20
Lecture 9 Lecture 9 - - 1 1 Circuit Theory I Circuit Theory I - 통신 시스템 (: Morse code, radio)에서는 전압 신호 등과 같은 입력 신호가 전원이 된다. - 변환기는 전파 매체에 적당하도록 신호를 변환한다. - 변환기의 출력은 수신기에 도착할 때까지 매체를 진행한다. - 수신기는 사용자가 쓰기에 적절한 형태로 변환시킨다. - 전력 시스템 에서는 발전기가 30 - 70 MW의 전력을 발생시킨다. - 전선을 통해서 전력을 효율적으로 수용가에 수송한다. - 통신시스템: undistorted transmission, 전력시스템: efficient power transmission. - 전기 회로는 electrical signal 또는 electrical power를 전송하는 데 사용한다. Communications and Power System Communications and Power System Electrical system

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Page 1: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--11Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

- 통신 시스템 (예: Morse code, radio)에서는 전압 신호 등과 같은 입력 신호가 전원이 된다.

- 변환기는 전파 매체에 적당하도록 신호를 변환한다.

- 변환기의 출력은 수신기에 도착할 때까지 매체를 진행한다.

- 수신기는 사용자가 쓰기에 적절한 형태로 변환시킨다.

- 전력 시스템 에서는 발전기가 30 - 70 MW의 전력을 발생시킨다.

- 전선을 통해서 전력을 효율적으로 수용가에 수송한다.

- 통신시스템: undistorted transmission, 전력시스템: efficient power transmission.

- 전기 회로는 electrical signal 또는 electrical power를 전송하는 데 사용한다.

Communications and Power SystemCommunications and Power System

Electrical system

Page 2: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--22Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

KVL KCL

LCv

LCv

dtdv

LR

dtvd

vvdt

dvRCdt

vdLC

dtdvCi

vvRidtdiL

sccc

sccc

c

sc

=++

=++

=

=−++

2

2

2

2

0

LCvf

LCLR s===

,

20

,

12

ωα

)(2 202

2

tfxdtdx

dtxd

=++ ωαLCi

LCi

dtdi

RCdtid

idt

dvCiRv

dtdiLvvv

dtdvCi

Rvi

nLLL

nL

LL

LLLc

cL

cn

=++

=++

==

=+++−

1

0)(

2

2

,

LCif

LCRCn===

,

20

,

12

1 ωα

R_vs

L

_ +

i+vc

+

_vcR L iL

+

_C

vL

in

Natural Response of SecondNatural Response of Second--Order CircuitsOrder Circuits

Page 3: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--33Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

20

22

20

21

20

220

2

202

2

202

2

,020)2(

02

,2

ωααωααωαωα

ωα

ωα

−−−=−+−=

=++⇒=++

=⇒=++

+==++

ssssssKe

Kexxdt

dxdt

xd

xxxfxdtdx

dtxd

st

sthh

hh

ph

특성방정식

로 가정.

damping ratio

1. Over damped

2. Critically damped

3. Under damped

0/ωαζ =

),1( 0ωαζ >> s1, s2 : negative real

tstsh etKeKx 11

21 +=s1 : negative real),1( 0ωαζ ==

),1( 0ωαζ << s1, s2 : complex with negative real

teKteK

eKeKx

dt

dt

dtjtj

hdd

ωω

αωωαα

ωαωα

sincos

)(

43

220

)(2

)(1

−−

−−+−

+=

−=+= damped resonant frequency

SecondSecond--Order Differential EquationOrder Differential Equation

Page 4: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--44Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

- RLC 회로에 step function의 전압을 가했다.

)(2 202

2

tAuxdtdx

dtxd

=++ ωα

− ζ=α/ω0의 값에 따라 출력 값에

변화가 있음. - 특히 ζ = 1 을 경계로

overshoot 보인다.- 응용의 특성에 따라 damping ratio을 변화시킨다.

t = 0

+

_v(t)+_A

RLC

circuit

v(t)=Au(t)

t_

Normalized Step Response of SecondNormalized Step Response of Second--Order Systems Order Systems

Underdamped, critically damped, and overdamped response curves for parallel RCL circuit of example 9.7.

DeCarlo 책 351쪽 Fig. 9.9

Page 5: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--55Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

LCIi

LCdtdi

RCdtid

Idtdi

RLi

dtidLCv

dtdiLI

Rvi

dtdvCc

dtdivv

dtdib

iiiia

LLL

LL

Lc

LcL

c

t

L

t

L

LLLL

=++

=++==++

====

====

++ =

+−

=

−+−+

11

.,,)

.00)0(0)0(?)

.0)0()0(0)0(?)0()

2

2

2

200

∴이므로

이므로

Parallel RLC Circuit (I)Parallel RLC Circuit (I)

t = 0 인 순간 switch가 열리고 전류 24 mA가 회로에 가해진다.

저항 값은 400 Ω 이다.

