xem phin ban version ver centos

lsb_release -a

sa tn Centossudo nano /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

#ServerName www.example.com:80

Mt khu Centos : khi ng li nhn ECS s hin ra bng chn khi ng centos, nhn phm e khi ng -> chn dng 2 (c t kenel ) nhn phm e tip -> g khong trng -s enter -> nhn phm b -> nhp : passwd -> nhp pass mi ok.xem kt ni netstat -an |grep :80 |wc -l

G lnh/usr/sbin/sestatus xem tnh trng SELinux c disable cha. Nu hin th thng tin nh bn di l bn disable thnh cng.[root@Demo /usr/sbin/sestatusSELinux status: disabledG lnh:# su root# yum install -y wgetTip theo, g lnh download bn ci t Kloxo:# wget http://download.lxcenter.org/download/kloxo/production/kloxo-installer.shTip tc g lnh ci t:# sh ./kloxo-installer.sh --type=masterNhn Enter thc hin lnh ci t.Sau khi t ng chy gii nn, h thng yu cu bn xc nhn giy phpKloxo is using AGPL-V3.0 License, do you agree with the terms? [y/N]:, bn chn Y, nhn Enter.Tip theo, h thng hi bn c setup cc gi App khng (bao gm cc gi ci sn Open source nh Joomla, WordPress)InstallApp: PHP Applications like PHPBB, WordPress, Joomla etcWhen you choose Yes, be aware of downloading about 350Mb of data!Do you want to install the InstallAPP sotfware? [y/N]:

1. Cho php quc gia nht nh vo websiteCch ci t CSF (ConfigServer & Firewall)Nu bn ang s dng APF v BFD firewal cho VPS ca mnh. Bn hy remove n i trc khi ci t CSF. Bn s dng lnh sau remove:1./remove_apf_bfd.sh

Nu bn s dngHZserver ci t v qun l VPS, th tin ch ci t v config CSF c tch hp sn trong HZserver.Bn s dng cc trnh qun l VPS khc, bn dng lnh bn di ci tCSFphin bn mi nht v chng trnh s t ng config CSF Firewall cho bn:Bn truy cp vo VPS/Server quaSSHv s dng lnh sau:1wget https://hostingaz.vn/script/others/csf-auto-install && chmod +x csf-auto-install && ./csf-auto-install

Khi ci t thnh cng bn s nhn thy:

Trc tin, bn cn m filecsf.conftrong ng dn:/etc/csf/csf.confta tm n on sau:123# Each option is a comma separated list of CC's, e.g. "US,GB,DE"CC_DENY = ""CC_ALLOW = ""

Mc nh CSF s cho php tt c cc quc gia truy cp vo website. Tuy nhin bn c th iu chnh cho php nhng quc gia no truy cp vo website bng cch thm m quc gia vo1CC_ALLOW = ""

v d: bn ch cho php cc IP t VN vo website ca bn ta c th chnh CC_ALLOW = thnh123# Each option is a comma separated list of CC's, e.g. "US,GB,DE"CC_DENY = ""CC_ALLOW = "VN"

2. Chn khng cho truy cp vo website t mt s quc giaNu bn ch chn mt s quc gia, n gin nh chn nhng truy cp t Trung quc chng hn, ta s chnh nh sau:123# Each option is a comma separated list of CC's, e.g. "US,GB,DE"CC_DENY = "CN"CC_ALLOW = ""

vi CN l m quc gia Trung quc. chn thm cc quc gia khc, bn in m nc nc y sau CN v ngn cch bng du phy nh.Di y l danh sch m cc quc gia trn th gii:1AF,AL,DZ,AS,AD,AO,AI,AQ,AG,AR,AM,AW,AU,AT,AZ,BS,BH,BD,BB,BY,BE,BZ,BJ,BM,BT,BO,BA,BW,BV,BR,IO,BN,BG,BF,BI,KH,CM,CA,CV,KY,CF,TD,CL,CN,CX,CC,CO,KM,CG,CD,CK,CR,CI,HR,CU,CY,CZ,DK,DJ,DM,DO,TP,EC,EG,SV,GQ,ER,EE,ET,FK,FO,FJ,FI,FR,FX,GF,PF,TF,GA,GM,GE,DE,GH,GI,GR,GL,GD,GP,GU,GT,GN,GW,GY,HT,HM,VA,HN,HK,HU,IS,IN,ID,IR,IQ,IE,IL,IT,JM,JP,JO,KZ,KE,KI,KP,KR,KW,KG,LA,LV,LB,LS,LR,LY,LI,LT,LU,MO,MK,MG,MW,MY,MV,ML,MT,MH,MQ,MR,MU,YT,MX,FM,MD,MC,MN,MS,MA,MZ,MM,NA,NR,NP,NL,AN,NC,NZ,NI,NE,NG,NU,NF,MP,NO,OM,PK,PW,PA,PG,PY,PE,PH,PN,PL,PT,PR,QA,RE,RO,RU,RW,KN,LC,VC,WS,SM,ST,SA,SN,SC,SL,SG,SK,SI,SB,SO,ZA,GS,ES,LK,SH,PM,SD,SR,SJ,SZ,SE,CH,SY,TW,TJ,TZ,TH,TG,TK,TO,TT,TN,TR,TM,TC,TV,UG,UA,AE,GB,US,UM,UY,UZ,VU,VE,VN,VG,VI,WF,EH,YE,ZM,ZW

