Confucius Institutes: Academic Malware 孔子学院学術的マル · Marshall Sahlins The Confucius Institute is an appealing brand for extending our culture abroad. It has made

The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Volume 12 | Issue 46 | Number 1 | Nov 16 2014

1

Confucius Institutes Academic Malware 孔子学院　学術的マルウェア

Marshall Sahlins

The Confucius Institute is an appealing brandfor extending our culture abroad It has madean important contribution toward improvingour soft power The ldquoConfuciusrdquo brand has anatural attractiveness Using the excuse ofteaching Chinese language everything looksreasonable and logical

So runs the report of a speech in November2011 by Li Changchun then a member of theStanding Committee of the Politburo thehighest body of the Chinese Communist Partyat the Beijing Headquarters of the ConfuciusInstitute in November 2011 Officially known asThe Office of the Chinese Language CouncilInternational and commonly as ldquoHanbanrdquo theConfucius Institute is a Chinese governmentagency inserted into an increasing number ofuniversities and lower schools the worldaround ostensibly with the reasonable andlogical mission of teaching Chinese languageand culturemdashand veritably with the practicalmission of promoting the real-political influenceof the Peoplersquos Republic

Since their inception in 2004 ConfuciusInstitutes (CIs) have been a great successPresently there are approximately 450Confucius Institutes operating in 120 countriesincluding about 100 in the US and some 650ldquoConfucius Classroomsrdquo offering instruction inK-12 schools Among the American hostinstitutions are the prestigious privateuniversities of Chicago Stanford and Columbiaand the exemplary state universities ofM i c h i g a n I o w a a n d U C L A F o r acomprehensive list of college and universityConfucius Institutes in the US and globally seeh e r e

(httpconfuciusinstituteunleduinstitutesshtmlUSA) The entire public school district ofChicago has enlisted in the program putting 43Confucius Classrooms in primary andsecondary schools with an enrollment of nearly12000 students An obvious reason for thissuccess is the great demand for Chineselanguage instruction the world over which inturn suggests a ldquofollow the moneyrdquo meme asthe demand clearly reflects the global prowessand glowing promise of the Chinese economy

Less obviously Confucius Institutes are oftenhostages to university fortunes insofar as theyare deemed desirable and renewable at the riskof jeopardizing the flow of tuition-payingstudents from China Totaling more than235000 in 2013-14 these students comprisedthe largest national contingent of foreignenrollees in American colleges and universitiesStill following the money one should not ignorethe various perquisites provided by Hanban tothis or that host institution ranging from toursto China for students in CI courses to fundingresearch on China by graduate students andfaculty (pending approval of the project byHanban) to wining and dining of university

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

2

presidents and their families on visits to Chinafeaturing first class air travel five star hotelsand celebrity tourismmdashan up-to-date version ofthe imperial guest ritual of the Trsquoang dynasty

Moreover there is the immediate payoff for theuniversities concerned $100000 and up instart-up costs provided by Hanban with annualpayments of the like over a five-year periodand instruction subsidized as well includingthe air fares and salaries of the teachersprovided from China After a period of trainingby Hanban the Chinese teachers are in manycases integrated in the universityrsquos degreeprograms in charge of regular credit coursesHanban also agrees to send textbooks videosand other classroom materials for thesecoursesmdashmaterials that are often welcome ininstitutions without an important China studiesprogram of their own In other wordsAmerican universities and others aresubcontracting teaching to a foreigngovernment

