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CONFIDENTIAL
"Confidentiality released by writer in May 1997,’
•
.J)
POSITIONING OF FAST FOOD SHOPS
IN HONG KONG :
A CASE STUDY ON
WENDY FOODS LIMITED
by
HO LIK-SHING, ADOLPHUS
and
WONG HON-SHING, GARY
• n 力 冬 ’
黄 漢 成
MBA PROJECT REPORT
Presented to
The Graduate School
In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
TWO-YEAR MBA PROGRAMME
THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG
May 1992
Dr. Charles Steilen ! .
Advisor
s fS ‘
5 八 7。:
\ . C、义\
347964
- . 延 機
2 ”瑜 i同1 ) 1
: . ^ n 'iV^x
Page yiii
舞
ABSTRACT
The fast food industry in Hong Kong is growing rapidly in recent years. With
the addition of some of the foreign giants entering the territory, in order to compete
successfully, one need to find a distinct position in the mind of the customers.
Wendy's is the most aggressive one among the new entrants. They advertised on TV,
radio, and press, and held a "Chinese name for Wendy's" competition.
The objective of this project is to develop a positioning strategy for Wendy's
To position a company or a product, first,some possible competitive
advantages are to be identified. Then, the right advantages are to be selected as its
position and signalled effectively to the market.
According to one of our customer surveys, the most important criteria for
choosing fast food shops are Cleanliness and Tidiness, Taste of Food, Quality, Good
Value for Money, and Convenience.
On the other hand, from our competitor overview and customer surveys, we
found that the five market leaders — McDonald, Cafe De Coral, Fairwood, KFC, and
Maxim's, all have their strength in the criteria. McDonald, the close competitor of
Wendy's, is strong in all criteria and they have a very strong association with
Hamburger. Cafe De Coral and Fairwood are strong in Convenience. KFC and
Maxim's are strong in Cleanliness and Tidiness, Taste of Food, and Quality of Food.
From our customer survey on Wendy's, we found that Wendy's is very strong
in Cleanliness and Tidiness. So, we recommended this as their primary position.
Pageut
P
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ^
TABLE OF CONTENTS ^^
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ix
Chapter
L INTRODUCTION 1
Project Objective ^
Methodology . . . • ^
IL LITERATURE REVIEW 3
Positioning ^
Importance of Positioning 3 Positioning Task ^
Identifying Possible Competitive Advantages 5 Selecting the Right Advantages 6 Effectively signalling to the market the firm's position 6
Formulation of Positioning Strategy for Wend's Food 6
Page yiii
m. INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS OF FAST FOOD INDUSTRY IN HONG
KONG 8 p
Restaurant Industry 8
Fast Food Industry 11 Demographic Trends . 14
Geographic Trend 14
Income Trend
Household Size 16
Age Trend
Household Expenditure Pattern 18
Implications 18
IV. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS 20
Overview 20 Cafe-De-Coral 23
History 23 Business Strategy 23 Marketing Strategy . , 24
Operations Strategy 25
McDonald 27
History 27
Business Strategy 27 Marketing Strategy 28 Operations Strategy . 28
Fairwood 29 History 29 Business Strategy 29 Marketing Strategy 30
Operations Strategy 31 Maxim's 32
History . 32 Business Strategy 32 Marketing Strategy 33 Operations Strategy 33
Kentucky Fried Chicken 34 History 34
Business Strategy 34 Marketing Strategy 34 Operations Strategy 35
- >
I-
Pagey
Wendy's 36
History • • 36
Business Strategy • • ‘ 36
Marketing Strategy 36
Operations Strategy 38
Comparison of Various Competitors 39
Cafe de Coral 39
McDonald 39
Fairwood . 40
Maxim's 40
Kentucky Fried Chicken 41
Wendy's 41
Implications 41
V. RESEARCH DESIGN 42
Objectives • . 42 Research Methodology 42
Focus Group Study 43 Descriptions 43 Findings - - 44
"Questionnaire on fast food shops" Survey 45 Descriptions 45
"Questionnaire on Wendy's" Survey 46 Descriptions 46
VI. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 48
"Questionnaire on fast food shops" Survey 48
Findings 48 Analysis 51
"Questionnaire on Wendy's" Survey 53 Findings 53 Analysis 55
Discussions with Crew Members and Customers 56 About the Shop 56 About the Menu 56 About the Food 57
Implications 57
Page yiii
VII. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WENDY'S 58
身
Position
Target Customer 邻
Pricing 60 Distribution ^^
Advertising
Areas for Improvement 61
VIII. LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 62
Limitations for the Study 62
Suggestions for Further Research . 63
APPENDIX 64
1 Questionnaire on fast food shops - 64
2 Data of "Questionnaire on fast food shops" 70 3 Questionnaire on Wendy's 75 4 Data of "Questionnaire on Wendy's" 79 5 Test on Different Samples 83
BIBLIOGRAPHY 85
Fage vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1 Total Receipts of Restaurant Sector
(1982-1990) 8
Figure 3.2 Receipts Index of Restaurant Sector
(1984-1990) 9
Figure 3.3 Regional Distribution of Restaurants (1989) 10
Figure 3.4 Number of Fast Food Shops (1982-1989) 11
Figure 3.5 Number of Employees in Fast Food Industry
(1982-1989) - — — 1 1
Figure 3.6 Total Costs in Fast Food Industry (1982-1989) • . 12
Figure 3.7 Total Revenues in Fast Food Industry
(1982-1989) 12
Figure 3.8 Total Profits in Fast Food Industry (1982-1989) 13
Figure 3.9 Population Distribution by District Board
(1981 & 1986) 14
Figure 3.10 Monthly Household Income (1981 & 1986) 15
Figure 3.11 Average Household Size (1981 & 1986) 16
Figure 3.12 Population by Age Group (1981 & 1986) 17
Figure 6.1 Importance of various Selection Factors 49
Figure 6.2 Customers' Perception on Selection Factors
(Survey 1) 50 Figure 6.3 Customers' Perception on Selection Factors
(Survey 2) 54
/
Page yiii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Household Expenditure Pattern (1984-1985) 18
Table 4.1 Market Share & Number of Outlets
of Various Fast Food Shops 21
Table 4.2 Advertising Spending of Various
Fast Food Shops (1990) 22
Page yiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are greatly indebted to Dr. Charles Steilen for being our project advisor.
During the past year, through his helpful guidance and assistance, we have managed
to proceed our project in the smoothest manner.
We would also like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to the
director, Mr. Hano Maeloa, the manager-corporate, Ms. Natalie K. Sudirman, and
the shop manager, Mr. Teddy K.W. Fung, of Wendy's Food Limited, for their
support and cooperation throughout the course of our project.
Page yiii
w
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
According to Allies and Jack Trout, the developers of positioning theory, the
50's was the "product era",the 60,s and 70,s were the "image era", and the 80,s was
the "positioning era". However, a lot of companies in Hong Kong are still
concentrating their efforts in products and images, rather than focusing on positioning.
The fast food industry in Hong Kong was growing rapidly in recent years and
the industry has received much press exposure in 1992.
In the beginning of the 90,s’ some overseas giants such as Wendy's, Jack In
The Box, and Hardee's, all set up operations in the territory in order to get a share
of the pie. However, how much they can obtain from the local giants such as Cafe
De Coral and Fairwood, and some other overseas giants such McDonald and KFC,
is still a question.
Out of all the new entrants, Wendy's is the most aggressive one. They
advertised frequently on TV and Radio at the start up and they organized a "Chinese
Name for Wendy's" competition. So, we have chosen Wendy's as a focus for this
positioning study.
Page yiii
Project Objective
The objective of this project is to develop a positioning strategy for the Wendy
Food Ltd.
Methodology
The project will start with a look at the theories of positioning and the steps
in working out a position for a company. Then, a study on the industrial trends will
be conducted in order to gain an overview of the fast food industry in Hong Kong.
After that, we will take a look at the major competitors of Wendy's in the market. We
defined the competitors as those chained, self-service fast food shops. The competitors
to be considered are Cafe De Coral, Fairwood, Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC),
Maxim's Fast Food, and McDonald. (They are denoted as the "fives" in this report).
By doing this, we can identify the strengths and weaknesses of the competitors, and
determine how Wendy's can compete with them.
We will then look at the customers' criteria in selecting a fast food shop by a
questionnaire survey. We can then identify the areas that a fast food shop should be
concentrated on, in order to satisfy and attract customers.
Moreover, customers' attitudes towards the "fives" and Wendy's will be
identified by questionnaire surveys. By doing this, we will have a picture of the
positions of all these fast food shops in the minds of customers.
Finally, we will look at the relative strengths, weaknesses, and customers'
attitudes of Wendy's, and suggest how Wendy's should position itself.
Page yiii
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
Positioning
According to the developers of the concept of positioning, A1 Ries and Jack
Trout, "Positioning is not what you do to a product. Positioning is what you do to the
mind of the prospect. That is, you position the product in the mind of the prospect."
Positioning is the act of designing the product's image and value offer so that
the target customers understand and appreciate what the product stands for in relation
to its competitors.
A product (or service) position involves the set of associations with the
product. It is created over time, often from a large assortment of sources such as the
product design, the advertising, the price, the store in which it is bought, and who
uses it. However, as mentioned, emphasis should be put on how are these sources,
when combined together, form a position in the prospect's mind.
Importance of PositioniTip
Positioning is strategically important because it can take years to create, is
Page yiii
difficult to change, and affects business success and competitive strategy.
The advantage of solving the positioning problem is that it enables the
company to solve the marketing-mix problem. The marketing mix is essenti^y the
working out of the tactical details of the positioning strategy.
There are many successful positioning examples in United States as well as
Hong Kong which can demonstrate the importance of positioning in various industries.
In United States, enormous share of mind is enjoyed by Coca-Cola and Pepsi. Hence
7-Up links its product to what was already in the mind of the prospect, the "Uncola"
position established 7-Up as an alternative to a cola drink. Up to now, it still holds
the third position despite of the keen competition. The other classic example of
successful positioning in U.S. was the Avis Rent-A-Car, which positioned itself as the
No. 2 in rent-a-car against Hertz. The campaign ended the thirteen years of money-
losing in Avis.
In Hong Kong, Perrier has been successfully positioned as a high-priced
premium water by aggressive advertising and exclusive distribution. Rejoice Wash &
Go shampoo, though was not the first one to introduce 2-in-l shampoo, ranks at the
top of customers' mind as a 2-in-l shampoo and becomes the market leader soon after
launching. Again the Head & Shoulder shampoo showed reasonable progress because
of its position as a "dandruff killer". For the positioning of company, 7-11 and
Welcome also successfully placed their positions as the most convenient store and the
lowest priced supermarket respectively.
Pages
Positioning Task
The positioning task consists of three steps : a) identifying possible competitive
advantages, b) selecting the right advantage(s), and c) effectively signalling to the
market the firm's positioning concept.
Identifying Possible Competitive Advantages
According to Michael Porter, there are two basic types of competitive
advantages : cost leadership and differentiation. The company's task is to examine its
costs and performance and to look for improvements. Whenever the company can do
better than its competitors in these aspects, it has achieved a competitive advantage.