3. Khi ng li csf thay i c hiu lc thay i c hiu lc, bn phi khi ng li csf1csf -r

# Xem tn my:hostname# Thay i tn myhostname [tn cn thay i]

- Rest Admin kloxosh /script/resetpassword master htphtp789- Reset kloxo/scripts/restart

- Start all scrip

sh /script/restart-allchkconfig httpd onchkconfig sshd on- thay i password rootpasswd- h PHP Myadmin 4.2.x ===> 4.0 , down nhiu ln mi xung 4.0

yum remove kloxomr-thirdparty-phpmyadminyum install kloxomr-thirdparty-phpmyadmin-4.0.*

nano /etc/yum.conf

thm vo

exclude=kloxomr-thirdparty-phpmyadmin( khng t ng update)

- sa li Hiawatha monitor.

Next Step: Forstarting httpd,Select Services on KloxoMr panel, click start httpd.

If Hiawatha unable to turn green , login to your ssh and run command:

#sh /script/restart-webrestart server- cui cng cho chy :script/fixwebscript/fixphp- Bt / tt / khi ng li firewallS dng cc lnh sau:# vi /etc/sysconfig/iptableschkconfig iptables onservice iptables start# Khi ng lifirewallservice iptables restart

# Tt firewallservice iptables stopchkconfig iptables off

sh /script/fixwebservice httpd restart- tng tc cache ( 1 trong 3): Zend Opcache Memcached ngx_pagespeed

- Kim tra phin bn PHPphp -v

Home/H iu Hnh/Thay i tn my ch trong Linux

Thay i tn my ch trong LinuxPosted by:Qun V DuyinH iu Hnh,LinuxOctober 9, 2013 02,147 ViewsHin th tn my ch hin tiTi ca s command s dng lnh sau:hostnamehin th ra kt qu:server.thietkemang.localthay i Hostname tn Centos name Thay tn trong Redhat / CentOS / Fedorasa file /etc/sysconfig/network, s dng lnh sau:vi /etc/sysconfig/networkSet gi tr HOSTNAME=newhost.example.com, nhn enter:HOSTNAME=server2.thietkemang.localLu v ng file. s dng lnh command:hostname server2.thietkemang.localhostnameSang bc 2.Bc 2: Cp nht file /etc/hostsBy gi cp nht thng tin hostname mi vo file /etc/hosts file:vi /etc/hostsThay i cc tn c v thay tn mi.- FTP :

Phn quyn th mc Centos

chmod 777 tn th mcchown user th mc

chmod 777 htpchown htp htp

- Xem phin bnrpm -qa vsftpd

yum install vsftpd

chkconfig vsftpd on sudo vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf

service vsftpd start

/etc/init.d/vsftpd restart

Xem cc file cu hnh cn thit ca vsftpd:

# rpm -ql vsftpd /etc/vsftpd/ftpusers : Cha cc user ko c login vo FTP.V vn bo mt trn h thng Linux, dch v ftp khng cho php ngi dng root v mt s ngi dng c bit khc ng nhp s dng dch v ftp. Nu chng ta mun ngi dng root v mt s ngi dng khc trong file ftpusers c php ng nhp qua ftp, chng ta thm k t (#) trc tn ngi dng. /etc/vsftpd/user_list : Ch cho php cc user trong file ny c php login nu: userlist_deny=NO /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf : File cu hnh chnh cha nhng ty chn cu hnh choFTP server.

vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.confCu hnh tng t:# line 12: Ko cho php ngi dng nc danh login qua ftp. Nu chng ta mun ch cho php ngi dng ni b trn h thng login qua ftp th i li YES thnh NO.anonymous_enable=NO

# Line 15: cho php mi ngi dng ni b login qua ftp (mc nh).local_enable=YES

# line 81,82: uncomment ( allow ascii mode )ascii_upload_enable=YESascii_download_enable=YES

# line 105: uncommentls_recurse_enable=YES

#B sung thm on di vo cui filelocal_root=public_html# use localtimeuse_localtime=YES# useradd test # passwd test

Cp nht gi Trc tin, cn ci t NTP (nu c sn ri th b qua bc ny):yum install -y ntpTip n l xc nh mi gi cho server ri sau cp nht mi gi bng lnh ( y mi gi ti dng l Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh hay Asia/Saigon):ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh /etc/localtimeSau l cp nht thi gian:ntpdate -s time.nist.govV cui cng l xc lp thi gian hin ti cho h thng:hwclock --systohcThm 1 cht v hwclock (hardware clock hc):hwclock --hctosys=> cp nht thi gian t ng h phn cng (hardware clock) cho h thng (system)hwclock --systohc=> cp nht thi gian t h thng cho ng h phn cng.