Page 6: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--66Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

특성방정식

80000,20000,103105

1041,1052

1

01016100000,011

2144

40

4

822

−=−=×±×−=

×==×==

=×++=++

sssLCRC

ssLC

sRC

s

ωα

32

31

800002

200001

3

1032,108

0)0(,0)0(

1024

−−

++

−−−

×−=×=⇒

==

++×=

AAdtdii

eAeAi

LL

ttL

04

04

104 , 500102.3

, 625

ωα

ωα

=×=

Ω=<×=

Ω=

RIf

RIf

Parallel RLC Circuit (II)Parallel RLC Circuit (II)

Page 7: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--77Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

전압 v를 구하라.

Complete Response of RLC Circuits (I)Complete Response of RLC Circuits (I)

(a) 초기조건을 구하라.

- t = 0- 의 회로

A V, 1)0( 6)0( == −−LC iv

- t = 0+ 의 회로

6 V

1 A

0 0)0(00

=∴==++

+

dtdi

dtdiLv LL

L

Page 8: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--88Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

Complete Response of RLC Circuits (II)Complete Response of RLC Circuits (II)

(b) KCL 로 식을 세워라.

LL

C

CL

sC

ii

i

dtdv

dtdvvv

61

025.04

+=

=+−+

)(6107

0)6(4)6(

32

2

tuevdtd

dtd

dtd

dtdv

dtd

tsL

LL

LL

LsLL

iii

ii

iii

−==++

=+++−+

3610)21(9

set 3

−==+−+

=

+=−

AAAA

Aei

iiit

Lp

LpLhL

ttLh

stLh

eKeKis

ss

Kei

52

21

2

5,20107

set

−− +=

−−==++

=

9520)0('

31)0(

3

21

21

352

21

+−−==

−+==

−+=

+

+

−−−

KKi

KKi

eeKeKi

L

L

tttL

Page 9: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--99Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

Complete Response of RLC Circuits (III)Complete Response of RLC Circuits (III)

3/1 ,3/11952

4

21

21

21

===+

=+

KKKK

KK

tttL eeei 352 3

31

311 −−− −+=

ttt

tttttt

ttttttC

LL

C

eee

eeeeee

eeeeeedtdv

dtdv i

i

352

352352

352352

931

344

1836

3669

35

322

)331

311(6)3

31

311(

61

−−−

−−−−−−

−−−−−−

−+=

−+++−−=

−++−+=

+= 이므로

Page 10: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--1010Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

- State variable method : 회로의 전체 응답을 구하기 위해서 state variable의

1계 미분방정식을 이용한다.- Inductor의 전류나 capacitor의 전압을 state variable로 이용한다.

dtd

Rvv

Rvv

dtdvCnode

Rvv

Rvv

dtdvCnode

KCL

b

a

0:2

0:1

3

2

2

1222

2

21

1

111

=−

+−

+

=−

+−

+

를 operator s로 써서 정리하면,

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=⎥

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡++−

−++

b

a

vv

RR

vv

RRsCRRRRsC

3

1

2

1

3222

2211

1,00,1

11,11,11

v1과 v2는 아래의 꼴로 쓰여진다.이것의 해를 구하는 방법은 14장 Laplacetransform에서 다루겠다.

( ) ( )BAss

vFEsvDCsvv ba

+++++

= 221,

State Variable Approach to Circuit AnalysisState Variable Approach to Circuit Analysis

Page 11: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--1111Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

- 2계 미분 방정식 시스템

( parallel RLC 회로 )

djjsif

sLCRC

ss

ωααωααω

ωαα

±−=−±−=⟩

−±−=

=++

2200

20

2

2

,

01

Over damped

Critically damped

Under dampedUndamped

21, rrs −−=

11, rrs −−=

djs ωα ±−=djs ω±=

Roots in the Complex Plane (I)Roots in the Complex Plane (I)

- 해를 복소 평면에 그릴 수 있다.

- 실수 축과 허수 축, σ and jω

Natural response of a parallel RLC circuit

Form of response for v(0) = 1 V and i(0) = 0.

Page 12: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--1212Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

i) Over damped

s = -r1 , -r2 (음의 실수 축 위의 두 점)

ii) Critically damped

s = -r1 , -r1 (음의 실수 축 위의 한 점)

iii) Under damped

s = -α ± j ωd (음의 실수 평면 위의 두 점)

iv) Undamped

s = ± j ωd (허수 축 위의 두 점)

The complete s-plate showing the location of the two roots, s1and s2,, of the characteristic equation in the left-hand portion

of the s-plane. The roots are designated by the × symbol.

Roots in the Complex Plane (II)Roots in the Complex Plane (II)

해의 각 경우를 복소 평면에 그려 보면

Page 13: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--1313Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

- Airbag은 운전자의 안전을 위해서 이용된다.

- Pendulum이 capacitor energy를 igniter로 보내도록 스위치한다.