On the other hand, the company should also look for competitive advantages in its
suppliers, distributors, and customers. For example, the advantages that the
company's product can provide its customers is a competitive advantage.
David Aaker suggested seven approaches to position strategy :
1) By Product Characteristics or Customer Benefits
2) By Price Quality
3) By Use or Application
4) By Product User
5) By Product Class
6) By Culture Symbols
7) By Competitors
Companies can use these approaches as hints when looking for competitive
Page yiii
advantages.
Selecting the Right Advantages
After the company has identify a number of competitive advantages, it should
select the most suitable one(s) for positioning. Some of the advantages may not be so
clear-cut, may conflict with other, may not be consistent with the company profile,
or may not be perceived the same way by customers.
Effectively signalling to the market the firm's position
After the company has chosen the suitable advantage(s), it should find the most
effective way to position itself or its products. It happens often that customers are not
aware of these advantages and need to be remind of. In this over-communication
society, if a advertisement is not effective enough, no matter how strong the
advantages are, the company or product may still do not have the desired position in
the customers' mind.
Formulation of Positioning Strategy fpr Wendy'g Food
Basing on the above framework, it is necessary to first identify the competitive
advantages of Wendy's Food before the formulation of its positioning strategy. It can
be done by a subjective competitor analysis and an objective one basing on the
customers' perception. Therefore, a subjective competitor analysis on Wendy's Food
Page yiii
and other five market leaders was done in chapter IV。And the competitor's positions
perceived by the customers was then found by customers' surveys as summarized in
chapter V and VI. Afterwards, the right or the most suitable advantages is(are)
selected for Wendy's positioning strategy. To know which advaiitage(s) should be
selected, both the recent market trends and the customer's attitudes should be taken
into consideration. The industrial analysis done in chapter HI has summarized some
important market trends. And again the customers' surveys in chapter V and VI
illustrated some useful customers' attitudes for Wendy's positioning strategy.
Eventually, the selected position for Wendy's should be effectively signalled
to the market. A brief recommendation for Wendy's in chapter Vn then laid out the
ways for Wendy's to achieve the chosen position in the market as well as the
customers' mind.
Pages
CHAPTER II I
INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS OF FAST FOOD INDUSTRY IN HONG KONG
Restaurant Industry
During 1982 to 1990,the restaurant industry in Hong Kong has been growing
steadily as Figure 3.1 below illustrates. The total receipts have grown by an average
annual compound rate of approximately 14%.
I ^ s w e s a
Total receipts of Restaurant Sector (1982-1990)
Total Sales Receipts ($ 000,000,000) 60-1 —
43.3 / A 38.7 fffflfj
40 ' iiii:;;
28 :;::::;. j…丨 30 :::::::::::::::::::::
… 2 2 . 3 醒 iiiiiii丨;;丨;丨;
19 ^ a :::;;;: ;;;;;!::丨
2 0 - … 估 X • 纟 出 丨 丨 • • 丨 問 丨 丨 • •;;;;;:;- •;;;;;;; •-/ ^ II11[II( ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: :::::•:
1 0 — • ! I! ! i I : • ‘ ‘ i ‘ ‘ ‘ i * ‘ • ] I ISI ! II - • I I «111 ] • • • • SI. U ^ I . • • • • -
0 ^S」^^^ ^ S ) 啡 J ^ffl^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^〉^^ 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Extracted from Government 8tati«tlo«
Page yiii
Of the different types of restaurants operating in Hong Kong, fast food shops
exhibited the strongest growth. Figure 3.2 showed the relative growth of their index
of receipts. (Taking quarterly average of Oct 84 - Sep 85 = 100)
F t g i m 3 . 2
Receipts Index of Restaurant Sector (1984-1990)
300 T -250- “;;: •… 200 •.… 150 1 — • . • • - • _ ••睡
50-0 1 — — I — — I — — I — — I — — i — — I —
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Entire Rest. Sector 97 101 109 128 147 170 190 Chinese Restaurant 97 101 109 130 146 166 184 Non-Chinese Rest. 98 100 105 121 143 170 196 Fast food shops 90 103 119 137 170 217 255 Bars 92 102 112 123 129 136 160 Others 100 103 | 112 128 135 153 161
• Entire Rest. Sector 一— Fast food shops
Extracted from Government Statistics (Quattrly m r a g t raotlpU of
Oot 84 - 8»p 88 • 100)
Page yiii
The total receipts of restaurant sector in 1989 (in millions) among different
districts are summarized in Figure- 3.3 below. Other than the densely populated
business areas, some industrial areas like Tsuen Wan, Shum Shui Po and Kwun Tong
also expose a considerable amount added up to 25% of the total receipts.
figure
Regional Distribution of Restaurant (1989) Eastern 6137
Mong KoK z ^ ^ ^ Souihern
SjmW::"" 3302 ' U Z L l Z J ^ Shum Shut Po
2561 Central & Western 2923
Extracted from Government Statistics
Page yiii
Fast Food Industry
According to Figure 3.4, the number of fast food shops has grown from 576
in 1982 to 951 in 1989, with an average annual rate of 7%. In the meantime, the
number of employees in fast food industry grew much faster. Figure 3.5 showed that
it has grown from 5,600 to 16,000 with an average annual rate of 16%. It obviously
demonstrated the growing size of the fast food shops by looking at the average
number of employees per a fast food shop. It has grown from 10 in 1982 to 17 in
1989, with almost a 70% increase in the shop's size.
F t g m 3 . 4
Basics Statistics of Fast Food Industry - 1
Noabcr of F m I Food Shop* 1200-1 —
1000 -wa' •;抛:y A r ^ '
• : j___ l 1982 198S 1084 I M S 1086 1M7 1088 1889
Extrsated tram QoMrmnnt 8latl»tlo«
Basics Statistics of Fast Food Industry - 2
Numb«r oi Employe— (Thou—n<l»)
S i i 1BS2 198S 1084 1088 1980 1087 1088 IMfl
ExtnnM frani OowmMnt mMtollGa
Page yiii
Within the same period, the total costs and the total revenues of the fast food
industry depicted in Figures 3.6 & 3:7 have almost grown in the same average annual
rate of about 22%.
F i g u r e 3^6
Basics Statistics of Fast Food Industry - 3
Total Costa (Millions) 4000-1
3334 3500 (CziTi
i i l l i i 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Extracted from Government 8tati«tle«
F t g i s r € 3 . 7
Basics Statistics of Fast Food Industry - 4
Total Revenues (MlUions} 6 0 0 0 - j —
3735 4000 ;
3059
2337 ^ ^ ^ ^ 17M ^ m
鄉 1074 ^ f f l M • • 圖
1-__耀躍_圓_漏| 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Extracted from Qowrnment 8tati«tic«
Page yiii
However, with reference to Figure 3.8 below, the total profit rose in a steeper
slope. With an average annual growth rate of 25%, it grew from 83 millions in 1982
to almost fivefold, 401 millions in 1989. In addition, basing on Figures 3.7 & 3.8,
the profit margin of fast food industry has grown from 9.2% to 10.7% in the same
period.
Basics Statistics of Fast Food Industry - 5
Total Profits (Millions) 600 T
401
H 叫 ;齒隱雷._...
Q ^^ R ^ - ^ ^^^
1 9 8 2 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 6 1 9 8 7 1 9 8 8 1 9 8 9
Extracted from Qovernment Statistics
Page yiii
Demographic Trends
Geographic Trend
During the recent decade (80's), the population in Hong Kong has been
diffused to some newly developed towns such as Shatin, Tai Po and Tuen Mun.
Figure 3.9 showed that the population among the above 3 districts has been doubled
in five years since 1981,and the trend seemed to be continuing in the next decade.
Population Distribution by District Board
Central & Western : : : : : Wan Chai - h(( h、h i : : :
Eastern - n n n^ i n n Kfu n (f f < f /777 i i Southern i : : :
Kowloon City - ( n n n n t n n u i m u < i \ : Kwun Tong - m n n t n n t n n i n m n f n n i rn n 7TT\ n f : MongKoK - … ⑴ 川 ; ; i
Sham Shui Po - {u i n f u u i u i i u n u f n n r^ : Wong Tai Sin - n i n m n n n n i < m ~ ':
Yau Ma Tei - " ⑴ r 川 — : : : : : : Islands - 日 : North - H i …广“、
Sai Kung -曰 : SKatln - n n n ' A n n u n n u f m : : : : T a i P o - 7 7 7 7 } n f ^ \ j ; ; •
Tsuen Wan - n n n n n n n i n n n n n u n ( n n m i zzt Yuen Long - m u n i Tuen Mun , 厂 !•”卩 • w j 卩卩•w」j j j j j
0 100 200 300 400 600 600 700 800 (Thousands)
I I 81 Census 86 By-Census
Extracted from Government Statistics
Pate 15
Income Trend
Referring to Figure 3.10, over 50% of households lied in the income range of
HK$ 1,500 to 5,000 in 1981 census. However, by 1986,nearly 50% of households
lied between HK$ 3,000 and 8,000. It illustrated that the monthly household income
as well as the average living condition have a considerable growth in past decade.
F i g m r e 3 . 1 0
Monthly Household Income Under 600 = ' : : :
600-999 -rVrV 卩 I ? i 1 0 0 0 - 1 4 9 9 丨 • ~ ‘
1 5 0 0 - 1 9 9 9 丨 二 ;-
2 0 0 0 - 2 4 9 9 丨
2500-2999 - … " " … J j j j l l u a \ ‘ : _: 3000-3999 - … " 、 “ " " … < n U “ n j u u j j j , u u . r 7 T T t T 7 \ 4000-4999 “ … … h ( u " u u m a ; 5000-5999 - n n n n n n n n n h u ' j u u n n n i i i 6000-6999 … ⑦ … … 7 0 0 0 - 7 9 9 9 ‘ 丨 丨 丨 :
8 0 0 0 - 8 9 9 9 - … " 、 … " • 、 " " 八
9000-9999 1 0 0 0 0 - 1 1 9 9 9 - “ “ … 山
12000-14999 -zzzzzzzzzzzizzza 15000-19999 -^zzzzzzzza
20000 Over : j j 0 50 100 150 200 260
Number of Households (Thousands) Z H 81 Census WA 86 By-Census
Page yiii
Household Size
Figure 3.11 clearly indicated that the average household size has gradually
decreased in 25 years from 4.4 in 1961 to 3.7 in 1986.
F t g m i M
Average Household Size (Number of Persons)
1 1 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986
Extracted from Government Statistics
Page yiii
Age Trend
Undoubtedly, Hong Kong has faced an ageing problem in past decade. The
number of teenagers has been reduced considerably from 1,061,000 in 1981 to
825,000 in 1989, approximate to 19% decrease. Whereas the people over 30 years old
has been increased especially those who was over 50 years old. And the age group 30-
39 was becoming more and more important in Hong Kong. Details has been shown
in the following Figure 3.12.
