LITEN nfiMULI!I

LUSTRATA CU TEXTE

CLlPRINS VOL. 1

STUDTU INTRODUCTIV

{..lnranisrnulIie?nllcrea antieiriti!ii. Antononril {ilrlogirl,Slril'ilul cl itic. gt1i111istulAlfo;romia ;;tiinleiAtliuiiitii ctitice ale umrnismului ..Lllrianisnrril ;ci Rc{ormaCrrni(lcnltclc a-xiologice alc IJmanistr:'rtL:.i i . . ,,

&.larili precurscri ai Rena;teriiStrueturi iiterare in Rena;tere

Cii nnri specif icc" Pcr:sonaju1. 1'cmc 1i rrcti.r'erc,na:ic[]nt isls: convenlia nebltnrllu i" ft"-ti[n;itra'ri1i:., ca::pc dicrn, lumca ca teatru' Litcre.L'tlr;imolrttristir

Estetiqa !iterard a Renagterl'iRereapterea

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aonceitt gi etaPeRema;terea

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ontinuitate, sintezi, prelignrar*

:iI{nXXII

XXII

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xii.\rnL

LXNI{T,XX\-XI

LXXl'TNc.x'trrn

CXIN

C X-}rrr"X

va erel rrnoderne

Crtvi,nttt!, caitaru.lui cxXIX

LITERATURA U*MANIS]TTULUI 9I RENA9TERII INITALIA

FRANC]!SC]O I)E'I}iA I],C :\Scrisori t1t'sprc rncditatiile nrele . Cltre Dyonisiusil. l" SlinL,li ,\Ir.rlruirit. l. (1'ragnr'ettte). In, tottti;tc;tede lllarta Gu$u .

Carrlrrnir:r'rrl ( J'rrr qtttc;itr:Le in, rorttin'este de Eta Boeriu/

};XX] 1.XXX\TN-XIXCL',XXVIC.\XXI tCi]LXX tICCCXCCC]XIXC]{XVI II

l'riurr ftrr ilc.totu,6;te;i.c r.fc

GIO\I,\NI I JIOT]C,\CCI.ODee arrrrrrortul 1'.{rn.gnientele trt.ronLdttc;le tlc Ela Boeriu)

aolgqct0 s.\T-tr-i'f.\-IIColuccit'r S:rlutati. c.ritre f,uclor.ico c.lcgli. Aliclosi(ft'o.gttte ;it) . i n y,Ltitt?,ne ,;le tie Marla Gulu . .

POG GrO il lt.,\(_tLtIail l i\ ICirtr:c (irrrriro Yeronczrl (fragnte ttt). In ro'ntdncglea'a ftlarta CuluDiscu!ii !11 ,1;,r1rr:Jr-: (frd!:nr.cilt). in, rontfute;!e tle hlafia6utuFrcctiil,r \' jii'.:ilit;tttt). Xri rttntAneftc r/a Corneliaomoro r ski

VI

CIAN,NOZZO N'IANETTI[)c-qnre noblctea qi superioritatca ornului (fragmcn{tt'l- -i.ti

ronrineste tlb Mafia Gu!u) '

IIL\\TIO BIONDOIllar.io Biondo, ciitre setcnisirnutr. rege A.lfotlso ctren r':rnnn. clcspre csttc.lilil iittpotl'irlt lrrle iL'l' (lla';-i,,r,,i I .'i tt rittt,it,ctl,; dt Nlatta Gu!u '

LOIiET\ZO VAI-I.A

Illcganfa Iinrbii krtinc (fra.ttnenlttlMarta Gu!u)I)esprc clonaf-iulca-1u i, Con sta nl'in (fi,r'-il;t t.ltt,' ittI,,ur.ilttilL rlc C. D. Zeletitt) " "

LI|,ON BTT'TISTA AT-RI]ITI]I'Lcogcnio (fragntertlttt irt t'otnfrnt:; lt '/r C' D" ZeIetin]'f 'ritfrr Ltrl rlcsplc farn il ic ( fra unt tt lrtl i it r" tttti titt t;(c tL eC. D. Zeletin)

i l't (.t!tncti lt )'/"riutrtl'ttl tirrrpulni (fra.gntcttte)' 1n'Eta Boeriu

| \'iznt arn lrrPliltor-,C. D. Zeletini\t\lrslLlo rftctr\o

Acru) r'rr i trl r i l i i {:l tl }l:l tl(rllcttr l 1u i 1'llr tt'n { j rt ltr; tn t': ! eitt iotttitt;1lc t/u Nina Faqron '

clo\rr\NNt I'lco l)lil.l..\ Nlll{,\Nl)()I'\l)cslrlc tlctttnil;ittt,:t ()ll)lrllli (.f'ttr';ttt"tttttl itt r'trtt'i,ttsitr/, Mar{a 0u!tt.

Ctntece cle carnaval. At'irtnei . I'tr' r"or;z1i ti tlie7'ritttttIttl Itti Uuchtrs t'C. D. Zeletin

62

52

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L()liliNZO DI'l llttDtcrlComentariu ;-r1 l{agnilicului Lorcnzo tlci hlcilit'i asn-,-,r"' t,toa,, tl irr s,lnetclc salc (/tril;rr' tt'ttl in r"t;iti'tv;ltllr C. o. Zetetin,si Cornelia ComorovskiISelve (fragntentrtl i,tt, romdn,ertle r1r C D. Zele'tin) "

50u,1 tle

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ANG]JX-O POtr"IZI,\NOPovestea Lui Orfeu. .. .. ..aanjotrii. ftt roni,ii,ttcSte tie C.Ealerle qican!,:nete. Llrl. InIiispete, risipite, mris'crliri.

l)rincipctrc (fragnzeutele i'te t'cutiit't'eSte de Nina Fagon) 139J)iscursuri a,supra pr-irnei clecaclc a Iui Titus l-itiu(lrctgntcntele iit t'ot1'rtine;te de Catfielia e 0ft!0r0 vsl{i) 140nst,rriile florentine ( fs,egmentcle i,tt rrr:126'1rcile C,cNina Fagon) l1':'l\,Iitriiguna (fragnt,etttele ?n ror:ttitztf lc ri'a l{. 41. Toseafli 164de t. D. Zeletin

H YP};Il] ]3O1'OI{ACI{ I.\ POLIPFI itr,IFlypncrotomach.ia I'oliphili tbi humana omri; nonnrsl s.orrinium cssc docct, atqnr: obiter plurimascjiu sanc 11u:rrn tligra cornntcnlorat {frc:metz!)l;t s tt;tt'i.;t:jlr tlc Pelru Cre!ia .

Grtr1()]-.\llo s,\\r(f ]iAr{ol,-\"P:redic a asilllrn in i l{aggai. ( lr n g n itt ti, t,}. f;a r'ir;rri;,r,:,.: J,:re/; eorlxeiia eelfilerovski

T,Utrrllt XlUl-L-'n&no:rg"rnte {it.trrlttulu,l iit, t'omiint;lc rle C. D. ZeXetin}

l\X.\T'X'lro l{.\n Ll llol'\RDoOrlanrlo lndrir.gostit (irogtuctttcie ill t,oiltdncrt{e i.rC. D. Zeletin)

LLiD0\,rnco -\RxosToOrjant'lo Iinrlos {-t'ragntenlttl itt, r'ant.dne;le rle e " D"Ze treti n)

T,\COtrO SANN.\ZAITOf\rcrsnri] XXIII. fu ratn(itzr;le dg C. D. Zeletira" " "."{rcr"clia {;rr.:ntent'nl in t'ontin,erte da C. D" Zeletin}

N."EONAII.DO DA V]NCIIlnsernni"ri]. ( f:.a:nzente; /in, ramdre;te da C. D.Zeletin)fiSonet] in t'tutti,ne;t.a cle C,. D. Teletinf\rlei si.ni,tate? {'ine aceast5. norrnd. ..1 in, run:d,nt;tctla 8. D. Zeletin)

}iTCCOX-6 IN.\C}trI,\\rtrLLI

vot:tdnc;!c de {.D. Zeletira\\\\'lt . l rL r".t;,tl ;rr':!:

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fstori:r. Ttaliei (frcgrttc'tttcle tt ratitd,i:,.;!c. ric C. D"Ze letin) 16,J"r\rnintiri (fregn*tttele in r,ttttti:.teptc r,li C" D" Zeletin,si Conlelia Cornorovski)

I;R,\N C]E SCO GUICClAITDtrNtr

llllll ltO J. 0-U]-O\-\ZZI

Alexandru Cizek

$,,\Ll )liS.,\ li C:\SIIIOLI(INll

Dcspr-c r-lcstin, libcr ltlliit:.:u. ltrcrlt:'si ';tt,11'6' r'i"; rrr-tu,,titc irt, r'ottAnLtslc r/a Alexandlru Cizeli] l;.1(l;1 1'l g 1 11'-r1 r'r) ('.'l lr2-cl L' tn inruri Jrtt l ilatr: irt liltrtrii san

LXXXiIIXCICXLI\Tcrx, 92CIX, 95crx, 105CXLVII

PIIITRO Altli'I. Ir\Ofsint r\rctino, bir:i.. .1. ?n ront,itrrslt: tle C. D. Zeletinicitre Gianriantonio tla lrolignuj (frartttent) 1ni'oittliric;te ile C. D. Zeletin

FIT\NCI'SCO RIJIRNI?rnpotriva lrri llietro ;\r'etino (frttgmeute.). In rotitti-ne;!e de C. D. Zeletilt . . . .

T]}i N \IENI]TO C]]]LI,I T\ IYiafa lni J'lcn'n'cnuto Collini scrisil tlc cl insrrsi(1:ra'gnen.tule liu, romiitte;le cle $telan Crudu) .. . ' i.

GIOITGIO \T.\S.\RIVir.l ilt'ccl{)r' rn:r i tle scernii pictoli. sr'rrlptori si atlri-r(.c!i (frtr,;:tttttle). !rt rotrtdnt'1, r/r' $telan Cfudtl

CiIiOLAITIO C;\RDANOCar-te clespre \.ia1.a m*:a (fra.gtttttifu). 1n rontdneStcclc Marta Gutu

1'OR.rjLIAT'O TASSOAnrinta (fragntentttl itt romdnesfe r1i, trlomulus Vttl-pcscu)Ierrisalimul liberat (fragmenle in rontdtze;te tlaAurel Covari)

G{ORDANO BIRIJNC)Cina din Postul cel n'Iare (fragtttentele: parlialti reedi-ttre oJ't. cit.; r,t'tt, Ji'agmertl, itz trn.tlucet'ta lu'i C. D.Zeletin)

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A lun garca bcstici triunrfitoare ( fi, n gnt,e nt cl e : p ar liald.rceditare,a,p. c,it.; uu, fragtnent ii tyadtrctiea' lu,iC. D. Zeletin) .. . .201

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263

272

214

I],,-esprq eloiccle avinturi ( fr agnt,et z. t el e in, t. rtrtzd,t,res tede C. D. Zeletin) f7g1O}IT,I,\SO CAIIPr\NIiLLI

Cctatea, soalchii.., (ft,agm.enltt,I inneliu Vtlt)

!81t'onztttcf tc tv"e Cot-

Cnlcscre de poczii f ilozof ice. ( Itr l,outd,ncate cle C.D. Ze-let i n)Nu cstc rcgc acela cc are urr regat, ci accl care stiesii clontucasci,Citcva sonctc'J-'r'oi ruglciuniurtrtc, Cantonil IIl\rlir.dr-igril IILrrlriga.l 3r\larlrigal 4Ci'lt.r'c poc]i

l.).iirl(l:j rl.r's1rr c

STUDIU trN'IITODUCTI\T

(-Lr ir-lc sr:rrr tclzir rctlo-.;pcctiv evc.rlu!ia. :lu ltnriint,) l('l-lro si ii t:crccl.c;tzi"r, s;rrrstl,t e.jun11c, rllcrgin(l irr ur-m51rl lrrrii ttrirrlrlr-rrpto, lir, t:otiLur;r t.r-r:ptlt silrrirtil.ii, in lir-rrop:r:it:r'olcfrrr' -\l\/

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-\\'1, Pcrioaclil simfiti c.r o rcragtcrc tiirsl-lt:l ttrrrniti clriar tlc cci c:lrc a"u tri.it-o. Iipoca insi,;i in.,col)u:ic si-si ;rrticulczc llir!).tale. Jri;ntru a caracteriza vre-rrrrrr ilc lor, orrnrcnii tlt: rrtunli an "[otrosit imagini ;i termcnic;l : (r,')ittl lrrrirtr, (r'o)invicre, (r't)rrastere,

l,r)t-r'lr:i() \";r II:l rtl>Srrrr.':lSc ,l rcxla;tere ilitii rnai intii inrrrtr'lt: ;rl,r:;1ir:t.; irt prt'l;r1.rr, lrl Elcgnnla limhii latine e1 sct'iacit rr.rlr'fc irtlrr'lit.r: r:rr r:clt: lilrlr';t!r:,,rciuviit" (rettiuist:t1n.t),a.stlcl irrt:it. l;tr::;i,,,ittl l,rtr:;tst'ii," (,'lli.trtscrrnl)... ctc.,c|o, Lro-lizirrrr,r vorlri sl.c rLrr;Pl'r: (iirrtLo ([:l(jij -* ll]1i7) ca despre ar-li:;t.rrl,,plirr ():rr(: l)i(:t-rrr,l rlro,rrt.i it, fcill!'iitL", Ca si P,;liziano,\/;rs;rr i ,,'c'lc irrt:cPrrttrl ,,irrl'[orilii'' at't{]lc}r plastice in opcralrri (iiotto, orrrL:,)it, reinviart arLa picfurii".

llrr Lrgilrrri"r. cn tra.rlucerea sa Fi c'-'. -\cad.ernia clinFlorenla,Iiicrilro vorj)e)te dcsprc o renagtere a lui lllaton (di"ttn Plttoqttnsi rc+zttsoelelu,y .., resut,genii Fio"toti,i,.,. iil su.oitLt'n(1o Pl&-totae,..) $i despre rlcademia anticA ce rein,,/ic (a'ntiqu.mt .4ca-d,atziam tcsurgetlitt;t). Potrizi:rno sclie d':spre o cpocd, a,,istoiiogratiei reniscute" { i;islcr iae reiwlcre}.

fntr-o scrisoar:e din tr-{99 }lra.srnus vorbea clespre ,,lite-ratuia ce reinfiorette" (Iittettctura retlorescente), iar in epis-tola iijn X51.5 citre }fa;rtiucs l);ririus, clespre ostilitatea

XiII

ignoranfilrr care se tem ,,daci renasc (si rcnasoantttr) lite-rele frurnoase". Incheindu-;i Arta p0eticf,, I.C. Scaligeril arnintea pc Erasmus: ,,lIare a fost renumele lni Erasmusmai cu searnir, iu Renagterea literelor clin Germauia" (pra.e-sertina i.n Germ:nzia li,ttevis ipsis renascentibus).

intr-o scrisoare cilre Anc1r6 'I-iraqucau (Andrea f ira-clLrcllus) Itabclais elogiazir ,,aceastir. lurnini, atlt t1c putcrnicda sccnlr-rlni uostrn ( in ltctc tanta secttli tzoslt'i, lztce ) , ciwJ,verLem prirniie la noi, priLrtr-o rlcosebiti, favoa,rc a zeilor';toa.te disciplincle ccle mai dc scamii".,. In cclcbra epistolzl,cirtrc Panl-aqmcl, Cargantua isi ruirrturiscyt-c bucnlia pcnt{ucir,,in tin'rpn1 meu litcr-clc au {osL ascz;Llc in lurrriirir, sic: i ns tir-c-r".

in clerlitratia, ceitre Flcnlic a1 II-lea, a tracluccrii Vie-!ilor lui Plutarh (1559), Jacqtrcs Am\:ot isi exprima ni,

ccsco din Assisi, pe lingir ale ciirui si,lrrple, clar snave FXorlcelenrlizertafiile lui Petrarca, ?rnpill;rte cu citate, par, 1n reioricalor, sirrace.

Dar tot aceastir, hrme acccptiise disproporfia: exceselescolasticii, practicarea excLusivir a generalizdrii, hipertro-fia ascezei, scleroza viefii in nnmele dogrnelor rostuite deautoritate, Ln farnaa $eeyttis a omului medicl'al, maritre fer-vori ale bogatului spiri.t omeilcsc erau contorsionate prininscrierea ior intr-o lLtme ingusti. ;i ir:.chisi,. Cosmosul, pd,-mtntul ;i cuvintril scris*reduse tra sistemnl ptolemeic, laEuropa cuprinsir, intre Atlantic ;i Nfeclite!:ax1a, Vulgata giAristotel, de multc or:i rudirncr:rtar ;i gregit cunoscute

-cran consiclerate ;tiutc pentru eternitate; difuzarea cultu-rii se fd,cea ln ccrcuri :i:estrinse, dii.tclcil, rnan.ilscri,sele erauscumpe si rare.

Descoperirile astronomice ;i gecgrafice" noi structuri eco-nonrice si politice, ;i tiparii.tr ara flrurit o alti, fanna w,et$islantichitatea a fost altfcl receptati, ca $i cu111 ar fi relnt'iatgi, incepini! cu autono&lizarea filologiei, toate dorneniilegindirii 9i crealici artistice s emaocipeaai. dc teolcgie.