- 저항 R에서 받은 에너지로 화약 등을 폭발시켜 airbag을 팽창시킨다.

- 저항 R에서 1 J의 에너지를 소모해야 하고, 0.1 초 이내에 트리거해야 한다.

- L, C의 값을 정하라.

An automobile airbag ignition device

Auto Airbag Igniter (I)Auto Airbag Igniter (I)

Page 14: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--1414Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

K

M

K

M

- Box 안에 pendulum 이 매달려 있다. - 가속도가 가해지면 관성력에 의하여

pendulum 과 box벽의 거리가 변화한다.

Auto Airbag Igniter (II)Auto Airbag Igniter (II)

Δxmkaxkma =⇒Δ=

[ ]

xdd

A

dxdxdA

dxdxdA

xdA

xdACCΔC

Δ=

Δ−−Δ+≈

Δ+−

Δ−=

Δ+−

Δ−=

−=

2

)1()1(

)1

11

1(

0

0

0

00

21

ε

ε

ε

εε

xdAC

xdAC

Δ+=

Δ−= 0

20

1 , εε

- Box의 위, 아래 벽에 전극을 설치하고, pendulum을 전극으로 이용한다.- Box의 위, 아래 벽 전극과 pendulum전극에 전압을 인가한다.- pendulum의 위치 변화에 따라 위 아래

전극과의 정전용량이 변화한다.- 이들 값의 차분을 구하면 위치변화분을

알 수 있다.

Page 15: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--1515Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

Auto Airbag Igniter (III)Auto Airbag Igniter (III)

Electroplated gold cantilevers

Electroplated nickel and aluminum micromirrorAluminum micromirror array

Page 16: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--1616Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

MEMS AccelerometerMEMS Accelerometer

ADXL 50 accelerometer From Analog Devices, Inc.

ADXL 50 accelerometer. The sensing element in the center is surrounded by active electronics. Chip size is 3 mm x 3 mm.

Top Electrode

Bottom ElectrodeRelative Mass

Displacement=x=y=z

General accelerometer structure and is mechanical lumped model.

Page 17: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--1717Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

NonNon--Vacuum Sealed MEMS GyroscopeVacuum Sealed MEMS Gyroscope

Sensing springs

Stopper

Sensing electrodesTuning electrodes

Inertial mass

Gimbal

Driving springs

Driving electrodes

Comb electrodes after deep RIE(DRIE) From Lab. for MiSA, SNU

Page 18: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--1818Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

Auto Airbag Igniter (IV)Auto Airbag Igniter (IV)

)0( 0)0(

)0( 12)0(

A

V+−

+−

=

=

=

=

LL

CC

ii

vv

- 0.1 초 이내에서 트리거되려면 under damped response를 보여야 한다.

- 0.1 초가 주기의 ¼ 정도가 되어야 한다.

0 1

0

,0

2

2

2

2

=++

=++∴

==++

LCi

dtdi

RCdtid

idtdi

RL

dtidLC

dtdiLv

Rvi

dtdvC

LLL

LLL

LL

0

0 /1,2/1ωα

ωα<

== :condition dunderdapme

LCRC

)(

sincos22

0

21

αωω

ωω αα

−=

+= −−

d

dt

dt

L teKteKi

Page 19: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--1919Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

Auto Airbag Igniter (V)Auto Airbag Igniter (V)

teKteKi dt

dt

L ωω αα sincos 21−− +=

- 빠른 응답을 위하여 α = 2 로 선택한다.

mH

F

65)2/4.0(16/)2/4.0(

4.022116/12/1

/1,2/1

220

0

===

=≈==

====

ππ

ωπ

ωπ

αωα

CL

fT

RCLCRC

d

이므로

이고

이므로

)57.15(

57.15sin57.15cos22

0

22

21

=−=

+= −−

αωωd

ttL teKteKi

+

=

=

=

=

+

+−

0

12)0(

)0(0)0(

dtLdi

Lv

ii

L

LL

V

A

t = 0+

12 V

0 A

86.1157.15

12

57.15120

2

20

1

==

==

=

+

LK

KLdt

diK

L

Page 20: Communications and Power Systemocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/812.pdf · RLC circuit v(t)=Au(t) t _ Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Underdamped, critically

Lecture 9Lecture 9--2020Circuit Theory ICircuit Theory I

Auto Airbag Igniter (VI)Auto Airbag Igniter (VI)

teRvpte

tetedtdiLv

tei

t

t

tt

L

tL

57.15cos3657.15cos12

)57.15cos57.1557.15sin2(86.11065.0

57.15sin86.11

242

2

22

2

−−

==

+−×=

=

=

J1 J >=×=

== ∫∫71.1095.036

21

1.0

0

1.0

0vidtpdtW

- 저항의 전압과 전류를 보여준다.- 0 초에서 0.1 초 까지 거의 직선적으로 변하기

때문에 전력을 삼각형으로 여기고 에너지를 구

한다.