F t g m 3 . 1 2
Population by Age Group (1981-1989)
Thousands 1 2 0 0 n ——* 言 H Z ; :
1 0 0 0 - 1•〜〜‘二二二 : : : : : : : • “ : : : 一 10 _ 19
8 0 0 … … 二 ] 二 : 二 … … + 2 0 - 2 9
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ < 3 . 3 0 - 3 9
6 0 0 - • • … ; • 二 ; 二 • . … 一• 40 - 49
分 5 0 - 6 9
4 0 0 - - ~ 1 1 1 -I 1 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 Over 60
0 - 9 829 845 849 830 826 10 • 19 1016 964 907 878 865 2 0 - 2 9 1110 1163 1179 1177 1140 30 - 39 671 780 880 986 1078 40 - 49 529 616 506 530 589 50 - 59 486 508 621 532 630 Over 601 529 565 610 | 668 718
Extracted from Government Statistics
Page yiii
Household Expenditure Pattern
Table 3.1
Monthly Percentage Monthly Percentage
Expenditure Spent on Expenditure Spent on
Group ($) Foodstuffs (%) Group ($) Foodstuffs (%)
Below 1,000 6 , 5 0 0 - 7 , 5 0 0 “ 4 1 . 5
1,000-1,500 57.7 7 , 5 0 0 - 8 , 5 0 0 4 0 . 3
~1,500-2,000 55.4 8 , 5 0 0 - 1 0 , 0 0 0 3 8 . 7
“2,000-2,500 55^ 10,000-12,000 36.5
2 , 5 0 0 - 3 , 5 0 0 1 2 , 0 0 0 - 1 5 , 0 0 0 32.7
3,500-4,500 49.5 15,000-20,000“ 3L8
4,500-5,500 46.5 2 0 , 0 0 0 - 2 5 , 0 0 0 2 7 . 5
5,500-6,500 44.0 | Over 25,000 20.1 |
With reference to the above table, which was extracted from the household
expenditure survey 1984-85, nearly half of their expenditure spent on foodstuffs. And
the percentage that spent on foodstuffs has fallen as the monthly expenditure
increased.
Implications
According to the above statistical data, the fast food industry in Hong Kong
is blooming in recent years. However, the growth of those large fast food chains is
far more obvious. The rise in the average number of employee per shop has illustrated
that many small-scale fast food shops have been displaced by those large well-
developed fast food chains. And because of the economy of scale that existed in the
Page yiii
operation of those large fast food chains such as bulk-buying, materials and labour
control, the industry profit margin-exhibits a little growth in spite of the similar
increase in costs as well as revenues.
As the large family concept is broken, the new generations in Hong Kong have
smaller household size, and hence,the number of household increases. Such increase
drives the government to develop the new towns such as Tuen Mun, Shatm, Tai Po,
Yuen Long, Fanling and Sheung Shui. As the population shifts into those new town
areas, the fast food industry is also developed there. Many large chains took this
chances to expand their shop's network. In the meantime,the fast food industry also
viewed the industrial regions such as Kwun Tong and San Po Kong as potential
markets because of the high traffic during lunch and dinner times.
Although the monthly household income doubles during 80,s,the living
standard has no obvious change because inflation rate is also doubled. They are quite
price-conscious and prefer the low price foods such as those in the fast food shops.
It can partly explain the rapid growth of fast food industry in recent decade. On the
other hand, it also implies that the worth of position the fast food shops in the high
price segment is sceptical.
As the number of middle-aged adults (30-49) in Hong Kong is increasing and
the number of teenagers is decreasing, special attention should be paid in the future
development of all fast food shops in Hong Kong.
港 中 t : 太 . 學 圆 書 耗 徵 . 翥 J
Page yiii
CHAPTER IV
COMPETITOR ANALYSIS
Overview
Since the first fast food shop has been established in the September of 1969,
the fast food industry grew extremely fast in this two decades. However, the fast food
industry in Hong Kong has only accounted for 8%-9% of the restaurant industry/
The growing trend seemed to be continued when comparing the 20% in Japan and
35% in United States/ During the growing period, the competition has become
keener and keener. And most of the successful players were the fast food chains. Five
major chains which amounted to 65% of the total market share were selected for
analysis. Table 4.P showed the relative market share and the number of outlets of
the five market leaders.
^ Figures are extracted from Economics Weekly, vlO, n24. ppl2’ 21 May. 1992.
2 The market shares are extracted from page IJ of South China Morning Post. SCMP (Money) dated 4 Aug. 1991 : page 1.3 ofSCtdP (Business) dated
14 Aug, 1989 : and Hong Kong Economic Journal. vl4. nlO. pp70-73, Jan 1991.
The number cfoutka an txa-actedfrom page 1 of SCMP (Business) dated 26 Oct, 1991: page 14 of SCMP (Money) dated 18 Nov, 1990 : Hong Kong
Economic Journal, vl4, nlO, pp70-73, Jan 1991 ; The Book of New Issue of Fairwood Holdings Limited, Sep 1991 ; and Maxim's companf record, 19
Feb. 1992.
Page yiii
Table 4.1
" 广 Market Share Number of Outlets
Cafe De Coral 22% 84
McDonald 20% 犯
~ Fairwood 11% 70
Maxim's 9% ^
Kentucky Fried Chicken 2% 12
Those key players has spent much efforts to compete in this market. Referring
to the Hong Kong ADEX Year End Media Expenditure Summary, the above five
players accounted for over 96%,and McDonald itself has accounted for almost 60%
whereas Cafe De Coral has accounted for 22% of the total advertising spending of the
fast food industry. It seemed that the market share was positive related to the
advertising spending of the company. Also the main advertising medium was TV
which has accounted for over 85% of the total spending. Table 4.2 was listed for
reference.
4
Page yiii
Table 4.2
1990 Advertising Spending ($ in thousands)
TV Radio Print Others Total Company Spending
McDonald 51,937 7,369 60,682
Cafe De Coral 19,872 T! m 2,017 22,110
Fairwood 7,904 237 3 8 9 8 , 7 2 8
Kentucky Fried 7,177 "“ 119 150 7,446 Chicken
Maxim's 14 14
Industry Media 8 8 , 2 3 9 1 1 5 4,152 102,619 Spending
Following pages were brief descriptions of the major players according to their
market shares.
Page yiii
Cafe De Cpral
History
The market leader, Cafe De Coral was first established in 1969 and it is the
first company to provide Chinese fast food to the masses. However, the concept of
self-served fast food shops was introduced in 1974. Afterwards, it has undergone a
rapid growth. And now it has over 3,000 employees, a yearly turnover of over $600
millions and yearly profit of over $70 millions/ And recently, it lost 1 % share from
23% in 1987 to 22% in 1990?
Business Strategy
Cafe De Coral, in recent years, has made several moves in order to diversify
its business from fast food to other eateries.
The first move was made in 1989 by making a joint venture operation with the
Katokichi group of Japan, to introduce medium-priced Japanese-style food outlets
under the name of Kichitaro. Unfortunately, the joint venture has been terminated
after one year trial giving a $1.25 millions lose to Cafe De Coral. In May 1990, Cafe
De Coral made a $14 millions deal to purchase Fortune Source Ltd,which operated
the Ah Yee Leng Tong soup-cum-specialty restaurant chain. And the chain grew
healthily and was then expanded to present 13 outlets.
^ Exaraaedfrom Econoima Wedcfy, vlO, n24, ppl2, 21 May. 1990,
5 Extracted from the 1991 Annual Rtpon of Cafe De ComL
6 Extracted from page 1.2 cfSCMP (Money) dated 4 Aug, 1991.
Exaraaedfrom Corponae, vl. nIO. ppX-33. Jun 1991.
Page yiii
In August 1991,Cafe De Coral spent a further $100 million to takeover
another Italian food chains, Spaghetti House, which had 12 outlets and more than 10
years business experience.
In addition, Cafe De Coral had strong eagerness to enter the institutional
catering sector. It had already two institutional contracts, one with Hong Kong
Polytechnic in Hunghom and another with the YWCA on Macdonnell Road in the
Mid-Levels. At present, Hunghom facility was registering a turnover of $30 million
and that the YWCA had a turnover of $10 million/
Meanwhile, Cafe De Coral also intended to enter the ready-to-cook eateries'
market. And it successfully launched in the "Barbecue Packs" together with Park'n
Shop.®
Other than diversification, Cafe De Coral also employed geographical
expansion strategy. Though it was in vain when Cafe De Coral firstly expanded its
base of operations to Taiwan and Singapore in the early eighties, it still wanted to
move into other regional markets. And the company was looking to franchise its
cooked-food operations in Macau, Singapore, Shenzhen, Taiwan and North America.
It also tried to negotiate with Japanese retailers in setting up a Chinese restaurant chain
in Japan. However, it would not franchise its operations in Hong Kong owing to the
small market size.
Marketing Strategy
Cafe De Coral put great efforts in the product innovation. It has introduced
many innovative products to the market such as Sizzling Steaks, Hot Pots, Hainanese
Pate 25
Chicken Rice and Chicken Sets. And those products were then imitated by its
competitors. ‘
It also adopted a heavy and clearly defined multi-media advertising strategy
with the main advertising theme of "A Hundred Points of Excellence" in the
promotion campaign. And it was successful by the statistical records that over 60
million customer visits were estimated for 1990.7
The main selection criteria for Cafe's outlets was the traffic flow. Since the
population grew rapidly in those fringe areas like the new towns and public housing
estate. Cafe intentionally chose those areas for geographic expansion. In facing the
skyrocketing of the rent and the labour shortage. Cafe developed a "Super Express"
I
mini-shop strategy to tailor the white-collar segment in commercial areas such as
Central and Tsimshatsui. "Super Express" was a small shop with less than 10 staff and
mainly dealt with the take-out services.了
Operations Strategy
The main direction of Cafe De Coral operations was on the cost control. Cafe
De Coral always kept a reasonable cost structure with 35% for raw food, 21% for
salaries, 11% for rent, 12% for profit and 21 % for other expenses such as advertising
spending. In order to stabilize the rental expenditures, it often made a six to nine
years leasing terms. In addition, it viewed the stagnating property market in Hong
Kong after June 4,s event as an opportunity to buy more own shops for further
expansion.® In order to further lower the operating costs, a new processing facility at
7
8 Earactedfirom 1991 Amual Rqiort of Ca$e De Coral Uadted.
Extracted front Contai^nuy News Wedcfy, n45. pp5l. 6 Oct, 1990.
Page yiii
Fo Tan, Shatin was commenced in 1991 to centralize and automate the food
processing system. Those cost control ways made Cafe De Coral has a higher profit
margin (12%) than the industry average (10%).^
Cafe De Coral strived to achieve total quality excellence in its daily operations
by not only centralizing and automating the food processing system, but also
managing each branch as a profit centre on its own. Each branch management has
right of control over cost, and a direct responsibility to make it profitable.'
To effectively counter increased staff turnover due to the tight labour market,
Cafe has taken the initiative to provide most equitable welfare benefits industry-wide.
And it followed a strict screening policy in staff recruitment to select the candidates
with the right knowledge, skills for the job and the attitude that can contribute to a
unified corporate culture.
‘�
Page 27
McDonald
History
The first McDonald in Hong Kong was established in 1975. After those years
of development, there were 50 outlets in Hong Kong including those five "Top Ten
Selling Branches". In 1986, McDonald started to franchise its operation to Hong
Kong people and now at least 5 are operated by local people. Although McDonald
accounted for more than 90% of local hamburger sales, the company still thought the
market demand was strong and it was only lacking of suitable sites. And McDonald
grew in double digits in the last six years.