The teaching component of the local ConfuciusInstitute is often complemented by academicprograms such as guest lectures and scholarlyconferences on China Considering that thepolitical constraints in effect on publicdiscussions of certain topics in China areusually followed in Confucius Institutesmdashnotalking of Tibetan independence the status ofTaiwan the fourth of June 1989 at TiananmenSquare Falun Gong universal human rightsetcmdashthese academic events are largelyconsistent with the ldquocultural activitiesrdquo of CIsinsofar as they likewise present a positivepicture of a peaceful harmonious andattractive Peoplersquos Republic From classes onmaking dumpl ings to f i lm showingscelebrations of Chinese festivals andldquotraditionalrdquo folk dances the CIs put on variousldquoculturetainmentsrdquo (as Lionel M Jensendubbed them) for the community at largeAccording to the Constitution and By Laws ofConfucius Institutes the annual plans of localCIs must be submitted to Beijing for approval

and Hanban reserves the right to take any CI tocourt for sponsoring an event it has not firstapproved

But none of this has ever happened say achorus of Confucius Institute Directors Hanbanhas never told us what to do or not to do theysay No plans of CI events no researchproposals have ever been turned down byBeijing And most telling it is claimed thatdespite the great number of CIs the worldaround there have been very few incidents ofacademic malpractice Perhaps so when thematter is a public scandal but something is tobe said for what is considered a violation ofacademic integrity and what therefore passesfor an ldquoincidentrdquo

What usually passes for an incident of this kindis the oft-cited charge of discriminatory hiringagainst McMaster University in 2012 by anerstwhile Confucius Institute teacher fromChina Ms Sonia Zhao who was unable tomaintain her position when she revealed heradherence to Falun Gong Brought before theHuman Rights Tribunal of Ontario the incidentdid become a scandal to the extent thatMcMaster was moved to terminate itsConfucius Institute Yet there are numeroussimilar events of similar implication thatbecause they are too parochial or seeminglyinsignificant never reach public attentionIndeed when the ldquoincidentrdquo consists of self-censorship on the part of a secondary schoolteacher in a Confucius Classroom in Ashtabulawith regard to topics that are politically tabooin China the matter is not likely to come toanyonersquos attention Nor would it be necessaryto go so far as preventing the Dalai Lama fromspeaking on campus to make an offense of thatnature against academic freedom I am told ongood authority that while it is perfectly possibleto hang a portrait of the Dalai Lama in theCenter for East Asian Studies at the Universityof Chicago it would be impossible in theConfucius Institute The quotient of iconicity(ikonicity) in the image is enough to make the

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

3

pointmdasheven though ceci nrsquoest pas un DalaiLama

Incidents of academic malpractice in ConfuciusInstitutes from the virtually unnoticeable tothe publicly notorious are in fact disturbinglycommon In what follows I describe a goodnumber of them based on reports in publicmedia and communications from persons in theinstitutions involved A prefactory notice of theviews of Chinese officialdom on the politics ofculture and Confucius Institutes together withsome reference to the shadow governance ofHanban by the CCP apparatus will help makethese incidents intelligible

But before going any further I should makeclear the reasons for my temerity in thusentering a debate about Confucius InstitutesThis pamphlet has everything to do with thechallenges CIs pose to academic freedom andintegrity in the US and elsewhere andalthough it is necessarily concerned withChinese government policy it nothing to dowith animus to the PRC as such the Chinesepeople or with some sort of deranged anti-communism Then there is the reticence ofChina scholars with ongoing research interestsin China to become engaged in criticism of theCI project Regrettably it becomes necessaryfor people like me to take up these essentiallydomestic US issues of academic integrity

Official Chinese Views on the Politics of Cultureand Confucius Institutes

Make sure that all cultural battlegroundscultural products and cultural activities reflectand conform to the socialist core values andrequirement

mdashLiu Yunshan Minister of Propaganda

7 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 0 P e o p l e rsquo s D a i l y(httpculturepeoplecomcnGB22226575975760012691228html)

Coordinate the efforts of overseas and domestic

propaganda further create a favorableinternational environment for us Overseaspropaganda should be ldquocomprehensive multi-level and wide-rangingrdquohellip We should do well inproviding services and exercising control andmanagement of foreign journalists we shouldguide them to report China objectively andfriendly With regard to key issues thatinfluence our sovereignty and safety we shouldactively carry out international propagandabattles against issues such as Tibet XinjiangTaiwan Human Rights and Falun Gong Ourstrategy is to proactively take our cultureabroadhellip We should do well in establishing andoperating overseas cultural centers andConfucius Institutes