ILaliunca omerleasci"r lrtborioasi"r, gi care nu suferir inde-lungir, vreme apirsarc.a trnni spaliu inchis, a fost ajutatir, deinr-cnfii si drscopcrir'r sir spargii orisonturi y.i sd, l5rgcascfi,lumea cunoscutir, ernpit'ic" .Atu.nci gi caurenii gi-au schimbatviala gi mentalitatca, Ln trans"formarea imaginii despre lu-mca in care ei triliau au contribuit busola, c?rria cor"rr,biei;praful de pu;cii, prepnrarea hirtiei, tipamX si luneta, pind,at$nci prirnitiv sau cle noc cunoscute" Sisfcrnul copernicana lniocuit conceplia gcoee)ntricir cu cea heliocentricl. Cor-puriie ceregti au {ost agezate tra trccuX lor ;i mai lndeaproapecercetate; Gaiilei ,stia Ce existenfa petenor solare, & sateli-lilor lui Jupiter, a m.ilntilor Ce pe suprafala nunii.

Pdmintul s-a ,,intiri" gi eX. E{egel vedea principalnl fe-rlomen al epocii ln ,,aceastf;, nlzuin!fi spre 6n a,fard, a spiti-ttlui, aceastir dorinfit a ornuJ.ui clc a-gi cu:loa;te pilmlntulstin '.

fn sccolul a1 Xl.'-I.-:l pcrtnghciii ce rcetau asastetrc Afx'i-cii. ln 1.{87, portugh.eznl fialtplo:mcc Diaz, care inconjura

I Op. cit", png, S$4.KVI

[,(j!rtrri prima oari. A{rica, a descoperit capnn Eunei Speranle'it.,olin.i capul l3unei Speranfe, in 1'{97 navigatorul por'iLrghez \iaslo Da Garna clescoperea drumutr cdtre Ind'ii, iarA['ons d'Albuquerque {1453

-

1515) punea bazele stirpl'nilii portugh"r" it Inclii. Naviglnd" in slujba spaniolilort19,'nou-izul Cristotror Columb descoperea in i492 L1n colltinentil,,u, ai cirrui nume avea se fie ciat in cinstea navigator'lui{torentin Arnerigo \respucci (1454

-

l5i2) , care intrepr-indecitcva cillitorii in lumea nou5,. Cabot-tatAl ti fiul atiregeautn 1496 peninsula Labrador, iar fiul, Sebastian Cabot, seapropia in 1526 cle Rio de la Plata. Portugliezul NIagellan,trir"h purces prinea oari la lnconjurul lunaii, dcscoperi in1520 sfrinrtoarea ce ii poarti numele"

Iixplordrile geograficc au determ.inat ,,noi forrne cle I'iatH'?rr lunicer, modein5,;, oamenii cunosc ,,alt spa'!'itt; 9i o- dat6'ir,..l, ,,oltt coordoeutte economice, etice ;i politice, rnai aptei,n,,'. r'ciollzirri c1e naburS, giganticS,"i; precum ;i noi structurilit,,.nr"' cu insistenfi. se lnlllnesc de pildd utopiile constru'itc in dccor exotic sau motivul insuleis'

Furtuna lLri Shakespearc este unul dintre ecourile lite'trrc alc uirnirii renascentiste in fala lurilii care se largea;i,,i, inrtrog:.1'ea prin cirlir,torii. Prospe-ro ajunge sti'pinul uneiin,.rrlc indcpitrlate, c1upX, cum Sancho. Panza i;i dore;te oirrsrrliL. lu c^uvintclc prin care othello ii i-ctocisise lui Braban-lio via.fir, sa, Shal:cspcarc a;a25, elerlentele reale 9i fantas'ti,rrr.l" ltrltti (l('c()r creat tlo zvonurile ce urrteazS' ln chipii."*,,,,,,,u,";,;.t'ii't'':rs1-rctc a nnor nrclcaguri noi, .de'-+prec:rre' at?l do jrLrlirti olrrrlcrri ;tirr atit tlc ptltin"' llrcruri;

,,OlltrlloC(tit(rtit;'(tiittc;i Si li.ttctlc l'tr.;iiuri,$i ri1,r',:;tittri,;i tntr'trli ctt l:i:;cu'tz c;;iS-trtr' l,lrittilrtl in l)(tI cslircfl 2i!rdu.,\i cart i,l,o'l ii ::i;;i attlro'l:ofagi,Cc se rndtittlcti trttre ei, So oanieniC'tt cnfu'l dfcictt llxdi jos ele uweri"'

Fiminturile aflate fascinau; mai ales ,,Arnerica, Lumeacce nou5" pe care o nentioneazi ;i Fischal't ln l{0r0coasacotabie itin Ziirich.- t EG"t Pe,pt, Ctild'tot"iile P.cna|tttt'ii 9i nci strtttftni fite'Iirrr, nditura pentru literattrii tlnivcr atrir], tr9$7" nip' 8u9'

: c{. ibid., F}r. 185*198'F{VIX

Tclleritatea navigatorilor a clltuziasrnat poefii; faptcleIor aveau rnir,refia si taina mifurilor. 'flnil.a care li ciliru-zc;te citre fnsulele norocoase pe Ubaltlo ;i pe Carlo, imbar-cali pe o luntre, le prcvcstelte eroilor din cpopeea lui 'Ior-Erato Tasso (Ierusalimul liberat):

,,Coloa ttele I tr i IIt:r;ttlc tt i tttIcVor fi ,pentru acci ce gtiu sti pa*161Iut.perii fli,rr'i. ,tntnrc, mitri, pre,,:ic,l"or fi iluslre prinlre ttoi odatii;Tln ont ce t(tlnt.n, 1t-o Lte, lti tttt, pioL/a-nconjzu'a fc tt2alc glia toatti;,\i, soarclu,i rit'a1., t'n sti rtttisearePtintintu-ttliits cLtut Jucc .s.j iu.ttt I soare (,,.)(Coluntb (...)(...) f iarut1-e xa slit',ni un.na,1,i,!ct, t.rtct:t,.tyia$i te-ot' sltl,ct,i focuta ;i istori* l"

In ciclul inchina.t ltalienilor carc a;teapti si faci poezllpe subiecte grecegti Clampancl!a vorbea dcspre ,,Atiter.iccVesltttcai,, Jiorentino... (Madrigalul 3) si ex;rita fa,ptele luiColumb, ,,spilit critczri.tor", care ,,inviuge reticenta rnatc-rnaticienilor, viziunca poclilor", si este rnai presus de fiai-cieni, clc teologi, clc I{crcule, Nr:ptun;i Jupitcr (Madrigalu I 2).Conrer-rtar:iul accstui naclrigal spuuc:,,Cristolor Colnmlrgcnoveznl vccle cu ochii ;i striibatc su trupul rnai nlult decitau aflat cu mintea lor poc!.i, filozoli gi teologi, Augustin;i Lactantius care Au ti.gir,clLrit e:ristcn!a antipozilor". Ca oconsecin!i. a cllii.toriilor, cfcsc dubiilc rcligioase. Lirrgircaorizon.turilor geogralicc inseanrui o irnbogt:rtir:e a expcrien-lei; iar espcrienfa cca nonir d,Irirni adcseori vechi f icfiuniprofane, dar ;i constr:ucfii tcologale, observa Guicciarcliuiin Prelafa la Istoria ltaliei. in Apologia Iui 0alileo, Carn-pr"nella justi{ica necesilalca iibcrtirtii 11c inl-elcgere si conren-t:rre a Bibliei, cc nu trebuie rccltrsii la un sin.gur sens gi nicisLrpusi, uuei" irrtcrprctilr:i litcralc; el arilta, de pildi, croar-ei!snor pir,rinti ai bi:;crit:ii carc snstiuuscri, ci paradisul tcr-cs-tr-u se aflir pl enisfcrl opnsi: dc cind Cr-isto{or Columb a!-l"c:icoperit ccaialti crn.islclil, asomclcl, alirmaf ii pu tcau f;rcei;lr.iifitura cre|tllii obieci rle i:aljocull al pi'rginilor.XViII

Strtcrinfctc popoarclor ctlcerite siut tln prilcj c1e medita'liL. ilsrrpra istorici 9i

mo.lerne gi Societatea burglrezi morJersl,'1. Apir,ruser5noi stfucturi econoarice pi politice. StatuX se fornlase9i se inlil,rea irnl:otriva icrarlriei fcud.ale existcnte si a bi-sericii. Sc.olul al XV-lea coincictrea cu formaiea un;r stateca Pol,rnia, Boeinia si Ung:rria, cu lupta pentru indepcnilen-fii er carl';oeneklr elvefie*e; in l.i2g, clupi iniliati"i fs*ni,si lupt.a croit:5 a lorn*i d'.\rc, Cnrol al VII_lea era inco-ronat la Jteirns; in ll35 ,\n,:{iie punea capit anarhiei Jeu_daie prr'n victoriir ;i incoronarca lui llenric n_l Vil_lel , sitot la slir;i tul vc:rur.rlr-ri al XV-lea Spir,uia rtaliza nnitateaprin rccircerirea riltimulr-ri cnrirat.

'Iriccrca tlc 1l cn rte:r-'l:t nuscr.is la c;:rrtca t.ipiriti pniilin',ro:lircerea caraLrtcrc.lor nrobiIe in tiPogralic, cleci putirigade a oferj, in timlr mr,rlt mai s.:urt, un nurni,r *r"re rie cir,r1icu un pret mult sr:rizr_rt, a crea.t cu totntr alt+: irosibiiitl!i ciestudiu si aiie cordilii schi'rrrur'i dc icrci gi clifuzirrii Ii-teraturii" La jumiitatea secolului al XV-iea se tipireala nfzr.ilz orima carte, o Bibiie. iu centr"cle culturalemai i'sr:'t'ate s* i'fiintau irnprimerii. f.ipogra{iile sintin llcn;r;tere accea ce vor fi sirloiLnclc pcniru secolulal X\iIJ.- lea saLl cirlrinctelc cle lecturi in sr:co1ul alXVi.Itr-lca: un nut:lcu rle vialii intclectlrall. Acolo s_aupus temcl iiie cu lti:rii moderne; acolo se intiltcau in-vd.!a!i din !:iri diierile, discui.au cu eru,Jifie gi pasiune gitransmiteau oa;rrcililor gtiutori de carte iriei noi carc avcausi, le scJrir'lre pe cclc vechi. Tipografr_il ei:a u1l. or11 de rnareculturii; t\lilo Jlalruzio la Vcne!ia, un{e au publicat scr:ieriale lor lirirsnrus, Linarrc seu Ioan Lascaris; plantin la An-vers, liroJrenius la l3:rsel; listiennc la paris sau la Gcneva;Josse lSade la I-yon, apoi ia lraris; de Tournes la Lyon 9i,tot la Lyon, S6l-l,rsticn Gryirhiris, care e.-lilcazi, clasici yi iidi adiir'.rst iui liiicnne l)oiet, sau Frangois Juste, prirnuleditor al Iui Gargantual tuturor li s-ar fi putut arlresa cu_vintcle de recunolti rtd; dintr-o scrisoare a lui WiltiamGrocyn tiltr: ,\ld"o r\{zrnuzirl: ittreaga lunre le era indato_ratd,.

1 }rngcls, Dialealictt natwyii,XX

trlli ;i oamcni se rleplaseaz5, se mi;ci, Omului prins delrrr:trrrrir inLrc cer gi occan nu-i erau tle folos disputele scolas-t ilr.; invingirtor al ulror foste ncputinlc, nlr mai plttea creclerrr nirnicnicix sa. Cu riscul vic.!ii a{lasc minund,!ii ;i atluna(.lrr()r'i; vr;izr sir se bllcure de ele 9i nu tnai putea ilnPirti;ir,1,ilit-rrl ascctic' Se crea o aTtL.forvxa ttzentis.

l,lir nn a ap:r,rut ins;i deodatir, in Europa lntreag'l ;la in-{ ( l)ut s-a conturat in Italia, ,,prima naiinne capitalistir"'1.lrezvolt.arca economicd, favoliza productia artisticii tsi li-[{ r:tri pc ui1 pirnirtt care sulerise mai puiin de pe urma in-vrrzici gcrmanice gi care pestra incii bogate relicve antice.

Cilcutraf ia rnaritirni, care io lle rliterana conLribuiserrrrrlL la iuviorarea timpuric a ora;elor iLaliene, a sci'zut apoi

UMANISIIIUL

Ilclnvierca ilntichitntii. Autono-rnia f ilologiei, Spiritul critic. Uma-nistul,

Autichitatea nu era ignoratir in evnl rncdiu. Dacir. auf:ost perioade tirnpurii in care s-au cornis chiar acte deva[dr]ism irlpotriva rnonumentelor pdglncl, apoi iu mf,,-nlistiriie mcclievalc s-au copiat manuscrise an.ticc ,si, de,alungul uuor vcacuri in carc nll s-A rupt continnitatea trarli-lici anficc, au cxistat chiar clcccnii dc rcinflor-irc, ca o ,,rc-i;astcr:c" catolingianir, seu o,,ronirstere" a sccolu lu i al XII-1ea2.,,Urnanismul este o filozofic pcrcnl" * 561-io Tof{anin3,Dar in cvul mediu trarlifiile antice fnsescli"r, subordonateteologieia. Cultura antici. cra indcobgte lnbrir!i;ati. lntr-ointerpretarc falsificatoarc, datorati pc clc o parte ignoran-{ci filologice, pe tle alti, parte :nnei fornta" nrcntis structur:rlinconrpatibiie cu rncntalitatea piginir. Nu se recurgea latexteie originale, nici la operele complete, In Occidentscricrile greceqti erau privite cu suspiciune: ,,este grecesc,nu se citettc" (graecu.m est, not.z legilur). Se creclea ci,, ope-rcle 1ui Vr:rgilius cnprinilcar,r anLicipirri proletice, Satiri-zln.f ascrnen:a catrdori, llirbclais inscrie printre sfa.turilerlate dc l?ilntagruel lui -Panurgc, care vr-ea si aflc daci e maibine si. sc cirsirtoreasci, oli nn, si pe acela t1c a desclr.ide detreiori cu nnghia operele lui VcrgiliLrs si

istor:icirlui. De pil,lii: elte greu cle crezut (_-il L.'x,);11 c.:l.r: s,ll,-virsea oricc cruzimc p:nlru a*:qj. nuiiiL.lc slirsinlrc;r sJ lic ail-tor*tr nnoi i-rscnrenea cl.c'a!ii; :rclurili'd ipoteza srh.r'r:rbiiriisaic irli:ale pr-in convr:rtire, nil sc r.elle pentiu ce, ill .1*c siio lase lib:ri, i-ar li clat acestei pirrii a jrnirrr,j,ului un ent ;t;ir-p?n, si nici cun:r ar fi rliruit-o cu atita,,d.iscre!ie.., lrrcit easi tre:rli, n:tl--.;:rvati rlc istorici; c1e cc se r.orbeite rJrspreCotlsta:ltinopll, i1 tirlp ce ot:lstrl se nlrme;i at6iu:i ?.3ieail!?pe rrrnczilr: lui con;tantin se r{iii insc'ip}ia canctv.,ill i}ii,;i..piar pc :Drtrrr:: ilc p:rp;r,l'J rr,.r scrie irrlnr ic r:tc. , etc.Sr crirsLli t.i. ci tr:x|clc ar.istotcrlicc liu iost 1lr3i,_1i11;':.r,1,de ts.:'.1,.t':ll. cr:lc Lribiir:.. -f-'t l-orc'zo \r.Jla, f,:nrn:,-i_r.-luX ll,r-ticii i;iblrcc, rcler':r in ^A:!notirile selc grc;iq"lilc cl,: r..lildurr:;:eriin tcxt'tr \rulgatei. 'il:xtelc carc alcitui;*r sitj]1:,..r, :_utori*tir.lc ;i p3 cere sc bizuia, carlr:ul cl.o4lnatic atr ginrlirii -:i iuvii-firmintului ** Vulgat"t ii Aristo,,cl * sc :irat;i a fj sr_:rbrcd."O ilatr'i c: i*lrcdcren in erje sc cletin:i ::r::;perii:l lpel.jrtr-uitr,o,q.r:: c.