Business Strategy
Since McDonald was a global company, the Hong Kong operation was mainly
responsible for the education of the public and the stimulation of the whole market for
McDonald's food and American's life style. Thus the Hong Kong operation sought
to expand the market such as breakfast hamburger and evening hamburger.
Meanwhile, McDonald has tried to bring the American's style further to Hong Kong,
by introducing the first "Drive Through" restaurant in Fairview Garden in New
Territories,
•9
Exa-aaed from page 9 访 SCMP (Business》dated 3 Jm, 1990.
Page 28
Marketing Strategy
McDonald put a strong emphasis on the family and the whole concept of the
"McDonald Experience" in its advertising campaigns. It tries to give a definite
personality to the experience of eating in a McDonald's restaurant. The other key
element in target marketing was to make the children fed welcome and special in the
McDonald's Environment. In turn, the children drew the whole family to come to
McDonald.'
Hence, the McDonald's special environment should be maintained in every
detail. A little defect in the shop could destroyed the whole perfect environment which
was built up by the extremely heavy advertising.®
In addition, in order to further appeal to the young, McDonald also introduced
in-store promotions focusing on discount prices for quality toys such as the Ronald
McDonald character merchandise.
Operation Strategy
Like other operations elsewhere, Quality (Q),Service (S),Clean (C) and Value
(V) were the operation guidelines for McDonald. And the innovative management
style gave certain degree of aid to achieve the goal of QSCV.
In Hong Kong operation, part-time employees were extremely important. Thus
McDonald used Electronic Time Clock to facilitate the planning and auditing of the
employee's shifts/。
20 Extraaed from page 3 cfSCMP (Cornpumr dL Tedwobgy Post) dated 4 Dec, 1990.
Page yiii
FairwQQif
History
Fairwood was founded in 1972 by the relatives of Cafe De Coral's owner.
Thus Fairwood and Cafe De Coral had similar menus, similar store decorations
(yellow), the names had similar meanings in Chinese (Big Happiness & Happiness
Together) and similar advertising slogan (Infinity is the Challenge & Go For 100 Per
Cent). However, the market share of Fairwood has risen from 8.5% in 1987 to 11%
in 1990. Also, the compound growth rate of turnover from 1987 to 1990 of Cafe De
Coral was 76% whereas of Fairwood was 114%. Both the gain in market share and
the high growth rate could be an imply to the better performance than Cafe De Coral.
Business Strategy
Since it was founded later than Cafe De Coral, it grew slowly in seventies. In
1981,Fairwood centralized the food processing preparing for the rapid expansion.
During eighties, Fairwood has undergone a rapid physical expansion, the number of
outlets increased from 6 in 1980 to 70 in 1992. And it had served over 100,000
customers per day in 1990.
After the rapid market penetration in the core fast food industry, Fairwood
extended its core business and diversify into other eateries like Cafe De Coral. In
1987 it opened its first restaurant in a Japanese department store which has
JJ M nuaeriab about Fairwood an extraaedfrom The Book cfNew bate of Fairwood Holdings Limited. Sq> 1991.
Page yiii
subsequently been supplemented by a further three outlets in another Japanese
department store chain. In February 1991 Fairwood further diversified away from fast
food with the opening of an Italian restaurant named Mario for the more up-market
high spending groups, young families and white collar workers. In October 1991
Fairwood opened its first Thousand Island Food Plaza to offer customers different
cuisines including Chinese, Western, Thai and Japanese food. Until April 1992, there
were 5 Mario Restaurant and 2 Thousand Island Food Plaza.
In May 1991, Fairwood made a joint venture with China National Chemicals
Import and Export Corporation (SINOCHEM) and Beijing Suburb Tourism Industrial
Development Corporation by providing management services and expertise. It was
intended that by early 1992 a Fairwood Fast Food restaurant and a Thousand Island
Food Plaza will be opened in Beijing.
Marketing Strategy
A product development team, which was made up of the senior chefs,
marketing executives and the associate director of sales and operations, has frequent
meetings with senior management to review, update and improve the products offered
by Fairwood. Throughout its history, Fairwood has sought to be innovative in both
the development and presentation of its fast food products, for instance, Hot Pot Rice,
Chicken Fillet, Three Course Set-Dinner, Two Course Set-Lunch and soup without
adding MSG.
Fairwood spent much lesser in advertising when compared with Cafe De
Coral's spending. However, each restaurant was designed and decorated in accordance
Page 31
with the Company's image. The same logos and colours were also used for the
company's fleet of trucks, the uniforms of staff and for all packaging and advertising.
The company believed that the widespread use of the company's logos and colours
served to promote the company and enhanced its reputation with customers.
The selection of individual sites and the decision of buy or lease the premises
were done by a small team of executives after analyzing the population trends, likely
pedestrian flow, competition and pricing. Fairwood now placed most attention on
opening restaurants in housing estates, the commercial districts and in new town areas.
Operations Strategy
Quality is most important in Fairwood's daily operations. Stringent quality and
hygiene checks for all produce, sauces and ingredients were performed in the central
processing facility to ensure good quality. In order to achieve consistency in
presentation and taste of all its products, Fairwood used homogenizing process in
producing standardized sauces and gravies.
To ensure competitive prices and to avoid dependence on a single source of
produce, Fairwood usually used more than one suppliers. A general rule for reference
is that no single supplier can account for more than 12% of the company's purchase
by value.
!I
Page 28
Maxim,si2
History
The first Maxim's was opened in the Central 35 years ago serving authentic
European Continental Cuisines. And now, it has 254 outlets ranging from fast food
outlets to opulent Chinese specialty houses, from grab-it-on-the-run cake and pastry
shops to trendy international cafe shops, from restaurants featuring down-home
Cantonese cooking to Western exotica like Dutch and Caribbean cuisine.
Business Strategy
It is obvious that fast food market was less significant than the other restaurant
business (fast food accounts for 9% of the restaurant sector). Maxim's, being so
diversified and well developed, still noticed the fast food culture was growing rapidly
in Hong Kong, so it developed over 40 branches providing Chinese and Western foods
and snacks throughout the Territories. Apart from this, Yummy Hut, renowned for
providing South East Asian and Cantonese foods.
Maxim's has a good position in institutional catering market, it already had
some contracts with some governmental canteens. In addition, Maxim's introduced
their Western food "Express Shops" in various commercial buildings and city's major
public complexes in order to meet the need of the office working group and the
modem-minded people.
12 AU materiab about Maxim's are extracted fiom Hong Kong Business, pp9^97, Sep 1989.
Page yiii
Marketing Strategy
m
Maxim's almost ignored the advertising and promotion in their fast food
outlets. It was because the products it offered were usually with relative higher price
than other fast food shops, a low-profile would be helpful in building up such
premium image.
The major tool used by Maxim's was location, which was one of the most vital
factors in any food outlet's success. Part of their interlocking ownership of the
company includes Hongkong Land scouted locations and offered priority on picking
it up for Maxim's.
Operations Strategy
Maxim's took time to train employees with the intensive training programma
at the 6,000 square foot school in Wanchai. Thus the staff turnover rate was lowest
among other competitors.
By operating central kitchens and bakeries, and utilizing the bulk-buying
techniques available to major-scale consumers of meat, poultry and produce, the
company has effectively installed very close end-to-end cost and quality control.
Page 28
Kentucky Fried Chicken
History
Kentucky has entered the Hong Kong market once in 1973. Unfortunately it
was terminated in February 1975 due to its taste was unsuitable for Chinese, its prices
was too high, lack of seating spaces and the public did not accqrt the American take-
out concept. In 1985, Swire Marketing took the Asia pacific franchise again in a 10
years contract form. After the success in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines,
South Korea and Indonesia and careful market studies in Hong Kong, Kentucky
entered Hong Kong market again. Up to present there were 12 outlets in Hong
Kong ,
Business Strategy
Reviewing from the pass failure, Kentucky tried to customize its operation to
the Hong Kong people/^
Marketing Strategy
Kentucky firstly positioned itself as a chicken expert. And it upgraded the
shops in order to attract the 16 to 39 years old young white-collars and executives
since they were easier to accept the American style and foods. However, some
13 Exaracted from page 1,3 qfSCMP (Business) dated 27 Oct’ 1990.
Extracted from Hong Kong Economic JounuU, vl4, nJO,卯 70~73, Jan 1991.
Page yiii
localized food were introduced to suit the local market/
A low-profile localized advertising was employed to raise the image of
Kentucky into more restaurant like. It did not just copy the advertising in United
States, but rather made a new slogan to customize the Hong Kong people. Also
specific advertising campaigns were used when new products was introduced/
Operations Strategy
Knowing that Chinese were more concern with the freshness of food, Kentucky
introduced a 45 minutes re-cook practice, i.e., if the chicken were not sold in 45
minutes after cooked, then threw it away in order to make the chicken more fresh.
Also all chicken in Hong Kong's outlets were from United States to maintain the food
quality. In addition, more seating spaces was incorporated in the outlets to tailor the
habit of Chinese/
Page yiii
Wendy's^'
History
Wendy's was a new comer to Hong Kong. It was founded by Steve Thomas
in United States 8 years ago. And the franchisee of Indonesian Wendy's has recently
got the franchise in Hong Kong. They thought that Hong Kong people liked the
United States living style as well as the western foods. If Wendy's could make a
quality differentiation to the customers, then it is highly probable to be successful in
Hong Kong.
Business Strategy
Wendy's positioned itself as a restaurant rather than a fast food shop. It aimed
to offer the customers high quality food with similar prices under a relaxing and
comfort atmosphere in the shop. Its primary target customers were the 15 to 35 years
old young white-collars and executives. However, the children and household were
still secondary target customers of Wendy's.
Marketing Strategy
An international menu was provided by Wendy's including hamburgers, fried
chickens, spaghetti, potatoes and rice. The Hong Kong franchisee selected the most
访 All nuaeriab about Weady 's an extracted fran Ae baeniew wiA Wendy 's Top iianaganem.
Page yiii
suitable foods to offer according to the market trends and the preference of the
customers. The pricing of Wendy's.product were determined by a research held by
Wendy's itself, taking into account of the major competitors.
The first shop was located in Aberdeen because there was only one McDonald
there and the residents had a high disposable income. In addition, almost every fast
food shops chose Central or Tsimshatsui for their first shops, Wendy's intentionally
made it different from them. The next place for Wendy's shop was Tsimshatsui
because of its high traffic flow. However, the main criteria for Wendy's site selection
were the awareness of the name and the budget afforded by the franchisee for
choosing a residential areas to expand its chain further.
A multi-media advertising campaign was now undergone including TV, radio
and print ads. The main objective was to arise the awareness of Wendy's in
customers' minds. Wendy's hamburger was the best selling and rated as the top in
consumer surveys in United States. Therefore the main advertising message was to
deliver a better quality hamburger under similar prices. In order to support its high
quality, Wendy's was claimed as hamburger specialist and its beef are from U.S.
100% pure beef.
In the advertisements, it brought a little girl from the Wendy's logo alive in
order to make a clear identification of Wendy's shop. It also associated the Wendy's
first letter - (W) with McDonald's first letter - (M). Also a "Chinese Name for
Wendy's Competition" is held to fiirther arouse the awareness of Wendy's name.