January 2010 Yongning Government Website(httpyongninggovcnynkxfzgcontents2652221_5html)

Take the year 2010 as an example we sent 940art and cultural groups to perform in foreigncountries totaling 93700 performanceshellipC o m p a r e d t o 2 0 0 9 t h e n u m b e r o fperformances in foreign countries increased by254 percent If we organize government-sponsored activities foreigners might be onhigh alerthellip Many of our cultural products havean intense ideological overtonehellip TheConfucius Institute is semi-officialhellip It will beuseful to expand Chinarsquos influence abroad

mdashXu Shipi a scholar close to officialdomM a r c h 2 0 1 2 C h i n a c o m(httpopinionchinacomcnopinion_20_35820html)

Amidst the ever more frequent confrontationand blending of different ideas and culturesworldwide whoever occupies the highest pointof cultural development will have in possessionstrong cultural soft power and will be aproactive player in the intense internationalcompetition The hostile forces in theinternational community are hastening their

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

4

steps to westernize and separate our countryThe ideology and culture fronts have been theirkey areas of infiltration We must deeplyunderstand the seriousness and complexity ofideological struggles and take powerfulmeasures to cope with them

mdashHu Jintao CCP General Secretary

1 J a n u a r y 2 0 1 2 C h i n a c o m(httpwwwchinacomcnpolicytxt2012-0102content_24306776html)

Every year since 2004 Li Changchun gavenumerous important instructions to theConfucius Institute and visited ConfuciusInstitutes in 15 countries when travelingabroad He has established a favorable imageas a Chinese leader in the international societyThe series of important instructions by LiChangchun on the Confucius Institute aretheoretical treasures of the Confucius Instituteundertaking We studied them in the past andwe must continue to study them now and in thefuture

mdashXu Lin Director of Hanban

(Headquarters of the Confucius Institutes)November 2011 Confucius Institute Online(httpeduchinesecnonlinelearningNotesNotesDetailaspxAnnouncementID=79)

(excerpt from the report on Li Changchunrsquosvisit cited above)

The international spreading of culture mustshoulder the tasks of improving our nationrsquossoft power and creating a better image Thecross-media spreading model for our culturehas not only increased our inf luenceinternationally but also broadened ourstrategic interests We should quietly plantthe seeds of our ideology in foreign countrieswe must make good use of our traditionalculture to package our socialist ideology

mdashWang Gengnian Director of China Radio

Internat ional 2011 People rsquos Dai ly( h t t p t h e o r y p e o p l e c o m c n G B 16480463html)

Culture is one important component of ournationrsquos soft power It plays an important rolein strengthening our nationrsquos comprehensivepower and thus has an influence on the overalldevelopment of our Party and the country

mdashJia Qinglin member of the CCP PolitburoStanding Committee and Chairman of theNational Political Consultative Conference 24J u l y 2 0 0 7 1 6 3 N e w s(httpnews163com070725093K84OOV0000122EHhtml)

The Confucius Institute opened up a newchannel for Chinarsquos foreign relations It hasmade significant contributions to improveChinarsquos soft power

mdashSpecial Topic Conference of National PoliticalConsultative Conference 26 August 2011C h i n a N e w s(httpwwwchinanewscomcul201109-153330742shtml)

We require from you Chinese residents staffat Chinese enterprises faculty of ConfuciusInstitutes and Chinese students in Kirghizstanthat no matter what work you do in a foreigncountry keep Chinarsquos peaceful unification inyour mind

mdashAssociation for Chinarsquos Peaceful UnificationKyrgyzstan 25 January 2012 State CouncilW e b s i t e(httpwwwgwytbgovcngatswfdct201202t20120214_2291723htm)