Mt s cu lnh ssh kim tra server khi b tn cng Dos hoc DDoSKim tra s connection trn port 80:

Code:netstat -n | grep :80 |wc -lKim tra s lng connection ang trng thi SYN_RECV:

Code:netstat -n | grep :80 | grep SYN_RECV|wc -lHin th tt c cc IP ang kt ni v s lng kt ni t mi IP:

Code:netstat -an|grep :80 |awk '{print $5}'|cut -d":" -f1|sort|uniq -c|sort -rnNu mun kim tra IP no m nhiu SYN th thm vo:Code:netstat -an|grep :80|grep SYN |awk '{print $5}'|cut -d":" -f1|sort|uniq -c|sort -rn

- i vi server c nhiu IP, kim tra IP no ang b tn cng:Code:Code:netstat -plan | grep :80 | awk '{print $4}'| cut -d: -f1 |sort |uniq -c- Hin th tt c cc IP ang kt ni v s lng kt ni t mi IP:

Code:netstat -an | grep ':80' | awk '{print $5}' | sed s/'::ffff:'// | cut -d":" -f1 | sort | uniq -c- Hin th s lng kt ni mi loi

Code:netstat -an | grep :80 | awk '{print $6}' | sort | uniq -c

61 ESTABLISHED13 FIN_WAIT117 FIN_WAIT21 LISTEN25 SYN_RECV298 TIME_WAIT

- Hin th tt c cc IP ang kt ni v s lng kt ni t mi IPCode:watch "netstat -an | grep ':80' | awk '{print \$5}' | sed s/'::ffff:'// | cut -d\":\" -f1 | sort | uniq -c"- Hin th s lng kt ni mi loi :

Code:watch "netstat -an | grep :80 | awk '{print \$6}' | sort | uniq -c"

Lnh kim tra cc thng s VPS Linux CentOS

Lnh kim tra CPU:# cat /proc/cpuinfoLnh theo di CPU:# top -cLnh kim tra h iu hnh:# uname -aLnh kim tra phin bn h iu hnh:# cat /etc/redhat-releaseLnh kim tra Ram:# free -mLnh kim tra HDD:# df -hLnh kim tra tc c ghi HDD:# dd if=/dev/zero of=1GB.tmp bs=1024 count=1M conv=fdatasync

Cc lnh kim tra phin bn h iu hnhLinuxLeave a commentPosted byjackvietsion26/09/2013Tm tt: Bi vit gii thiu v mt s lnh dng kim tra phin bn h iu hnh (i vi linux c th l centos) m ta ang dng. Trong thc t c rt nhiu lnh kim tra phin bn linux no m ta ang dng, khng cn phi nh ht cc lnh nhng hy c gng nh 1 trong s cc lnh ny lm vic vi linux nh bn.Link ti ti liu tm tt ti y:Tm tt cc lnh kim tra h iu hnh linux

Danh sch cc lnh dng kim tra uname -a uname -rms cat /etc/system-release cat /proc/version lsb_release -aTrong thc t, i khi ta c bn giao li mt my ch vi h iu hnh linux ni chung v centos ni ring, lc ny cn kim tra xem phin bn h iu hnh m ta ang dng l g, hoc cn xc nh phin bn h iu hnh ta dng l 32 bit hay 64 bit la chn gi ci t cho ng, lc ny cn thc hin cc lnh sau kim tra.1. Lnh uname -aTy chn a c ngha l lit k ra ht tt c thng tin.

ly vn tt nhng thng tin cn thit c th s dng cc ty chn khc, v d sau dng cc ty chn sau: -r, kernel-release: In ra kernel c pht hnh -m, machine : in ra tn ca hardware machine -s, kernel-name: in ra tn ca kernely l tnh hung ta ch cn ly mt s thng tin ch khng cn ly ht, v d ta ch cn kim tra xem phin bn h iu hnh ang dng l 64 bit hay 32 bit hoc ch cn ly ra tn kernel ca h iu hnh.

