CONCEPTOS GENERALES Y VOCABULARIO

BÁSICO DE LA ELECTRICIDAD

Inglés Técnico

Ejercicios de Traducción,

Comprensión y Asociación Visual

V. M. Ortega

Departamento de Estudios Generales y Básicos

Vice-Rectorado Barquisimeto, Unexpo

Barquisimeto, 2006

Dibujos: Jimmy Salcedo

Tabla de Contenidos

PREFACIO...............................................................................................................................................III

INSTRUCCIONES PARA EL ALUMNO.............................................................................................IV

I. ELECTRONS.........................................................................................................................................VI

II. ATTRACTION AND REPULSION...................................................................................................10

III. CONNECTIONS AND EXTENSION...............................................................................................13

IV. POTENTIAL........................................................................................................................................19

V. CIRCUITS.............................................................................................................................................22

VI. VARIETIES OF CIRCUITS..............................................................................................................29

VII. OHM’S LAW.....................................................................................................................................38

VIII. ELECTRICAL WAVES..................................................................................................................46

IX. WAVE WORDS...................................................................................................................................51

X. MAGNETISM.......................................................................................................................................59

XI. COMPONENTS..................................................................................................................................71

ii

PREFACIO

Este folleto práctico ha sido elaborado primordialmente para el estudiante de Electricidad que ya tiene un conocimiento más o menos sólido de los elementos básicos del inglés escrito, y que desea o se ve obligado a consultar con cierta frecuencia revistas, manuales, textos, etc. relacionados con su carrera. El objeto del mismo es enseñarle el idioma tal como se usa en las disciplinas mencionadas, es decir, en los conceptos o tópicos fundamentales de este campo en particular. Es obvio, por lo tanto, que no se trata de enseñarle Electricidad, sino más bien entrenarle en la comprensión escrita del inglés a través de temas que él ya conoce en su propio idioma, evitando así que estos temas se conviertan en obstáculos para el aprendizaje lingüístico y al mismo tiempo reforzando esos mismos conocimientos al verlos ahora bajo una perspectiva diferente.

El folleto es, como ya asomamos, eminentemente práctico. De hecho es un constante ejercicio de comprensión en diversas facetas, desde la primera página hasta la última. En él se incluye gran variedad de ítems para auto-evaluación, tanto escritos como gráficos, ya que se pretende establecer el mayor número posible de alternativas que ayuden al alumno a retener mejor ciertos conceptos y ciertos términos. La idea fundamental es darle al estudiante toda la laxitud posible para que pueda a su vez desarrollar su propio estilo o su propio modo de aprender.

En cuanto a los contenidos, los mismos han sido revisados cuidadosamente por el Ing. Luis Roberti, del Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica del Vice-Rectorado Barquisimeto de la Unexpo, quien encontró que los contextos de Electricidad utilizados en este folleto se ajustan a la verdad científica tal y como se conoce actualmente en dicha área.

iii

INSTRUCCIONES PARA EL ALUMNO

La mayoría de los ejercicios de los cuales consta este folleto se explican al comienzo de cada uno de ellos, sin embargo es bueno detallar uno poco más los procedimientos involucrados en los mismos. Vamos a hacerlo por partes, es decir, con cada tipo de ejercicio.

Tipos de Ejercicio

Colocar la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado (Técnica Cloze). Este ejercicio pretende evaluar su habilidad para hilvanar las ideas y vocablos de un trozo cualquiera. Por ello se espera que Ud., luego de analizar y estudiar cada uno de los términos dejados afuera, pueda colocarlos en el lugar más preciso de acuerdo al trozo. En los casos que presenten dificultades de una u otra índole, el profesor le ayudará a aclarar cualquier duda. De cualquier forma tiene a su disposición la grabación en cinta magnética de todos los temas del folleto, en dos velocidades: normal y lenta, con las cuales podrá comprobar la veracidad de lo hecho por Ud.

Seleccionar la alternativa correcta que completa cada uno de los enunciados. En este tipo de ejercicio, que se denomina de alternativa o selección múltiple, Ud. tiene que escoger la alternativa que al unirse al enunciado dado, expresa una idea, concepto o afirmación válida o correcta. Se supone que las restantes alternativas son “falsas” y sólo están allí como distracciones para aquellos que no han entendido bien y/o tratan de adivinar la solución correcta.

Marque verdadero (V) o falso (F). Es evidente que de lo que se trata es que Ud. determine si un enunciado equis dado es correcto o válido o si por el contrario es una falsedad o es parcialmente falso. Es decir que Ud. debe marcar como falso cualquier enunciado que no sea totalmente verdadero.

Seleccionar la alternativa correcta que corresponde con el gráfico o dibujo dado. Este es parecido al anterior sólo que en vez de un enunciado al alumno se le da un dibujo o gráfico que representa un proceso, un esquema o cualquier concepto y debe escoger entre las cuatro alternativas cuál es la que corresponde con el dibujo o gráfico.

Seleccionar la palabra o palabras que completan un enunciado. Este tipo de ejercicio también es de alternativa múltiple pero en él se han sacado una o dos palabras las cuales lo completan. El alumno debe determinar cuál(es) son esa(s) palabra(s) seleccionándola(s) de entre las alternativas dadas.

Aparear definiciones de conceptos con el concepto mismo. Es decir, que el alumno debe “ponerle nombre” (de los dados en el ejercicio) a cada una de las definiciones o descripciones que se listan en el ejercicio. Este ejercicio es un poco más complicado ya que el alumno además de entender el inglés, debe también conocer los conceptos, o por lo menos debe investigarlos para así poder resolver el ejercicio satisfactoriamente.

Traducir y/o definir vocablos. Este es otro ejercicio que tiene por objeto el que el alumno investigue más o menos con cierta profundidad sobre ciertos términos o

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vocablos, en diccionarios especializados, de manera que logre una mejor retención de lo que ellos significan y de su equivalencia en nuestra lengua.

Ordenar frases y oraciones en su secuencia gramatical y retórica más adecuada, para formar párrafos coherentes. Este es un ejercicio que se puede hacer muy complicado. Se trata de ordenar frases u oraciones “desordenadas”, es decir, que se ha tomado un texto cualquiera y se ha cambiado el orden lógico de algunas oraciones, o se ha cambiado la secuencia, para que el alumno demuestre su habilidad de coherencia al reordenarlas tal como debe ser. Aquí el alumno debe recordar que las palabras escritas con mayúscula por lo general siempre comienzan una oración o frase, mientras que las palabras escritas en minúscula no. He allí un dato que puede servirle mucho en este tipo de ejercicio.

Ponerle el nombre en español o en inglés a partes de aparatos, procesos, esquemas, etc. En este tipo de ejercicio se da un dibujo más o menos detallado de algo que tenga que ver con los temas tratados y se le pide al alumno que en la parte de abajo coloque el equivalente castellano de las partes numeradas en el dibujo o que determine el nombre en inglés de lo que el gráfico describe.

Hay otros ejercicios, pero los mismos o son muy parecidos a algunos de los ya detallados aquí o se explican por sí solos.

v

I. ELECTRONS

A. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado (si es necesario escuche las grabaciones del tema).

plus most subatomic protons atommade up hovers each other minus there

What is an electron? First and (1) ___________________ important, an electron is

a (2) ____________________ particle. It is one of the constituents of matter, one of

the constituents of the (3) __________________. The others, remember, are the

proton and the neutron. An electron (4) _________________ around the nucleus of

an atom, and the nucleus is (5) _____________________ of a cluster of all the

protons and neutrons of that atom. The protons have a positive, or (6)

_____________________, neutrons of that atom. The electrons have a negative, or

(7) _____________________, electrical charge. (8) ____________________ is

always the same number of electrons as (9) ____________________ in an atom, so

the electrical charges balance (10) _____________________, one plus for each

minus.

which another together them fewoutermost may but tightly none

When many atoms get (11) _______________________ they form a material

substance. This substance (12) _______________________ be crystalline or

amorphous. In any material, (13) _______________________ more usually in one

that is composed of crystals (as any metal is), the electrons (14) _____________

hover around the nucleus in the (15) _______________________ orbits, or shells,

are not held very (16) _______________________, and they can move from one

atom to (17) _______________________. These “loose” electrons are “available”.

When there are a lot of (18) _______________________ in a material it is a

conductor, when there are (19) _______________________ the material is an

insulator, and when there are only a (20) _______________________, the material

is a semi-conductor.

vi

slowly beaters on jumpy everthan having take one out

Electrons are very nervous and (21) _______________________ and they move

around all the time. They move quickly or (22) _______________________, but as

they move they make lights go (23) _______________________, engines run,

photographs play and egg (24) _______________________ beat eggs. They make

more remarkable inventions work than Edison (25)_______________________

dreamt about, and they solve more mathematical problems (of certain sorts) (26)

_______________________ the wisest mathematician could (27)

_______________________ on in a million years. Electrons are always (28)

_______________________ adventures, and they always come (29)

_______________________ of adventures completely unchanged and ready for the

next (30) _______________________.

plugs such found which throughthan tubes circuit middle bulbs

Electrons are (31) _______________________ in crystals, in chemical solutions, in

the (32) _______________________ of the air, in vacuum, in conductors, resistors,

semiconductors, capacitors, vacuum (33) ________________, transistors, rectifiers,

thyratrons, transformers, motors, switches, relays, oscillators, , amplifiers,

generators, inductors, coils, dynamos, spark (34) __________________, radios,

television sets, dictaphones, computers, light (35) _____________________,

photocells, phonographs, and many others.