Page yiii
Operations Strategy p
A Wendy's International System was used as a guideline for franchisee. They
were expected to follow it strictly especially the daily shop's operation. For examples,
the kitchen or cooking areas was highly restricted to the employees only and the
decorations of shop, tables, chairs and even colours (white, blue and brown) were
restricted. Despite of those restrictions, Wendy's International gave a full support to
franchisee in many other aspects.
Wendy's offered salary of $17/hour comparing to McDonald's $13/hour to
attract employees. The employees were firstly given a brief talk or by video to
familiarize with Wendy's operations. Then on-the-job training was used due to the
high turnover rate. Most employees were housewives in between 30 and 40 years old
and young ladies. Only a small portion of them were part-time staff. In selecting the
employees, courtesy was the most important factor instead of ages and education
levels.
Page yiii
Comparison of Varionx Competitors
Cafe de Coral
Strengths Weaknesses
1. Largest Network 1. Similar Image with Fairwood
2. First Chinese Fast Food Shop 2. Conservative Management due to
Family Control
3. Each Branch Act as an Profit 3. Quality of Food Fluctuates
Center
4. Heavy Promotion and Clear
Advertising Theme
McDonald
Strengths Weaknesses
1. Strongest Position in American 1. Restricted Products
Style Food
2. Extremely Heavy Promotion 2. Lack of Outlet in Residential Areas
3. Good Quality Control
4. Focus on Business Districts
5. Focus on Family Customers and
Children
Page yiii
Fairwood
Strengths Weakness
1 • Successfully Linking with Cafe De 1. Similar Image with Cafe De Coral
Coral
2. Most Innovative Product 2. No Focus Customers
3. Share the Advertising of Cafe De
Coral
4. Focus on New Town Areas
5. Good Quality Control and Supplier
Control
6. Aggressive Expansion
Maxim's
Strengths Weaknesses
1. Good in Institutional Catering 1. Conservative Management
Market
2. Focus on High Income People 2. Lack of Advertising Support for
Image Building
3. Good Relationship with Hongkong 3. Lack of Product Innovation
Land
Page yiii
Kentucky Fried Chicken
Strengths ‘ Weaknesses
1. Good Position as An Chicken 1. Insufficient Outlets
Expert
2. Have Past Experience in Hong 2. Restricted Products
Kong
3. Focus on White-collar and
Executive
Wendy's
Strengths Weaknesses
1. Position as Restaurant 1. Lack of Market Experience
2. Newcomer may Arouse Interest 2. Restricted Products
3 • Commitment on Advertising and 3. Smallest Network - Only One Shop
Image Building
4. Support by Headquarters
Tmplications
According to the above analysis, Wendy's is hard to compete with the "fives"
by the number of outlets, the product variety and the promotion and advertising
efforts. Because of the license, the product line is limited in variety. The "fives" have
high turnover and large number of outlets so that they can afford a large
advertisement budget. It seems that Wendy's could takes advantage only if it could
create a distinct image and focus on specific customers' groups.
Page yiii
P
CHAPTER V
RESEARCH DESIGN
Ot>j>Qtives
The objectives of the researches to be conducted are, first, to identify
customers' criteria in choosing fast food shops, the positions of the "fives" and
Wendy's in the mind of customer, and to look for customers' suggestions for
improvement on Wendy's.
Research Methodology
In order to identify the customers' criteria in choosing fast food shops, which
is important for all later researches, first of all, a focus group study was conducted.
In fact, these criteria are some of the factors which comprise the position of a fast
food shop in the mind of customers.
Next, with the criteria in hand, descriptive researches had to be carried out in
order to identify the positions of Wendy's and the "fives", and the rankings of the
criteria. Basically, there are two ways to carry out a descriptive research — by
questionnaire or by observation. In this case, questionnaire is a more appropriate
Page yiii
method. Observation is limited in limited in scope to information about behaviour and
certain demographic/socioeconomic characteristics, while questionnaire is much more
versatile. Also, questionnaire provides greater control over data-gathering activities,
and the responses will be more objective and accurate.
Structured, Undisguised questionnaires was used in which all questions and
responses were standardized. Fixed alternative questions was used mostly so that
responses were limited to stated alternatives. However, open-ended questions were
also used when appropriate.
"Questionnaire on fast food shops" survey was conducted to identify
customers' perceptions towards the positions of the "fives", according to the criteria
identified in the focus group study, and to identify the relative importance of the
criteria to the customers.
Then, "Questionnaire on Wendy's" survey was conducted to compare Wendy's
customers' perceptions towards Wendy's position relative to the "fives".
Finally, we talked to some of the crew members and customers on their
suggestions for improvement for Wendy's.
Focus Group Study
Descriptions
Two focus group meetings were held. There were 6 members in each group
and each of meeting last for approximately 1 hour. The demographics of the two
groups were :
Page yiii
Group 1 : CUMBA students, Aged 23 - 27
Group 2 : Executives/white collar. Aged 26 - 33
Findings
From the two meetings, the following attributes concerning customers' criteria
in choosing fast food shops were identified :
- quality of food
- taste of food
- price
- value for money
- distribution, easy to find one
- variety of food
- cleanliness and tidiness of shop
- service provided
- "fast" ™ whether you can finish a meal quickly in it
- innovative in food provided
- advertisement and promotion
- image
- customer profile — whether customers perceive they "fit" the shop,such as
age, occupation, income
- meal type suitable for — breakfast, lunch, tea break, dinner
- number of customers — someone avoids too many customers, someone views
many customers mean good shop
Page yiii
"Questionnaire on fast food shops" Survey
Descriptions
With the attributes identified in the focus group study, "Questionnaire on fast
food shops" was designed to measure the positions of the "fives". (Please refer to
Appendix 1 for the copy) It is a structured, undisguised questionnaire with one open-
ended question.
For question no. 1 to no. 11,Likert method of summated ratings was used to
measure respondents' attitude towards the "fives", based on some of the identified
attributes. A scale of “ 1 “ to "6" was used so that there would not be too many nor too
few choices for the respondents. Also, this avoided the problem of "central tendency"
as there was not a central number. On the other hand, the question on quality and
taste were intentionally separated so as to avoid the association between them by the
re^ondents.
Question no. 12 and no. 13 were used to identify respondents' perception of
customers profile of the "fives". Question no. 14 was used to identified the types of
meal which the "fives" are suitable for. Question no. 15 was used to measure
respondents' perceived number of customers of the "fives". Question no. 16 was used
to measure the respondents' frequencies of purchase at the "fives".
The open-ended question, question no. 17, was used to identify some other
attributes that respondents associate with the "fives" but were not covered in the
questionnaire.
Likert method of summated ratings was used again in Question no. 18 to
• . ‘
Page yiii
measure the importance of different attributes to respondents when they are choosing
fast food shops. -
Throughout the whole questionnaire, the item "Fast Food Shops" was added
to the "fives" to identify the respondents' attitudes towards all fast food shops.
Convenient sampling method was used. We asked our classmates to distribute
the questionnaires to and to collect them from their friends and relatives who dined
in the "fives".
"Qiip^tinnn^tire OH Wendy's" Survey
Descriptions
"Questionnaire on Wendy's" was designed to measure the position of Wendy's.
(Please refer to Appendix 3 for the copy) It is also a structured, undisguised
questionnaire with one open-ended question. In order to minimize the interruption to
the customers, the questionnaire was intentionally shortened.
Question no. 1 to no. 11 from the "Questionnaire on fast food shops" were
retained, with the addition of the item "Wendy's" for each question. The "fives" were
included in the question in order to compare the response of this sample with those
in "Questionnaire on fast food shops". On the other hand, because Wendy's has only
one shop, the Aberdeen shop, during the survey, the question, "It is easy to find
one", was eliminated.
Question no. 11 to no. 13 were similar to question no. 12 to no. 14 in the
"Questionnaire on fast food shops". However, as mentioned, only answers to Wendy's
Page yiii
were collected in order to minimize the interruption to customers. Also, as the items
in these questions are quantifiable/ comparison with other fast food shops are not
essential.
The open-ended question, question no. 14,was used to identify some other
attributes that respondents associate with Wendy's but were not covered in the
questionnaire.
Convenient sampling method was used. The survey was conducted by personal
interviews with customers in Wendy's Aberdeen shop. The survey was conducted on
one weekday and one weekend, in order to capture respondents of different
demographics.
J
Page4S
P
CHAPTER VI
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
"OuestioimaiTe on fast food shops" Survey
150 questionnaires were distributed, 142 were collected, and 97 were
considered successful. The data of the research result is included in Appendix 2.
Findings
From the answers to question no. 18, the relative importance of different
attributes to respondents are identified and shown in Fig. 6.1 in the following page.
As shown in the figure, the 5 most important attributes are:
- Cleanliness and Tidiness
- Taste of Food
- Quality of Food
- Good Value for Money
“ Convenience
Pale 49
",.,. 4.1 ~
Importance of various Selection Factor
selection Factor
Cleanlines & Tidines ; 5,13
Taste of Food ~ 4.94
Quality of Food ~4.92
Good Value for Money 4.8 Convenience
Time Saving 4,81 :
P::do;;:;:e :/,55 Variety of Menu
Shop's Image 4.18 ~
Innovation of Food ~ 3,94
Number of Customers 3~2
Advertising & Promot
3 a5 4 t5 5 5,5
Average Rating Scores
Page yiii
From the answers to question no. 1 to no. 11,the positions of the "fives" in
the mind of respondents are identified and shown in Fig. 6.2.
F i g m 6.2
Customers' Perception on Selection Factors (Survey 1)
Poor Food Quality ^ ^ 、 " ^ y / ^ ®ood Food Quality
Expensive _ ^ ! Not Expentlw
Poor Value for Money ^ ^ ^ ^ Pof Money
Narrow Food Variety ^ ^ Q ° ^ Wide Food Variety
Not Ct«an 4 Tidy ^ ^ ^ ^ 。丨* 了•办
Poor 8«rvic« 1 ^ f 丨 ^ $ Qood Service
Cuttomert Do Not ^ 免 \\ \ ^ ^ Cuttomert Like the Food Lite Th« Food \
Finith • Mm丨 Slowly 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Finish a M«al Quickly
Food Not Innovttiv* 1 2 5 8 Food Innovatlw — H 、
8«ldom AdV0rtl«« 1 2/ / 3 /t、、、、、、5 « Froqutnt Adv«rti«o and Promote f V ~ and Promote Hard to Find On« 1 2 >5} 6 Easy to Find One
——~ Fast Food Shops Cafe-De-Coral
— Fairwood Maxim'8 Kentucky Fried Chicken McDonald
Page yiii
Respondents thought that Cafe De Coral, Fairwood, and KFC were most
suitable for age range 15 to 25. Mmm's was considered to be suitable for age range
26 to 35. McDonald was considered to be suitable for a wider age range, under 26.
Cafe De Coral, Fairwood, and McDonald were considered to be most suitable
for income range 4,000 to 7,999. Maxim's and KFC were considered to be most
suitable for income range 4,000 to 11,999.
Cafe De Coral, Fairwood, and Maxim's were considered to be most suitable
for lunch. McDonald was considered to be most suitable for tea break, while KFC
was considered to be most suitable for lunch and tea break.