Urir:rniilii sc inlrcapli g{lrg qufqe- a.i fonics" lrr., rm:lcanor'

Forrntlclc clc mai sus intlcbuinteazir cnvintul latin, gir-sit la Ciccro , iunr,anil,u.s, carc zl\-c:r sensul cle cultur5,, formaleplin erlucalie ii ele exprim:i nirzuinta modcrnii dc insuqiirea spiritnlui a.ntichitirtii. in litni;aj studcnlcsc, pro:fcsorulcare prcc1i accste .sftlrlz.a lru,tnan,itatis cste nnrn:it h,tntrutisttt,,pr:in analogie cu al!:i terntcni ca lg'i.stao jrtr,is!a,, canotzista,Iernrcnrrl lt.ttntarzista aparc, {olosit in acesl sens, in docu-nrcnte clc la sf ir;itu1 sccolu lu i ;rl X\'-leal.

tn scrierilc latinc I:r i,1111rpnt, in lirnlrjlc rra.!ionale maiapoi , tcrmcnul sc intilno;t.c srrlr ilivclsc fornre, a c;iror uti-lizalr: ii ptaciz,alrr,1 scttsrrl. ():r iLtljcctir.,

cerceta,ti de umanigti celebri. Cu tirnpnl ea sporelte cumanuscrisc pretioase gi ctrupd mriltc vicisitudini e in-stalatS, lingi biserica San Lorertzo din Iilorenla, intr-oclidire anume clestinati, i11gi:puf5. cle l'Xichel:rngelo 1a 1525si terminatir. in 157 1 dupei mo;rrtea acestuia, ,,Laurentiana"cstc cea mai f rumoasi bibliotcc6, a Renagterii. invifatLrl cpis'aop grec Basilios Bc'ssarion rliir l"rapczunt (1403'1472)arfuce cu cl 1a Florcnla o fntmoasii, bibliotcci. El o spore;tetl'cptat prin achizi!ii clin Orierrlul Apropiat, incercind,clupil cii rr.l iui J,tris \liiloz ile Cuilvara ii;rrrrtii. Iui cllnl Cico{irs, 1:i:inbrc ir.1!i.i, trrr grinriiic car-c;i-alricrr.hLt minlilc ,,ciutin.l g:ruuzitrl nrrui i'erb grcc" gi. ,,u.llisl-oric cc.rc A innebunit clc mihnirc cir, s-au pierclu-t trci tle-cirtlc alc lui i'itLls I-1.;ins". l)ozifi;r sui:ordonati clc curlcuiii arlrrcc uncoLi pe un:ani;ti in situelii umilitoare, care ll:sLilno:;c r:cvr-rirn, ca diin,-l incompatibil: cu autontica via.tira unni intclcctnal. lfltr-o scrisoare clin 1530 Olalrus ii rnir-turisea cu ,ii:jcl.i un.ui prietcn: ,,toate sint rninciuni. ;i prelil.-citorie. Iht:5. nn ltii s5-i migulcgti gi sd-i ci;tigi as|fetr ire

1 N. Iclga, lnctpi,tktil.e vonzattti:rnu,lu.i. itt N. Ior:g.1.,Pagini, d,e ti,nercle,Ii.P.L., 1!)68, vol. II, p. 211.? Luc Dicttich ct I-anza

cei mai puternici ;i sir cleuigrczi fairna., orloarca ;i nui.nelealtuia, zadarnic te mai str:irluicgti pcntnr ale tale (...). Invrclnea de azi, urechile principilor slnt clcschisc nutlai sprea asculta lingu;iri..."

'Iot un act cle sulrolclonarc -

unui {cti;, unei convculiipedante

-

este folosirea iimbii lalinc in belctristicS.. ,,N-aexistat niciotlilti o siluitc nuti mtrtc, in nrateric literalir,"-

sclic Brrcl

poctulfii, ,,care esfe fi.ur:tit dir-iit liu p.,nt.r'u rrtrtrcra, decibpentru cf . asemuindu-se prin faptele si,Xc creatorului stprern;ajung* siL participc la divinitatca accstui;i,'. Fen.Lr.u Visari;Michelaragelo este , ca si Lcon:ircl,o rla \,-inr.i, ,,o fi:ptuiir clum-nezeiascir.".

Erasntus estc aproape ciilinirat" ['1.:in lr.c o,.el";urilc carc is-an inchinat se insclie 1i iurnuX X,qi Eraernurs, celul mai bufl,celul mai ma.re de lfeianchton, proirlLr{ ;i ortra lui Olahussau a 1*i I{. Giareamrs. rr)1nglilc

-

in.kosebi rrrc, u'ranisti-llor germaui * aproapc il excciL:iu. frr scrisoatca din lSlEciltrc I{a,rLinus .Dor:pins, Iira_*ri:us [:F j.lncft: ,".i],.[i se aducz,iltir: rnultc s;crisctr-i dc ir bii r-baf i c.ruriii.i carc iili spun,ullii"* porloabii a C;lrln'anici, ulrii

-* ir(,i|ri,k.. ultii _ 1una,;i carc t'ai clcgral-ri mlL copicsr,,sr ilcrif nliL i't;r.rlobesc cuace-cte titluri prca strirluciloa'e". lt,lLr Cr:.,1ct ii ctrcclari l'iErasmtts in.[r:-o scr"isc-rare c1in l5n6: . Clrirr ".rflinclu-ml incll mai rn:t,rr: miz.:r'ic, t1t-:li ccin-sirk:,l.lr fer-ir.it rlltcir a; avcaa inia pe::tc dilr 1n.,.ir!:itura si infc,lr-irrinn.;l fil,," fntr-osi-;iiso:ire rlin .153? llabi:ia.is i si'a,:1rc.rcn::ii a,itfctr lni llr,asmrs:,,"lirirrinie p.ca iLrbit, i;ir,r.inlc s,i poiloalrl a p:,tl.ii,:1. c,l-,liLrl.nitorr.l 1iti,.relor, ap:iril".:; r1c.ci*...ius;i1 rtrr.cl:,tirfi,l,,. Si ii miirt'-l'irl.5ic: ,,lot ce.clr rc r,;i*l si r,t i.l lnt.i..r; ;11 llr,,u, tir,ar c1c lati.r l-lir*lri.tit {...) tlai:iL 1r11 ai r.'t.rlri.i:,!a.-{, lilt flrf;l t,turor,a; fi c11 ltai iugrat rlintlr i,ripilii t'[i r:.i,'-rzi si t1:i'r r-iitor.,.

Incl.zinrlLr-1 pc lir;isnrls in liIlr;lllt,i;L f t.;tllce.z.i a sccol'luiil X\"tr-ica, o c,''scnlir. l..r.iir1iir.:'iri.. ni'iil'c:zii astfel:,.Fru plrtca li crclns, snb pr.lli.-stll l;ie.r'r-tul.ii fi.iiltceze, ltll:iirfor: stririn car.e, in :riiir.i lt_rl lir-npuiul, t,.i., r.trc lr.r1,t. iun :rntorlriiit'r'natiori:i.1, Dc irilt15, liLasurLl:s,,1.

Irlaza lui llmnclj.irr-c"--,.c.t [{ir-l:;lJ]ri,l a,rrlf ;lL nc,stLu, rrl:r:t:iirnnit, ci inacrcas.i ntri:rrri t,l rl i:-.r.--_iiliurirpc- arr"ont".,t-- poatc fi ro-ctiiir si

.

Platorr si Aristotel(Detaliu din fresca

Iui Rafael,$coala din Atena,

150g 1511 Vattcan)

Adagiul socratic(cunoagte-te pe tine

insu{i> insolegte in chipsemnif icativ portretul

unui barbat (Picturd deG iovan n i Battista Moronit

1520? 1s2s ?*1578)( F rnrlaj).

&!, {tw

trf{ T::$t wl{ili,

lfl?'ffi; Ili$liffir''rffi rryt'apa Sixtus al lV-lea vizitind biblioteca Vaticanului, pe care

.Td

o iniiintase in '1471 (Frescd, Roma, Ospedale di Santo Spirito)

Biblioteca laurenliani din Florenta

}.iOSCE TE AP}.{TON

tl!

Kis

l1

H!

$

tltilltl

ll

{r,,r plx1l..-. lii.rylrtLLr-i1. {ii i,ri'ligrrr;'r711 r''r:rlr'(rJ)!)lili:rt':tltl ;::r'i'''l;rliLli li1 -\\'.1 i{-1'":r. iirr "i't,'ir'lr1'ri:1F?:l i'llr"tr'Ilrs ii rrIjrr l';i( iLir,ii Z$'ingli:.,l)uri:;r- rrir iiLr rcl"irtt:rll r1 lLrilii"' (llriir;rr-itturniirrl,,Numr-i cjnl a'ir'ili!lri tlr ltrlrti:' ttLt crl'' siriLiir liir'rl'-i..Ll;cliiirliatir'c,iciiiLiL lstiii;r;1'rii\-.ti,ir,t:lr.iur..iir;-:i 1,i'r.:*i..'ni, r1 citc ccli{ilrn ;11 iritilt'lr (Jlil:lIri :i ;.'"ri' 'lr'i'r I ':"i irrl.l'tlntl, {i'lliL t*r"i'lr;i r:'iir:r' r'l' i'iittiiiiii' ;t slrlii ''

Ilruili,;i'931;il11ic.lr;iiiniiisillfti.iiril'1li.rs.lnl1ilir.':'lli,. luLllc't'ii. -st d,isliii{r114 irl rrlir-ii:r1''1 lirf i ir Iliinrtl';t iiii'1 't,,,lf. (lar alii,i;en t:sir'ill:'li. inlt'i'r rtlilsltl:i i1t-igLrr'' si ":i'i'ir,;ri:t. ilrLl:rcii gltl':rt':rr:ii Ltt.":'il'l'i ttl-'ili1'ttitllt clt itt r ili]rr llli',1. ,

,iiiui i llttcit.i. c'lttlllii iil"i'L:lt n.'.lir i1ii. l)l'{'r.'Lrr11 a tli"' .il,.:.'!,:., nlriiLo dl Iillri -t:L',t -\ilt lli'i;rlllirlr'' '[] ilt!il](lll-ii' tl' iirll'r':, ll. t[iri,;i.i a]l c.li.liir.i r'll|.rili,, tl't tit.;li .i,,,ili. li ttlrtllllril:'::ii. :iir,i', i:iti ilrilr ttriil' {.|i i"i in iill'' rlllrrliiLtlL;z:-t irlr'ii'i11 r ': ''i,r':;l;-''rjt-ii, Ccllirli "[:j,r' lrll i]lI i 'r ri' 1;1'; 1' lr'1 ittr'l "i''lli t"v.1li,i .i i.Lti -;i pilirl l'r rLlli-Ltt'li li ll l l irt'Lr''l :'i 'l' ;" "':, irli;r .,1)f()t(!i11ilt1 r:rllrJrtl ttl"il tll r'

.iiittt Lttt sLrti,'i r1r '1 l .;lt'. 'i LlrLlr"t 'r' t lilli rL

( t, i,r, ;. ',.\i jii jil/,i. i i(,'j lt'r'ir i;t,rl, ,, ,.'i -J I ,' i r !

Oo*o6oa(J .2 ii6aeio)oc\r

5ai:i prirru ourir cir xccast; i

, PL: sr:naiitiifi da;cinirnte prin curioziiatea lor n.cs{tioas$

ful fa!:r L:tinclor n:r.turii pe care vor sd lc descilrezc singur.i ,ln afarir de Cardirno, Bruuo sa,u Carnpanella, au Jost rnediculgerman Cornelius lleinrich _:\grigpa von .''l*ettesheirn (14g6*f535) ;i mrCicul Phihppus Aureolus n'heophrastts Bombas,tus von Hohenheirn, zis ;i par:acelsus il4g3-l53l), nis-cut in caruton',rl Sch',r'yz;

-spirite deschise, amincloi sini ostiliideilor:, in circuiatic, alc scolasticii. Irasionat cJe alcirirnie;i ir,:tr*ologii:, l:'.l.lacelsus studiazi cllbatra, sc inifiazl in e;:rne-tisrn, se intcrcse;rzd clc crcarc:l ]roruu.nculului.. El cr.ede inuoitalca hrnrii ;i o ccri:etcazi, rrnlt;irinctr natura ;i sufleteieomcile;ti; cildtrrr, chil-tr..g, botanist ;i cliinist, prin remar-cilc lui, Parilc,::lsus ct:ll, intr-o nri.sr-rrJ., si larmacolog, Ilcl:re-opat. psilriatrrr.,

S:Cuctia ira.tionalutui. r.Sspriilderr r-lnoi dcrinti tjiaticede a ;ti, c;ircia mijloacele e-sistcnte in ;tiinla vi-ernii nra-jslujcau inCeajuns. }{ulli clintre oanxcrr.ii trtenagterii ar f-iputut scmna urm[iorrii rinrl clint':-o tritini.oasir scrisoare eclrc-satii de Bacon lorcluhii Bur-krigh in anul I5g2:.., ,.mi.-anrluat dr:ept tlonlcniu intlr:aga cun,rrs.tere,i. lle altfel Eaccrrcrr:ilr: il'r progrcsul tr:,lrnic; itr \irtlrl ,\tl;.illidi, c,sistil ai:arateca[c lrlDls- in rirrl qi. srrlt ll1ld,.

ldinl-cit, r,'uil-iriz.;l.terur:c, forlil s1-rili'"n;,"Id;i gcniul art.isiicsc tli:;fitso:rril in l.imnuI itena;t.crii ira t:hip neobignuii: uni-vi:r's:rtritittca, pr:coluirit.r:iirlr ;i titanistnul activitili sini i,irc-cifir:c a.ostci tr'1-rr-rri tle t:xprlozie a cr-eat.ivitdfii.

.ll:ilcri:;r. g'indirea poiitiLi 1i sc'ci:r1i" liiin!:r :i {i1o:;cr'l:ai;i dr.,iriilccsc cle ascrnenea autcnoneia {afir cie lcr,riogic. Iiirtl-irr In-se pe obsen'aroa naturii t1ma1]c, shicliinctr epoli tie-. utc, iavdfdturile lul l{eagoe, Maciriarvelli, Guicciartliui ;il';Lo1o Sarpi ela,boreazir o gintiirc politici' pe brrc obicctir-e", lrun.lamtrltul ;tiinlific al accstei luni este lucrul clecliv;r concret, a;a cl1m !i-tr alatit expcrien!;r 1i c'bscrr-;riiiL'"r

$tiinlelc rratr:tii evolucaziL nlai grcu tlccit ccle soci:rk:;.

,: iqrl, irlsccolul al X\f-lea, antichitaLea trecri pt'lrirnu1 plan'l.loiild.]Sc}]isiiirrveclriulsistcmclevetriflrr.clrabililiiczl'tll'.{arii gerrcrale a tuturol cerijetirrilor ptofat-tc, lttrnlti cti ttrtrr-,,irr-*.ii :ltiasc sprc sine ccle mai b,nc i.r-!i:' tlirtr.inrL iLstfr"l:,!ijqtrlor emiririce ak n:Lttlrii "'" j'Iox'to grttnzntttittt:aritasc ;subLcz'"nia argrrrrlcnitrlui tle:Lratori.l;rte cntitnat clin tuxtc. ttcconiornle cri-igilralulLl i. OtlLtlrLc;tiin!11 reiie{eazi clisctcpanta clintrc act'le'L)i terL' ci'";rritorit;iie ;;i {aptele cutlciscutc pri:r olrsciva !ir: ;i ra}iLrn:i'rntrrt. -Ei opun; acclc1'tt:ite obselr-llrea cr:ltli orii;irlal' lriextului aflrt in car'rr:l lLimii. inclrr:plintlLr-scr astfel ci"itrrsursi:le ii-rl,lti rle caicttal',', 1:rcrginl clcci' ca li {ik:logii' rlc-fi,:t:{.:s.I}r acti cltrl ' {lrttrrii stnsLri Eibliei spt'c a-1 potr:ir'-lc..:1or s;-.rt-*r, t-Lc ci, ii 111 i[ ;r'ir;lrrpic rle ttal'tt;'ti, car.c estc tL1]'lf'''l-Dt';t:tt-:t.':ti", (i:rrt;ranllir ii condallniL in Apologia tui Ga-ilieo, in acjlilli luc'arc atri::r,'re cir ,.iLt scrie ri 1c 1.i Calillailtr sJ prta.te 6l['scopcri nir fllls- clccralccc el 1>t-l'L'ccdc r1c lac,fr:.:,rviii.ii {icutc irL c:tt'i::i !"itntii",.. {sub1. n )- lt'ri.r-un sonef-'Ca:rpanciln sptln?a: .[,tiru'il esti: cartea in c:al0 il'L!c1t:pciun":'cle r-e1:riciL f $!a iilst;ir; ploi-:riilc iclci'"(iinrlin'ea ncilor" filczofi 1i oan-rel'i ilc ;tiinl'iL ili aie sLris:"i:i cb.c;:..';lrii cattu'ii, citt:0..{i}ozc'fic rr:itnrlLl:i'"3 Fjlozr,file ste scr-isir ,,tn ace:s'iit uria;il crrlr care -ctir nccontctrit desclLi';it'in f aia ochiicir nol;tri {cu I'c;'besc clcsprc unir-cis), dar carc lttlLir,:-ate fi pric*putir, clacli ni1 in"'5.!5"m mai inrii s;'L lnlelcgttrriirnba ;i sti curroa;tern caracterr:1c iu care a fr-rst scrisi"L' Eac.itc scris:l 1n iimba matematic5,"..' sp1111e Ci'iileo Galiir:i illFre!uitotu1.., (subi.t.) Spir:itu1 gtiin!ific noLl p1'3srlprllle coil'n'-iclarca experien'9ci ;i a r;,lliunii.

Iirancesco tic Sanctis, cp.tr. lirrrtliliertlt, oP. tit.,(f. l lance .co tlt S::ttlti.,

56$.,15.p. ?1S.

,1 tttt)t/,{}i.i.i,i!t, ;liittie i. lliltltcia este prinrutr i1o-llr:niti ciibcrat rlc tntcla tlogmatilii prtn exercitarcix spi-l:itului critic. Crlclalte ii urnlcazJ" ,,$tiinfa cu actr,evS,:ratdcnrnir. r1e .cesl llltrlt-r.c t1t[ itr:ate tleci elista ttrccit clt c{)n.(,[,itiacelci nrili clcs;i,vir:;ii.c alltotonii. Criti,:a nu cunoa;tc r..Dsjtcit-tu1; irsntru ea nu e-r-.i:ti iaici prestigi.u, nici nristiru., ,,.0 .tr*r-facr tu;rtc {aliLrclc}e, c::1, r:upc toatc vilLt r:ilt:. Ar:t:lstir,

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1jru'', Crnrlra'i:1lrr gi Galile i , c.'