An electric current is nothing more (36) _______________________ the movement

of a stream of electrons. We can make (37) _______________________ stream

move in many kinds of gadgets, as we have seen. A system through

(38)___________________ electrons move is called a (39)____________________.

Basically, electronics is the study of the movements of electronic currents

(40)_______________________ electric circuits.

B. Determine si los enunciados siguientes son verdaderos (V) o falsos (F).

1

1. Electrons are also called negatrons. ______

2. Electrons have approximately 1/1840th. the mass of a hydrogen atom. ______

3. Electrons surround the positively charged nucleus but do not determine the

chemical properties of the atom. ______

4. Electrons are the smallest electric charge that can exist. ______

5. Since by definition electrons only carry negative charges, positive electrons, or

“positrons” are a theoretical impossibility. ______

6. Electrons form the outer shell of an atom. ______

7. However, electrons are not responsible for the bonds between atoms. _____

8. An electron can attach itself to a neutral molecule to form a negative ion. ______

9. Nevertheless, electrons are difficult to handle. That is why they cannot be used to

weld or shape a piece of material. _____

C. Seleccione la alternativa correcta que completa cada uno de los siguientes

enunciados:

1. Materials can be said to be insulators when…

a. their electrons are “loose”.

b. they do not have any electrons it all.

c. their electrons are held very tight.

d. they are crystalline or amorphous.

2. Electrons can move form one atom to another because they…

a. are tightly held.

b. hover around the nucleus.

c. are “loose”.

d. are composed of crystals.

2

3. Electric current can be briefly defined as

a. nothing more than movement.

b. new and old electrons flowing in one direction.

c. a system of circuits.

d. a stream of electrons moving.

4. Electrons are much more mobile that protons because

a. they maintain an electrical balance.

b. protons are 1840 times more massive.

c. of their negative charge.

d. they cause all the electrical effects.

5. A body said to contain an excess of electrons

a. when it is negatively charged.

b. when it is positively charged.

c. when they are “loose”.

d. when the electron content is lacking.

6. Charges of electricity are __________________ generated by frictional

processes and the like.

a. never

b. sometimes

c. quite often

d. always

7. The force of gravity and electrical forces are

a. just about the same principle.

b. similar in certain aspects.

c. totally different things.

d. both due to electrical charges.

8. Electron affinity is the work needed in removing an electron from a

negative ion, thus _______________________ the neutrality of an atom or

molecule.

a. unbalancing

b. dividing

c. upsetting

d. restoring

3

9. An electron has a spin of

a. one half

b. one fourth

c. one sixth

d. one eighth

10. Electron diffraction is a phenomenon associated with the interference

processes which occur ____________________ electrons are scattered by

atoms in crystals to forms diffraction patterns.

a. because

b. when

c. before

d. after

B. Cada uno de estos conceptos

electron beam electron flow electron bandelectron coupling electron emission electron charge

electron drift electron avalanche electron gunCorresponde con una de las definiciones dadas a continuación. Coloque el

nombre adecuado en cada uno de los espacios en blanco numerados, de acuerdo

con la definición, por supuesto.

1. ___________________________________

The chain reaction started when one free electron collides with one or

more orbiting electrons and frees them. The free electrons then free others

in the same manner, and so on.

2. ___________________________________

A spectrum space composed of molecules that is usually found in the

visible or the ultraviolet because of the electron transition taking place

within the molecule.

3. ___________________________________

A narrow system of electrons moving in the same direction under the

influence of an electric or magnetic field.

4. ___________________________________

4

Also called elementary charge. The charge of a single electron. Its value is

1,60219 x 10-19 coulomb, the fundamental unit of electrical charge.

5. ___________________________________

In vacuum (principally multigrid) tubes, the transfer of energy between

electrodes as electrons leave one and go to the other.

6. ___________________________________

The movement of electrons in a definite direction through a conductor, as

opposed to the haphazard transfer of energy from one electron to another

by collision.

7. ___________________________________

The freeing of electrons into space from the surface of a body under the

influence of heat, light, impact, chemical, disintegration, or a potential

difference.

8. ___________________________________

The movement of electrons from a negative or a positive point in a metal

or other conductor, or form a negative to a positive electrode through a

liquid, gas or vacuum.

9. ___________________________________

An electrode structure which produces and may control focus and may

deflect and converge one or more electron beams.

(1) Alkaline Cell ______________________________5

(2) Cap ________________________

(3) Insulator ________________________

(4) Anode ________________________

(5) Anode Collector ____________________________________

(6) Metal Bottom ______________________________________

(7) Insulator ____________________________

(8) Cathode ___________________________

(9) Mix ________________________

6

(1) _____________________________

(2) _____________________________

(3) _____________________________

(4) _____________________________

(5) _____________________________

(6) _____________________________

(7) _____________________________

(8) _____________________________

(9) _____________________________

(10) ____________________________

(11) ____________________________

7

(1) Lead-acid cell ______________________________

(2) Seal Nut _________________________________

(3) Post ____________________________________

(4) Vent Plug _______________________________

(5) Filling tube ______________________________

(6) Post gasket ______________________________

(7) Negative strap ____________________________

(8) Level of electrolyte ___________________________

(9) Negative plate ________________________________

(10) Sediment space ____________________________

(11) Rib ________________________________

(12) Case ___________________________

(13) Wood separator __________________________________________

(14) Rubber separator _________________________________________

(15) Positive Plate ______________________________________

(16) Positive Strap ______________________________________

8

(1) _____________________________

(2) _____________________________

(3) _____________________________

(4) _____________________________

(5) _____________________________

(6) _____________________________

(7) _____________________________

(8) _____________________________

(9) _____________________________

(10) ____________________________

(11) ____________________________

(12) ____________________________

9

II. ATTRACTION AND REPULSION

A. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado.

carry toward done thatsome makes called since

Here are some things that can be (1) ______________________ with

electrons. We know that electrons (2) ______________________ a negative charge

(3) _________________________ opposites attract, if the negative electricity sees

(4) ___________________ positive electricity in the neighbourhood, it will be

attracted by it and move (5) __________________ it. We know already that this

movement of electrons is (6) ___________________ an electric current. The

important fact now is (7) __________________ it is the presence of positive charge

that (8) ____________________ the electrons move.

Making As all pile upchemically Expose electrodes attach

One way to (9) _________________ electrons to positive electricity is to

(10) ___________________ a conductor (which is full of loose electrons) to a

battery. A battery, (11) _____________ you know, is a device that “makes

electricity” (12) _____________________.

FIG. 1: THE BATTERY

10

It has a way of (13) ______________________ positive chemical ions

congregate at one side of it and negative chemical ions (14) ___________________

at the other side. These two sides are contacts, or terminals, or connections, or

(15)____________________ (in electronics these words (16) __________________

have the same meaning), and there is a positive electrode and a negative electrode

(see Fig. 1).

pulling any than whilethrough end such as namedwhen gather if force

If a typical conductor of electricity (17) ________________ a copper wire is

attached to the positive (18) ________________ of a battery, there is a “rush” of

free electrons (19) ______________________ the conductor to the positive

electrode of the battery (20) _____________________ it is a strong battery, it will

(21) __________________ a great number of loose electrons (22) ______________

if it is a wak battery. This electrical (23) ____________________ “force” is called

voltage, (24) _____________ after the Italian Count Alessandro Volta. Voltage

“pulls” electrons. (25) __________________ you pull a weight with a rope you are

pulling a mechanical (26) ____________________: when you pull electrons with a

positive electricity you are pulling with an electrical force (27) _______________ a

mechanical force can pull (28) _______________ object, an electrical force can

only pull something that is charged electrically.

B. Determine si los enunciados siguientes son verdaderos (V) o falsos (F).

1. In electricity, a battery can be defined as a series of distillation columns

or other processing equipment operated as a single unit. _____________

2. Voltage is the potential difference or electromotive force measured in

volts. ________________

3. Electrons travelling through an isolating wire form an electric current.

_______________

4. Electrons move because voltage from a battery or a wall outlet has been

applied to the ends of the wire. _______________

5. An isolator has to be full of electrons to be able to isolate. ____________

6. Contacts and terminals, in electricity, are not the same thing. _________

C. Seleccione la alternativa correcta que completa cada uno de los siguientes

enunciados:

11

1. If two electrodes of different metals such as copper and zinc are dipped

into a solution such as sulphuric acid which attacks the zinc, chemical

action

a. maintains the potential balanced

b. jeeps the potential from changing

c. step up a difference potential

d. remains neutral

2. When two points, between which a difference of potential is maintained,

are connected by an electrical conductor,

a. electrical charges are established

b. electrical charges are neutralized

c. the potential changes immediately

d. nothing new really happens

3. If the two electrodes in a battery are connected externally a current of

electricity is established through the wire _________________ through

the battery.

a. but not

b. and also

c. as well as

d. going

12

III. CONNECTIONS AND EXTENSION

A. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado (si es

necesario escuche las grabaciones del tema).

pulled has happensas though makes was

at become less

Something very interesting (1) _______________ to the battery when the

conducting wire is attached (2) ________________ the positive electrode. Because

electrons are (3) __________________ toward the positive electrode of the battery,

the rest of the wire, all the way to the end, now he haves (4) ___________________

it is a positive as the battery electrode (5) __________________ at the point of

attachment. Since the end of the wire (6) _________________ been robbed of some

of its electrons, it has (7) _______________ negative electrical charge in it than it

had previously. That (8) _________________ it positive, the end of the wire has

thus (9) ___________________ an extension of the terminal of the battery.

loose anyone as beenwill as far said conducting

When an electrician attaches a wire an electrode that has voltage in it, the

wire is (10) _________________________ to become “live”. The live voltage has

(11) ___________________ brought to a new place, the end of the wire. If

(12)____________________ then touches the wire he will “feel” the voltage: he

(13) ___________________ get an electric shock. In the same way, you can attach

the (14) ________________ wire to the other side of the battery, the negative side,

(15) _________________ in Fig. 2. Then the negative terminal of the battery will

“push” the (16) _______________ electrons in the conductor away from the battery,

(17) __________________ as they can go into the wire.