2. Lnhcat /etc/system-releasei khi vi lnhuname -acha , cn dng thm lnhcat /etc/system-release bit r distro ang c s dng.

3. Lnhcat /proc/version

Lnhcat /proc/versioncng kim tra phin bn h iu hnh ang dng. V CENTOS c pht trin t REDHAT nn trong hnh trn xut hin ch REDHAT4. Lnhlsb_release -ay cng l mt lnh xem phin bn h iu hnh m ta ang dng.

Trn l mt vi lnh dng kim tra phin bn h iu hnh, ty vo nhu cu lnh v kh nng nh lnh khi kim tra dng lnh thch hp. Hy c gng ghi nh t nht mt trong cc lnh trn.

Mt s lnh c bn trong Linux.

1. t tn my tnh.2. To user3. To/ Xa th mc.ls: ly danh sch tt c cc file v th mc trong th mc hin hnh.pwd: xut ng dn ca th mc lm vic.cd: thay i th mc lm vic n mt th mc mi.mkdir: to th mc mi.rmdir: xo th mc rng.rm-rf /: xa ton b th mc v th mc con bao gm file.cp: copy mt hay nhiu tp tin n th mc mi.mv: i tn hay di chuyn tp tin, th mc.rm: xa tp tin.wc: m s dng, s k t... trong tp tin.touch: to mt tp tin.cat: xem ni dung tp tin.vi: khi ng trnh son tho vn bn vi.df: kim tra dung lng a.du: xem dung lng a dng cho mt s tp tin nht nhtar -cvzpf archive.tgz /home/example/public_html/folder: nn mt th mctar -tzf backup.tar.gz: lit k file nn gztar -xvf archive.tar: gii nn mt file tarunzip file.zip: gii nn file .zipwget: download mt file.chown user:user folder/ -R: i owner cho ton b th mc vo file.tail 100 log.log: Xem 100 dng cui cng ca file log.log.4. To/Xa File: lnh vi1. C bn- S dng vi km theo tn file(s) mun edit: vi one.txt two.txt etc.txt- C 2 mode: command mode v insert mode. Khi bt u s dng lnh vi, vi mc nh command mode. Hoc n Esc chuyn sang command mode khi ngi dng ang insert mode.2. Cc lnh edit c bn- n phm lnh i hoc a t ch command mode chuyn sang insert mode. i thm k t trc con tr, a thm k t sau con tr.- S dng lnh h j k l hoc cc phm mi tn tng ng di chuyn con tr sang tri, xung, ln, sang phi.- S dng x xa 1 k t, dw xa 1 t, dd xa c 1 dng.- S dng s N i trc phm lnh lp li N ln tc dng ca lnh. V d, 3dw s xa 3 t tnh t v tr con tr.- S dng u ( = undo ) khi phc li nhng thay i trc .- S dng ZZ hay :wq lu li tt c thay i v thot.- S dng :q! thot ra khng lu li bt k thay i no.3. Ct v dn- yy sao chp dng hin ti vo buffer, Nyy sao chp N dng.- p ( P ) dn ni dung t buffer vo di ( trn ) dng hin ti4. Nhy n hng hay ct- G mt s N trc k t G i n dng th N, vd 23G s nhy n dng 23.- G mt s N trc k t | (pipe) nhy n ct th N.5. S dng . lp li action gn- V d ngi dng g i insert dng ch hello world, sau chuyn sang ch command mode bng phm Esc, nhy xung dng v g . , dng ch hello world s hin ra.6. Tm kim- S dng / (?) i theo sau l t mun tm tm kim t trong phn vn bn sau ( trc ) con tr. v d /foobar hay ?foobar.- Sau khi kt qu tm kim u tin hin ra, s dng n tm kim tip trong phn vn bn cn li sau con tr, N tm kim ngc tr li u vn bn trc con tr.

7. Cc lnh colon ( i sau du : )- :%s/foo/bar/g tm s xut hin ca foo trong ton b file v thay th bng bar, /foo/bar/g ch thay th dng hin ti.- et nu hin th s dng trc mi dng, et nonu b hin th s dng.- :1,8d xa t dng 1 cho n dng 8 trong file.- S dng ma nh du dng hin ti l a ( c th l bt c k t no t a-z ). Sau dng a nhy n dng c dnh du l a t bt c u. C th s dng vi colon, :a,b d xa tt c cc dng bt u t dng c nh du l a cho n dng c nh du l b, hoc ngc li.- :w newfile.txt save ni dung ca file hin ti vo mt file mi l newfile.txt ( ta save as bn Win Word ).- :8,16 co 32 copy dng 8 n 16 n im sau dng 32.- :3,16 m 32 chuyn ri dng 8 n 16 n im sau dng 32.- Nu dng vi m nhiu file ( vi file1 file2 file3 ), c th s dng :n nhy n file tip theo v :rew nhy quay ngc li n file u tin, :args hin th tt c cc file ang c m.8. Vi for Smarties- S dng G nhy n dng cui cng ca file.- Khi xa nhiu dng, di chuyn con chut n dng u tin, g ma nh du, sau di n dng cui cng v g da xa nhng dng .- $ nhy xung cui dng, :$ nhy n dng cui ca file.- 0 nhy n u dng, :0 nhy ti dng u tin ca file.- d$ xa t v tr con tr hin ti n cui dng.- :10,$ d xa t dng 10 cho n dng cui cng ca file, hoc ngc li.- :10,20 m 0 chuyn ri dng 10 n 20 ln trn dng u tin ca file.9. Shell- S dng :!command thi hnh lnh command trong mi trng vi.5. Phn quyn User