Note the presence of members of the StandingCommittee of the Politburo the supreme rulingbody at once of the Communist Party and theState among those giving guidance toConfucius Institutes This is some contrast tothe way Hanban commonly identif iesitselfmdashand is commonly known abroadmdashas a

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

5

ldquonon-profit organization affiliated with theMinistry of Educationrdquo Some such benigndescription can be found on the website ofvirtually every university Confucius Institutethus giving it a semblance of academiclegitimacy Indeed in more elaborateformulations the CI adds a certain moralauthori ty in descr ibing i tsel f as ldquoanindependent non-profit organization affiliatedwith the Ministry of Education devoted tofostering instruction in Chinese language andculture in the aim of promoting a harmoniousmulticultural world orderrdquo What is generallynot said either in Beijing Ann Arbor or PaloAlto is that Hanban itself is ruled by aldquoGoverning Councilrdquo of high Party-Stateofficialsmdashalthough both the make up of thatCouncil as specified in the Constitution andBylaws of Confucius Institutes and its actualmembership can be found on Hanban websitesh e r e(httpenglishhanbanorgnode_7880htm) andh e r e(httpwwwchinesecnconference11node_37099htm)

However what cannot be publically found atleast not easi ly is the shadow Partyorganization that sits above Hanban and itsGoverning Council setting its policies fundingits operations and otherwise supervising itHanban functions within and as part of theChinese Communist Partyrsquos Propaganda andEducation system Unti l recently thepropaganda czar in charge of the system wasVice-Premier Li Changchunmdashthe one who saidin a speech at the Confucius InstitutesHeadquarters that ldquousing the excuse ofteaching Chinese language everything looksreasonable and logicalrdquo

The Governing Council of high officials is thebureaucratic body that controls Hanban Itsown chair Madam Liu Yandong is a VicePremier of State and member of the PolitburoUnder Madam Liu are four Vice-Chairs theMinisters of Education and Overseas Chinese

Affairs the Deputy Secretary General of theState Council and the Vice Minister of FinanceA third tier of Executive Council Membersincludes Vice Ministers of Foreign AffairsNational Development and Reform EducationCommerce Culture State Council Informationand Overseas Chinese Affairs among othersOccupying a relative modest place in thehierarchy as the thirteenth and last mentionedof these Executive Council Members is ViceMinister Xu Lin the Director General ofHanban (its CEO in effect) There is a fourthtier of ordinary ldquoMembersrdquo including adecorative collection of foreign Directors ofuniversity CIs The Governing Council MadamLiu Yandong and the higher officials in chargecontrols the annual agenda and receives thereports of the Hanban Headquarters inBeijingmdasheven as the Headquarters receives andapproves the annual reports of ConfuciusInstitutes in schools the world over It followsthat in submitting these reports of theirConfuc ius Ins t i tu tes to the Be i j ingHeadquarters Stanford Columbia Chicago etal put themselves in the position of dependentperipheral branches of a bureaucratic networkwhose policies come down from the higherreaches of the Chinese Party-State

Moreover these policies come rather from theParty than the State For through its ownranking Party Members the Governing Councilof Hanban is in turn subject to the ChineseCommunist Party Propaganda system As iswell known the CCP is ldquothe state of the staterdquoalthough exactly what this entails is not wellknown because the Party tends to conceal theextent and manner of its influence

As investigated by David Shambaugh in 2007and Stephen J Hoare-Vance in 2009 theimbrication of the Confucius Institutes in theCCP apparatus consists primarily in themembership of ranking members of the HanbanGoverning Council in the so-called ldquoSmallLeading Groupsrdquo of the overarchingPropaganda and Education system Consisting

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

6

of eight or so Party (cum State) officials theimportant Leading Groups are headed by amember of the Politburo Standing CommitteeIt is through their participation in a LeadingGroup that these officials convey CCP policiesinto the functioning of the bureaucracies inwhich they hold important positions As of lastnotice Party policies are transmitted to theConfucius Institutes largely by virtue of thedouble appurtenance of officials of the HanbanGoverning Council in the External PropagandaLeading Group or the Propaganda and ThoughtWork Leading Group The mission of theExternal Propaganda Leading Group accordingto Shambaugh is