13

FIG. 2: THE BATTERY

take on as beforeRepel previous added

The phenomenon described in the (18) ____________________ paragraph

happens because similar (19) ___________________ each other. Then the end of

the wire will (20) _____________________ the same electrical charge that the

battery terminal has (21) ___________________ the wire was attached. Again the

conducting wire (22) _____________________ to a battery terminal has acted

(23)___________________ an extension of the terminal.

B. Determine si los enunciados siguientes son verdaderos (V) o falsos (F).

1. A connector is a coupling device. _____________

2. A connector provides an electrical and/or mechanical junction between

two cables but not between a cable and a chassis or enclosure.

______________

3. A connector is a device that provides rapid connection and disconnection

of electrical cable and wire terminations. _______________

4. A connector can also be described as a plug or receptable which can be

easily joined to or separated from its mate. ______________

14

5. Multiple contact connectors join two or more conductors with others in

one mechanical assembly. ______________

6. The combination of a mated plug and a receptable is called connector

France. ________________

7. A connector assembly is a projection that extends from or around the

periphery of a connector and incorporates provisions for mounting the

connector to a panel. __________________

C. Seleccione la alternativa correcta que corresponde con la gráfica dada:

1.

a. Armstrong oscillator

b. Center-tap connection

c. Audio-amplifier

d. Cage antenna

2.a. Diplexer circuit

b. Anderson bridge

c. Parallel-connected resistor

d. Capacitance divider

3.

a. Open-circuit jack

b. Commutation capacitor

c. ATR tube

d. Cathode follower

4.

a. Coincidence circuit

b. Synchronous vibrator

c. Transformer

d. Pad

15

(1) _____________________________

(2) _____________________________

(3) _____________________________

(4) _____________________________

(5) _____________________________

(6) _____________________________

(7) _____________________________

(8) _____________________________

(9) _____________________________

16

(1) _____________________________

(2) _____________________________

(3) _____________________________

(4) _____________________________

(5) _____________________________

(6) _____________________________

(7) _____________________________

(8) _____________________________

(9) _____________________________

17

What kind of capacitor is this? (In English)

_________________________________

(1) _____________________________

(2) _____________________________

(3) _____________________________

(4) _____________________________

(5) _____________________________

(6) _____________________________

(7) _____________________________

(8) _____________________________

(9) _____________________________

(10) ____________________________

(11) ____________________________

18

IV. POTENTIAL

A. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado.

moving at Shockreadiness where Into

it becomes just like

If you put your fingers at a point (1) ___________________ there is voltage,

you will get a (2) ___________________. In other words, the voltage at the end of a

battery terminal (or (3) ___________________ the end of a wire connected to it) is

“sitting there” in (4) _________________ to be used. But until you touch it

(5)_________________ is not being used it is potential.

Potential is an important word to the electrical engineer. It is his way of

saying “static”, not (6) ___________________ but ready to move. When it does

move, it (7) ________________ “dynamic”. In fact, electricity (8) ______________

mechanics and hydraulics, can be divided (9) ___________________ statics and

dynamics: electrostatics and electrodynamics.

acting back used asoften when overonce becomes means

Coming (10) _________________ to the word potential, the electrical

engineer will (11) ___________________ say things like “a pint has potential of

200 volts” what he (12) ___________________ is that there is a voltage ready to act

at that point, potentially ready (13) ___________________ it acts, it will move

electrons through wires, (14) ___________________ distances. Now remember,

motion is caused by force, and force (15) ________________________ over

distance is energy. (16) ________________________ the energy is set free to act it

(17) ___________________ kinetic, dynamic or active, energy. Do not forget then

that the word “potential” can be (18) ___________________ a noun to mean

“voltage”, poised and ready to leap.

19

B. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the net result when one electrode pushes an electron and the

other pulls it?

The net result is ___________________ to the right

2. In the case of spherical conductor the charges arrange themselves

uniformly, but if the conductor displays an irregularly shaped surface,

such as the one shown in the picture, the charges tend to crow at pointed

protection. To what is this due?

It is due to ________________________________

C. Cada uno de estos conceptos:

potential transforms potential drop potential dividerpotential gradient potential coil potential wellspotential barrier potential difference potential energy

Corresponde con una de las definiciones dadas a continuación. Coloque el

número adecuado en cada uno de los espacios en blanco numerados, de

acuerdo con la definición.

20

1. ___________________________

The difference in potential between the two ends of a resistance with a

current flowing through it.

2. ___________________________

A voltage placed on MIS capacitor electrodes causes a voltage gradient

zone to be formed under the electrode so as to collect minority carriers.

3. ___________________________

Force due to the position of one body with respect to another or to the

relative parts of the same body.

4. ___________________________

A voltage existing between two points (e.g. the voltage drop across an

impendence, from one end to another).

5. ___________________________

A semiconductor region through which electric charges attempting to

pass will encounter opposition and may be turned back.

6. ___________________________

The shunt winding in a measuring instrument or other device having

series and shunt windings - i.e. the winding connected across the circuit and

affected by changes in voltage.

7. ___________________________

An instrument whose primary winding is connected in parallel with the

circuit whose voltage is to be measured or controlled.

8. ___________________________

The rate of change of potential with distance. Units such as volts per

meter or kilovolts per centimeter may be used.

9. ___________________________

A resistor or reactor connected across a voltage and tapped to make fixed

or variable fraction of the applied voltage available. Also known under other

names.

21

V. CIRCUITS

A. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado

(si es necesario escuche las grabaciones del tema).

pushes both eachout in asinto moving are

There is one more thing we can do with a wire and a battery. We can attach

(1) ________________ ends of the wire to the battery, one for (2) ______________

terminal. What happens now? If the positive electrode of the battery is pulling the

electrons (3) ______________________ and the negative electrode of the battery is

pushing them (4) ____________________ from the other end, then the push and the

pull (5) _____________________ both in the same direction and the net result is

motion. Figure 3 shows the total effect when the wire is attached to both terminals

of the battery (6) _________________ the positive terminal pull and the negative

terminal (7) _____________________, the electrons move through the wire, go

inside the battery (where they keep (8) ________________________ and then go

back out of the negative terminal and (9) ________________________ the

conductor again.

FIG. 3

22

pilling up just go lasts ends upas long Always most himself

When connected in this way, the electrons (10) ____________________

around and around. This is the opposite of electrons (11) ____________________

in the wires. That was static, this is dynamics. This keeps happening.

(12) ____________________ as the connection hold and as long as the battery

(13) ____________________, the electrons move as an electric current, round and

round and round and round again, (14) ____________________ in the same path.

This path has a name that is (15) ____________________ important it is a circuit

(which means a path that (16) ____________________ where to started). The

electrical engineer who specializes in circuits calls (17) ____________________ a

circuit engineer and the work he is doing is circuitry.

falls across burns up meltingwhy if loop

such a together which

Different circuits have different names. The short little loop

(18)__________________ connects the terminals in Fig. 3 is called just that, a loop.

It is sol easy for electrons to travel in a (19) __________________ that they may go

in so much of a rush that the wire of the loop (20) __________________. When a

circuit burns up we say that it is a short circuit or a short. (21)

__________________ a wire (22) __________________ two points in an electrical

appliance that are not usually connected (23) __________________ there may be a

rush of current through the short circuit (or short cut) overheating and

(24)________________ of the wire (burnout) is the result. There is one of the

reasons (25) _________________ a toaster or a broiler or radio

(26)__________________ not work. On the other hand, a circuit can be very

complicated with all kind of long parallel or series (27) _________________ and

branches and loops and alternate paths; it may (28) _________________ be called a

network. Sometimes even networks have networks; (29) __________________

system may be called a mesh. Both most circuits are just called circuits.

This is the cross section of an interrupter typical for a

__________________________________________23

or if such as go back keep goingas they break in move through run byand so so that heat up back into

As electrons move from one terminal of a battery, (or other source of

electrons, (30) ___________________ wall outlets) through a conducting wire, and

(31) ________________ the terminal at the other end, over and over again,

(32)__________________ pass certain points they may make certain useful things

happen. What can the electrons do “in passing”? Well, as they (33) _____________

a toaster they (34) _________________ there in the toaster and they make toast;

after have completed this task, they just (35) _________________ to the place they

started, (36) _________________ they can (37) _________________ round and

round some more. In fact if you do not eventually “open”, or make a

(38)______________, the circuit (39) _________________ the toaster doesn’t turn

itself off the toast burns. In the same way, other circuits create heat for electric

bankers and electric stoves. Electrons can also move through an electric motor and

causer a shaft to run around (40) _________________ you have electric fans,

electric subway trains, electric elevators, electric mixers, electric washing machines,

and all kinds of electric appliances (41) _________________ motors.

still going as electrons as theyas waves to them spread out they do for more out of

24

Electrons also can move through radio tubes and transistors

(42)________________ move through these elements they are bunched up and then

(43) __________________ thin that is they move (44) ____________________ the

results are sound out of radios and pictures (45) ___________________ television.

These motions of electrons are very complex, (46) ____________________

complex than any motion in an electric blanket or in a toaster. But no matter how

complicated a job (47) ____________________ the electrons in your radio or

television set are (48) ____________________ round and round in circuits.