6. Cu hnh IP

- sa IP nhanh :g command : setup

Netconfig

Cng nh Ubuntu, chng ta g lnh sau kim tra xem my c bao nhiu card mng v tn card l g?# ifconfig -a | grep ethCentos lu cu hnh mi mt card mng ring trong mt file c ng dn l/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0Trong eth0 l tn card mng c tm thy bc 1. Chng ta dng lnh vi cu hnh card eth0 nyNetwork Card mang

# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0Ni dung file nh sau:

DEVICE=eth0BOOTPROTO=noneBROADCAST=192.168.1.255HWADDR=00:25:90:C3:65:BCIPADDR=192.168.1.101NETMASK=255.255.255.0NETWORK=192.168.1.0GATEWAY=192.168.1.1ONBOOT=yesTYPE=EthernetUSERCTL=noIPV6INIT=noPEERDNS=yes

Mt s lu : Th t cc dng trn khng quan trng, dng no trc dng no sau cng c C th khng cn thit phi khai bo ht cc dng. Dng no khng c thng tin, Centos s ly gi tr default tuy nhin 2 dng IPADDR v NETMASK l bt buc phi c Centos gn ng a ch IP cho card mng. Dng GATEWAY c th c c th khng, nu khng c gateway th my ny ch lm vic trong mng local, nu c gateway, n c php i ra ngoi v d nh, ra Internet.Sau khi cu hnh cn khi ng li my hoc dng lnh sau cc khai bo trn c p dng# service network restart

# /etc/init.d/networking restartDng lnh#route -nnh hnh v sau y kim tra xem cu hnh mng ok cha:

Gii thch:Dng th nht, cho bit card mng c cu hnh v cm vo mng 169.154.0.0 vi subnetmask 255.255.0.0Dng th 2: cho bit l c mt routing dng default gateway cho tt c cc mng khc i qua interfcae venet0 (trong hnh v ny thng hiu web s dng mt vps lm v d nn card mng ca n c tn l venet0) khai bo DNS cho mt server centos, cng nh bn ubuntu, chng ta cn sa file resolve bng lnh sau:# vi /etc/resolv.confNi dung trong file:nameserver 8.8.8.8nameserver 8.8.8.4 khai bo thm mt nh tuyn tnh, ta dng lnh sau# route add -net 192.168.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0Lnh ny c tc dng ngay, tuy nhin sau khi khi ng li my s khng cn tc dng. Mun nh tuyn tnh ny c khi ng cng vi my, ta cn khai bo trong file route-eth0 trong eth0 l tn card mng m kim tra c bc 1. Cu lnh v ni dung file c th nh sau:# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-script/route-eth0Ni dung file:ADDRESS0=192.168.5.0NETMASK0=255.255.255.0ADDRESS1=0.0.0.0NETMASK1=0.0.0.0Gii thch: 2 dng cui chnh l default gateway v t ng c add vo card do chng ta khai bo default gateway nh trong bc 2. Cn 2 dng u tin l nh ngha mng 192.168.5.0 s c route qua card mng ny (card eth0)

7. Cu hnh Fire wall8. Ci t phn mm9. RoutingIn this how to, I am going to share how to add persistent or static routes on CentOS 5.9 and 6.4 versions. Assuming the network information below configured on the server itself with one network interface card, eth0: Interface: eth0IP Address: 172.16.0.1Netmask: 255.255.255.0Gateway: 172.16.0.254We need to add two static routes below and these routes dont route to the default route of eth0 interface, 172.16.0.254: -Interface: eth0Address: 192.168.1.0Netmask: 255.255.255.0Gateway: 172.16.0.11Interface: eth0Address: 10.20.30.0Netmask: 255.255.255.0Gateway: 172.16.0.12Here is how we can do it by creating this/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth0file. You have two ways to define the content. I had tested on CentOS 5.9 and 6.4 version and it works.Option 1, include the below in/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth0file: -GATEWAY0=172.16.0.11NETMASK0=255.255.255.0ADDRESS0=192.168.1.0GATEWAY1=172.16.0.12NETMASK1=255.255.255.0ADDRESS1=10.20.30.0Option 2, include the below in/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth0file: -192.168.1.0/24 via 172.16.0.11 dev eth010.20.30.0/24 via 172.16.0.12 dev eth0You can restart the network service to have the changes to take effect using this command: -# service network restartIf there is no error, you can verify the routes using this command: -# route -nor# netstat -rnYour routes will be added automatically after every reboot. Please note that if you need to add routes toeth1interface then you need to create/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth1file. Hope this helps you. Thank you.

$ sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0DEFROUTE=yes$ sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1

10. Chp file t USB, CD-RomFormat v mount USB trong Linux

Bn c mt USB v khng bit lm cch no format v mount n trong Linux. Bi vit ny s hng dn bn thc hin iu .

iu n tin bn cn lm l tm kim ni m a c mount. thc hin iu ny chng ta chy cu lnh sau:# tail -F /var/log/messagesKhi bn cm mt a vo trong my tnh, c mt thng ip hin ra ni rng a ny sn c ti/dev/sdc1. V vy bc tip theo l format a . C mt s nh dng a c th c c v ghi bi Linux, nhng vi Windows th c nhiu rc ri hn. V vy chng ta nn s dng nh dng a m c th lm vic tt vi c hai h thng ny. y chng ta s dng FAT. nh dng a thnh FAT chng ta chy cu lnh sau:# mkfs.vfat /dev/sdc1Sau mt vi pht a vi nh dng mi sn sng s dng. By gi chng ta s mount n, chng ta cn to mt th mc mount:# mkdir /media/usbdisk mount a ny n th mc ny, chng ta chy cu lnh sau:# mount -t vfat /dev/sdc1 /media/usbdiskBy gi a cng mi ca chng ta c format, mount v sn sng s dng. Bn c th sao chp d liu ln n v sau unmount n:# umount /media/usbdiskCh : Bc cui cng ny rt quan trng. Nu bn rt a ra m khng unmount n, bn c th gy nguy hi cho d liu trong a .

Nu y l mt thit b lu tr USB thng s dng, bn c th thit t cho thit b ny c mount mt cch t ng khi khi ng vo Linux. thc hin iu ny bn thm mt dng nh di y vo file/etc/fstab:/dev/sdc1 /mnt/usbdrive vfat defaults 0 0By gi a ca bn s t ng c mount n h thng Linux, v bn c th to mt bn sao lu m khng c bt k s lo lng no v vic mount n mt thit b.Lnh lin quan n h thng* exit: thot khi ca s dng lnh.* logout: tng t exit.* reboot: khi ng li h thng.* halt: tt my.* startx: khi ng ch xwindows t ca s terminal.* mount: gn h thng tp tin t mt thit b lu tr vo cy th mc chnh.- v d: mount /mnt/floppy: lp thm mm. ; mount /mnt/cdrom: lp CD-ROM* unmount: ngc vi lnh mount.

Lnh thao tc trn tp tin* ls: ly danh sch tt c cc file v th mc trong th mc hin hnh.* pwd: xut ng dn ca th mc lm vic.* cd: thay i th mc lm vic n mt th mc mi.- V d : cd /home/nvtienvn : thay i th mc ti /home/nvtienvn* mkdir: to th mc mi.- V d : mkdir /home/nvtienvn/public_html : to th mc public_html trong /home/nvtienvn* rmdir: xo th mc rng.- V d : rmdir /home/nvtienvn/public_html/backup_empty* cp: copy mt hay nhiu tp tin n th mc mi.- V d : cp /home/nvtienvn/alo.mp3 /home/nvtienvn/music/alo.mp3 : copy tp tin alo.mp3 t /home/nvtienvn ti /home/nvtienvn/music* mv: i tn hay di chuyn tp tin, th mc.- V d : mv /home/nvtienvn/music/alo.mp3 /home/nvtienvn/music/bai-hat-zbc.mp3 : i tn alo.mp3 sang bai-hat-zbc.mp3* rm: xa tp tin.- V d : rm /home/nvtienvn/alo.mp3 : xo tp tin alo.mp3* wc: m s dng, s k t... trong tp tin.* touch: to mt tp tin.* cat: xem ni dung tp tin.* vi: khi ng trnh son tho vn bn vi.* df: kim tra dung lng a.* du: xem dung lng a dng cho mt s tp tin nht nh