"4 t i f'a tl i n i e v i l i e e *L: :,!!1::x.i;r : ; ti,, ;il:1 i.. l:i,l_:lpl4j.inistoria ginclirii rlmcnesti, sr:i.rn'l:stica l:n,:r:ilerraiJ, it:*rlr:Llna,ca orice clirccf.ie a filozof i.ci, un eliljnefljLti r.io Freo;illliir.i sritotodatd, o naett>cl5 ctr.c i-ucru" l{ea;rinl al c:1,,1:;eiu_ir il,r:t:r:,r.X.iicealle biselicii catr:lice, l_iloz,:fi;.t .qcr:Lashci et-;.n n.nc.jlJs,fi*,tlcgiae (sluji.t,rare a ,ur:otrogiei) ; e.l cr-g. ,.lcr:i :i_1,--;ojirlin:linte de a-;i rcdollin(ii autol:olri,..ie,

Scoiagtii. sc spr:ijincau i:]e cii.cvirl :Lc:ste ** Biblfa ;i ,,{ri:-totel ir.l PrinrLr'l rinrl, altoi gclir.:r:l iratristice -ii ci,gi.;ir qror:rien-tatori * cifu'ora li sc lic-r,rrr'X.ir;e Jrrc;-i-iqiutr ;lutoi.i.iiij.i,r" Scincerca a sc trarluco,,trit.crlr" 1.oiir:1ll.,i-:i ,.1,: r.riltoriiir.tc: t?,i;is.f,ty dis;il criL arl:grulclltu I :ltJlrct.].rl i::s;t,: ,t,,1'r:viii il.t iiii,qi:i, il,l ,Jeaitirparte, cEmt-'ritcle r:r:olrt:,trcii :r.ix

'lr1:t'rr,'t, to:,:ulai cir t.,ccasii;ii,llirnitare a sa ia f unc!ia ile il sr1,1;-r-1rl ,L:,olliluz.ii: l*r,n rlez*\zoltat principiile cr:nstrue:tici 'ucrri:c'rice, al_ra,:i:;.,itull ,.1,:Clr:.l,iri,nogica for:mali,. Dar in corneilt;lrit 'uer;'icll,Jt: rel:c]ir.te

-q.tu n,Xui :\l'istotel sensui sc alta;lJlcna in .,pecria!ii l.iir-;rruL fo:r^xnelor logicc; o [1afc r.'irtuozitete io:i:l:lir]J, r:r:icit;.tr Jli :fo:tca cnc subiiX.i, 1-rrin cxcltlsivitiite r-lil.ica .lr,'"1st.iicilril:-. \/olbjnddlcspl'c scotasti, IIogcl l c()u1r(,r|1gn ,-ix ..1;jiurlirr:a :r ;l irst d.c;rron-tatii rlc c:i il clrip sul.l1"i1; lrr.l clr:'u"it trrllrure cl ilili;i.;l:-i. :1,:-'fuitri, spi::itc pr:olunrL:, u'utliti. :ri tr:'"ri')i eceJt inri.rag c:j-i,l ojiintt:rofic cu ti-rtul baljrirr:ii" a intc1c.,.r'ii,llci, lipsitil" rJe _:nntc;ic'ferrlil,,de con!iilut {. }" tr,r ililloz,ri!;rl ar:ie f,tr:nrii , ii-:tt:XectgoJ, carc se zba.te in asrrr'.i:',tii cle ca'uc.git:i: i, rl.e ,.1rti,::ltrir,_i,l.ijrale intelcctuiui lipsi{:e c1e.j,,:ittl. n

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I'l it rii .1.r, 'p'iritr.l.lr1i'uitl'l'-li s j,Lr rl.rill;ir;t1u, o'bstrvll't "1t:lill.l:.inii.j, r\l'rsl,r-l'i-,-rl. i;,:ot-":c ittli;r;"itisil1- r}c cvul rrtcdiu: "Ilnsnlr'1ii, s-a.iju;rl> lli:r.i a:,-r1,r ti in;iunl irr's-,l1i al leologiei aIol'L nrirniiti , irl :itlt.rr:qlllic, .\ri:t,lrut-lI bir incii, in aga Icl a trt:stpl'irrlit, itlL: i'";lrlL'lrii-;li'l'urr ltli esl-c llt'lli -qiint:i cl':cit aceca i1lliri (.lrli":t,r'r. ( iir'i, r'1,r,..;11 r'lll lt .1rtls c()\'il {-[() prrtin loitls vir:fiinrr;r:f trr', r'-iir' I) r'r I ', ' .i ril)rl:i:I lt]l i .l'L Iio rlistihniLcitli ill:iniili.L.rr.p1r'I rt ';,.1 Lt: ,.:ri.:.: ']i-.,t;,1.lL,llllll, 1rr: nlc,:l.ccrllt,clrcaillrXr-iiz-nii:, .-r it; r.ill'uirl:LiriL,.;11. 1r;1;i.-lii:e ill"r;r'ltriv:r r:racolcl.ol ar:isio-t,cliir'',,Dullce hsiluna inexportfs, )iXli'IlJ . {}pcrei lLri A:ristolcicti,l lilr 1,.:'1. rl,: ctrciciilp,S'jiu ii11 citi:c -:c Yorbea cltlsPr-e Pclczieyi

-rt",it, i-tlnirlt:tl'.,r si ;ris'i li:: cr pdrcr si 'lfcre, iu lirnite binqc,-ili.ur,r'"tr, .\,1,.ru.'it r.r i, ll ,:;trc sr-- lliltclrL clr:icinil fecurge liri a'nr;i .1i.i Itrrrv:)ic oix ,).rnr,rrl ii sii girlrlllscir. J,undametrtclc vicliisi slc ll:rri-urii. rIl'':J, c'r' ;l:igltra, 'rilrrti trrai 1rlillt' sistcmlxlin,:hi::,;pecilic el:'li:ii. lle acccrl" iu Cina din miercureapdaeslmilon, Ter;Ii1o, i;: t;ilre (li':Ttilno lJntno sc Ilroiecten;liipe sine, li ipunc hii il:i'rrlutlzit-r, Li,l tiir:ui nutue insu;i' itr indiiii,.e s:o]jr,siuX cc irs! ;r,:cun:.trc, ai-,i1'ai r-[e i-c:ctelc cle autor-iiate,iinc'.rplii'rl-lc:-.- tlc il sln'.1,i; ,,r\riislrllc.l al vilsl-f u"' I'ot ln ace-qt'scrs i1 iili,rtiitJll:):l'z;, Ifl:il,,jrllus 6".1 illtiie itr Elogi*l nebffnieipe .,.r\list,:ici, i:i:ac,,ttriiX ir:'ag;;t.i;ilor tlc:lrr".

iir, roirllllrr I saririi ;.1 ll.r.li Itr-bciais, locuit'rl'ii clirl ta'rn'Cnriut,::enfei, ttlicti" i tf,liniirtliei formelor cxccsivc 1i dr:gr"a*qlete ale scui.xsl.icii, rillrlrl l ,,Af i;totel, cctr rlintii diirire oa'tnf;iri ii l;'l[rtrperrqa -1-si'''ir;iti, lrL i;l;cl*Peitrlrii, a {ost na;alregirL,;i ilors't rs".

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lrrtiiLrl prolesor

Epoca este intr-o largir mi:urii nr,;rrrat5 r1e antimona-lLism.1 Litcratura tlrnpuh-ri estc pcpulatit c1c cllLrgiiri mtr-cll,ri si lene;i, care inlocuicsc osteneala prin gilctenie, ca inprrr-estiriie lui fJoccacc,io; incul!i' fi]arnici ;i lacomi, cn inCo!ocviile iLri .LilasttrLrs; rl scriere polcmicir anlirnonahaiii:r lui l.'og,;io 1;1-;;16ioli:ri ':sttr iutitulatl Contra hypocritas;?n pi;;:L lui '\hrlori'e , l\['rf !sr'l ii spuni: lr-ri lia'trsl' in legiituricu clil;i,Loria 1,1 l(oirtlt: ,,'i'e-ligtca'ir1-;i --

statrza, povestelte proccstll ;i citeazir fu'agmente clin apiirarealui Hyeroninrr:s; le reploduce cLr aclnriralie, fiinil iush, iaacela;i timp tulbr-rrat clc scntirnettul culpei cle a-l ailmirape ccl invinuit cle erezie: ,,O, om vrctlnic de ve;nicir.anrintire printre o:rm:ni ! Nu vrcau sil-l laucl pentru cele ros-tite impotriva biscricii; ii aclmir invifitura, multclc luicnnoitinte, elocint:r, dulcenla vorbirii, finefea riispurrsuri-1

fa!;i Cc actclc arbltrarc ale coracltleitorilor bisericii' Eras-rnus gi Luther se deosebean lnsii ailtnc ln proble ml escnfiale'Xretr'-o scrisoare din 16 decernbrie 1521 Erastnus mirturi-sea: ,,Eil am d.epus un ou de g:iinir din care Luther a scos unpui rle cu totul alti natulit".

Eras'atns er:a fundamental in:livirltlalist. respectuos pen-tru cazul perticular ;i teticcnt in f afa itstituf iei' C-reltinis-mu1 insemna pentrrt cl o nlrrali a iubirii. Pe oltn:ni,,Hris-tos ii va itlt.rctra rlircl au lcspcctat inr'5!iitura lui (cirre st6tntr-rtu singLrr cu';irlt) : tlra,gostca".

1n opczilia dintto ErasrnLrs ;i [,utlLcl sc conf luntir uevoiaIlc,ior|rei rlc rcIela!ie ;i tr:arnscenclcnt ;i ucroiil tlnl,'ttlisintl-lni t1e cuncagtel'e plill rrrijloaceie ornen:9ti aic expcrienlei1! ra!iunii: Luther rruril3:r rafiut:a ,,prim:r sursit" :r' ttrlLrrorrr1r1or" (Fons Ji.tnlitttt amtti.tt t'r' t*nlot'tt'tt'). 1l;te d'rcpt cigr:tspcctiYa luterani dcsrhide calea unei scrutziri m:ti atliucia ormrlui., ciiruia ii ccrc sI se iutoarci' spre sinc c5utinrl in15'-ur1trl1l si.u riul ct-: i1 lcrcuiegte' llineie lni;i el iI a;teaptii"cllr prrte a. ha.r:Lr1ui C'ir'ir:" I;irlc'li testului Eibliei pc c:rre i1pr-ci,ru ail Iitle ra;tt, pr:otcstanf ii an {anrtismui ;i irriolcranta6';lnp 6alc se ctocl iu postsilt atlcr';irr'r1tli stlpi"cm'

Optimisrr-ru1 c:illtat, cilir vlcmo nn fnsesc inci mul;catri,: sccpticisn, ii far;e pr uillil1i1ti si. creatlit. in bincle aflirtori."l orn, in posibilitatea dc atl dczvoita prirr culturit' ln per-tier:tibilitatea omeneescJr prin mijloacc omene;ti' De acecaei aliirmi exisicnla iiberLrltri arbitfu 9i R]belais ia ca clevizd,a lm:initiifii cLenrrc dc rcsp;ct: ^'fti rc i':i t'ci" (ft'is ceEi!! Ii.o1].:.:.1|',(rs) '* Lirrircr"s'sti''se 1ip:;a t1c lilie'tate a o'r'f i, socoti*dciL tot ceea ce noi fitpLtlim cstc cunoscut cliillinl'e si rinr]nit.1l3r.ti-r eter[ilate rlc o clir'irritatc omniscicntir. cinrl Eras-,*-or r" anl4ajeezii tn dispLrli. scriitcl Despre liberul arbitrutLut'her ii m-'rrturise;te a Ii aflat ?n el pc singurtrl om care,fiilir,a-imaivorbiclesprelucrul:ilcsecllnrJare(inrlillgenfe,papi, etc., etc.) a fil!.rrs direct ia esent5'

oprzi!ia intre url:rnirsti ;i llefornrir cre;te in ambeleclir'*c!ii. Crotus Rtlbcanus, care la inceput 11 inL tlr'rjase pen,,rLhlr, revine la c;,tolicism clnd inlelcge in ce cirip se dcz-r-o1,t5. migcar:ea Pr..otestarlti.

1t cclcsptn,l nfzr ci1 i\'I:lanthton' Erasmus i5i e:primasetr,ilcrea ca cli[ rcfornra sii-,-ir;lt;:-"', elc Lrltllcr s'I ntt apar[ unXLvIII

alt falatisrl. 8,1 r'eclea un aittagonism ireconi:iii.tbil intrelute.ranism st botana l'itterae: ,,Ilretutindeni unrle domne;telLrteranismul este pieilea litcrelor", a{lrina Erasmns intr-oscrisoere din 1528 c5.tre \Yillibakl PirckXr.eirter'. lntr-unplnrfiet din 1544 Calvin dectrariL; ,,A; r-rea mai clegrabii cato:-Lte ;tiinfele umane sii {ie rase cle pe suptafa}a pirinil'lttl'hri, clecit ca cle si fie pr:icini a ricilii zehrlui creltinilor1i a inclepirtirii lor de Ilurnne;reu." Protestantii Xi acuzfi, peurtani;li cle libertinaj, ial intr".-un tratat Despfe scanilalurfi(1550) , Callin i1 anatcmizeazir, pe Rabr:lais"

Calvin, ca1'e ii apira cn fcrr-oare pc ac}-'pf i!., perlcciltaFi.1n Iirlnla, ai re{cirmirii hiselicii catr:lice, cler"irle ;i eX uillrilsccutor:. \rinovat clc ucirle l'e;r lui Scn'ct si Gi'uct, el esls;i:r ;i X-,rrtlrcr, intolcra.nt si cr:ut'l' NIichel Sen-et, mcdic q'lclLrLlit, arttol al unot lucri:"i d,c geogra{ie ;i ttnlcgic, nrilnrpiLrl.ii;;r'1;tc conccp!ia c:rto!ici clcsirre rniste,lrtn treilnii.(l;rlvin cr;t.(l l)rins irttr'-.o tlisl:tttir conttrat[ictol'ic cn Scrl'ct;l)(.:r(lvllr;;rlr1l 1[r: rrpirtii,()lIr'llr, c1 in:;tlsi cr:ctiu- llrtii ile tri:ie-lir',r r:;rt.,,licii, il ilc'nnttlii irlclrizifici frlttccrl Pa1ltrll ei-e;ier'Strvct l.rrgc t1ir"L lrranla,

Cooralonatele axiologice ale umanismului. Criticapeci.r:eumanistii o cxe rcitir impotriva mentalitifii mcdievale---scolasticc ;i tloguraticc

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i115galnni totodirt5, descoperireaalnri noi lnnri clc tr:iirc;i cu:toagtele. De la uuiverstil inchis inXimile precisc si in carc totul se corrsidcrir ;tiut ori dccluctibilsc trt:ce la cleschiderca citre rtccultosctltttl spre care accesulnu eslc intcr-zisi: ,,nrarcA indatorire a otnrilui pe pimlnt, ;ilr,nurne aLrcLra a clcscoprir ii Jtrnrii gi ir rcploduccrii ei priuclrvint ;i ftrrrrr;i, a.bsorlrcit rll)r'oil])c trtirtc for'!c1e spiritualc;i snlltrtc;li ;tlc t)ttru ltti llcrlltst.trti i."r

.\r'.cst trcstitvilit clat

retlcegtc, refuzE .")noruri ii se fixeaz[ la Basel, Patria um:l-nigtilor se afld. tloar ln lumea libcrti'tii posibile: Montaiglespu&e: ,,Arn atita trebuioli de libertate, incit daci nu rleis-ar iugedui si rlerg intr-un cr:Ifi;or din Indii, n-ag rcai triide loc in iargul mcu; {...) I)aci. acele flegi] pe care le slu-jesc rn*ar arneninta tll5car cn virful degetului, ars pJcca deindati, sd, gd.sesc r.1tele, indiferenl unde".

,,?n veacul de mijloc, ontul se cunoagte pc sinc iusu;inunlai ca parte: ca lllenlllrll al unei famiiii, al unei Lrresle,al unci ,:omutiititfi politico sar.t rr:ligioase

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5i 1111 gi;:rdea,nici nu lucra decit n.urnti ca, tot.r.rl itr. carc cra cuprins. Nici-odatipoatenltr s-au mai v.izrxt, o& a.tunci, in istoria coiltinen-tului nostru, mase ata dc mari dc oalncni, crrgetind;i sinr-!ind., trdind si lucrincl in accla;i {cl"r.

tn llenagtere individul se emancipeazi,, dobindcsic anto-n'omie. Valoa::ea indiviclului, drcptui omutrui clc a cugctaliber ;i d,e a tri,i ala cunl il inrlcamnl i:afiunea intri. in con-flict cu ierarhiilc cxistentc. Concloticml, in care se afirma,,r'aloarca personali a corltatldatt'.r l.u i., ildepcir.de-ut clc oricealt coirsiclcrcnt"', duelnl'ile, r^n al ci.ror clezlr:rcli1.mint rlri semai vcrlca,,o sr:ntintii a ]ui l)urilnczcu, ci o biruin.![ a ptr-sonalitirlii"3, siut manifestriri sociale ale iudivicluaiisrnului.

Onul I:Icne;1.crii arc constiiirla unicit5lii salc. ,,Naturait ficu ;i apri sp3rse tiparul"

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5gri6 Ariosto.',,irr pragul Rena;terii, inr.pr:,ejuririle istorice cicprirxl

pe orn, ill, Italia cel putin, sd, se considore pe sine insu;i caintreg, ca individ in infele-sul ctiruologic al cuvintului, si.descopcre cd, ale -qi drcpturi, nil tlltn:li clatorii, si sai, cloreascdmai presus de toaie libcrtiitca tlc a f i cl insr;i, de a gindi gilucra prin sine irlsn;i"4.