(49) ____________________ move in circuits they also get certain jobs

done they toast bread an run radios. They also have thing done (50) _____________

they go into an amplifier circuit at low potential and come out at high potential.

Electrons can “switch” too with an electric switch.

B. Seleccione la alternativa correcta que completa cada uno de los

siguientes enunciados:

1. In order to form an electric current electrons have to travel through…

a. an isolating wire

b. a conducting wire

c. a dividing wire

d. a switching wire

2. Electrons move because voltage from a battery or a wall outlet has

been…

a. applied to the ends of the wire

b. taken from the ends of the wire

c. isolated from the ends of the wire

d. switched from the ends to middle of the wire

3. If you touch a pint where there is a rather high voltage you…

a. might get a shock

b. could get a shock

c. should get a shock

d. will get a shock

4. Electrons travel only in continuous that end up…

25

a. just above anywhere

b. at the other end of the path

c. just where they start

d. just about halfway from the start

5. The continuous paths through which electrons travel are called…

a. conductors

b. inductors

c. circuits

d. isolators

6. The science of connecting sources of voltage and net works of wires to

from useful circuits is called…

a. electricity

b. network technology

c. circuitry

d. electrotechnics

7. Circuits, in order to function properly, should be formed

a. only in simple loops

b. only in complex networks

c. either in loops, networks or meshes

d. only in horizontal lines

8. If there is break in a circuit (an open circuit), there is potential (another

word for voltage) at the point of the break but…

a. no current flows

b. current keeps flowing

c. some current flows

d. there is also a current overflow

26

9. In the following list circle the appliance or instrument that does not

function as a result of current flow…

a. light bulb

b. radio sot

c. hand fan

d. car engine

C. Marque verdadero (V) o falso (F)

1. Each type of circuit performs a job that is in some way different from all

others. _________

2. The most important fact about a circuit is that when current flows, useful

results may be obtained. _________

3. If you touch a point where there is voltage you could get a shock.

_________

4. Electrons travel only in continuous paths that not necessarily end up

where they start. _________

5. These continuous paths are called conductors. _________

6. A circuit can be very simple, like a loop, or very complex, like a network

or mesh. _________

7. Circuitry is the science of connecting sources of voltage and networks of

wires to form useful circuits. _________

8. If there is a break in a circuit (an open circuit), there is potential (another

word for voltage) at the point of the break, but no current flows.

_________

27

D. Responda las siguientes interrogantes de acuerdo con la representación

anterior:

1. How is this type of graphic representation called in circuitry?

It is called a ______________________________________

2. What does it represent?

It represents a _____________________________________

28

VI. VARIETIES OF CIRCUITS

As might be expected, certain combinations of circuit components are more

common than others, and have come to be known by characteristics names - names that

either describes something that the circuits do or immortalized the names of circuits’

inventors. Here is a list of some circuits that you probably have met in your work or in

your studies in the electronic field. The list does not include every possible circuit

known, only the more common ones.

We are going to group these different types of circuits according to certain

grammatical characteristics in order to facilitate their apprehending by the student.

Group 1, for instance, includes all those terms that are the same or very similar

orthographically to the corresponding terms in terms in Spanish. For that reason we don

not think it is necessary to do any kind of exercises regarding them.

Integrator multivibrator series armstrongOscillator discriminator regenerative millerDetector modulator degenerative eccle-jordan

comparator accumulator resonant hartleydemodulator avalanche stabilization colpittsdiferenciator binary parallel franklin

memory equivalent

Group 2 includes all those terms that end in - ing. That is to say those are active

participles modifying the word circuit.

limiting counting rectifyingchopping switching addingclipping multiplying gatingclamping dividing regulatingsquaring generating synchronizing

29

Group 3 includes those terms that end in -er, that is nouns that modify the word

circuit.

doubler trigger scaleramplifier inverter filter

mixer limiter trippler

A. Determine la función de cada uno de los circuitos listados en los grupos 2 y 3.

Para esto determine primero el verbo (forma infinitivo) del cual se deriva cada

uno de los términos. Ejemplo:

Término: clipping circuit

Verbo: to clip (forma infinitiva)

Significado: recortar (en electrónica)

Por lo tanto el clipping circuit tiene como función específica recortar

y se puede traducir como circuitos de recorte.

Grupo 2

1. limiting _________________________________________________

2. chopping ________________________________________________

3. clipping recortar; circuito de recorte .

4. clamping ________________________________________________

5. squaring ________________________________________________

6. counting ________________________________________________

7. switching _______________________________________________

8. multiplying _____________________________________________

9. dividing ________________________________________________

10. generating ______________________________________________

11. rectifying _______________________________________________

12. adding _________________________________________________

13. gating __________________________________________________

14. regulating _______________________________________________

15. synchronizing ____________________________________________

30

Grupo 3

16. doubler _________________________________________________

17. amplifier ________________________________________________

18. mixer __________________________________________________

19. trigger __________________________________________________

20. inverter _________________________________________________

21. limiter __________________________________________________

22. scaler __________________________________________________

23. filter ___________________________________________________

24. trippler _________________________________________________

In group 4 we are going to include those terms that are simple nouns functioning

as adjectives modifying the word circuit.

star storage bridgetank screen decade

cascade synch sweepdelay loop wyedelta network

B. Determine la función específica de cada uno de los circuitos listados en el grupo

4 y su traducción al castellano.

25. star ____________________________________________________

26. tank ____________________________________________________

27. cascade _________________________________________________

28. delay ___________________________________________________

29. delta ___________________________________________________

30. storage _________________________________________________

31. screen __________________________________________________

32. synch __________________________________________________

33. loop ____________________________________________________

34. network _________________________________________________

35. bridge __________________________________________________

36. decade __________________________________________________

37. sweep __________________________________________________

31

38. wye ____________________________________________________

Group 5 includes all those circuits varieties whose names are formed by two or

name words.

feedback direct-coupledpush-pull saw-tooth generatordelta- star delta-zig-zag

stagger-tuned remote cutoffdelay line transmission lineflip-flop video amplifier

relation oscillator audio amplifierphase shifter superheterodyne

delta-wye cathode followerblocking oscillator

C. Describa la función específica de cada uno de los circuitos listados en el grupo 5

y traduzca los términos al castellano.

39. feedback ________________________________________________

40. push-pull ________________________________________________

41. delta- star _______________________________________________

42. stagger-tuned ____________________________________________

43. delay line _______________________________________________

44. flip-flop ________________________________________________

45. relation oscillator _________________________________________

46. phase shifter _____________________________________________

47. delta-wye _______________________________________________

48. direct-coupled ____________________________________________

49. saw-tooth generator _______________________________________

50. delta-zig-zag _____________________________________________

51. remote cutoff ____________________________________________

52. transmission line _________________________________________

53. video amplifier ___________________________________________

54. audio amplifier ___________________________________________

55. superheterodyne __________________________________________

56. cathode follower __________________________________________

57. blocking oscillator ________________________________________

32

D. Seleccione el tipo correcto de circuito representado en cada uno de los siguientes

gráficos:

1.a. flip-flop

b. delta-zig-zag

c. capacitance-coupled

d. Franklin

2. a. push-pull

b. demodulator

c. gating

d. inductance-coupled

3.

a. direct-coupled

b. bridged-t-network

c. saw-tooth generator

d. capacitance-coupled

4. a. attenuator network

b. Hartley

c. inductance-coupled

d. video amplifier

5.

a. Miller

b. delta-zig-zag

c. Darlington amplifier

d. binary

6. a. full-wave rectifier

b. relation oscillator

c. mixer

d. delay line

33

7. a. Eccles-Jordan

b. Cascade

c. Rectifying

d. H-network8.

a. colpitts

b. integrating

c. scaler

d. limiting

9.a. comparator

b. Franklin

c. memory

d. inverter

10.a. o-network

b. squaring

c. doubler

d. feedback

11.

a. parallel-resonant

b. phase shifter

c. parallel-t network

d. multivibrator

34

12. a. remote cutoff

b. trigger

c. tuned

d. Pi network

13. a. sweep

b. series

c. storage

d. transmission line

14. a. wye

b. triac

c. delta

d. simple switch15. a. T-network

b. Loop

c. counting

d. accumulator16.

a. Anderson bridge

b. blocking oscillator

c. wheatstone bridge

d. differentiator

17.a. clipping

b. capacitance-divider

c. equivalent

d. integrator

18.

a. video amplifier

b. sample and hold

c. stabilization

d. chopping

What is the name in English for this device?

________________________________________

35

(1) _____________________________

(2) _____________________________

(3) _____________________________

(4) _____________________________

(5) _____________________________

(6) _____________________________

(7) _____________________________

(8) _____________________________

(9) _____________________________

(10) ____________________________

(11) ____________________________

(12) ____________________________

(13) ____________________________

(14) ____________________________

36

(1) _____________________________

(2) _____________________________

(3) _____________________________

(4) _____________________________

(5) _____________________________

(6) _____________________________

(7) _____________________________

(8) _____________________________

(9) _____________________________

37

VII. OHM’S LAW

A. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado (si

es necesario escuche las grabaciones del tema).

get an idea named after flows more easilyA narrow one as you know dealing withIf you think who contributed he did muchthat lead to specific quite a few

A measure of what is meant four-lane road

(1) ____________________, some words that you will encounter over and

over again in material (2) ____________________ electricity are derived from the

of four physicists (3) ____________________ to the study of various aspects of

electricity. The coulomb (4) ____________________ the Frenchman Charles

Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806), is a (5) ____________________ of electrons

actually, it is (6) ____________________ billion electrons.