Lnh khi lm vic trn terminal* clear: xo trng ca s dng lnh.* date: xem ngy, gi h thng.* cal: xem lch h thng.Lnh qun l h thng* rpm: kim tra gi ci t hay cha, hoc ci t mt gi, hoc s dng g b mt gi.* ps: kim tra h thng tin trnh ang chy.* kill: dng tin trnh khi tin trnh b treo. Ch c ngi dng super-user mi c th dng tt c cc tin trnh cn ngi dng bnh thng ch c th dng tin trnh m mnh to ra.* top: hin th s hot ng ca cc tin trnh, c bit l thng tin v ti nguyn h thng v vic s dng cc ti nguyn ca tng tin trnh.* pstree: hin th tt c cc tin trnh di dng cy.* sleep: cho h thng ngng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian.* useradd: to mt ngi dng mi.* groupadd: to mt nhm ngi dng mi.* passwd: thay i password cho ngi dng.* userdel: xo ngi dng to.* groupdel: xo nhm ngi dng to.* gpasswd: thay i password ca mt nhm ngi dng.* su: cho php ng nhp vi t cch ngi dng khc.* groups: hin th nhm ca user hin ti.* who: cho bit ai ang ng nhp h thng.* w: tng t nh lnh who.* man: xem hng dn v dng lnh nh c php, cc tham s...

Mt S Lnh Phi Nh Trong Linux1. clear: lm sch ca s dng lnh2. ls tenthumuc: Lit k ni dung bn trong mt th mc3. cat tentaptin: Hin th ni dung ca mt tp tin ln ca s dng lnh4. rm tentaptin: Xa mt tp tin5. cp taptinnguon taptindich: Sao chp mt tp tin6. passwd: i mt khu7. less tentaptin hoc more tentaptin: Hin th ni dung mt tp tin trong ca s dng lnh mt trang mi ln8. grep chuoi tentaptin: Tm kim chui trong tp tin9. head tentaptin: Hin th 10 dng u tin ca tp tin10. tail tentaptin: Hin th 10 dng cui cng ca tp tin11. mv tentaptincu tentaptinmoi: Di chuyn hoc i tn tp tin12. file tentaptin: Hin th thng tin v ni dung ca tp tin13. echo chuoi: Sao chp chui ti mn hnh dng lnh14. date: Hin th ngy v gi hin ti15. gzip tentaptin: Nn mt tp tin16. gunzip tentaptin: Gii nn mt tp tin17. chmod quyen tentaptin: Thay i quyn truy cp tp tin18. mkdir tenthumuc: To mt th mc19. rmdir tenthumuc: Xa mt th mc rng20. ln existingfile new-link: To mt ng dn ti mt tp tin (lin kt cng)21. top: Hin th danh sch cc tin trnh ang chy

Ci t vsftpdTrc tin hy kt ni ti sever qua ssh bng user c c quyn root. S dng lnh sau ci t vsftpdsudo yum install vsftpdChng ta cn ci t thm FTP client c th connect ti FTP server thng qua lnhsudo yum install ftpCu hnh cho vsftpdM file cu hnh ca vsftp bng lnhsudo vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.confVsftp mc nh cho php anonymous user ng nhp vo FTP server. iu ny thc s hu ch khi bn xy dng dch v chia s file, nhng trong hu ht trng hp, n to ra nhng nguy c bo mt nghim trng. Do , khuyn ngh y l khng cho php ng nhp n danh. Cc bn tm ti dnganonymous_enablev chuynYESthnhNO.anonymous_enable=NOSau , b comment v i thnhYES dnglocal_enable cho php local user c th ng nhp v s dng dch v FTP.local_enable=YESCui cng, b comment tichroot_local_userKhi thit lp l YES ti dng ny, tt c ngi dng c trong h thng s ch c quyn truy cp i vi th mc home ca user m khng truy cp c vo bt k phn no khc ca my ch.chroot_local_user=YESLu file v restart vsftpdsudo service vsftpd restartCho php vsftpd chy khi khi ng, dng lnh sausudo chkconfig vsftpd onTruy cp vo FTP serverBn c th kt ni ti FTP Server thng qua trnh duyt bng cch g tn min thanh a ch v ng nhp vi ID thch hp. Nn nh rng, bn ch c th truy cp vo home folder ca user bn dng ng nhp!ftp://example.comBn cng c th truy cp vo FTP server t command line bng cchftp example.com2. Yu cu

Xy dng DNS cho domain hoclinux.net sao cho phn gii c record ftp.hoclinux.net

a. Ci t FTP Server

- Kim tra gi phn mm, nu cha ci th ci vo (xem mc ci t)

#rpm -qa vsftpd

- Tt Firewall, SELinux

b. Cu hnh FTP Server - vsftpd

File cu hnh chnh ca vsftpd nm trong th mc /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf. Ngoi ra cn c nhng file khc:

- /etc/vsftpd.ftpusers: lit k nhng ngi dng khng c php login vo vsftpd.