Un Giannczro ll:ureiti, d': cxcnlplu, n'; rrai disociaz5,,a;a cu1r1 sc f.i,cea itl evul nlsCiu, trtipul ;i sufletul., ca, fiindantagoiLice; cic alc:ll-uiesc o'"lilitzite;i omul este ginr.lit ca ototalltate5. Viafa trtrpeasi5, rau nrai reprczintd o formd anaturii o:r.:ne1ti qgrtlpte. .,Cci calc vor si. rtr'espartir cele cloud

1 It.F. }legulcs::u, Fi;lc;cltt I?c;wstet'ii, 191{.1, vul. 1., 1:1'r'.{8*.+9.

: 3. T-iurrlihartlt, r:p. ci't., r,'o1. I, p. 30.: llritl.. p. j:11.I \-... "11

,-:t rr (,!r. L it.. i .'! l . p, 19,s (--i. (i. S;iitra, pp. cii., vr'1. 1, pp. ,174*464.

x,rn

1r"irli principale gi si le izolczc una cle ce'all1Lii, gre;escjrlirnpolrivii, trebuie si le ali.turim gi si le lnprcunim",scr-ie l\Iontaigne in Eseuri. Este f.ireasc5, si uobilir triiireaintcgr:rle lntru carne ;i sPirit.

1.).-rg:ua invierii trupului clupir moartc dei'ine ac{rm argu-rnrill al prcluirii trupr-rlui. Dar a-1 prelui insearnni a'i acordailorjee ce e1 cere, adicir. pliicerca. increderca infr-o naturi. care:r lost creatir l:uni indrepLS!e;te citutarea fericirii gi n plitceriisi motir.t--azi epicureismr:l lui Lorenzo Vaiia.

[-.ucr':rrca lui, Despre adeviratul binen pui;lirat:"r inifialsnh tii-lu1 Despre voluptat (De voluptate, 1.131), si inriuritirli. li1;irrnr, conbate stoicismul. Ii.espectul trupulni ornenescr.r':r gi ci rc:Lc.f ie impctriva ascetisrnnlui meclicr-al ;i c, 6611sg-cirrt;-L ir, ill;copcririi irumosului in nuclitatea sta,tlilol antice.( ) rrsf rr I titrlcctitlii si volupt:rtca att irit.t":rt in noua

-fot'tna'tttr:titi:; tt onrrtlui rctrasccttlisl.. ,,Or-iil s-zti zji:c, riltiua fintirilruiriti rlr vir'1.rrtt'l rllrstri irisi'.i c:;tc r-olitpfll{1x", r:rtgeta['lrrrrlrr iLrrr' irr l]setlri.

,\'[,i r t.rrli::irr';r, (:i! ])D ult lr.rt;t-rr f ir,-rsc, lt i.'r'it itli plopriir';i,,r t:r ir,, linr c1'-r trccorca r.le la si-stlmnl inchis :ltrrf icval,nn(l!' ,,(r.11'.il llLr sc rc11rt-loptca po sinr: cleclt ca r;rsii, popor,1r;rllirl, (',)i'l)i)raLic., iernilic sau suJr or"icc a1t:i {orm,iL .Jrr.tcral;.,, ',li:, ti.,.i"' lrr sisIornLrl rlrschi:i iu ci t'r-' se inaiti'L ,.rl toati[,,r'i:r

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sLrlrii..rtiviLirtLl . Orrrtt] 11i'r'ittr iuti'iz,id spiriLu:r1 si se0,. nn(li[stc o1 :tturt:":. [')l rt ci.ilitrrt. rttr-,]riliL;tl-ir si rLrztstimpirr.

'll,rtliI i sc rl:-'.tr:]ritlc, int;r'lrittrl ctt sist.lrrtttl a(r:-;111{rlogic.,,llrrrrro rlLr.;lijnL:llz;"r" r'ocltclt 1x:;r;Iq11iq';"1 :Lt'i:;ttri.l:'lit.it, l;i pto-It:rtr:rir.i a. r.rlti:i ILlrri Ii,titr: (...1. Norur viziutr; crlsinici arriri,,',-rrrrrl,ri rllsr:lris, PrL:rir':ti. r:ll tril nri,fir'tit ttt',rt:.iir rlc lumisr)l;ll'r, sr. lriliL csl.ririi, oLr ilcL)eltt!r di: ar:rplu pilih$:i prome-l..ir- , t lri r r irt :i,)r):rLn I ,l-r ll in::11;u lLil 11i:ri,,rgitlL:i'r".

,,Cu cit'ipi sigr:ra si'ribnt it'titf tul,Z ri g a : u r i il s cr i s Ia I tttt t tt ti- tt s.f: tii nt itz t li.,lctr tboru.-mi in.t'ittit tt,tt, rtii st cit'ttzci.."$i de t'e glointl ritctt n't,ti':rs!! spre al t'tt ! ,Un cintp tttvic d.incolo tnti ci:t.tci,,Si ce-s.iiii z'ti,i nltia. eit l;ts itt ttrtititi l"

L,: -J. Burcliharc.lt, op. clt., r-

",1)istan!a dintrc cvul metliu si epoco noui cste insi;idistrn!:.r tlintrc o lnrnc incltisi, alristoricir, al-cnr1;,rr-.rl;i,imobil5, iip.sitir clc potelti.rl, rlrlimitrrti si o l.rme iniinilir,dcschisi, to:rti nutn:ri potcnliai"l.

In antagonisnl cLl c1lo0a prcccrtrcntir., cincl o;ntrtr cr;lprr:luit rnai cu searnir rlLririr or:i;;ine, in cra tnoile rnit acccir'cnlse t1c1;lascnzir citre in;nsirilc sr.le pJrsonalej, slrlc cccit ccDantc, Gilntlrzzo II rnllti, l)r.rg{io If racciolini s.tu I-,J[L]n.roVirila nuntosr: i:irlil" a,riicir nrcritul sltLt vretlnicia.

Vir:trrtr:rr;i rtistir::r inlririi sc stlPrepun lrt, Lr rrctrz,r \-,'ll t3,ial rr ai a.irci la tr>utti, qin lii'ca pllttonizltniiL a It;rlici. .,ts;ii*ra.fia ;i clauul cotrfcr-:1. nrcrit acttlltli dc cttnoe;tcr-c (irr rrq r'| 1.1tiurp 1i dc iLrbirc) , clrt:c cstc vt"tzltt oa tcnsiurtc ;i trri':c 'rt.

Pc calcl irl:rtonistnului etica. ltenastcrii ajrrrrgc la i'..1,1:r-lnl urnirn al irctinnii intlrr itrbile. Peutru ginditor:ii pLl1,t'nizanli activitltc:r. spiritulri nu se clezvilnie prr.rplitt-zisin cunoastric{. Castigli,rnc, iLr d patra carte a Curteafiu}uispr.rlrca:,,-sullettrl, apri[s clc focul sfilt ai atlevirratc'i iuLririclivinc, zboarit, si-r se itnprr,lrrtc ctt rturtnr:l ingcrcascii si nunirnrli r:ri lrii,riLsc;tr: irltttt ttttttl sirtr!rtrilc, rlar nu tttai r.rencvoic nir:i rlc t:t"tt'intttl rafirrnii; cici, irrcscltirtrbat irr itlgtt-,intr:lcgc toatc ILtcrtrrilc irtteligibilc;i, liLril nici un tii.l sriturnbrir rlin:rintc, r'e de itncns:r Inarc a purei f rnntnsefi clivine..."

Spiritul ss rl:sfiloarir in iubire, carc prcsuPttnc tcnsiittlesi elan. l)e accea rc-vin ca nigto constante alc scnsibilitnJ:ii;i stiti.sticii rcnx.sccntislc ciLeva irnagini: avintrrl, rirpire;r,cerctrlt, .in ,,eroiccle otittttt.ri'', J:iruno este Jttrat c1c r-rn chipin crre Vcde durlttczei|c;t, i..rr.\ctu'on portzegte cu!c.;ittor"Pcntru llar:silio ljicino crcafia insearntril iul;irc;i plitl eil,,I)untnezeit t,ti.fiL:ste iuruca, citLr-c siue si lumca cste r'ci;ffdr!de ei"B.

La Ificino cercul, sclrn al coiltirtilit:l.fii, in

nrtl-)l,Jt{-:.-1 si i,-rl;i::lttlt inl:le ltc * c.l, ill lli;;riil':l: * :,'- 1;!llriioiltrer1o!rr, i-;l.n* llili-lillt ill ,:ll ttute IirnitcL, inl-':le5t'r;il ;:i ,r1et,--nlpolrIrt ii;ii.

lir,.,r"c,ll,:rc:i ii-l i:1...p:tr:ii::rtt:a r'1,: in.NcLcg;lt ti cr.:;,.}jr: a 'rl'-t. -'lritc iurj.rinl ilijr irilari{trrr:,Ja in irtr}ecti}rilita.i.ca llrti iini-tlr:r-i-'r;;,i:-:rs! laor:r l.;1.. l)c;iel rlc lic ll.',;ihispiciui Ll;i:iri.lirii r;lirr:ll;:-;ll:le:l 'l':trcrliiil,rr, .,I::ri.- cil ve i v'li ", cspliinJ, convi'n.l;,:rea ill l:-rs-tcnf:r ..,ir-',.utii it.,'"nll i;rJu ;.i r'tL:tL.ttrli ;li ir,r air'"'j.ltlliin.r J.-i i ',1':';r-ji li jLlr.lr:L:r"l:-,rr t.trrcllrr.

l}: LrrL :r;l l risl.ir ir.iir,:ter' rlirl tlr,l')Jl)l 'rl \\i l,ll-' :l' l-rirli

'1;L l'nghr;rtnll -{,rir:L ln'ry rrri.r'l ill L,ar;rlnrile Ilui D)arild I li:i,31)rcl,jill iiXr,,rl' l:l;iiltci ,ltttllltl ji inz:cslrntr- ,:n Xllrcr ::'j::1.)ii-l .:l '-ljj ijt:i{l

.i}l:r.-rir !liiltl,lc, rs irltei.vi.lu n r.[intr:c lrlge r .i il.r,i:i...trt tl ,,r,t ,ti)l1rc!,.rti* rxiit.:ittlii{.i, si rcrlll.:r:cl:Liiiili, rl;ll .li 1li1.e

ir.lLl,rbii,r-t. trli,.,ii.fidii,i, zcif:ltlt. lt:;raltelrc:l 1).j,i{,1 ;i,-l (l'r:lr-'llrtiilnc LJl . li:.ri"lrt'iti ir',iitlr':l lI i Shlll;c,li:,,'1;. 1 ,ntl;t F't-llttlrtr*, '. 1 i:* r,'-riiriritt"

TJlillr:ii-.;.",,r,l,rrlltllllri l jl;{}riliilr'i.i, iL!t:,t,1-''ill,.l. L:,t Ii'-ltlirlr:lluttliri i,l'. t:rrr ,;i;ilr1t,-rl-1.,.) lll.r.1lrrrrti sltl .1.'ii,-l ri,rli;l ]nilirrr-.1,:li;r",..l-lur:lr.li;r-.r i .i l. (";t:tiqli rllrl Jr,rtltc rXr,'1riir;i. 1l;1.1l.lirir r;rll:lil.li lliilolr,ltt li ar-rr.l1, rl. rtlr,i rli'.gr:,1.1ril, ilttlti sr,:titir.r:ll '1,.',:itL'';l'itt l:-lr-:,iill-i,rr" In iXpologiil t*i GaliXeo, Clilr1l:r.rl,.:lla,,i;-rirlJ,'l';iitl|:'11e-li riltitt:tr.l. ltllrl,litt.i {lii ir',tl'ili:'lll 1;i:--rrglnl-i',ll ill !;:r".'.}1':1:;ll:ll':atLivilLi'1 . ;li il llli;,r.iis'rliz:fi Pc rl1l1 i'LJr-rlllcl1i lui Ir''t' L'l r : tlr.-1311',;,] ,,,1',.:ir ]ill;j.1,,ts ' :-r i.lir:, ii)il.]-ir:r 3,-{rlll;.rr,"i'1,:l i llui l,l;r . r..:1:',LlIi pr.irl ..r 1i.",, "i r- '.

]rli:1,,i .:rirur-J:; rli,, i';iitir!i t.l. clttLii".li rlll.. ,- -r- -- j.lesciltiii,l:r,iq,i i::,1 r..,!illirlrli. irlt;i,:{ii ll:ltf; tr.i1li, 'Lti-ri I'ri'l-': !'rr'lliili-611lil ci:lrllii irlrr'l;in" lii,li:r-?"c):r,rl, i;lsii, cr:r:'-1,,: ilL:lN;';'; 'r'lrt'-il'llitait ir j11',.1.- jL ,11;.i:,i.r.:lrl-,1. ir:,itlri:rictn:l . ilirrijillitn i'll'-z rl.i': .:.tr,:ctlr-i.llgl'ril ill ii'lilLii jt;1"li.r If ill1ilila:lli..i a I'i i:r!r-:i !"itr1'r1'l:riLlll jiicil ai.li :i r,liil-,,:ii i;l ,.lliir.'i.,,i1, irerinl;cle tr'ii'lzliil'1,:", ':::;-l iljlui'rlcrqtr- ll:l:'':lii; .1.;ir-irl'r lil rit:rll.ca1 i:i, r.'-.1il "l n"'r:-' ll;r'l 'ilt-',l,-[e'ii,-,i,.r fe+l'giei pl,3to11ice. {,'rr:r"lici-r:l-nl '.1i!i]1 ;'l 'i-:r:iil]iriouleilcsr- 1

-ila ,irii.-ll!i.it cJlil l,' j11 ;-lal'.-'iiti.li r-leri jt;'l1ie, ':"1-t -';lrbji-lliiutii if lt ,.1.,.;ll:i, jrr:,rblrnt tl,.: ,iilil.llli1. i,litt '.'llr.r;';-l iiri l)J i,t^,:tl:,,crxi.l'.t1. ir':,;-lr.l1 11. l)'i.iittiti;rr.:t,111 { g11iir]:riil'r 1l '1i"::r i:tcl(lf : i:l ,-.-r r::rl ': l ;1,,:.':ltit:-i f ri"ii {l r-ll-;l'.r.:ql.il;:1 , lviali:n .i 111 '- "r'riii il"e".

L\in

,.i ,11,, tisiunl lil t-r,r,lir: ir ilr:ip.Ir.r.it ric platoirisrn', obscrvl1[. .li.:r.i;ilr;rr-dt. Insr;ilu|5 in rirare l]tisurd. cliu scoala luitr)lctilrrl dc ' .lr ;\-[,i:r'"ra,. sill:]lixca plutonici 5i licoplat,riric$'lir\ii.l:r1lt1l;1., !rd {r0illi"u} iil -\i:lr.lcmia platonici, clin Iiiorc;rta,:'i;ilr'nl 1r:'in:i;llla oljcntarc f,itr:zoficS a Rcitalter;i. llur-q:liillr:rl'u ii ll.icr:i1i'l iui Ll,tsirrir rli: lrr--dici ..p5illia dr:*s*irii,i'lc a ir tc:..trt,:s,;u'r in iiiirzo{il hti trll:rton cL.a ln.ini !rlrni,:ls&.tic;ri:e a ;pi{iliulili uui.ir, (}o it -ir.- fi piLtluns cl insu;i, si il:r-irr.'rnii (:rrL cl. iriii-L.tlg:1, t:lit.i tliii.iurul sirn, cle ilcoast.i lilozc-.lir.: si rle a Ii r:rc:rt in si'.r':ii rrnlitistnultri o a, rloua rcua;tcl-err.rtriirliiti.iii, 11: .r i,rr.:lul5 rt.....1.i iu:rltii"t. llin lrlor-err!-e trl1a-t'trli.jrtr.lli ii;rliiin i:ci"i:itz.:lii;Lt- irlilL-{iscl,}i prin llar-si}itr Fir:i:rit,lli,,.,r, r1::J.l:l;\trira:i:1.rlr, l"c,r:l B.ri:ii-

cir aclmiratiiia dinaurici a bolfii ceresti, lunrine etcrnii ator'lelor care sc depla.seazi cu atita mindrie dcasulrra capu-lLri sd.u, milcirrile inspirimintitoare ale zrcestei ruiri infinitesir fi lLrat fiitfi ;i sL continue timp clc atitea veacilri pcutnrconfortul gi in serviciLrl lui? llstc oare cu putinli sii.-!i inchi-pui un lucru atit clc ridicol curn e faptul ce-r aceast;i si,rmani;iliravi creaturir. cill'c t1u se poatc st;ipiui nici rnlcar pe sine,oare este c-rprlsii, a Ii lovitir tle oripicc, si tgi ziczi stirplni;i irnpirritcasti a uuir.crsului, cirrtria, ea nu estc in starc s5-icnuoasci nici cea nuri rnicir, pnrtc, ;i cu atit miLi pu$in si, iicomattclc?"