An abcoulomb is ten coulombs. An ohm is (7) ____________________ the

resistance that something offers to the flow of electric current. It is named after the

German physicist George Simon Ohm (1787-1854). You will (8) _______________

of (9) ________________________________________ by electrical resistance

(10)____________________ about cars moving on a crowded highway. Cars can

flow faster on a highway with four lanes that on one with only one lane. The

(11)____________________ offers less “resistance” than the one-lane road does.

Similarly, an electric current (12) ____________________ through a wire that

through (13) ____________________ current (12) ____________________ through

a wide wire than through (13) ____________________ current. The unit of

resistance is named after Ohm because (14) ____________________ of the

fundamental experimental work (15) ____________________ the understanding of

the concept.

38

also known as named after we said thatpast a point it turns out a unit for

spelled backwards for example a concept withbound together and so on also given in

As (16) ____________________, the opposite (or inverse, as the physicist

would say) of resistance also is (17) ____________________ physical significance.

It called conductance and is measured in MHOS (that as you already know, is OHM

(18) ____________________). Mathematically,

So (19) ___________________, anything that has 0.1 mhos of conductance

has 10 ohms of resistance.

An ampere is (20) ____________________ current flow. When 1 coulomb

of electrons flows (21) ____________________ in one second, you have an electric

current of 1 ampere. The ampere is (22) ____________________ André Marie

Ampére, who was a French physicist (1775-1836).

From the last section you may remember the volt (named after the Italian

ount Alessandro Volta, 1745-1827). There “voltage” in a battery. Voltage is

(24)____________________ electromotive force or emf or EMF or e.m.f., so these

are (25) ____________________ volts. This international quartet of physicists is

(26) ____________________ by law which is named Ohm: Ohm’s law. It says that:

A coulomb per second - that is, an ampere - will flow through a

conducting wire of resistance of the one ohm, when pushed with a force

of one volt.

Then, if there are 2 volts, there will be 2 amperes, and if there are 3 volts

there will be “amps”, (27) ____________________.

39

mhosx

xohm1

B. Seleccione la alternativa correcta que completa cada uno de los enunciados

siguientes:

1. If there are 2 ohms there will be ____________________ the

resistance that there was to start and the flow will be

____________________ of what it was at first, or half an ampere.

a. half, twice

b. half, half

c. twice, half

d. twice, twice

2. If you plug a toaster into an electrical socket and the toaster has ten

ohms of resistance, the amount of current “drawn” or pulled from the

socket so that the voltage be 110 should be.

a. one ampere

b. eleven amperes

c. one hundred ampere

d. one hundred-twenty amperes

3. A coulomb is a unit that represents a certain number of:

a. Volts

b. Amperes

c. Ohms

d. Electrons

4. The unit that describes the resistance to current flow offered by a

conductor is the:

a. Ohm

b. Ampere

c. Volt

d. Mho

C. Marque verdadero (V) o falso (F)

1. An ampere is a unit that describes the rate of flow of electrons.

_________

2. A volt measures electromotive force but this force is not equivalent to

voltage. _________

40

3. Resistance to the flow of electrical current is also measured in mhos.

_________

4. Resistance is a property of substances that results in the dissipation of

power in the form of heat. _________

5. The resistance of conductors depends not on their dimensions, material

and temperature but on their availability. _________

6. Resistance is also the name given to a circuit element designed to offer a

predetermined resistance to current. _________

7. Voltage can be said to be electrical pressure. _________

D. Cada uno de estos conceptos:

conductance voltage amplifier resistance balanceohmic conducted heat conduction current

ampere-turn voltage attenuation resistance furnaceresistance box resistance coupling voltage gradient

Corresponde con una de las definiciones dadas a continuación. Coloque el

número adecuado en cada uno de los espacios en blanco numerados, de

acuerdo con la definición.

1. ___________________________

A device used specifically to increase voltage. It is usually capable of

delivering only a small current.

2. ___________________________

Ratio of the voltage across the input of a transducer, to the voltage

delivered to a specified load impendence connected to the transducer.

3. ___________________________

The amount of resistance which is required to null the output of certain

transducers or input systems.

4. ___________________________

An assembly of resistors and the necessary switching or other means for

changing the resistance connected across its input terminals by known, fixed

amounts.

41

5. ___________________________

The association of circuits with one another by means of the mutual

resistance between circuits.

6. ___________________________

The voltage per unit length along a resistor or other conductive path.

7. ___________________________

An electric device in with the heat is developed by the passage of current

through a suitable resistor, which may be charge itself or a resistor imbedded

in or surrounding the charge.

8. ___________________________

A measure of magnetomotive force, especially as developed by an

electrician, defined as magnetomotive force developed by a coil of one turn

through which a current of one ampere flows; that is, 1.26 Gilberts.

9. ___________________________

In an element device, branch, network or system, the physical property

that is the factor by which the square of an instantaneous voltage must be

multiplied to give the corresponding energy lost by dissipation as heat or

other permanent radiation or by loss of electromagnetic energy from the

circuit.

10. ___________________________

Thermal energy transferred by thermal conduction.

11. ___________________________

The power flow parallel to the direction of propagation, expressed in

mhos/meter.

12. ___________________________

The energy imparted to charged particles as they respond to an electric

field and make collisions with other particles.

42

E. Seleccione la alternativa correcta que corresponde con la representación

gráfica dada:

1.a. voltage-regulator tube

b. tube socket

c. tube tester

d. tube shield

2.a. double-pole switch

b. simple switch

c. vacuum tube switch

d. torac switch

3.

a. owen bridge

b. wheatstone bridge

c. Anderson bridge

d. Kelvin bridge

4.

a. coupling capacitor

b. RC coupling

c. RC circuit

d. RC amplifier

43

(1) ___________________________

(2) ___________________________

(3) ___________________________

(4) ___________________________

(5) ___________________________

(6) ___________________________

(7) ___________________________

(8) ___________________________

(9) ___________________________

(10) __________________________

44

(1) ___________________________

(2) ___________________________

(3) ___________________________

(4) ___________________________

(5) ___________________________

(6) ___________________________

(7) ___________________________

(8) ___________________________

(9) ___________________________

(10) __________________________

(11) __________________________

(12) __________________________

(13) __________________________

(14) __________________________

45

VIII. ELECTRICAL WAVES

A. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado

(si es necesario escuche las grabaciones del tema).

may be called wave phenomenon comes out offlows out voltage supplying it do minus and back

and which one changing its mind do the terms…back to plus like those of straightforward surge

it is as though words of waves indeed they do

Electricity is a (1) _____________________. But is does not need to be all

the time. Electricity from a battery is not a wave. It (2) _____________________ of

a battery in a simple, (3) _____________________ or flow-in a direct current. But

most of our electricity (4) _____________________ well plugs, and is not direct

current. It is alternating current. And alternating current alternates in waves.

What is alternating current? A current alternates when the

(5)_____________________ is alternating. This means that the voltage keeps

changing from plus to minus, (6) _____________________ again, and so on. These

changes from plus (7) _____________________ are known as changes of polarity.

(8) _____________________ the battery pictured if Fig. 3 were to keep

(9)_____________________ about which terminal should be the positive terminal

(10) _____________________ should be the negative terminal, and was changing

its mind very quickly, and regularly. That is, repeated and periodic changes of

direction (11) _____________________ the pendulum. So each periodic change of

polarity may be called a cycle, or an oscillation, and the time of each cycle

(12)_____________________ a period. These are the familiar

(13)_____________________ the same words you meet in acoustics, mechanics,

optics and heat. (14) _____________________, amplitude, wavelength, phase,

frequency and other related terms apply here too? (15) _____________________.

The universe keeps the same patterns over and over and over again.

46

One of the oldest that is why making-electricitycarried from if direct current loop of wire

From plus to minus driven by water how largewhen you want roughly explain so that as

set up that are used who even heard

There is still one very important question to be answered:

(16)_____________________ of battery that keeps changing its terminals

(17)_____________________ and minus to plus? There is not such a battery; but

there is something else; the dynamo or generator. A dynamo or generator is another

way (19) _____________________ to make large quantities of electricity.

Before we (20) __________________________ what a generator is, let’s

first point out that most of the machines invented by man go round and round. (21)

_____________________ the wheel is considered the greatest of our inventions. It

is so much a part of so many things.

Probably (22)_____________________

ways to get wheels to go round and round is

by using water power. In Fig. 4 we can see

how a waterwheel, that is, a wheel

(23)_____________________ power, works.

No matter (24)_____________________ a

waterwheel is (and some

(25)_________________ in modern power

stations are truly enormous), it always works in a similar way.

A waterwheel may be attached to a (26) _____________________ (or, if it

is a large wheel, to many loops of wire). If the loops are arranged

(27)_____________________ they turn they move past a magnet, an electric current

is (28) _____________________ in the wire. A generator, then ordinarily produces

alternating current. The current is (29) _____________________ by electrical

contacts called brushes. (30) _____________________ is desired; it can be obtained

from the same generator by inserting a commutator.

47

as a result and so on that is whatleads us for each one the one

if we want what if out of the otherone of which phase changing which may be

put into works backwards in order tomay not want of both when compared

That last paragraph in the previous section brings us to electric motors.

Motors are everywhere. Most ordinary modern homes certain do tens of motors: in

refrigerators, electrics fans, electric mixers, hair dyers, phonograph turntables, can

openers, washing machines, (31) _____________________. What is a motor? It is a

generator or dynamo that (32) _____________________ if we turn a wheel (with

water power) we can get electricity out; in the same way if electricity is

(33)_____________________ a wheel, it turns. And (34) _____________________

all motors do. They round and round and round and do useful work

(35)_____________________ of our feeding electricity to them.