- /etc/vsftpd.user_list: tp tin ny c cu hnh cm hay cho php nhng ngi dng c lit k truy cp FTP Server. iu ny ph thuc vo tu chn userlist_deny c xt YES hay NO trong tp tin cu hnh.

ta m file cu hnh chnh ln

vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf

ta s cn ch nhng tu chn sau:

listen=YES/NO : VSFTPD chy ch standalone.

session_support=YES/NO : VSFTPD qun l giao dch login ca ngi dng.

anonymous_enable=YES/NO : ngi dng anonymous c php login vo FTP Server.

cmds_allowed : Ch ra danh sch cc lnh ftp (cch nhau bi du phy) c cho php bi FTP Server.

ftpd_banner : dng thng bo s hin th khi ngi dng kt ni n FTP Server.

local_enable==YES/NO : cho php ngi dng cc b login vo FTP Server.

userlist_deny=YES v userlist_enable=NO : th tt c nhng ngi dng cc b b cm truy cp tr nhng ngi dng c ch ra trong userlist_file.

userlist_deny=NO v userlist_enable=YES : th tt c nhng ngi dng c ch ra trong userlist_file b cm truy cp.

userlist_file=/etc/vsftpd.user_list : ch ra tp tin lu danh sch ngi dng.

anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES/NO : kt hp vi write_enable=YES th ngi dng anonymous c php to th mc mi trong th mc cha c quyn ghi.

anon_root : ch ra th mc gc ca user anonymous, mc nh l /var/ftp.

anon_upload_enable=YES/NO : kt hp vi write_enable=YES th ngi dng anonymous c php upload tp tin trong th mc cha c quyn ghi.

anon_world_readable_only=YES : user anonymous ch c php download nhng tp tin c quyn c.

no_anon_password=YES/NO : yu cu user anonymous nhp vo password lc ng nhp.

local_enable=YES/NO : cho php ngi dng cc b truy cp n Server.

chmod_enable=YES/NO : cho php ngi dng thay i quyn hn trn tp tin.

chroot_local_user=YES/NO : ngi dng di chuyn n home directory ca mnh sau khi login vo.

guest_enable=YES/NO : cho php ngi dng anonymous login vo nh user guest, m c ch ra trong guest_username.

guest_username : ch ra username ca ngi dng guest (user mc nh ftp).

local_root: ch ra th mc khi ngi dng cc b login vo.

dirlist_enable=YES/NO : ngi dng c php xem ni dung ca th mc.

dirmessage_enable=YES/NO : hin thi ra 1 thng ip khi ngi dng di chuyn vo th mc. Thng ip ny c lu trong tp tin c tn .message v c ch ra trong tu chn message_file.

message_file : ch ra tn ca tp tin lu thng ip.

download_enable=YES/NO : cho php download.

chown_uploads=YES/NO : tt c nhng tp tin c upload bi user anonymous c s hu bi user c ch ra trong chown_username.

chown_username : ch ra user s hu nhng tp tin c upload bi user anonymous (mc nh l user root).

write_enable=YES/NO : cho php xo, thay i v lu tr tp tin.

accept_timeout : ch ra thi gian mt client s dng ch passive thit lp kt ni n Server. Tnh bng giy.

anon_max_rate : ch ra tc truyn d liu ti a cho ngi dng anonymous. Tnh bng byte/second.

connect_timeout : ch ra thi gian mt client s dng ch active tr li kt ni n Server. Tnh bng giy.

data_connect_timeout : ch ra thi gian truyn d liu ti a. Khi kt thc thi gian cho php kt ni t client s b ng.

max_clients : ch ra s client ti a ng thi truy cp n Server.

Khi ng vsftp:

service vsftpd start

Cho php vsftp khi ng cng h iu hnh

chkconfig vsftpd on

H cp phin bn PHP t 5.3 xung phin bn PHP 5.2Trong mt s trng hp, Ban u bn ci t theo ty chn PHP phin bn 5.3 s dng. Tuy nhin, Bn ang s dng website vi m ngun qu c, mt s hm khng cn s dng c trn phin bn PHP 5.3.Nu Bn khng x l c vn v code, nn gii php an ton hn l h cp phin bn PHP t 5.3 xung phin bn 5.2Ti bi vit ny, chng ti xin hng dn c bn h cp t php version 5.3 xung 5.2 i vi VPS/Server c s dng DirectAdmin.Bc 01: ng nhp SSH vo VPSLn lt thc hin cc lnh sau:cd /usr/local/directadmin/custombuild ( thay i ng dn nu dng ci khc )./build set php5_ver 5.2./build update./build php n

Khi ng li dch v webservice kt thc qu trnh h cp PHP:services httpd restartKim tra phin bn PHP hin ti:php -v