Ornul, care crezuse a cunoalte un cetltrll fix gi o pozifieirnuabili, nu-;i mai poate pistr-a vcchear linilte intr-o lumet1ilde totul sc milczi, iar centrul se afli-r, potenlia1, prctutin-deni. Dispar ccrtitLrdinile olerite de echilibrul anterior aluuui tlist sistem lnchis, Apiruse indoiala; ea atlucc cianul,cnriozitatea, dorinla de er gti, lansarca, ci,utar-ea cinstiti,clezinteresatS, 9i dcvoLati, respectul pcntm cunoastero; dartot cle aici pcate sir se ivcascil nelinigtea si n,:irrcredereaonrnlui care, avirtrl trcvoie de: cr-,r'titrrdini, cle onliLrc;i sta.-bilitatr si, totolll,l.i"r, o acccasi nr,-voic

[-.rocc sclia: ,,Shaliespcar"e nu estc fiitizoJ, gi inctrina{'iar-li spilitualir este tocmari oirn;ir celei a filoeo{ului, care do-

sniniL sentimentul $i spectacolLrl viefii ("..) si, cu un princi-4,iu unifa:: sau altn1, rezolv;r contrastele in chip diaiectic"l.

lFicce conccpfie cste iudcoblie legatir

ascetism. Automl lnvi!6tur{lor cu3cta ,,c5, omul in lutnca:rceasta;ac1e intre viafir gi intle rno:rrte", ci accastir vialil e,,scurtir ;i treci.Loare" ;i cir clintrc ltcrul:iie ,,ace;tii lumi in-selirto:rre (...) vom sir nc tlccem c:r o urnbrl". l\{otivul /or-ttur.a labilis accentna rcliLtivitzLte:i siLualiilor: inillare ;ismerenie, indestulzlre ;i sirric:ie,,,fiLgirtluiale rlincinoase",'r'eselie gi plingerc; cle la o ipostazir. la ;LlL:r 11 poarti pe omroata de foc in timp cc triLiclte.

Hamlct sat Lca.r l)a1'curg clrunnl invcrs lnv5liturilor.Prin sufcrintil ci tlcscopcril't lirnitclc cortclitici tl1rlane: dnrerc,ncdreptatc, rnoartc. Ncirgoc irkriLcii

Fi'ir,,1rllncai ccal fiir'

v'iata 1a o{il; *.-- rgii:ef ic, convcntii, rnrrrrlirr_ie. Il aliir inizola r r t--'*tli i i i i'a, i pri ci *ice c. rro,r ;i,-,,,i i. Si-rr i rri rri n ca 11,.,,r-i tiestc ;rctiv;"r. ;i nu irur- contr:ntplatir.i-r., *slc a.cj;1(ionric;[ ;i nitasceticir. .lli-lti-:r,gcr.cit sa la \rlLuclusc il.scenrnil, bucuria ?nmijlocLr I lrirrt'tsctii *trtur:ii si a.tivii..tc rnr-'ril;rlii intc'sii *in stur].iu ;i e rcaiic; ai,.ri c,.,trccpc, yi in lrrirc plrte compnneopclclc sah: mli irnporl;rn1r.. p,.ir.ril.:a g,i:;t,,stt: in singnritlrtenu contiirii.lc tircct-ii,

"e

i. pr ,r lc ,I.i,ri,,,;ulLrl: cn a.nticii. ,,Aspi_r:a!iilc iltori.r.lta,Jc;tli: lrri []ctl.urc-1.t. liu sirrt,l,,,]r"rt" ric alo luiItal"r*l;Lis rrtl r:jsirrrl r.:trlt,Jrr-;1,,,;r.Jrllrr.c,,1.c.1.h,:,li:,trc.,t"l\:tr;tr.t.;t tlsic i.o;rsirLi:r.lri. 1ll_irrrul tttltic.r:fnta.ttt al cnltuliiU_rnltlir;io.

.l ),' 'llil'(.i l):)r,Llll 1rir.r,lr crirrslirr]t. (lC irccst nrcr:it alsiru; irti.r-t.r scr-isriar-c ciitl.c Il()c(.,ilr,,,i,r',,J ,1r,,,,,_,t: ,,pe una. clinlaurLe.lc talc rrrr c rrr.cpin-q.: r:ii,

F,:l-::;l',:::i, ;:irirrl,rtii reo.litriji.le gi r'a c'irvin{-e1c" l-.}e o,:ccerii-li'ililcir, si nu ci :,utoritatc ii dctcrmir.ri, clnviugclile. ,,iI*igaoi: cr,r::r, cl spun dcspie acest 1uiri,l ,\ristcr;cl .ii ialliir|lr,dar airt,rr:it:ri6n {ii51:ofjli:r nn irnpieillii ji.ber'calc:r tic a ju-cXer:a."El. a.drtite cil ."Ar."is'ictr:l a Jost iin f,.-it rrrarc.,ji a itr::.1.egt,ir.lcr, tl:rr c:"r a L,rs: irn crn ;i, clcci, c:rlJ. cii a ;i pri.ill .-:,1,ig*ole rci': yi cliiri:i: n;ultc. *lrui sp,l.i.e rn;ri m-.rit. iiitcL i:.:il:;giiihii.c c,.ri. ct n'.i :.i:-ii ;rtit pii,:tini .;i;,.icvilirl',ri, cii ili;:iotr

"11-r a'. 11 r .Lrit'a]'itf.;t llil li,r,'i i.ti, i.1 lii crli't'irra,:i r"'. ltici .-illiij j] Siir-.tr1-

Lri ,\rr1;rr,.;t.itr, ilt lr')ii,l,t :t,iirtr:ii 1ri'i'1r;i; i lr. r3.fc i-l; 1:tr;,ir:tii.;a'ciri:,:ri, ril I;ildi,irrtL'r'rn'r:trlrirt lrrrct,li';ii ir ]i'-it..r, irl:i VcigiJiirsCa pc o lriir.r\,-il:1tjti.r l sr,lir'Li lttj..[[r: isl-,:1.

S,.,.n.i-jirltiiliii i-,:l:r_iir,itit.!ii nn est{-},,irleiiic c,,"rilui:tir,,l,i',rdl]g.'rlr:li-,lf . ci ritt.ari i'r:c i-loi c:-i.re, in cl=ii l-rit-il.e salc-', lilr'r:'iic*Nr:$rrobal)ilili'tiie. l)i:''''.riiltr1 t1c:ipic Lrr,--rL.rlin.ic1c:cii""uriir'tii,Fclrai:ci:,Iunc cii lr:-lr lrat:rt, r-ril ca lu[.]'ir1 c:ir:c.,-::ci,;ii" ltrclc-ii;lr:-:cil, ci clr. inr. {}t ca.i:c inlci.t.;tc

"ir Lc clrlr:'rineze :l:iL3e st"iidi,:.zrt'.,,{lii.ci rlriilitia, c sp:ciii,.:X..irri:r:icpi:riiLri, irr cnmr:,ii:t;:!ci iitfr-ir:}li., ititi lirlolti:it {la ilitttl*pciirri:il; ci. !rix siint-i-Olruirilr'z r':.:trrr.,i;r lrri ('i{rar(),,.::iill I,rrrIfr-:,l,ritiir-::i-l-rii.tl,ait r'tt rri"rl-('l(;i' (ilttt:,li!:; :;;t,;1 1ti:i1;11 ,:, ).

l-i;i,:r 1'r'i1,'1, ir:.i:i.;r1r.rlti;t.rsi r':r iitii'i r,piiLrj,,[l triti;r:i!;it.l,tir;r-',i,1 ,lir i'r',rlir ,l1r p.rr-tziL:i t:l-o1.lcr', trr-il\-eit:,irli-. si jLitjie;:c,c:r ririu,.':. iiLrr:i i tr-r'.':lq::inili i:ii. '\(i::r-t'.-:r:i irttlrici iil,c::iii'i urlsulrlj;riat i.r1-trri i:ii i.:tt'.ra na tri.ti it:rr't,r i:i,L-tu;-;l .r-rB-l-. , -;o t:::.lt-rrr,: llfczrii.iir,..,\.i'illn:ltiil csi-e inirirr:itr-a in'etlicil.Lui iirlx;suri" i-rl crre c,Ilrp3"iit1n iirica. 1.;r-'ir-ltr:LIri>li, i]i cc;::, i-.illaii-d),iri, iliii.i crr :-re:inrii ctt Foezia cl.olct'::tilloi'istI slit rliiinc:c5.

Frnl:1a iuLrrlir. :ri-r mai irstc ex:lli.ili:r. o:r gir:rbs.;1 ; t-jte {lfiin;L c:irr:e care sc irrdrcrirt:i clcnrl li,:liirtl si n,: cat'r', rLri;lirmorr:ti:, o l:ci-onsiitli i* inch ipuirea. -,\rc o r:ristenfi concr:etii. ;$iluetii ci sc clcser:r-'rzi, pe trunchiui unui copac; tr.npul. ci efir.lr'. bnclclc blr:n.-lc, or:hii adinci cu privirctr c1ulcc ;i ser,-;r'rii,obr..a-::ul ii e uucori iur-bujor:rt Lra- pal'a, ;r.:rlna ei e al.bei. .lltJ*i,prcrlr:milir insl iu tl.,.r:crierera ci epiietr: coltvcnl-ionitic, cL;-rcnu zugrivrrsc rin pcrtrct prognant, ci, nrai clciy:rb;i, er-,+-liexistenta f i'rr,rnuse'l.ii fcminitrc, a f rrirlosului: ,,loldlll11114os",,,sinuI ingcrcsc", ii.unrosr-rl viL1", ,,atit dc flumoasi"l, o lirri".,l'I,-.a,rtr:r fi;,r^ca IiriinoiLs.l f c ch;puI ci ii:rimos". -ccnrnii'ireti';i

TXVIII

r, ,, I i,'il; l):ir| ciai{)nr,ro:l [,ar-rrci, paste veaicllf i, in vcl-''r:rl l,rr ();Lrilucci, sugcrirt,J fruntilstrf,:;i, c1;rr'ne;rr-tcizii:t1r .'rltttrtl:

i ;. t i;t l:rc!t i.r(,.!.stte-i .ilut'ttrti'e

Irt i ir le att.t' vetiivsfi/, itc soiiltt:'i1tr' .sll., cllnulti ilr. lt'ando'ji'ri cti:iitti..,.x

ri irr [,lrirl Fo*tu1 contcmplit frtti:,losii1. ,,InrliriilLrl nu, ii,r ir)r:ai: c:;isbii grltrl. in lini;tc:L ir,cciNstil a inf:-l1i;ir:ii,irr ;1,rrirl"rllLtl:r {ortnc.i.. iricalu1 fcmini:.r estc lnctr. rlunlcz;iesc,rl, ;r::rrPllr 1i:tsiunik:r, in :r{ara intfunpiir"iior, ncatins de rrli-; , i;r rrii nrinr'i:ra:jcil:" de iicoea, Sclie .n-)r Sanlli.s, ezl c'stc o;:r rlri, , rrir {,slc ?nri;, c, {t-mric". irl setilir,rnttLtr,,{orluc{or: frr' -,r(iir:i{', all fci-n,:ii fntmoiitii;i al nai:r.rii {itmo:rsc, lillr dc

r rir r, trrllrtirL':rrc': ;Lllaier aspiraJia. ciitr* fet"ilirca unl:in[rl.r,l,irrrii(i pr itr conter.pla.rea flutliLsliii. J."rnilusclea nnrrrr i r, ,l! , ( ii Iil ! )t;rrIr', simliol; ,,elibcr:alii clc sitnbol, se ::!.irnri,ril r.:r rr rr.i. :;ttlr:r1 ii1)li.tl:l . libr-'rii., iol1i'pcntlolctiLl."FilozoJiar r ,1r,., : 1r,L irrlLri iiri. 1,lr-i l:r-ic plaltrricir, ollsar"',-;i pr cllt'ptr irrl (1. ('riiiircsr ll,

f',,r'l rr l rlr si' 1rl;11,l itrtiriit tt clu {-1i-'sljilrl] :'t-tlt ' ,.tr'l '.'il* fttple"), ) rr ; itr tr1",': ,,', lrt tn0l'lt: i.'it tt tiit;":., o'.1:io:? tiailt{1t:rll. ,

.t .t t;1,, , I ,t:t r,!, ,1 ttti ritn;t' {:tl( l'it, t It -it:i t;c.,1't/t . \ ll.r!rr ri , itt,rl I't ir,r:r :r1 tr,1;l rllrl Rilttt'- -CCLXXIl. t, .11 l ;r'rrlrlr r I irl,lttti.r rtt,'li, trl ll, rr tii ir-r'l

de scutiurentrle pcntrn L:lura sc schimbii. lla. nu rnai cs1,esupusir, rixvagi jlor lilrpuL-ri, ;i nici iubirca lui nu mai cu-noayte ::birt*rilc i-trcr:intci, sper:antei, dcznidejclii. Por.zir,dobin,lc;ic urtrca.lrtt clegiao. Poct.ul c scrlirl si pcntru c,i nu nr-;...itrcl-rrr.jc sil hlptc iirnp,:t;'ivii-ei, nu rlai cstc olrserlat clc teat:t:.1,pirca,t.r.ih.ri si nir,:i los rlc rcrrru;cirrj. ,\utinttmi:r clint.re 11rr.r.-gostca Ini pi:litlrr .[.atrra si r;orrvingcrcrt 1-rii,catului ttir-ccusclrccli: stiir:i r-lc sj:irit t:r:ntr;r,,lictorii, calc sc c-spriurit in gustuiperitru lln-tittzt, si a cirror analizii prosupurlc cc,t-tscll:tnitt:i.ril,coc-risti:rrti:i lr ,1,ruir, r'orts{iintc iog-ir: inconr;lilibilc (a evu ir,- irrtctl-irl r;i. ir, (lrtri lltr)(lr'r-ttt:) rl.,:ci, l)r':r( ii.'1.1'lrit'ittl11strlrti. (r', i1sonctltl CXXXII) t. l)octltl st: sittll.t-r rnr i liirr:r, 1rr.:ttttu cLI-aura, ilcrlrlt {) lrlistitrrirc:r. inclriprrir-ii lrri, ii irpa.r'fine rl;r.inu lt eil nir,- ioilllir. Jia, se af lil in u uiclr. r'clr l i t u tc l)c ca rc poltLrlcrctlc cii. o stiirpirtc.tle pc rlclriin: a. imagil;.i,1 it'i. J,Lirrrclr vistiril{}t:si irrriii'rtirilr;r arc o l;lindii nostrLlgic!.

Ca or"'ice pl;.r.tonizrnt, cl;tie cil pl.iisnrrririlc art,r:i Iui sini,,clllrr Lrrnbr-ir. si aplrcntii" ;i tristclca Lrarc dccut'gc ric liir.;iabeituir:;tc ,.lon.tl',rl or:ig-irr;rl si noilerrr a,l poczici pctrarcl]rrsti.Jrillginca sc nr;tc tristir., (lcolr{rcc se trrslc cu constiinta,

':;1,c irlrriginl, s;i tlr lti,'ru; r[;tr rltrri'r'clr, ;rt:cstci corrstijntc cslt:'trllirril;'t,rl,i)llcct,r'lri:lrrl:,r'l'r,tlrlxislii. lttc'rtrl,orir;1.ir irtlrginc:il,lui, si irlr rs;{rr nt)sy)lrs tlc Irnrttt.rrsii". I)c;rici sc uastc,,,aceI(dltlrr!r-il,ll1;.I r r trtiltt iL tllollttculiu"li,

Vcrsurilc Jni l:)ctrar:c:t, alcirtuicsc pctczirr tlc clra.goste arlnui rrrr;i'a.li:;t. lilc nri rliru e.sltrr:sic spcrtrianil st:ntinrentt:lcrsil.ic l)clrtnr J,rtitrn, ci, rtrili tlcglab,i, c()rls{,'nrncitzi rt:llec!iiit:salc i[-{up] 4, rtccsttir sLrlttiineltlc, tisirprir, stirri Ior srrllclc,';'l-i

r riirl, iu ciut' c,,'lc sc lnt1ir,l.ci. I'i.:cc {1Lrci-tra{.ic L sl"iir-iiu.r,1. .rrtl.lL,'t.i ;i oricc rttottlclll:rl zilci etslo tlttrttt sil iic,:tl-

r! , , il l ..r rtot.rrt-" Itttr:t.rspccliir 9i autc:tnttIi:r|l 1)f i'sllDli11 r{is-

t,, tr l l'r'llLru oln, al,ilt cttm estc el, si p1c" 931r:sc t) rrlctriitiLlllteal

'tl,tI ).ur1(' l)l()Lri1 ,.