This (36) _____________________ into rectification. What is this?

Electrical engineers and physicists make good use (37) _____________________

direct current and alternating current. There are special uses

(38)_____________________ and the engineer uses (39) _____________________

he needs for particular job. He has invented many ways to make one

(40)_____________________, for example, your automobile has a battery and that

gives direct current but your car radio (41) _____________________ direct current.

So your car may have an alternator or a converter or a vibrator, any

(42)_____________________ can convert direct current into alternating current.

(43) _____________________ the engineer has alternating current and he wants to

convert it into a direct current? He may use a rectifier,

(44)_____________________ part of a power supply. We even have devices

(circuits) that can make alternating waves alternate “too late” or “too soon”

(45)_____________________ with other electrical waves. These waves are “out of

phase” or, like some music, out of tune. (46) _____________________ waves to be

out of phase on purpose, a (47) _____________________ circuit or network or a

delay line, may be used (48) _____________________ make the waves lead or lag.

48

the greater so far that is howon the ones so fast how fasthow high can ever which simplefaster set faster and faster another set

A higher set are now used

(49) _______________________ we have talked about alternating current,

but we have said nothing about (50) _______________________ it may alternate.

The fact is that the frequency of alternation can be (51) _______________________

that no river turning a waterwheel (52) _______________________ cause electrical

oscillations even one-billionth the speed (53) _______________________ used in

the most modern electrical systems, there fore it is good to make electrical waves

that alternate at (54) _______________________ frequencies. (Since, the higher

frequencies, (55) _______________________ number of television stations you can

have for example). But engineers never predicted (56) _______________________

the frequencies would actually become as new equipment was invented and

developed. (57) _______________________ they got into trouble with names. They

ran out of names for the different classifications of high frequencies, and the

frequency ranges they did names, they named badly.

Start with audio frequency (af), (58) _______________________ means a

frequency our ears can hear. The next (59) _______________________ of

frequencies (those used in radio) was called the radio frequencies (RF).

When stations were added and communications increased

(60)_______________________ of frequency band, called the high frequencies (hf)

was added. The next extension of frequency was called very high frequency (vhf),

and for television (611) _______________________ of frequencies, ultra-high

frequencies (uhf). Since this sort of classification could not be used for higher

frequencies, letters (62) _______________________ to name the various frequency

ranges. So we now have S band, X band, K band, KU band and L band, besides

those already mentioned.

that can that are become higherThe longest ones given time which is just

If the number who work are known as

49

As frequencies (63) ______________________, many more waves are

crowded into (64) ______________________ interval (like a second). In fact,

kilocycle waves (RF) vibrate on the order of thousands of times in a second.

(65)______________________ of vibrations in one second is high, then for one

wave to pass is very short. So shortwave radio works on waves of short wavelength,

(66) ______________________ another way of saying “very-high frequency”.

All electrical waves have wavelengths (67) ______________________

measurable; (68) ______________________ (shortest frequency) are meter waves

and we go right through metric system of length measurement to centimetre waves,

millimetre waves, and micron waves. Frequencies that are in the higher ranges

(69)______________________ microwave frequencies, to show that the

wavelengths associated with them are very small. Engineers

(70)______________________ with waves of these frequencies are called

microwave engineers. The electrical components (71) ______________________

handle these frequencies are called microwave components, the circuits are called

microwave circuits, and the whole field is called microwave engineering.

50

IX. WAVE WORDS

The following lists of words are words that pertain to the wave nature of

electricity, and because some are not exclusive to this field, here will also find

words related to voltage and circuits and several units used throughout electricity.

As we did with the section on varieties of circuits we are going to divide these

words according to certain orthographic characteristics so that they will be more

easily assimilated by the student.

Group 1. Includes all those terms that are orthographically analogous to the

corresponding terms in Spanish, therefore facilitating a faster understanding of the

term. “Amplitude”, for instance, can be easily related to the Spanish equivalent

“amplitude”.

Cicle Period Oscillation AmplitudeSinusoidal Phase Frequency PolarityPotential Watt Corona Selectivity

ARC Interodyne Superheterodyne PulseInterference Harmonic ERG BandAlternator Vibrator Synchronism Joule

Group 2. Includes one-syllable nouns common in the field.

A. Find the Spanish equivalent of these words:

1. spark ___________________________ 8. lag ______________________________2. signal ___________________________ 9. field _____________________________3. scan ____________________________ 10. noise ____________________________4. wave ____________________________ 11. delay ____________________________5. charge ___________________________ 12. pip ______________________________6. lobe _____________________________ 13. switch ___________________________7. lead _____________________________ 14. flux _____________________________

51

Group 3. Includes compound verbs.

B. Find the Spanish equivalent:

1. wavelength _________________________________________________

2. root-mean-square (rms) _______________________________________

3. bandwidth _________________________________________________

4. pulse width ________________________________________________

5. readout ____________________________________________________

6. side-lobe ___________________________________________________

7. microwave __________________________________________________

8. shortwave __________________________________________________

9. longwave ___________________________________________________

10. waveguide __________________________________________________

Group 4. Includes compound verbs.

C. Find the Spanish equivalent:

1. carrier wave _________________________________________________

2. carrier frequency _____________________________________________

3. signal envelope ______________________________________________

4. locking frequency ____________________________________________

5. sum frequency _______________________________________________

6. difference frequency __________________________________________

7. alternating current ____________________________________________

8. direct current ________________________________________________

9. lines or force ________________________________________________

10. eddy current ________________________________________________

11. mean free path ______________________________________________

12. time free path _______________________________________________

13. cross talk __________________________________________________

14. square wave ________________________________________________

15. sawtooth wave ______________________________________________

16. leading edge ________________________________________________

17. trailing edge ________________________________________________

18. side band ___________________________________________________

19. signal-to-noise radio __________________________________________

52

20. intermediate frequency ________________________________________

21. microwave plumbing __________________________________________

22. meter waves _________________________________________________

23. centimetres waves ____________________________________________

24. power supply ________________________________________________

25. delay line ____________________________________________________

D. Responda a la pregunta siguiente: What kind of waves are these?

1.a. sine wave

b. saw tooth wave

c. standing wave

d. spherical wave

2. a. long wave

b. longitudinal wave

c. transverse wave

d. square wave

E. Seleccione la palabra o palabras correctas que completan el enunciado.

1. An alternating current moves first in one direction and then

_____________________________________

a. in another

b. the opposite way

c. diagonally

d. parallel to that direction

2. Alternating current is produced by a source of voltage which

_____________________ its polarity, that is, which ____________________

from positive to negative and then back over and over again.

a. alters, charges

b. keeps, remains

c. maintains, holds

d. changes, switches

53

3. Since an alternating voltage switches its direction in a regular, repeated

pattern, it is a wave ___________________ and has such wave

____________________ as frequency, period, wavelength, amplitude, and

phase.

a. current, changes

b. phenomenom, properties

c. vibration, alterations

d. band, turns

4. Generators in which mechanical power, usually _______________________

powers, turns ______________________ which are connected to loops of wires,

are source of alternating current.

a. water, wheels

b. man, networks

c. atomic, reactors

d. electric, alternators

5. Motors work like generators ____________________________

a. that turn

b. in reverse

c. but straightforward

d. with no real differences

6. Instead of _______________________ wheels producing alternating current,

alternating current is used to make wheels turn.

a. charging

b. turning

c. making

d. mechanical

7. Alternating current may be turned into direct current in a _______________,

and direct current may be turned into alternating current in a ________________

or alternator.

a. alternator, rectifier

b. converter, alternator

c. rectifier, converter

d. alternator, converter

54

8. The phase of an alternating current wave may be made to _______________

or _____________________ another wave:

a. turn, cause

b. slow, deter

c. break, change

d. lag, lead

9. Electric waves are grouped into frequency

a. lanes

b. channels

c. bands

d. lines

55

(1) ___________________________

(2) ___________________________

(3) ___________________________

(4) ___________________________

(5) ___________________________

(6) ___________________________

(7) ___________________________

(8) ___________________________

(9) ___________________________

56

(1) ___________________________

(2) ___________________________

(3) ___________________________

(4) ___________________________

(5) ___________________________

(6) ___________________________

(7) ___________________________

(8) ___________________________

(9) ___________________________

(10) __________________________

(11) __________________________

(12) __________________________

(13) __________________________

(14) __________________________

57

(1) ___________________________

(2) ___________________________

(3) ___________________________

(4) ___________________________

(5) ___________________________

(6) ___________________________

(7) ___________________________

(8) ___________________________

(9) ___________________________

(10) __________________________

(11) __________________________

(12) __________________________

58

X. MAGNETISM

A. Ordene las siguientes frases y oraciones en su secuencia gramatical y retórica

más adecuada, para formar párrafos coherentes (si es necesario escuche las

grabaciones del tema).