The rankings for numbers of customers and frequencies of consumption were
the same. The rankings are: McDonald, Cafe De Coral, Fairwood, Maxim's, and
KFC.
32% of respondents associated Cafe De Coral with "100 Marks" while 12%
of them associated Fairwood with "Infinitive Marks". 12% of them associated
Maxim's with "Cakes" and 43% of them associated KFC with "Chicken". 28% of
them associated McDonald with "Hamburger" while 19% of them associated it with
"Uncle McDonald".
Analysis
Considering the five most important attributes for choosing a fast food shop -
Clean and Tidy, Taste of Food, Quality of Food, Good Value for Money, and
Convenience, McDonald is the best in the mind of respondents out of the "fives". So,
it will be very hard to challenge the position of McDonald.
Page yiii
In terms of Cleanliness and Tidiness, McDonald has got the highest score.
Maxim's has got the second highest, and KFC has got the third. However, their
scores are quite close to each other.
In terms of Taste of Food, McDonald's score is obviously higher than the
others. Maxim's has got the second highest, and KFC the third.
In terms of Quality of Food, McDonald has got the highest score. KFC has
got the second, and Maxim's the third. The scores are quite close to each other.
In terms of Good Value for Money, McDonald has got the highest score and
Maxim's has got the second.
In terms of Convenience, McDonald's score is obviously higher than the
others. Cafe De Coral has got the second highest, and Fairwood the third.
If we take the market share and the respondents' frequencies of consumption
of the "fives" into consideration, we can see that although Maxim's and KFC has got
quite high scores, their market share is a lot behind Cafe De Coral and Fairwood.
One major reason is that the distribution of the former two are much weaker than the
later two. Also, as Convenience is the fifth highest criteria, the number of outlets and
their location are very important. On the other hand, Maxim's and KFC are
considered quite expensive by the respondents, and so this may also be one of the
reasons which affect their market share.
McDonald is very successful in targeting the low-aged customers, which
induce the purchase by the whole family as children usually dine with their parents.
McDonald and KFC are quite successful in positioning by product. Hamburger
and Chicken. So, it will be hard to challenge their position by product. Cafe De Coral
is quite successful in positioning by their slogan, "100 Marks", which is position by
Page yiii
quality. However, whether they can achieve that is a problem as respondents
considered them as having low quality. Fairwood and Maxim's do not have a very
clear position. Maxim's has even got a rather unrelated position — "Cakes":
"Questiopnaire on Wendy's" Survey
50 successful interviews were conducted. The data of the research result is
included in Appendix 4.
According to the calculations in Appendix 5, for some of the questions in
question no. 1 to no. 10, there is a statistically significant difference in the responses
provided by the respondents in the two questionnaire surveys. So,in order to retain
the integrity of the analysis, we did not use the results in questionnaire survey 2
directly to project the public perception of Wendy's and compared it to the "fives".
This is mainly because of the unique demographics of customers and the fast food
market in Aberdeen. However, we have considered the results of this survey as a
preliminary study.
Findings
From the answers to question no. 1 to no. 10,the positions of Wendy's in the
mind of respondents, when compared with the "fives", are identified and shown in
Fig. 6.3 in the following page.
Page yiii
F i f u n i k i
Customers' Perception on Selection Factors (Survey 2)
Poor Food Quality 1 — — I — — ^ 如od Food Quality
Expensive 彳 _ ‘ _ ! ~ ® Not Expensive
Poor V _ for Money ^ ^ ——!——® 如Value For Money
Narrow Food Variety , ‘ “ ~ ® 術如 Food Variety
Not Clean 4 Tidy ^ ‘ ‘ 甚 Tidy
Poor service ^ M ? > 乂 / ^ ‘ 如od Service
Cu«tom«r« Do Not 1 2 \ 气 . . ] [ ^ 5 ^ Cu«toiiier8 Lite the Food Lite Thft Food ^ X V V ^ Finish a Meal Slowly 1 ^ ^ y ^ ^ ^ Fin灿 a Meal Quickly
Food Not Innovative 1 2 ^ ^ Food Innovative
Seldom Advertise 1 V A « Frequent Advertise and Promote ^ ^ ^
Fast Food Shops
Cafe-De-Coral
Fairwood
— — Maxim's
McDonald
• Kentucky Fried Chicken
Wendy's
Pate 55
Respondents thought that Wendy's was most suitable for age range 15 to 25,
for income range 4,000 to 7,999, and for lunch.
16% of respondents associated Wendy's with "The beautiful girl in the
advertisement" while 14% of them associated Wendy's with hamburger. However,
another 16% of them associated Wendy's with "A girl's name".
Analysis
According to Fig. 6.3,Wendy's is very strong in its Cleanliness and Tidiness,
which is one of the most important attributes for choosing a fast food shop. It is also
quite strong in Variety of Food and Service. However, it is considered to be
expensive.
Although Wendy's stresses its quality, it turned out that customers did not
perceive it as having very high quality. Also, customers' perception of Wendy's
customer profile was very similar to the "fives".
Only 14% of customers associated Wendy's with hamburger, which is almost
half of those who associated McDonald with hamburger. So, it will be very hard to
position Wendy's by hamburger. On the other hand, 16% of customers associated
Wendy's with the beautiful girl in the advertisement, while another 16% associated
it with a girl's name. So, it will be hard for Wendy's to change the perception of a
common girl's name — Wendy, to a fast food shop's name. Of course, these position
measurements were made within one month after the Wendy's advertisement was put
out.
Page yiii
nij^nissioTis with Crew Members and Customers
From the discussion with some customers and some of the crew members
about customers' comments, the following areas for improvement were discovered.
However, it should be noted that the followings are just subjective comments and they
are subjected to the demographics of Aberdeen customers. Whether they are
representative of all customers in Hong Kong required further studies.
About the Shop
- The shop is quite small and packed and the washroom is also small.
- The shop is quite noisy, especially when it is crowded. One cause may be the
sound level of music.
- Someone brought in their dogs.
- The shop is quite cold.
- The tables are not laid out tidily
- If the first floor is fuU, one has to bring the tray upstairs. This is quite
inconvenient.
About the Menu
- The menu is in Chinese only.
- Names in menu are not self-explained. One has to guess what the real product
IS.
Pages?
- There are not enough choices of drinks for children. For example, no milk and
milk shake are provided, so they can only choose soft drinks.
About the Food
- The meat for Hamburger is quite cold,when compared to the bread.
- The taste of bread is not that good.
- The taste of food does not fit Chinese. For example, there is no soy bean
sauce to serve with the rice.
- The dishes are quite small.
- The food is quite dry.
- Nothing Special — Hamburger is similar to McDonald, Potato is similar to
Oliver, and Chicken is similar to KFC.
Tmplications
In summary, the close competitor of Wendy's, McDonald, is very strong in
all the most important criteria. In addition, they can afford a large advertising budget
so that they can reinforce their strengths. On the other hand, Wendy's is rather weak
in all of these except cleanliness and tidiness. Also, currently, Wendy's is very weak
in number of outlets when compared to McDonald, Cafe De Coral, and Fairwood.
Furthermore, McDonald has a very strong position with hamburger, when compared
with that of Wendy's. So, Wendy's should find a distinct position, rather than similar
to that of McDonald, and effectively signal this to the public.
Page yiii
m
CHAPTER VII
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WENDY'S
Position
According to Questionnaire survey 2, at the time of report, there was not a
clear position in the mind of their Aberdeen customers. The associations were the
beautiful girl in the advertisement, a girl's name, and hamburger.
Because Wendy is a very common girl's name, it would be very hard to create
a position by associating the name "Wendy" with "Wendy's fast food". However, the
beautiful girl could still be used in positioning. On the other hand, as McDonald has
a very strong association with "Hamburger" and KFC has a strong one with
"Chicken", it would be hard to position a fast food shop by these two products.
Although Wendy's is currently using Quality as its primary position, the results
of the survey shows that customers did not perceive the same way. They considered
Wendy's quality was lower than McDonald. Also,native Chinese may not have the
expertise to compare the quality of Western food. Moreover, Wendy's, McDonald,
and KFC all have its own international quality standard. So, "Quality" should be used
as a secondary position in order to keep pace with the competitors' standard.
In view of the strength of Wendy's from Questionnaire survey 2, it can be
Page yiii
concluded that Cleanliness and Tidiness, Variety of Food, and Service are the most
promising attributes for positioning-Wendy's.
However, as competitors such as Cafe De Coral and Fairwood do not have
franchising restrictions, it would be quite easy for them to come up with what
Wendy's has got. With the relatively lower importance of variety of food in choosing
fast food shops, variety of food should be used as a secondary position only. On the
other hand, service of fast food shops is limited. Usually the service of fast food
shops includes the ordering, refilling and table-cleaning. Since there will be turnover
in the well-trained crew members and fluctuation in the number of customers, so
although Wendy's emphasize service, it should also use it as a secondary position
only.
Cleanliness and Tidiness should be used as primary position for Wendy's. It
is considered very important by customers and Wendy's is doing very good at it.
However, as new shops are often cleaner and tidier than old ones, Wendy's should
continuously maintain this Standard in order to maintain the position.
Target Customer
The current major target customers are the 25 to 35 years old executives and
white collars. However, those customers usually consume fast food in the main
business areas during lunch time. Actually both the children under 15 and the students
ages between 15 and 25 are major customers of fast food shops. These two groups of
customers should be opportunities of Wendy's. In fact, by the observation throughout
the research in Aberdeen's shop, most of the current customers fall on these two
Page yiii
groups. Hence it is suggested that Wendy's should include these two groups as their
target customers. In addition, this move can also help to build up the loyalty of the
children and students so that they will continue to consume in Wendy's.
Pricing
Currently, the food in Wendy's is considered expensive and relatively poor
value for money. A pricing research should be carried out to identify a proper price
with emphasis on the value for money, as it is considered more important than the
price itself. Special priced set meals may be introduced in order to convey the idea
of good value for money. This can also induce trial.
Distribution
For expanding, the first step should be to open at least two new outlets in high
traffic business areas, such as Central and Tsimshatsui. The major target customers,
young executives, are located in these areas. As Convenience is considered very
important, outlets locating near the target customers have a strategic advantage. These
outlets, in turn, will become "cash cows" for financing the opening of other new
outlets.
The second step is to open outlets in developing new towns such as Tuen Mun,
Yuen Long and Tai Po. Though the "five" have already set up their branches in those
areas, the demand of fast food shops still exists the existing supply due to the rapid
rising in population of those areas. Moreover, less competition is existed in those
I-
Page 61
areas when compared with the business areas.
Advertising
The advertisement of Wendy's should emphasis the primary position
"Cleanliness and Tidiness", and mention the secondary positions "Quality","Variety
of food", and "Service". The girl used in the current advertisement could be used to
associate and reinforce the primary position, as a girl is usually perceived as "cleaner
and tidier" than a boy.
Since fast food is a mass product, it is more suitable to build up the position
through the mass media. Hence TV and radio are chose as the main advertising
media. Moreover, the use of this two media can build up the desired position in a
shorter period despite of high costs incurred. The current media strategy is short-term
burst-out. However, to build up a desired position in the prospects' mind, a much
extended media strategy should be employed. Hence, an advertising campaign with
longer duration and lower frequency is suggested.
