfzsf 6'qmf 6fqmL a6'nL /x]sf

lyP . ;ljtf cln k/, ;a}b]lv cnu, cnu plEeP/ ;f8L d'vdf sf]rf/L sf]rf/L

¿jfO{ /f]Sg sf]lzz u/] klg c;dy{ eP/ ¿Fb} lyOg\ .

æof] b'3{6gf xf]OgÆ pgL cfkm} a8a8fpFb} lyg\ æof] b'3{6gf xf]Og, of] ltd|f]

cfTdbfx xf] . d klttf ca oxfF a;]/ s] u5'{ d klg ltdL ;Fu} cfpF5', ljGfo dnfO{

dfkm u/L b]p .Æ pgn] tn b]lvg\ gbLdf ;ljgon] af]nfOsf] 5 . tn, eL/sf] tn

au]sf] gbL . pgL xfDkmfNg tTk/ eP/ b'j} xft dfly p7fOg\ .


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151

t/ ToxL ;dodf s;}n] pgsf] sfFwdf xft /fvL lbof] . pgn] kms{]/ x]l/g\

/fx'n /x]5 . pgL p;sf] 5ftLdf 6fpsf] /fv]/ ljnfk ug{ nflug\ æd]/f] lago uof]

/fx'n ca d klg hfG5'Æ eGg nflug\ .

/fx'nn] pgsf] 6fpsf]df xft /fVof] / ;'d;'dfpg yfNof] . æo:tf] kfunkg

lsg ;ljtf < of] knfogjfbL sfddf lsg nfUg] < ;ljgo jf:tjdf cefuL /x]5 /

ltdL klg s]xL dfqfdf ceflugL 5\of} t/ cefuLx¿n] c¿nfO{ ;'efuL agfpg ;s]

kf] . ;ljgosf] 5f]/f / ltdL b'O{sf] 5f]/L, pgLx¿n] s] ck/fw u/]sf 5g\ < lxF8 3/

hfpmF, ca oxfF a:g' klg 5}g, d t ltdLnfO{ lng cfPsf] xf] . :qL klt s} ;+/If0fdf

zf]ef kfpF5] .Æ

;ljtf Ps zJb klg af]Ng ;lsgg\ .

/fx'nn] ;ljtfsf] xft ;dft]/ 8f]¥ofof] pgL 8f]l/b} uOg, kl5 kl5 .

;dfKt


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152


hGd M– !& lb;Da/ !(%#

hGd 3/ M– alb{of dxdbk'/ uf=lj=;=–@

u0f]zk'/

lzIff M– Pd=P=, Pn=Pn=aL=

dftf lktf M– lji0f' b]jL >Ljf:tj / lqnf]s gfy

>Ljf:tj

k|sfzg ;+nUgtf M– krL;f}+ jif{ b]lv kq klqsf x?df ;d;fdlos n]v /rgf /

1fgsf ljljw If]qdf lg/+t/ n]vg sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] .

;]jf / ;+nUgtf M– aaO{ ax'd'vL SofDk;sf] ;+:yfks, k|fWofks .

nfoG; Sna ckm alb{ofsf] ;+:yfks .

ufoqL kl/jf/sf] ;dobfgL ;b:o .

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] k"j{ clws[t .

ljleGg ;+:yfx?df ;Nnfxsf/ .

;fdflhs ;]jfdf ;+nUg .

lgjf; M– u'nl/of gu/kflnsf jf8{ g+=^ lh=lj=;=/f]8

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