Nº 1:

a. Magnetism is also an attraction of opposites.

b. Magnetism is attraction.

c. That was the attraction (or pull) of positive electrical charge for

negative electrical charge.

d. We have already met attraction in electricity, static electricity.

e. In order to feel magnetic pull you have to be magnetic too.

f. But there are several differences.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Nº 2:

a. Its modern, more descriptive name, is magnetite.

b. Some minerals are magnetic.

c. Magnetite is mined out of the ground and put into blast furnaces

together with a few other ingredients.

d. Lodestone was known to people of ancient times.

e. It finally comes out as iron.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

59

Nº 3:

a. These three are a family that can get into the magnetic fraternity.

b. Iron is the metal from which steel is made.

c. All three, magnetite, iron and steel are magnetic.

d. This fraternity is limited mainly to iron, nickel and cobalt.

e. Certain minerals, like magnetite, which contain iron, also belong in

this group.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Nº 4:

a. Everything else is out of the group and is called nonmagnetic or

diamagnetic.

b. Since iron is the best of the magnetic materials,

c. When a material is weakly magnetic it is given the name

paramagnetic.

d. That prefix “ferro” means pertaining to iron.

e. The word ferromagnetic means very magnetic.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

60

Nº 5:

a. What is does is move around without actually pulling it over.

b. The way it does this is described by the left-hand rule.

c. A magnet will not attract an electron, but it will divert it.

d. Objects that are not magnetic.

e. But that bear an electric charge may be affected by magnets.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Nº 6:

a. Then an electron will get a push in the direction of the thumb.

b. So that they all point in different directions.

c. The rule says that when an electron is moving as an electric current.

d. The left-hand rule is one of the oddest rules in all science.

e. In the direction of the forefinger and the magnetism is in direction of

the middle finger.

f. So, as can you see, the

electron gets a push from a

magnet.

g. It instructs the scientist to

spread the thumb and first

two fingers of his left hand.

h. As shown in figure 5,

i. But in an unexpected

direction.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

61

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

B. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado:

has does likeother ends thatany at itsas each which

How (1) _____________ a magnet work? A magnet works (2) ___________

tadpoles look. A tadpole (3) _____________ two ends and the important thing about

a tadpole is (4) ____________ one end is a head and the (5) __________________

end is a tail; the two (6) _________________ of a magnet are (7) _______________

north pole and south pole. Now (8) __________ object that is one way (9) ________

one end and the opposite way at the other end is known (10) ___________ a dipole,

(11) ________________ means “two ends”. So a magnet is a dipole, and opposite

poles attract (12) __________________ other while similar poles repel each other.

like also upthen how all

arrays from addition

You already know that (13) ____________________ the atoms that make

(14) ____________________ materials contain electrical charges. Magnetic

materials, in (15) ____________________ contain magnetic dipoles. You

(16)____________________ know (17) ____________________ physics that in

crystalline materials atoms “line up” in regular (18) ____________________ or

patterns. (19) ____________________ are these facts related? Sometimes little

crystals (crystallites) are magnetized (20) ____________________ dipoles. Groups

of these little crystals are (21) ____________________ called magnetic domains.

but out all likeif up which stilldo other must for

62

It is possible to have a material made (22) _________________of magnetic

domains (23) _________________ the material may (24) _________________ not

be magnetic - it may only magnetizable. (25) _________________ all the domains

are pointing every (26)

_________________ way, they tend to

cancel each (27)_______________

instead of working together (28)

______________ the forces working in

figure, they may be working in

opposition to each (29) _____________.

In order (30) _________________ the

material to become magnetic all of the

domains (31) _________________ be

made to point in the same direction.

How (32) _________________ you

make magnetic domains in a magnetizable material (33) _________________ point

in the same direction?

but away between asjust known all so that

wrong toward at such

Well, you place the material in a region (34) _______________ two

magnetic poles (35) ________________ in a figure 6. The region between the poles

is a very magnetic place. (36) ________________ a place is (37) _______________

as a magnetic field and we say that he field is full of a flux os (imaginary) lines of

magnetic force. The magnetic field cause (38) __________________ the domains

that are pointing the (39) _____________________ way to rotate around

(40)__________________ enough (41) ________________ they are all pointing in

the right way. All the magnetic domains turn and point so that the north poles of the

little domain magnets are all pointing (42) __________________ the south pole of

the magnetic field imposed from outside. (That makes all the south poles of the little

domains point (43) ____________________ the north pole of the imposed magnet

63

too). (44) ______________________________, when the big magnet is taken

(45)_______________________ the domains remain pointing all the same way.

has too them intoitself was why outeach with act other

The (46) __________________ of putting a potentially magnetic material

(47) _____________________ a magnetic field is called magnetization. Now the

piece that (48) ___________________ treated in this way (49) _________________

become a magnet (50) ______________________ and it can magnetize other

objects (provided of course, that they (51) ____________________ belong to the

group of materials that can be magnetized). (52) ___________________ is the

material now a magnet? Remember, (53) ___________________ little domain was

a magnet to begin (54) __________________. Making them all point the same way

has caused (55) ___________________ all to reinforce each (56) ______________.

Before some of then were canceling each other (57) ___________________, now

they are acting together.

known if actually mightafter as up each

around smallest have into

You (58) _____________________ be interested to know too, that the

rotation of little domains can (59) ___________________ be detected with a

loudspeaker (60) ____________________ you turn the wire from the loudspeaker.

(61) ___________________ a piece of metal (62) _________________ it is being

magnetized it is possible to “pick (63) ________________” the sound of the

domains rotating - as (64) ___________________ one flips (65) _______________

position it makes a little clicking noise. (66) _________________ you heard it? It

sounds like the popping of the (67) ___________________ popcorn. This effect was

named (68) _________________ the first man to define it; it is (69) _____________

as the Barkhausen effect.

lasts taken away other’s outdepends on these are will their

64

begin all up long but

(70) __________________________ a magnet stay a magnet? If so, how

(71) _____________________ the answer (72) ______________________ the

material. Some materials stay magnetic years, for lifetimes. (73) _______________

sometimes called permanent magnets. (74) ____________________ very little done

in this world by men (75) _________________ forever. Usually magnets gradually

lose (76) ____________________ magnetic qualities. Little by little, the magnetic

domains discover that the magnet that lines them (77) ___________________

(magnetized them) has been (78) ______________________, then they slowly

(79)_____________________ to revert to their previous unmagnetized state,

canceling (80) _________________________ each (81) ______________________

magnetism. The magnet demagnetizes.

be said to used to to beingis said to paired to to themseem to the first to one with

When physicists talk about magnetic materials they (82) ________________

attribute almost human qualities (83) _______________________. A material

(84)___________________ have a certain susceptibility (85) __________________

magnetized, and a magnetic retentivity after the field that was (86) ______________

magnetize it is removed. It is also (87) ___________________ process an amount of

coercivity and a magnetic reluctance. These qualities of magnets

(88)_______________________ magnetic field intensity, magnetic flux, magnetic

flux density, permeability, magnetomotive force and permeance area

(89)___________________ their corresponding symbols and units in which they are

measured in the following section. These units have their names after the physicist

Gilbert, Maxwell, Weber, Oersted, Gauss and Bakhausen who were

(90)_____________________ discovered these particular phenomena.

C. Aparee las palabras que describen las cualidades magnéticas con su

correspondiente símbolo y/o unidad (es). Si no tienen símbolo o unidad

expréselo con una raya .

a. Susceptibility, _______________________, ___________________

65

b. Reluctance, _______________________, _____________________

c. Coercivity, __________________________, ___________________

d. Retentivity, _________________________, ___________________

e. Permeance, ______________________, _______________________

f. Magnetic flux, _______________________, ___________________

g. Magnetic flux intensity, ___________________, ________________

h. Magnetic flux density, _________________, ___________________

i. Permeability, _______________________, ____________________

j. Magnetomotive force, _________________, ___________________

SYMBOLS: P, F, H, X, Z, Ø, B, M

UNITS: GAUSS, WEBER, MAXWELL, GILBERT, OERSTED

D. Seleccione la alternativa correcta que completa o responde a los siguientes

enunciados o preguntas:

1. Which of the following is not magnetic material:

a. Copper

b. Ferries

c. Cobalt

d. Nickel

e. Magnetite

2. Alnico is the trade name of an alloy which is derived from:

a. Iron, steel and nickel

b. Iron, nickel and cobalt

c. Aluminium, nickel and cobalt

d. Ferries

3. Which two words best describe the group of magnetic materials

known as the ferrites?

a. Natural, ferrous

b. Alloyed, attractionless

c. Mined, nonferrous

d. Artificial, synthetic

4. Magnetism is an attraction. ____________________ materials are

attracted magnetically.

66

a. Many

b. Only certain

c. Only iron

d. All kinds of

5. Magnetic materials are known as ferromagnetic and paramagnetic

materials. All other materials are nonmagnetic, or

_______________________.

a. Dipolar

b. Static

c. Diamagnetic

d. Synthetic

6. Although materials that are changed electrically are not necessarily

attracted by magnets, they are _________________________

diverted by them.

a. Sometimes

b. Quite often

c. Always

d. Never

7. The way that an object with negative charge is diverted is

________________________ by the left-hand rule; the effect on a

positive charge is _____________________ by the right-hand rule.

a. Given

b. Caused

c. Changed

d. Charged

8. A material is magnetic when it is made up of crystallites (little

crystals) that are themselves magnetic. These crystallites are called

magnetic _____________________

a. Forces

b. Domains

c. Fluxes

d. Fields

9. A crystallite is magnetic if it is a magnetic ________________ that

is, if it has north pole at one and a south pole at the other end.