Areas for Tmprovement
As mentioned in chapter VI, section "discussion with crew members and
customers", there are a number of comments suggested by the customers. There are
comments such as size of shop, problem of different floors, lack of product
descriptions, size of dishes, and taste of food. Wendy's should look into these areas,
make improvements on these, and take them into account when they open new outlets.
Page yiii
P
CHAPTER VIII
LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
rimitations of the Study
The study exhibits limitations in several aspects. First of all,as Wendy's is a
new fast food shop in Hong Kong, the market position and the image of Wendy's may
not be well established in such a short period. Hence, it may be too early to conduct
the customers' survey for the study.
At present, Wendy's has only one shop located at Aberdeen. To guarantee the
respondents of the survey have tried Wendy's product, the survey on Wendy's is done
inside the Aberdeen's shop. However, the population in Aberdeen is not representative
enough to reflect the whole population in Hong Kong. Therefore, similar surveys is
suggested to be done at other regions where Wendy's is going to has shops in.
Due to insufficient time and efforts, convenience sample design is adopted in
the customers' surveys. It arises a problem of lacking of a clear picture on the
respondents whether they are target customers or not, neglecting the sample size.
The respondents of the surveys has limited amount falls in the categories of
blue collar and ages under 15. As they are also major customers of fast food shops,
the surveys can not effectively reflect the customers' perception of various
Page yiii
demographic characteristics.
.Siiggestioos for Further Research
As the timing of the customers' survey may be inappropriate, further
researches are suggested to be done later until Wendy's has more outlets and more
prospects try its products. In order to control the respondents' demographic
characteristics, random sampling method is suggested to be employed in further
researches.
1 备 港 中 文 大 舉 勸 省 粹 藏 書 - I
Page yiii
F
APPENDIX 1
QUESTIONNAIRE ON FAST FOOD SHOPS
We are a group of two MBA students froi The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Currently, we are
conducting a survey on Fast Food Shops in Hong Kong.
Please circle your answers to questions 1 to 11.
1. It offers food of good quality.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Haxii's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
2. The food is expensive.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Maxim's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
3. The food it provides is good value for money.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Haxii's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Page yiii
4. It is easy to find one.
Fast Food Shops: -Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Maxim's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
5. It provides a wide variety of food.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Maxii's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
6. It is clean and tidy.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Maxii's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
7. It provides good services.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Haxii's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
8. You like the taste of food it provides.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Maxim's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
‘ Page 66
9. You can finish a meal quickly in it.
Fast Food Shops: .Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Maxim's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
10. It is innovative in the food it offers.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Maxim's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
11. It advertises and promotes frequently.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Haxii's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Please put ticks in the appropriate boxes in questions 12 to 14.
1 2 . Which age range do you think the followings are lost suitable for ? (You can have lore than
one choice in each row) ^ = = = = = = = = ^ 1
Age Range
Under 15 15 to 25 26 to 35 Over 35
Fast Food Shops
Cafe De Coral
Fairwood ;
Maxim's Fast Food
McDonald
Kentucky Fried Chicken _ _ = = J = = J
Page yiii
13. Which income range do you think the followings are lost suitable for ? (You can have more
than one choice in each row)
’ Personal Monthly Income Range (HK$)
Under 4,000 to 7 , 9 9 9 8,000 to 12,000 to Over
4,000 1 1 ^ 15,000 15,000
Fast Food Shops
Cafe De Coral
Fairwood ^
HaxiB^s Fast Food
McDonald
Kentucky Fried Chicken I I 丨
14. Which purposes do you think the followings are lost suitable for ? (You can have lore than
one choice in each row) ^ = = = = = = = = = ^ 1
Purposes
Breakfast Lunch Tea Break Dinner
Fast Food Shops
Cafe De Coral
Fairwood
Maxim's Fast Food
McDonald
Kentucky Fried Chicken I I I 丨
1 5 . Please rank the following shops by the number of customers according to your own
perception. A "1" stands for the highest number of customers, a "2" stands for the next
highest, and so on.
Cafe De Coral —
Fairwood —
Maxim's Fast Food —
McDonald —
Kentucky Fried Chicken 一
Page yiii
1 6 . Please rank the following shops by your frequency of consumption. A ”1" stands for the
highest frequency of consuiption, a "2" stands for the next highest, and so on.
Cafe De Coral ‘—
Fairwood —
Maxim's Fast Food ___
McDonald —
Kentucky Fried Chicken ___
17. Please write down what you will associate with the followings. .
(eg. Someone will associate IBM with coiputers; Marlboro with red colour, Longines watches
with James Bond, and Perrier with the shape of its bottle.)
Cafe De Coral
Fairwood
Haxii's Fast Food
McDonald
Kentucky Fried Chicken
18. Please rate the importance of following factors when you choose a fast food shop for meal.
Please circle your choices.
Quality of Food: Not Iiportant 1 2 3 4 5 6 Most Important
Price of Food: Not Iiportant 1 2 3 4 5 6 Host Important
Convenience: Not Iiportant 1 2 3 4 5 6 Host Iiportant
Variety of Menu: Not Iiportant 1 2 3 4 5 6 Host Important
Good Service: Not Iiportant 1 2 3 4 5 6 Host Important
Taste of Food: Not Iiportant 1 2 3 4 5 6 Host Iiportant
Time Saving: Not Iiportant 1 2 3 4 5 6 Host Important
Shop's Image: Not Iiportant 1 2 3 4 5 6 Host Important
Good Value For Honey: Not Iiportant 1 2 3 4 5 6 Host Important
Cleanliness & Tidiness: Not Iiportant 1 2 3 4 5 6 Host Iiportant
Innovation in Food: Not Important 1 2 3 4 5 6 Host Important
Advertising k Promotion: Not Iiportant 1 2 3 4 5 6 Most Iiportant
Number of custoiers: Not Iiportant 1 2 3 4 5 6 Most Important
Page yiii
Please put ticks in the appropriate boxes in question 19 to 22.
»
19. YODR SEX : Hale — Female _
20. YOUR AGE : less than 15 __.
15 to 25 —
26 to 35 —
36 or Above .__
21. YODR MONTHLY INCOME: Onder HK$ 4,000 _ _
HK$ 4,000 to 7,999 一
HK$ 8,000 to 11,999 一
HK$ 12,000 to 15,000 一
Over HK$ 15,000 _ _
2 2 . YOUR OCCUPATION: Executive —
Professional —
White Collar _
Blue Collar —
Student —
Others (pis specify)
Thank You very luch for your cooperation.
Page yiii
P
APPENDIX 2
DATA OF -QUESTIONNAIRE ON FAST FOOD SHOPS"
1. It offers food of good quality.
Fast Food Shops: 2.70
Cafe De Coral: 3.29
Fairwood: 3.11
Maxim's Fast Food: 3.84
McDonald: 4.28
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.72
2. The food is expensive.
Fast Food Shops: 2.90
Cafe De Coral: 3.47
Fairwood: 3.45
Haxii's Fast Food: 3.68
McDonald: 4«16
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.35
3. The food it provides is good value for money.
Fast Food Shops: 3.41
Cafe De Coral: 3.47
Fairwood: 3.45
Haxii's Fast Food: 3.68
McDonald: 4.16
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.35
4. It is easy to find one.
Fast Food Shops: 4.63
Cafe De Coral: 4.49
Fairwood: 4.15
Maxim's Fast Food: 3.50
McDonald: 5.21
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.18
Page yiii
5. It provides a wide variety of food.
Fast Food Shops: .3.76
Cafe De Coral: 3.95
Fairwood: 3.89
Maxii's Fast Food: 3.82
McDonald: 3.12
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 2.79
6. It is clean and tidy.
Fast Food Shops: 2.74
Cafe De Coral: 3.64
Fairwood: 3.58
Maxii's Fast Food: 4.41
McDonald: 4.62
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 4.26
7. It provides good services.
Fast Food Shops: 2.74
Cafe De Coral: 3.22
Fairwood: 3.16
Maxim's Fast Food: 3.63
McDonald: 4.17
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.74
8. You like the taste of food it provides.
Fast Food Shops: 3.03
Cafe De Coral: 3.42
Fairwood: 3.32
Maxim's Fast Food: 3.81
McDonald: 4.29
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.70
9. You can finish a leal quickly in it.
Fast Food Shops: 4.48
Cafe De Coral: 4.47
Fairwood: 4.43
Maxim's Fast Food: 4.47
McDonald: 4.98
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 4.34
Page yiii
10. It is innovative in the food it offers.
Fast Food Shops: .2.83
Cafe De Coral: 3.65
Fairwood: 3.69
Haxii's Fast Food: 3.34
McDonald: 3.32
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.17
11. It advertises and promotes frequently*
Fast Food Shops: 2.05
Cafe De Coral: 4.39
Fairwood: 4.21
Haxii's Fast Food: 2.58
McDonald: 5.26
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.89
12. Which age range do you think the followings are lost suitable for ? (You can have more than
one choice in each row) = ^ ^ ^ = = = = = = = 5 1
Age Range
Under 15 15 to 25 26 to 35 Over 35
Fast Food Shops ^ ^ ^ 0.44
Cafe De Coral ^ ^ ^ 0.31
Fairwood ^ ^ ^ 0.32
HaxiB^s Fast Food ^ ^ ^ 0.42
McDonald ^ ^ 0.19
Kentucky Fried Chicken 0.43 0.89 0.53 0,12
13. Which income range do you think the followings are lost suitable for ? (You can have more
than one choice in each ^
Personal Monthly Income Range (HK$)
Under 4,000 to 7,999 8,000 to 12,000 to Over
4,000 11,999 15,000 15,000
Fast Food Shops ^ ^ ^ 0.1。
Cafe De Coral ^ ^ ^ 0»12
Fairwood ^ ^ Q.47 0.13 0.12
Maxim's Fast Food 0.40 ^ ^ ^ 0.18
McDonald 0.65 0.79 ^ 0.25
Kentucky Fried Chicken 0.37 0.68 ^ 0.23
Page yiii
14. Which purposes do you think the followings are iQst suitable for ? (You can have lore than
one choice in each row) . •
Purposes
Breakfast Lunch Tea Break Dinner
Fast Food Shops 0.49 0.72 0.54 ^ _
Cafe De Coral 0.52 0.77 ^ ^ _
Fairwood O M 0.77 0.49 O M _
Haxim^s Fast Food ^ ^ ^liZ ^ _
McDonald 0.65 0J2 ^ ^ _
Kentucky Fried Chicken 0.10 0.53 0.62 0.28
15. Please rank the following shops by the number of customers according to your own
perception. A "1" stands for the highest nuiber of custoiers, a "2" stands for the next
highest, and so on.
Cafe De Coral 2.37
Fairwood 3.04
Maxim's Fast Food 3.39
McDonald 1.72
Kentucky Fried Chicken 4.08
16. Please rank the following shops by your frequency of consumption. A "1" stands for the
highest frequency of consuiption, a "2" stands for the next highest, and so on.
Cafe De Coral • 2.59
Fairwood 2.95
Haxii's Fast Food 3.34
McDonald 1.82
Kentucky Fried Chicken 3.79
17. Please write down what you will associate with the followings.
(eg. Someone will associate IBM with computers, Marlboro with red colour, Longines watches
with James Bond, and Perrier with the shape of its bottle.)