I-),rrlllll rl,l lnltlcrr rii-rl.,rtcre yi, i,)l: .tll i-L,tr::,tn , dLr ;t:fit;it.i,.jr:araa ;riri'-'iolti ',:ti,t;: lsc, i;i.': srilcrtl'liiatd. !1 ,:rti crii.r:i i'," ar]ii;,i";i;ir': scrrcrii ltriici ii- l:l:1,::linnir c-Lit:e ir:(iunc, Lii:.t"c {lili_iri:unli,"'llclLil e;uiiij,:i:i 1i cuiii-rr:ii :liiit :t:,li.:::lIur.-i,:i:i]:i':r iltr:rt-oltr:i., ci;ti1rr:ii brt;r.:i L.i:ri:ii. ,,Dc l:r, .r;.ll','.ti-i1., (li:

' lrir lli-;'_i,.1

:1,:l .r:ii cl scbrir:later lri-r ii.in c,Jr:ilr rr.ii.ct'i,,, 'le,:i; li:i ,:1,-..r r,l l-:lll,1''(,,.) .,1-rl::.ir:u i."ijitii:ti!, ;i ii.i,l p,:11i.', ,.r.L,ri'L. -i:r.i:-1.1 ,ti";,.lit li '

{Bespre Src[lria !fi,ra igrlrofec{d"..}.iiiica rr1;;1i;t:i,ll. r, liti lii-rLli... .:..11 ,1,; rf i1e,r;l .l: .:l,.rj..rr.i,:-r.

tilcr-lltvllll; r.i, r','iirjt,il,tr.ic r:."ili,tri{;t'i.,.,1: it.:t'1litl1itltae iiiij U.'1jiclil:r',:iini.c. \:tlrii lJ:,i.nli,:lril-ifii lli,r,;ri giiriiil.,:,-r, i:ir_,ir.,_r*t.ir:i1r lc i:it.,rici,:-rc iil. ,,',, l,rt::-,t -:r.- r,: r:,.',.1c l),rcirlr-,..j;t.ntrr't;:aLca r;ispiln'.1,:a ccl,-ir r:c ii r-,-"1_:;.-.rr.r,i-iir, cir, ji ll i.ril;:;it.,,:ilc.il.ccfii Cre"r'il11s t'l.tlli tigu pli;iil" rrl:rirr;ii:r,.-.,:.riiili

-\i:.il;lir.,C i *': it s l-ea i i.n'L r,- rliil il l.l ., ti,riu i',-r l- u11itlal ti i,.-r r'd.

1l-'.i pui,i:r"rii,,: C,:,.:i.i l);trarca nr&rallt,r,,:d liir;ii.111 lri::r-.tlu,.illi.rccr"tticc ll;,ritci.i,aLt,-), prirr Decalneronit I, ,,L..,llrj(liit, j-ri-:ritilcasr:ti-.lhnte :c i::l',-iiiu"r in r'*;tir1l.r-:.:,rl slii: tie il;tf.:t:tillri ti.i;paie tlirr ia{a lr::1',,iliicl nr.rastLc. 11 ,'iitr litcriiii, rll vizi.r:-tt:lllo, largcLt'Lclic, it:I].tur-.i.'|i,: si ;1i'cllt;:li, ,:]r iLrLrL.li.' :; t:r!.tjtzu-1.llrr ,i;tit', r';'{,' ;tl(t I titl- ,llil ii;rt.il:rI;irt l,r,rrl lrri. Ilr,,.r rr,r."l

Jlirr'':ijlr'.'rl:,i.'irl r:-ri,r;rrllt tt,r|,il i,' 1r;r,i::1.r.,1u iI i. l:r.ltl',r.r;lriiiirrrt,rir: ,i,,ii i,:,tl:lor islr: ,r:nr ,i,ilti-:.;"i.i. (li::iitL lttlt.i;:lr,rli;,1'it'ur,r'ii::r.ir. iu Vieinnea iutrtirirl .i Inaerttul rrilui. lelr IrriArrreto.

illlr A,:C:t :,,:r:i':,.1', !.rr'C ClllI :it-- .

, irt ltti,ltf iitt -,r,:I itti.*;itci'i.enlii clirrtiliri:t:ruJ. r-rnpirisi:rrii...i jurltr:lr.tn. l)r:.1:,;ill{r1.,,1,-:pcciiii-'c Lr,:i:ilj.l:hi.ii cillrt:r:,.i::r1e, i;lt,-:,:")i, rlij'rti,,,itia dj.:ltt'"1irliiri,'1"rirni:t ipr]";i.iri.,li rr liLi lJanic.'rlrgitiiti'i:;i'tr;;.-,r1ri.:..,,:(ri:lri:pl-ie litrlri:r ,,-iLi:i; er'i. ,qirutc il:,,,ct:::: -i-gi. c:;1:iicr: 1lu llrljlr:r:,runabil L1;it,-.lc riiu, Via{5 noui, dr:1tiltli., 1:.i'ltril ci l;l I'irsr.li,Je i! rni]lln'ir s;,: il-1r:ilgosiise ile 1i;::-lt'icc, ci.ire iilc;i :ittit-'qlirlisc vir:;'rr-r, r'ic :.-l ani: ....,or:i tlttl 1-,iici;r:r 1riiiri." li:ii:i'ir i.1,;r sa.tl it pirliir:ii,-ir', or-i Iiinr],,ir, vtico a]ltinli,) iirriuli:c:r tcr:ulLri \:a 1.i l.irrr-tiL iit:rcr:a-

si"l'icte cler cotr;lrtrc-l:ie . l.,Lr ir:i Rnsso obscrra. cii, incatlrar:capovcsl-irilol' rlil s{i llltr i :t:t;itr o tiirtit ct.l poc;lia insiL;i ca IaI)rLnLei. Ohi:ri citrrl cstr: ilcccplaLir ct tcrnir cciltlttttt-t, lllt oroLlisi pcrmiic sii sc al-r:Ltii rL'l l;r ea, alil oLrm ctlc l)i'rrteo, 1;lslir;itn1 pr"iLnci zilt-

t) m:ri rnlrc lilrcr:tt(! (i'."co11\ti'ttr:;ie r:r.':t lirc;-l.st:it iLrtr:-rloPei'ir, a1 c:ir-ej attl'.';r lLrrtttiii {) if iif i ltrulirlii l'sttl)rir ilrsiitrl-{iiior r.rclLi. l nstit.trf i;t, 1,1 111ritL tL'a'lifiorla I rcslrcctetil,iar acurir izlritr,r'(r{)flliriii, csil, itl irl;r'cstirilr: lroccncco;ii,'trrisct'icrr t:lilo!it ,lL. ,,('itLrg;i l'ii ilil l(tst 1)c yi:r-lrlllt i t'"trtlotiicLrtclnici si tlt l: i'alri' , sl)iirtc ;111{ril'Ltl. r\cLrln s'ilrl' lilt{cl,tlccl;rrii, ptrt.cstiIiic... l'jtirrI poVlstirii al s.lsaal

Decanreronul cliigi:r.ziL 1-Ltura 11;igticiL a intcligcnfci,a.cerlc cllil-itfi c:rrc sint in plimr-r1 t'iud cer-Lttc de rclaliiiec,rrncr"cizilc ;i c1c lcgiie scciabilit'if ii li alc bllnei convie-!uiri: iti!irn.: cle judrcatii, dibicie , encr'.{ie" o urbrnitsteiii.r;raiir, c:rre prc..tlPiine pc,litcfc falir dc toii ce iirfeLlii, unr:tri':tctcr curienitoi; apr-ri genero:itate. atit in dragoste, citsl it prietcnie ; in zi.l-t:L a zecca se l-a poi'lsl-i clcsprc,,aceiac:llc miira!i 11: clirnicie s:lu

clisprrir.". intr-rr eiri>1-llri rliu 11l6, I'o91il Rr'arcioliniii poi,c:.iLc;iic lui Nir:cuii' \iccoli o cirli.i.ilr-ir lL.su, in c:r1'e,,('a pl:t(-rrlrilit sr'L-rri Iir rlr-'lrlirrir irni Iip:;cu. lorn'ers:itilr /ro?.ru-nleyci.il4)1, se], jtti)]1.'i5): car|c {',rlc r,:rl rlrli rlr scarnl"r tlinLlc tr,rtteluclurilc".

Iirr Iirr:sc si s!) (1('r1.r)l1r'irfti. iorrtrc iit;:rurr.: {liliitrl 11ealtlci m r:lcli) arjt i( i'i ( ir ri: i)ieiliitr iiltllr:i tullrLjLt i plsibi-lil:iiel tIt a-:;i c\I'r'i:i ori ii,r a-yi Plttr': itt r,e-loari: afi,.i. crt-vintitlri, iL rl,,rrr'iil.r1 I:r i it:i r;r1 i,;irr, ir:, inr.r-rsttrrtttiirt* itri r-opt'.:z{-'lrt,t|i' r',rIlr:rl) 1L'.rrrlii ( lr {1,,,!.i.lritir :rlcrrlie; 11i;liu51rrl;tt'.tl rttt l, tl i,r)un{rI, r'lri:;{,rl.r :.;i :;, t ii'r'r'it ist.r,r j' i ijrilrirr.sL.

l)l,llogrrl ([:)\'ilt I 1; 1rp,r:i,' lit,.r';uri i)r(.lr'r'l{t; tl.. rrnU.rtisiii;i i1r scriiiori .!i Jt,'r;ls1-rrii. ta li;rltierlr (lrr.sli(lioll.'{'lt{)-lllilj i\l ).11:i, .f.:ftit]i'. (i:rrtrpiinella. ().rlilci ctr:., cir.. ljl cliprik:jrri ulrrti i:.orrf rrrrtt;'rr-i r1t,' oirinri, Lrrrl:i i[r.zfr:ieli, in c:rresc cl:sl'iisoar:i, i:u toltc 1';]lirliut)fn1rlr., iirt;r:u'gunliltii'it.ii,'iraLir.tul, sr:lis uncorj sril, {i)fin:r. tli: espLrrtr.lL, c.rLc lrllcutiirrf z-r f i;at ; i e1 ca d iii l r; g.(lori:spottrlt:trla ovt';r frructilr prrlrlir.:atii,i ptrii){1irtr,'c;i,rstlifttzr:rzii irrt:'rlirri () ll,)irlirie, rrtrrli'si'inrlrirr-tiqrtst.it {.i.jr)t.nu-ni(iirc siiinlil'i' i (rlr' pilrli tl.r'-i rilr:r'ir'{.ii ul)lri tirilrrrsi rilil

,

it o{)nlr'('riltliri, i;t ( irtr sr.' ittlilrrr';' ():rr)ir..fti })lcr)i.,ri[);rli (i{jlrrolrl,'nl' sirrril;rtr'. L:r inr ('llttltI ilrrir.r'ii s;ill l,llit:tirrrrso|iI (l\)r'llir's;-i g-;i:iIiLlici tLll lllirrlirr ( it ltr:Linr.trc cic triti.sp()n-tIrirti: ,,1-;i tinna trf iltti ttLt irsi..rpt:liitt o scriit]i.tte, ci o 3;iirnar.1.l,i.lrtiirs?i clc qr.'risori, carc Ipr-trtl.lrtl {iini1 | irr t'lc:,jlrtvi"ilil ljlnii,si rrrt c:rtit' es{il)l"ra11. l):tr.:it st alla 1.'r.: :lit'i. ;r,rilttr.l i tri. ii-tcr,cior-l'nlll(r.t-qc. itlLlttci iii-li seri'iitu

vin: 1:rur11ifi:r rlrmr:1ui, cu o cclrctatie ir:.t.;nlionatl 1i cle:;cilfl:r'lril:r. r 1. ils:>iraioarei: D,ilii: (.\[. Sci:r'c) , Stella, (S.icloci']{-riii',-, il).t 13-'i1r3') sittt tles,.:rndelie iile Laurci.

lJ:ir Io.::ri.:r, d: s:atrrii irii a-qrpl:a r-rnui parte'r; r' rir. reilr:l;ii11ti decib par:iicll:llizare:r aspiralil'i c:ltl'e. r'rr,)niil rir:iversalil.

Slistire e rcsului sc crprint:r firi cchivoc, atit in r.er:;itrilen ,rai;r.ji c1c liavllrra cii: 1i in nu\/elcle ei. lJintre coiilocu-tlrr;i He p ameronuli!i, in speci:rl Dagouciir di glas ulor.r r..t,r"ilni-r:r, idei. Ptntru e1, clr;rg,rstea iD:llti" reviee la Inarei-{ ;lrrrt:i iinui in'inciiriu spiritual univcrsal, care tlansccnde,, i li r)glsi)trlrlitai'::r f initi a cclui inclrigostii, cit gi ol-.itcttrn, rrririlic irl d'rririlr'ior iilcrli:ilc. .D;rr gi pcntrlr Sinioni.r.nlt, I,liri lrLi:-l"lilil,.: viizu're sinti:r-Li: illla;i citilc tlrugr,rsLca 1L-r:ru-r , i, / i il.tYizu !9" ,

in nur-cla a opta d.in ltreptar-aeron' Dagcrlcin fi',cc eiLtzjeLr in ilul a.lirlrc.'sinirhri, e.

Virri'a r:itattrirl;1 5i tie cut.te ii apas;i, 1ir.i* coll\rc*tiile eipe st:i'iitu'ii curtc[i, a, circir lil]ertate cr-;r or-icurir ingriitlitirle inicrriit:fiiie Llonlrarclor-trci $i de su.pravcgher:ea fnchi-zi{ ici. l\ir l-ii sc l'clLrgirzij, intr-o exislcnt;i irlaginarl, inrnrjl

ei:rte, Lil'pe tTe aiti, partc luplcle-. carc sirrl lil lgj dr: iir-i:ir..-.-{ie Ia iullirrilile ,si ri.zboaie1c din tinipun :i.Lr, r,.i..riitrtr Illprr'i-frnrl.:t'ri cirnca;tere a rn:rtcrici..."I .l)r: ai.:cei, a.ili.rlr_l.itrea1:aro:1iri i:i ata?ame:rtlri Liric fa,;:li cic e.,'irn t:rci-li1 ;.;irgi.ir.it:n'.! Fc criflrid, Cici in pocnul cpic itali.n ..hr;:iiil n.cr:rla:1,,i"1,:;ai nLl sini in an'riiczii, ca Iit {.-lcir-ati::', ri-.:,.irj,_:;c;lj.j..tu:rj"sc ilii,ilun-1 urlii pe a1ta, siirt rtirt"czcrri:;-l_-;rc. ii--ui..:iiii a. riilr:::Ldi;r

_a,,'r:slc lunti ca.;:c 1;rt:ir.tiL ii.tirl)j.al, ci p1r_-gi,;.11 ccjcilJjie. i.trn :,rti'rir:L;ri llc ilri5rlloL cu,r:rllri::;r.i -- l.r.c1lLri-i, tiL;clrl,.:,,

rit.ttiiicir{ic 1':rrtlltstj,'it lr: t'.;jrl.ilnii,,.l ,-.,.,;i.iitijl-.;l,l,e iuclLrl:lt,ii,,iit tl,r'r'r,lri lli{':.{il.lrrir'i l;r ,\r.ilsIo iii jrr'l'irr:r,.:f. fefusalinlil]llibelat.sl. rr* i.r,r.r;ir t,1il,.: r.u r_r .,;tii. -cLriri.tL ri.,;i. i).,-t_i,.ii;;:ic,riiici;'irr-i it rLlL,tItlui lrL c1*-'str.'i rrr:rrcr. r ir tl;;:rrliil,ll: i.r.;,Jitit":;iu:..sc rll.t r i;r rn.:iiioi-a i',.gc,n.1,:i si i:iLtr jri,,:ri,,i jll itutr:ri-: ic;,i 1.risi,,1ilit p:r'sll: jeIor.,

"r,,: t.:ri;::jlnI i.iij.r:r:1.; .i 1t..ili

-ri:t jutr_:r-L-.{lr''l.ri I 11,-r i.li it i il c a I i i i t lidc azii irrr:;:ci:,git ...(.' ;rt i.Lr..:: i:ttt. .!,,..; !i rtti it i ;,t::i tt i i,i.til; it!a iu;'.:-o j':t3f iiirl srI i'i:ti.i,;"t!."i,1 ;f11[l.ty,f it" ct!tiii ;i .i>it:y i:it.itc;,ii !'

' ,,1 1 [,r / ;,1 ,,; '1, ,i i.,,t., ;

1,.:t 1' ttt,il i!,tr, lI titi)tti lt tt , tt'i .:: ,, ,j ,.!,,Iit,: i ;;;,;f r' .;; li 1.1 i. ,,111,i),.,,

(',r :i (,tr','i'J lrri.\;.iLrsirt, Ierrrsalimlrl Iiberat,-:i,,r iit lt:-ir;r.,-:L: ;|,'.ir tr;t l),ri,:tit rlLr

'lt:ri;1ostc, Dilc.r:cntl ,-1c rtLtriit j:i ,:liu irlt,_arr-...lr;it: a r.irr.-:l:Li rii a-.olo urilc irrbir-c:r atr1.irilii., lf ii:;,-t.i.,di .i;i. ,11;_:,,r1 ;;iq tr i,ri)iri1l ;i ir.ltrre,ptir, loi.itirri C iri.i;rrj,.,, j, c.in,l t; rr_,tii-rrr,riii.c i.'iiui i sc rii:sface) , Iirrniilia jrii;l ir:i..,,: t:inilc lil j.':l-.lu;r t-rii, llinllii.,r sc d:cla,ii r,b al .\r:itr,i,,lri. {-.:_-lli.e sli;r;i,,riln1,'.)it;ll:.rilri. .liinrl,l,r, r:iib:r:at l]trllrit cliLl;jil ,lri.:,riiti-iij:ii. tii-1.,..1.lricca s:rptir-itatc;r. lrrigi:rci in:rilricc -\rritirlrr, ii ric.:lcrj:,,"!-r-s ;':l;r.,' si carralcr''.