67

a. Force

b. Field

c. Dipole

d. Flux

10. A magnetic material may be magnetized if it is placed in a magnetic

region (a magnetic field). This causes all the magnetic domains that it

contains to line up and ____________________ each other.

a. Cancel

b. Reinforce

c. Destroy

d. Balance

68

(1) ____________________________

(2) ____________________________

(3) ____________________________

(4) ____________________________

(5) ____________________________

(6) ____________________________

(7) ____________________________

(8) ____________________________

(9) ____________________________

(10) ___________________________

(11) ___________________________

(12) ___________________________

(13) ___________________________

(14) ___________________________

(15) ___________________________

(16) ___________________________

(17) ___________________________

(18) ___________________________

(19) ___________________________

(20) ___________________________

69

(1) Charactron ______________________________

(2) Mu-Metal Shield _______________________________

(3) Coil adjusters_______________________________

(4) Yoke adjuster _______________________________

(5) Helical accelerator _______________________________

(6) Viewing screen _______________________________

(7) Electron gun _______________________________

(8) Selection plates _______________________________

(9) Matrix _______________________________

(10) Convergence coil _______________________________

(11) Reference plates _______________________________

(12) Deflection yoke _______________________________

(13) Displayed character (dotted line indicates path of electron beam)

___________________________________________________

70

XI. COMPONENTS

A. Ordene las siguientes frases y oraciones en su esencia gramatical y retórica

más adecuada, para formar ideas o párrafos coherentes (si es necesario

escuche las grabaciones del tema).

Nº 1:

a. And active components, such as radio tubes and solid state devices.

b. These can be divided into “passive” components.

c. This section and the next two will deal with the devices that the

electrons move in.

d. Such as resistors and capacitors, which we will describe in this section.

e. Which we will go into in the next two sections.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Nº 2:

a. The components these symbols represent are the building blocks of

circuits.

b. All components are represented by symbols.

c. But components is the word conventionally used by electrical

engineers.

d. These building blocks can be called building blocks, ingredients, parts,

constituents, elements or components of circuits.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

71

Nº 3:

a. Emphasizing the words you will meet in discussions of components.

b. From the point of view of the English students.

c. And considerer some variations on it.

d. Start with the word resistor.

e. This section will discuss these symbols.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Nº 4:

a. (Or clogging, like a clogged drain)

b. The amount of resistance it has may be large or small.

c. A resistor is gadget that offers resistance.

d. To the flow of electrons (current).

e. But whatever its size it is measured in ohms.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

72

Nº 5:

a. That is a resistor.

b. When he buys a resistor he picks out one with just as many ohms as he

wants.

c. Or ten million ohms of resistance (also called ten megaohms).

d. An engineer may want a certain amount of resistance at certain point in

a circuit he is building.

e. A resistor can have one ohm of resistance.

f. He can buy a little cylindrical device with a wire sticking out of each

end, as shown in the picture.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

73

Nº 6:

a. For example, the resistance of a cube of copper that is one centimetre

long on each side.

b. The suffix “ivity” means that a unit amount of a quality is being

described.

c. Is at the same time the resistivity of the copper

d. Anything that has resistance also is resistive and has resistivity.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Nº 7:

a. So in the same way.

b. You remember that we can talk about conductance (measured in

mhos).

c. We can form the nouns conductor and conductivity and the adjective

conductive.

d. From our discussion on ohm’s law.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

74

Nº 8:

a. And an inductor has inductive reactance (symbol XL).

b. That you will encounter almost as frequently as resistors are capacitors

and inductors.

c. Resistance and reactances are often grouped together as inductances

(z).

d. Two other types of circuit components.

e. As a resistors has resistance a capacitor has capacitive reactance

(symbol Xc).

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Nº 9:

a. There are meters which measure only the smallest quantities of volts or

amperes, like the microvolt meter and the microammeter.

b. A meter then, turns out to be “a measurer”

c. All electrical units are measured with meters.

d. And meters which, like the megohmmeter, measure millions of ohms.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

75

B. Escriba el nombre apropiado en Inglés y en Español de los “componentes”

representados aquí gráficamente:

76

(1) ___________________________

(2) ___________________________

(3) ___________________________

(4) ___________________________

(5) ___________________________

(6) ___________________________

(7) ___________________________

(8) ___________________________

(9) ___________________________

(10) __________________________

(11) __________________________

(12) __________________________

(13) __________________________

(14) __________________________

77

(1) Carbon microphone _________________________________

(2) Rubber Mount _________________________________

(3) Stretched metal diaphragm ______________________________________

(4) Carbon granules ____________________________

(5) 12 V Battery ____________________________

(6) Rheostat ____________________________

(7) Step-up transformer ____________________________

(8) Output ____________________________

(9) Rubber Mount ________________________________

(10) Carbon Granules ___________________________________

(11) Buttons ____________________________

78

(1) Optical Sound Recorder _________________________________

(2) Condenser lens _________________________________

(3) Light valve ______________________________________

(4) Electromagnetic field coil _________________________________________

(5) Film ____________________________

(6) Recording Sprocket ________________________________________

(7) Scanning beam ______________________________________

(8) Objective lens _______________________________________

(9) Light valve ribbons ________________________________________

(10) Exciter lamp _______________________________________

(11) Optical center __________________________________

79

C. Seleccione la(s) expresión(es) que completa(n) cada uno de los siguientes

enunciados:

1. The building block of circuits are called circuit components. The

names of the different components serve as ______________________

for other words that describe features of the components. For example,

resistance is the _____________________ for resistivity, resistive and

resistor.

a. Derivatives, derivative

b. Models, pattern

c. Root words, root

d. Standards, norm

2. Most components also may be represented by a symbol. There are

also usually abbreviations for the electrical ______________________

of a component and the ________________________ used to measure

it. (So resistance is R and the number of ohms of resistance is).

a. Force, symbols

b. Conductance, conductor

c. Symbols, force

d. Quality, units

3. The capacity of an electrical components is ____________________

with an electrical meter. There is different meter for every kind of

component. For example the number of ohms of resistance of a resistor

is _________________________ with an ohmmeter.

a. Measured

b. Extended

c. Expanded

d. Enlarged

80

4. We will see now what these components are, some words, derived

from them and what they do, since each one does something useful

______________________ the way that electric current flows through

it.

a. By maintaining

b. By modifying

c. By restoring

d. By totally changing

5. The end result of the combination of many circuits (each

___________________ of many components) are the modern electrical

devices that we see around us everywhere; the radio, the TV set, the

Dictaphone, the electric typewriter, and so on.

a. Derived

b. Part

c. Made up

d. A network

6. A resistor (R, r) _______________________ the flow of electric

current. Resistance is measured by the ohmmeter.

a. Resistors

b. Changes

c. Keeps

d. Impedes

7. A capacitor _____________________ voltage. Capacitance is

measured by the capacitance meter.

a. Stores

b. Produces

c. Restores

d. Maintains

81

8. A ______________________ (L, E) stores magnetic energy.

Inductance is measured by the capacitance meter.

a. Battery

b. Capacitor

c. Circuit

d. Coil

9. A transformer (Xfmr) makes voltage and currents

__________________________.

a. Remains constant

b. Increase or decrease

c. Gradually increase

d. Gradually decrease

10. A battery (batt) ___________________________ electrical energy

chemically. The voltage is measured by the voltmeter.

a. Increases

b. Decreases

c. Obtains

d. Generates

D. Determine la traducción correcta al español de los siguientes términos:

1. Shunt __________________________________________________

2. Filter capacitor __________________________________________

3. Troid __________________________________________________

4. Choke __________________________________________________

5. Filter Coil _______________________________________________

6. Turns __________________________________________________

7. Turns-ratio ______________________________________________

8. Core ___________________________________________________

9. Step-down transformer ____________________________________

10. Step-up transformer _______________________________________

11. Cell ____________________________________________________

12. Self-induction ___________________________________________

82

E. Aparee los términos siguientes con la descripción que le corresponde:

Antenna Switch Ground Loudspeaker Battery

1. ___________________________________

Converts electrical energy into sound

2. ___________________________________

A place in the circuit where the voltage is zero

3. ___________________________________

Opens and closes a circuit. When it is “open”, no current flows, when

it is “thrown” or “closed”, current flows

4. ___________________________________

“Picks up” electrical energy “out of the air”

5. ___________________________________

Generates electrical energy chemically

F. Determine el nombre en inglés de estos conmutadores o interruptores de

acuerdo con su representación gráfica:

1.

___________________________________

2.

___________________________________

3.

___________________________________

4.

___________________________________

G. Determine la equivalencia en español de los términos siguientes:

1. SPST switch ____________________________________________

83

2. DPDT switch ____________________________________________

3. DPST switch ____________________________________________

4. SPDT switch ____________________________________________

(1) Tape Recording ________________________________________

(2) Signal to be recorder _________________________________________

(3) Recording head _____________________________________________

(4) Magnetic fields _____________________________________________

(5) Playback head ______________________________________________

(6) Signal to be played back ______________________________________

(7) Tape base __________________________________________________

(8) Tape travel _________________________________________________

(9) Magnetized areas ____________________________________________

(10) Iron oxide coating ___________________________________________

84

This device dissects images, so it is called an

______________________________________

(1) _________________________________

(2) Photosensitive cathode _________________________________________

(3) Deflection coil _______________________________________________

(4) Focusing coil _________________________________________________

(5) Multiplier housing _____________________________________________

(6) Window ____________________________

(7) Lens _______________________________

(8) Aperture ____________________________

(9) Segments ____________________________

(10) Anode (with coating) __________________________________

85

(1) ____________________________

(2) ____________________________

(3) ____________________________

(4) ____________________________

(5) ____________________________

(6) ____________________________

(7) ____________________________

(8) ____________________________

(9) ____________________________

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(1) _____________________________

(2) _____________________________

(3) _____________________________

(4) _____________________________

(5) _____________________________

(6) _____________________________

(7) _____________________________

(8) _____________________________

(9) _____________________________

87

(1) ____________________________

(2) ____________________________

(3) ____________________________

(4) ____________________________

(5) ____________________________

(6) ____________________________

(7) ____________________________

(8) ____________________________

(9) ____________________________

(10) ___________________________

88