Cafe De Coral
Fairwood
Maxim's Fast Food
McDonald
Kentucky Fried Chicken
Page 74
18. Please rate the importance of following factors when you choose a fast food shop for meal.
Please circle your choices. »
Quality of Food: 4.92
Price of Food: 4.55
Convenience: 4.74
Variety of Menu: 4.22
Good Service: 4.34
Taste of Food: 4.94
Tiie Saving: 4.61
Shop's Image: 4.18
Good Value For Money: 4.80
Cleanliness k Tidiness: 5.13
Innovation in Food: 3.94
Advertising k Promotion: 3.05
Number of custoiers: 3.32
19. YOUR SEX : Hale 451 Female 55^
20. YODR AGE : less than 15 01
15 to 25 531
26 to 35 431
36 or Above 41
21. YODR MONTHLY INCOME: Under HK$ 4,000 301
HK$ 4,000 to 7,999 401
HK$ 8,000 to 11,999 221
HK$ 12,000 to 15,000 6务
Over HK$ 15,000 2\
22. YODR OCCUPATION: Executive 81
Professional 141
White Collar 361
Blue Collar 41
Student 381
I
Page yiii
APPENDIX 3
QUESTIONNAIRE ON WENDY'S
We are a group of two MBA students froi The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Currently, we are
conducting a survey on Fast Food Shops in Hong Kong.
Please circle your answers to questions 1 to 10.
1. It offers food of good quality.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Maxim's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Wendy's: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
2. The food is expensive.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Haxii's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Wendy's: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
3. The food it provides is good value for money.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Maxim's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Wendy's: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Page yiii
4. It provides a wide variety of food.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Maxim's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Wendy's: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
5. It is clean and tidy.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Maxim's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Wendy's: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
6. It provides good services.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Maxim's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Wendy's: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
7. You like the taste of food it provides.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Maxii's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Wendy's: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
•i
8. You can finish a leal quickly in it.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Haxii's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Wendy's: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Page yiii
9. It is innovative in the food it offers.
Fast Food Shops: .Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Haxii's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Wendy's: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
10. It advertises and promotes frequently.
Fast Food Shops: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Cafe De Coral: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Fairwood: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Maxim's Fast Food: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
McDonald: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Kentucky Fried Chicken: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Wendy's: Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agree
Please put ticks in tbe appropriate boxes in questions 11 to 13.
11. Which age range do you think Wendy's is _ suitable for ? (You can have more than one
choice)
Under 15 _
15 to 25 _
26 to 35 —
Over 35 —
12. Which Personal Monthly Income Range (HK$) do you think Wendy's is _ suitable for ? (You
can have more than one choice)
Under 4,000 —
4,000 to 7;999 _
8,000 to 11,999 _ _
12,000 to 15,000 一
Over 15,000 —
13. Which purposes do you think Wendy's is lost suitable for ? (You can have more than one
choice)
Breakfast —
Lunch 一
Tea Break —
Dinner —
Page yiii
14. Please write down what you will associate with Wendy's.
(eg. Someone will associate IBM with coiputers, Marlboro with red colour, Longines watches
with James Bond, and Perrier with.the shape of its bottle.)
Please put ticks in the appropriate boxes in question 15 to 18.
15. YODR SEX : Hale 一 Female —
16. YODR AGE : less than 15 一
15 to 25 _ _
26 to 35 —
36 or Above —
17. YODR MONTHLY INCOME: Under HK$ 4,000 _
HK$ 4,000 to 7,999 _
HK$ 8,000 to 11,999 _ _
HK$ 12,000 to 15,000 一
Over HK$ 15,000 _
18. YOUR OCCUPATION: Executive —
Professional ___
White Collar —
Blue Collar —
Student —
Others (pis specify)
Thank You very luch for your cooperation.
Pa^e 79
0
APPENDIX 4
DATA OF "QUESTIONNAIRE ON WENDY'S"
1. It offers food of good quality.
Fast Food Shops: 2.93
Cafe De Coral: 3.06
Fairwood: 3.40
Maxim's Fast Food: 3.86
McDonald: 4.13
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.93
Wendy's: 3.76
2. The food is expensive.
Fast Food Shops: 2.94
Cafe De Coral: 3.81
Fairwood: 4.00
Maxim's Fast Food: 4.43
McDonald: 3.66
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 4.62
Wendy's: 4.50
3. The food it provides is good value for money.
Fast Food Shops: 2»93
Cafe De Coral: 3.13
Fairwood: 3.46
Maxii's Fast Food: 3.66
McDonald: 3.93
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.80
Wendy's: 3.66
Page yiii
4. It provides a wide variety of food.
Fast Food Shops: 3.60
Cafe De Coral: 3.60
Fairwood: 3.60
Maxim's Fast Food: 3.31
McDonald: 3.53
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 2.93
Wendy's: 4.08
5. It is clean and tidy.
Fast Food Shops: 2.33
Cafe De Coral: 3.13
Fairwood: 3.13
Maxim's Fast Food: 4.46
McDonald: 4.66
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.68
Wendy's: 5.32
6. It provides good services.
Fast Food Shops: 2.43
Cafe De Coral: 3.00
Fairwood: 3.00
Maxim's Fast Food: 3.46
McDonald: 4.06
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.73
Wendy's: 4.30
7.、 You like the taste of food it provides.
Fast Food Shops: 2.93
Cafe De Coral: 3.20
Fairwood: 3.06
Maxim's Fast Food: 3.60
McDonald: 4.13
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.53
Wendy's: 3.80
8. You can finish a leal quickly in it.
Fast Food Shops: 4.60
Cafe De Coral: 4.40
Fairwood: 4.26
Maxim's Fast Food: 4.20
McDonald: 4.73
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.75
Wendy's: 4.78
Page yiii
9. It is innovative in the food it offers.
Fast Food Shops: '2.56
Cafe De Coral: 3.66
Fairwood: 3.66
Maxim's Fast Food: 3.20
McDonald; 3.73
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.60
Wendy's: 4.12
10. It advertises and promotes frequently.
Fast Food Shops: 1.87
Cafe De Coral: 4,53
Fairwood: 4.33
Maxim's Fast Food: 2.46
McDonald: 5.33
Kentucky Fried Chicken: 3.62
Wendy's: 3.42
11. Which age range do you think Wendy's is lost suitable for ? (You can have lore than one
choice)
Under 15 0.38
15 to 25 0.80
26 to 35 0.36
Over 35 0.12
12. Which Personal Monthly Income Range (HK$) do you think Wendy's is lost suitable for ? (You
can have tore than one choice)
Under 4,000 0.26
4,000 to 7,999 0.78
8,000 to 11,999 0.58
12,000 to 15,000 0.24
Over 15,000 0.20
13. Which purposes do you think Wendy's is lost suitable for ? (You can have lore than one
choice)
Breakfast 0.28
Lunch 0.72
Tea Break 0.54
Dinner 0.16
Page yiii
14. Please write down what you will associate with Wendy's. •
(eg. Someone will associate IBM with computers, Marlboro with red colour, Longines watches
with James Bond, and Perrier with-the shape of its bottle.)
15. YOUR SEX : Hale 12% Female 281
16. YOUR AGE : less than 15 21
15 to 25 521
26 to 35 301
36 or Above 161
17. YOUR MONTHLY INCOME: Under HK$ 4,000 281
HK$ 4,000 to 7,999 321
HK$ 8,000 to 11,999 22%
HK$ 12,000 to 15,000 141
Over HK$ 15,000
18. YOUR OCCUPATION: Executive 10
Professional 14
White Collar 24
Blue Collar 20
Student 24
Housewife 81
•t
Page yiii
m
APPENDIX 5
TEST ON DIFFERENT SAMPLES
In the following table, the question number refers to the questions in the
Questionnaire for Wendy's, "mean 1" and "sd 1" refer to the mean and standard
deviation of the answers to "questionnaire on fast food shops" survey, "mean 2" and
"sd 2" refer to the mean and standard deviation of the answers to "questionnaire on
Wendy's" survey, "z" refers to the z value calculated on the difference between the
two means.
Question 1
mean 1 2.70 3.29 3.11 3.84 4.28 3.72
sd 1 1.06 1.03 1.01 1.23 1.08 0.91
lean 2 2.93 3.06 3.40 3,86 4.13 3.93
sd 2 0.92 0.99 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.18
z -1.3 1.31 -1.5 -0.1 0.82 -1.1 Question 2
lean 1 2 . % 3.47 3.46 4.05 3.42 4.51
sd 1 0.92' 0.80 0.86 1.02 1.19 1.08
lean 2 2.94 3.81 4.00 4.43 3.66 4.62
sd 2 1.58 1.42 1.36 1.65 1.44 1.57
Z -0.1 -1.5 -2.5 -1.5 -1.0 -0.4
Question 3
lean 1 3.41 3.47 3.45 3.68 4.16 3.35
sd 1 1.01 0.97 0.97 1.08 1.10 0.99
lean 2 2.93 3.13 3.46 3.66 3.93 3.80
sd 2 1.34 1.30 1.30 0.94 1.43 1.37
Z 2.19 1.62 -0.0 0.07 0.98 -2.0
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Aaker, David A. Strategy Market Management. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons,Inc.
,1988.
Aaker, David A., and Myers, John G. Advertising Management. 3rd ed.
Prentice-Hall International Editions. 1987
Churchill, Gilbert A. Marketing Research: Methodological Foundations. 5th ed.
The Dry den Press International Edition. 1991
Kotler, Philip. M a r k e t i n g M a n a g e m e n t : Analysis, Planning,
Tmplementation and Control. 6th ed. Prentice-Hall International Editions,
1988.
Ries, Al, and Trout, Jack. Positioning: The Battle For Your Mind.
1st ed. revised, McGraw-Hill International Editions, 1987.
Periodicals
Contemporary News Weekly. n45, pp51, 6 Oct, 1990.
Corporate, vl, nlO, pp30-33, Jun 1991.
Economics Weekly. vlO,n24,ppl2, 21 May, 1992.
Hong Kong Business, pp94-97, Sep 1989.
Hong Kong Economic Journal. vl4, nlO, pp70-73, Jan 1991.
South China Morning Post (Business! ppl & 3,14 Aug, 1989.
Page yiii
South China Morning Post (Business), ppl, 26 Oct, 1991.
South China Morning Post (Business). pp9, 3 Jan, 1990.
South China Morning Post (Business), ppl, 27 Oct, 1990.
South China Morning Post (Computer & Technology Post). pp3, 4 Dec,1990.
South China Morning Post ppl & 2,4 Aug, 1991.
South China Morning Post (Money). ppl4, 18 Nov, 1990.
-A
Interviews
Sudirman, Natalie K., and Maeloa, Hano. Wendy Foods Ltd. Interview, 23 March
1992.
Fung, Teddy K. W. Wendy's Aberdeen shop. Interview, 6 April 1992.
• h
Others
Annual Report of Cafe De Coral Limited. 1991.
Maxim's Restaurant Limited. 19 Feb, 1992.
The Book of New Issue of Fairwood Holdings Limited. Sep 1991.
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