Ier*salinul liberat coll.ilittrca,ii; c:eta dir: a.sl:ir-:r.!iiic ritii:lia lirri I';rsso. fn plt".,n

-sc af lJl. o I';mc cl.r: srntir;lcli:,r arlin.i1i';rrrinii:ll, t1r vol:pletc;i cle mclancoll'i,,, lil cr.r.i-rt,,.lcr,ril-lnrrit,r.io sc iilrhlc;tc r:u fr"ntasticul; sircue ii itijli.rrrctx.sc 1)ii:rirtiyii lni Caifrcdr-r, iaine sc dcz\.itiui'i irl r.;r::, ijllte;i::t-nvirrt(-.r'.zri o Iiipiur:il cafc ltiltiisc. Pocliir.tl I ii l',t::.,-r ,.:.ilt.,:1.

iu r';rr-c virrlu sc llirnifcste cu cllcrliiL:" * 5;.'!1l, 'rrt ltr'.t

l rr li 'rr rsL"tr', Lc,t1-t'trl il;rli:rn ;i lrairccz, c1l inspil":rlir li-i r ,r

.; r ;rlr';iirrii. iri'1,robc'l;e di;r crcaiii lilcralc t'irig'laice,., ! .r ( \ ir.l ) Lr('il. ,lr.L'.n:rtLrrgici eaglcze 9i splr'nioic. Lii:lratlra,lr rr. rli,.i :t t, l,rl Llr,itii !.iri rlc la At1;rirtic irlpiir:lii5e;te, i, . ,r i ,.i',;rl rrt i t ottli.t!1';!. Scriitorii !il scalne il',' g'"rstui1, ;lrlr, rrlrri ,;, ' t,rt()r r]ririiil:,in're ;i mai rnuli tLecil dl fi.ri:cp-1, l, r rrlr r, , {1.'( liir;i Lopc d; \icga iir Arta noui de a lacet'onrril il r..i \\.'lr:.tti ir'. prefa!:r' iir. Diavcl;11 alb, 1ln br'19tlg,1, ,'r, t'litti 1r',1'llg1 fi o atn)tiito2re vorbirc al'ilta1:i irlari-

r r'( l)li, l!ir l!.'rsonljcior clin tcatrul clir'iibcLan i;i srir3"1!sl'' itr lrili , r,i i, it clc lraitcplat3 i!r {i cli:. scl:nclc' r'io1enLe

,r .t,,,lr'.,ii, 1lLl -sinL dOar clemcittc c1e spclt.acol' cl pul't1"1-

1,, r, L ("\lrr'\'rivir alc tlllor problc1rle exi:itcjllia1c-, s::l'uctrtrilr i r rr r r irtL'ri t-r ll tt iri c1r ip autcntic cu {r-:irnintiii:c:i uncir'.,, ,i r,ri rh",t rtiti zlst{L't ca{)ilbilc si l'iclir:c i.ntrc'bilii Nr'113ritlt ;[ f !1 .

l1 rlir nr ,r ri'ri itl l( tt't'ltcl, tttt lcltlitt rl, ,.ltlt'lt.l-t lLttir'':''l:. l) L'rr. li{r'l,ltl1i t ill t.rllllllr ilt I'liltliil .riiliL tLl'r tl:;l(, r. r.l .'ri l-iri,ilL sllu lpri putin fis, cz'" irr ltil.clor't,, tot;ttittdiit

,', I tt t!:' - - in:iilc,r-ii::tl:lc r1c rcplici intlc tr-rcrsonajr-r tllrtiif io-r, ,1, l, s,. ir.ii'iul unci intr:igi coil\relllionalc *- prczitrtiLi'l r, rrr ri i.tr'gr:;.irir P:'liri1 speJi:lcologic {iilcit ca lcliomenI I ', 1 . l..itc'r':rlr,tr;t c inicl'csatii c1c t:a mai cll1-iD{:1 1.'i-in cr:oilli,r.i ,i,iii., chi;:i lil -[ii-.r1?,cti]'ro,

,.1]riillclc (--.lrilc(lii itt yrr',r' ) ..i j,i ilrtct,, {r,r,:nr liil sr:risc i .lti-i.]il t()jr iil.;:;,-rlut reillisi.' -,

))lant;riurgie {r;iri:r-.;r;i;l ltr'riltr;it':rii. c{}rlsijr}d nr:ri rlirltriirl 1t-aduccli

,*i inriialii . rrir c!i* f iaJ.)ilij. Se st-;.irr l,r:rgc-tlii itr'rp.irate tlrin rlr:;unc irnlia{:', (lilt clriiira(le lri}rlite siinsiin rvcuir']tellle {tiin{{'ntliljl-:in{,. l.l;li.r:nnc

-}l;liclie, f a.t.clrres{ iri,.'in si ltnlrcrt: ( i.r rrrrr.r (.r-{,;i.:r;i o riranr..j iial oci. SrrJ.; j,l-.-i'lrteriita contc(lici illljr'rr

,.... ir.: lt tr lt ti.t't,,7t:'tii,,.:::i: scirtit:.,t:: 1i, ,n.t:ii:,,;ii. ila-ai.it,t.); iti i.:\t,:.,' j/Lrb si rIt: s!tiii:!:c ji::.!et:d!i,! .,i,.

'i,':.,, .. cl,',r..,t.t,.,,,lir';,r l,;j arJirr.r: !/ir,ili, ri.:.1t f.isi';1i,.1t, i-,:,;1'-.i.t:[:-otl ,l r:i,; ii,i .,: i.r:i i.!1 l;ilt.,-]".

ilr :.,,;i,ii,. l:;.llc {..r ii.,;illrri ,-lt:ii.:lr,t-r--rt:.ii..i:t1t l.l_ t::: ::.], l..l t.t.le q:ritcl lir'l tl:: :;ri,'::1 r(.irl.l i i.rlrzjilii r.i r j.: iri..,, . ,,,..." I r. ; i,-:-lr-ii:, l'i ,l' r''l',-i'l I,L I Srltlr.ltrlrri, rl:t rtr':tllj,.1t:1 r-l.r.r;'i,..r. :i il,-:gt'i'.\'t'1i" ili-Lr11lq'1i'q, ;i l.r t.;i il, rrlli lrtrr'rtr',ii. ,i ,.-i:t l. rlil: t_l:l-n!11 uit:i llitltll.rlr ,;tr ;ii inlrt.ltir'1r lii.(.lilili,l .1,,,..-l ,,i}ririllii Ciir:, llr.1.1i'r r;j.zi,,rrL'r,r'ii r[.ri ilt : {l -, , ,., iLr,:i_.1_ii.l,,i"

fti '-'llltli, clglir..zii r.ll:ii trruli rl:c?t rr:.irrl l.r r.. i,i'lr.r-:i_r:-;r,,,llllfJ a izi;:iciti s,,iiltiin--n.tl:!I prlccarri :r:; i.i g;: ,',,, rt.i. fr..l:,rici], e-v"i:i;':l!ii, i.i *ql .iile i;r zl;uciui-nlrl ir;111j1,.,. rtr l.rr i.;l_rl"r,r:si i'i ,li';lorli,;:iJc scci:Lie tlnr,11.e, viclcr:t: ri r.1,,.,:i,,.,.:: :-:,r,,,1r,,.i:::.1.ccll'lL,-;'i.i:oze, prirlctl;rca. 1)i-oL.stantiLrrr yi ii.,ir,-ti rr ,..J_t,.rliit:.-lri!', tf:rr.r:ifr)fiut'ail;1 p:pillal:iui ruraltl stato:n:,tr) iix lt.iitatji::i{iiri ;,i11,,:rti-. tirt c.-;irl'.:tlli. lil:r1itr'i1.iir.t ,,;-;r.il r.l;tr-r.. Ardi:l-i di;tFeV;rSh:i,lt rric irt;,rillrt.i. rlirrlr'.r> c r.it,r,'i, :.i., lr-ri;iL irr

.l:ril.'i.^trlr..:r.:t,', r l.lrri rrl )r\"1 lir.t \i .alt,ti-i'ilii il.r ll :l'rr,,lr.rl; r|,:..ii,:uitl,,,aj,r:til ile'' JLrt SIt:rlicr;1tilr i1,) :jjitL itrsl:Lr.:r,i.t liinl.r,t::i:;lr:,,1.c ct iqrr'. r'r.rlis:rrll.ltr ;i c1u rIi. IL.rlilr.,tiirril, :.i .:.;.ir: ;],i.[ i]-li-;::ll.ul.;r ire il.lrr i:lr-r111 rlrlgliei.

Pci.ttrit .LI ii:r:r-tttiino lrrni'a c .,1li! 1t.iiiil. rll s..: irrll;r.i.rl.i.i,,,llli5iliri si.ri:c ltri.:r.1"ti),

'hlc.r:Lu:li:o i1ll.tlit irl ?'raglliif Sitiilii,rl.::..f ir-rr:i l:tit rti:r :ti i:'1,'c tli t li:lt::t tt:.,t.li: tti't ir,il,'rli t'i.iiI t sIii,i:ttr,,,

sau:

,, N i,?

t i i i. :t I it- t: : 1:.:; [ 1t"- i t i, g i, It i.t, ! r e g,i i t,ii't,- ;tti I:ir iI t:ri,dtj rl!: a- ;t t t,cttlt t i !t!i, :rir-.t.,,*.r.'

"

I)rarnir, ;r. r'ireir**iiii -q:rit rr al,reptiri.ii, t-erl;:u1 r li:_rrl:r..1_.rt.r

ii aci;i:tii onr-rlui luultia justifiari a r.1ii'i.nitilir. Jf:ier.,_-;1,::*re n ci este ins5. iuscfili de ;ubnciura tragirr: e;riltiiltin,rrl*si;r.t pu';crni.cc; oinul ailS c'.r clezn;:rdtjr_ie Ilnt,,ucie conilr,J.icisir.lo. tri.ii.buflt.tite ltncorj t:;,-,.zvr:j.tir.ea sa iltpr,-1 r.i-,.;,1 rrrri,"-r:l::t-niri. Tir.ilr-.;:';i11 r']'c.i sir lrir-ca:;ci pimintcl irallr.r1 .j.;i lrtirjttr-:ilix\rIm

,i: .,., r.:.. : I ..-;...r. |- r.,:i.:ri.:.:t .{.l.t: !r ) r... l

ti i ir,. rriil. ('ilt. i ;,t,,.ril Co;:iltlil, I-ear cctc Lra ltai.Lii::i' r i. r' .i. i r,.r' j.'.

l),r 1'Li. il tr:rl-l'li1 iui Shelic-rirll:r-c in.,-;rt,i olt.ll1 tlj,.,1i,.rrr , i rir -!i;'.;[ ,,ilit il: t,trrriili'tn ricnrtil-;t.t,:.(

.r .i i,r 1.:,.-;,rt, lf:ltl-iti-li.tnrt;'i::iji se,jezvoltL ill iiir.r,:r;:r

rrlr rritl,r, i1:r. --- ri;ir'-liij, sr-u piin 1]rijio.rirc:l I" ll j:i -

ir I r rrrrri . r i i,', :i rirli.'.i ii:rli:itr, :r 1.1':rd.ifiiloc nl:,lii:."',',1,-- lr',:i,.;-[ , rrir,r, ,iir', .i i.ri.cr].) ;i I ll.L:iiliiiri i:o1..riilrc"

r1'r)'"rr1i"ri s:la1l;.:i1 r..1calic\:;l-1 ;i lit:r:r.st',:;:1ist. ',i;,.;

',.-'t',.rrjrjiJi'ri. i, i:i-'pr:c:rc:rt ritii ait3'oricrl iri.l:-:-irl.r, I. rr ( rr'i-r ia ie lL:l;i:li taiua, i-it;irii'iilg:rnici.

-"j.. jl;t1:;_riit,u,i', . ,1,' irt Lrlr.,' L] i'rj:'trii, ilr-rlrii a i.ra'L;-.rillti tnedir\'.r i ;,-i,.ri, - ,:.' .;rlir,i rr.risi.t.'utll icl i;r Spania pri11 i-olul asur:li. ti: lr:i:::.,,r.::,irr,u i,l

'r::r1i11trt.i aai,i];oi:irirL:llti :li1;rtf1ti-a o;tir.-rit{)}: i1.tlt.-,ijrrt r rl,: r:r,forll.irc. _\iii lrisp:rni.rl;, cit.[,. I]fant11 !.ru Ptl:liar,"1.i 1,rri.rricsr: ]r'li,'lir:t-,', i;tlr"c i:tr:r,tj -{it.r;'.1;i:)t[-i!a:s ii 1-i.],'rtjirLI' liL,i,is r',tr',i;lr ;tl.

'l'.;ill,., (il,.lill rt r rr il' rri,r -rrlr litlril lilr,'r', .l i;:-:,1tit trt riirt , tri ;trlr J, i,iir', , t:ti1rrl,r:iii: :ri ir,1;i'n !i, is1.l i,-'i ,rrt ( \ l llitrlr ,tlr. .r lr' ,i1, l. i ri trtrii rlLt rt'i,.trt:i Liililllttlill:iii ,rl:t'i::r,rrL: lrrrrSri, | )1Ltii,'.,fiiiljtr drl titl-"ilil jic c1u cr:nticc siiu il-iti;rc. l.t ttII; '.; .i.]ii (ti!tt;!.[:{.!,is.

t'.r -i. in '\:,..tli;1 , lc;,ii.:irl spar:rL;i {:'{r:!;1L a..'rr.rjrc,ii i-r r'[l'anlli,

.r L,l,:lriill;1.1.ii, ri:rr: ii;, i.tirrLt tr.: c::i;riJ. cli:;lbciailt ll, jlllrrli.e i:.1:;r iililc riiir 1.t;-,11i"ic i.;rilirli-,-li" cirjt(i",t:l rie itoil .-ilt:lr:t'ilc

,-,i.irll'r ir"tllntclc ..s:Llcr. j,-i:r.ijitilit jiti sFa u j{r j, {.1! j'c :r,: r-i;ti-'nrr:ll ;,i,il irr r:rrinlirit. rra {tr.)]:-j:{lii;1iY1;:ii, r.i;1,r1 Fl"r:irrilt--cIji: l} :c 1lri1tlr.:rt;lit;-:ri:\: il;ia,ii{,i ru11\irnfiurlllli.-, JJLri'r, n giriiii llipii0io -ili-;i cor.trta j.rlr:ilc .,1 jlci'!ic\rcl'cii jili , cti intcnlia clc a cr.rrr:-rurn.tlr: c(iDvcD'iiiior-, r.lhi:i.r'tllti lr,:tIi:l ;l:;i. itrca.lr:1, iiciltilnr.tll_:ol!,

tiilrd. inceir,: sJ.;o.,.iic i-ti:::r In{r{-lii-c;aLl, a.sa clrm sc iltirrp;l'ir,1c pilri:i c,-l S.'gi-srnultrjr; dilr Viatg e 1r!s (i*sl tlu :r; aLr Iredrr)Cicspo er:oul Aleadelui din Zatramere)n cL dcscopr'rt: zidij.i'iti*cia c()n\-.1i.iiilcl si tit:.gc couciuzia rhsr:rtirciunii r irl ii. ,..i1-,:e vis j cl se riie in:ii ltrin,,'i ilrir-u lirnc bar"ocir.

E rotl. Litr clll.rl.u lli r-c nil ;tcitr. isl,c s c 1t1isc; dcziu\-oli i11t l:-l r1cl;:rrnos, rl i:iii:lri i.rerinreL"u itirgit nu il in].tiLL, ci c-.:tcrlimpolrir'.i,, Uil iitli:r.il{l r itnll'r!. ii,:irVil.at.ca c1e piotie::at ailjtilllii in.:,:rljir.t-r1.1tl slti'.ii jl.c 11{t,i pi} i,:e'rc r.rca s;i le cuno:tscji,I1l c:trt(ri., Lt, lr.r,i-iJ. ;1. l.lil.r-tit{llii :ii.ir. llabcjtris ioloscgi,c ;-ri

I-)i.IX T-Y

rlosc peririlc gtrogleficc cil;-, t:trti liLcittc -'':Ll,: ILri JacrSLcsCartir,r'.

NatLila nu rtlli cstc r-r ,,t'lrlir lr lrlingr:l'ii", i i ttlt 1t'{: t1c rccu-hgm:c, rltsfitlric, ltc!irttlr:. rr'rtitt,l"ii liu L)lrlltll':i (lc coroiltl.Jesiicj:rrilor si gusi.ii riic{)itri it i'lf}iloilof '-* cli .Itr;n:;;i lr1 in. p:i-tltr-cl (lllinci, lirnl ini rrlrt-il

- clt .i,:lr-'lli;lLr,i, itlllelt{ll Ir'iltll'i-

f-ar-ir -

cr d.e lilii.f)ritt coucr:ntritrcl , irr fiirrl;r tttit:tnii,;i :r ililL;giiilrr, i;i

d::{Plioii liottr-r;tu iL ;i ;rrr1 l'(,J)r)(:('ili ristllrli. lir:trasli'r-ii si I izittlrea.crmirlrti c;r ttliclrtirti.turr)'i irl ( ir r'\' s\' l'rrl)i'll"l , ilt sc:tt;i li'tlttsi"t,iililcroc():in)()srrl. irt sl,lrlirrl l(L ll'r::li'r'ii t 'lisii tttt 1'tt;tct SaLit-rat tlt att:r lo'3ii. ,,'\t:r:st l)tlll( 1 (:il(' {,llllll , t'l t':;iL' itl pt.olrli:1 iccir cclilt, ca ;ictl allitniiL('l(-'t,i t'tr irlttttilii', t,t sitrr P;ilniltttrl,cu nlctalol(r, stalactitclc srt.tt {tttl.tttliit'(...rill,;r{irrlaLrllogiilolfste i11 fi.int-[ un sl)etilt dt rrltli;Llit' t)ttttrl r':'tt' ittitts rl ilrtoatc pir:lilc tler e:lc; clar actl;isi ()111 11illl:,lllil\' ''i itl sttts iti-vels,:lsi--|litniLrilc pe Lra.i'D li lrt'irrlt'slt tiitr lirtrli'. lil cst.errrlilfclc l:i,ca; a