(1) to tell Chinarsquos story to the world publicizeChinese government policies and promoteChinese culture abroad (2) to counter what isperceived to be hostile foreign propaganda(such as the so-called ldquoChina Threatrdquo Theory)(3) countering Taiwan independenceproclivities and (4) propagating Chinarsquosforeign policy

Such are the kinds of policies to whichmembers of the Hanban bureaucracy arebeholden and for which they are accountable(David Shambaugh 2007 ldquoChinarsquos PropagandaSystem Institutions Processes and EfficacyrdquoThe China Journal 57 25-58 see pp48-49 seealso Stephen T Hoare-Vance 2009 ldquoTheConfucius Institutes and Chinarsquos EvolvingF o r e i g n P o l i c y rdquo(httpircanterburyacnzbitstream1009236191Thesis_fulltextpdf) MA Thesis Universityof Canterbury NZ)

It follows that the Confucius Institutes are notsimple non-profit organizations affiliated withthe Ministry of Education and devoted topromoting a harmonious multicultural worldIndeed although host CIs are told they arefunded by the Ministry of Education the MOEis just a laundering front for the CCPrsquos ExternalPropaganda Group Shambaugh writes

Another prominent example of external

propaganda work is the substantial effort toestablish a range of ldquoConfucius Institutesrdquoaround the worldhellip [F]oreign universities aretypically approached by the EducationCounselor of the local Chinese embassyoffering ldquono strings attachedrdquo funds toestablish a Confucius Institute The recipient istold that the funding comes from the Ministryof Education but it is in fact laundered throughthe MOE from the CCPPDrsquos ExternalPropaganda Department [CCPPD = ChineseCommunist Partyrsquos Propaganda Department]

Analogously and more generally the ConfuciusInstitutes implement policy directives of theParty Consider the encomium accorded by XuLin the Director of Hanban to Li Changchunthe Head of the CCPrsquos Propaganda andEducation network as cited above ldquoThe seriesof important instructions by Li Changchun onthe Confucius Instituterdquo said Madam Xu ldquoaretheoretical treasures of the Confucius Instituteundertaking We studied them in the past andwe must continue to study them now and in thefuturerdquo In sum Hanban takes its marchingorders from the Party rsquos propagandaapparatusmdashas issued from the StandingCommittee of the Politburo

Xu Lin speaks

This being the organization and functions of theConfucius Institutes the comparison too often

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

7

made to institutions such as the British Councilor the Goethe Institut is dare one say a redherring Not only are the CIs unlike these othercultural exports by their existence within andas elements of host universities they are alsodistinct for functioning there as elements of aforeign government Hence the contradictionsto academic norms exemplified in the followingpages

Censorship in University Activities

Self- and Other

mdashA scheduled 2009 visit of the Dalai Lama wascancelled by the interim Chancellor of NorthCarolina State University Jim Woodwardostensibly because there had been insufficienttime to prepare for such an august guest Thedirector of the NC State Confucius InstituteBai l ian Li a forestry professor gotinvolvedmdashafter the cancellation he said as awarning for the futuremdashtelling the provost thata visit by the Dalai Lama could disrupt ldquosomestrong relationships we were developing withChinardquo In this connection the provostWarwick Arden observed that a ConfuciusInstitute presents an ldquoopportunity for subtlepressure and conflictrdquo (Bloombergcom(httpwwwbloombergcomnews2011-11-01china-says-no-talking-tibet-as-confucius-funds-u-s-universitieshtml) 1 November 2011)

mdashIn April 2013 Sydney University officialscancelled a scheduled June visit of the DalaiLama and required it be moved off campus andshow no sign of the Universityrsquos affiliation Itwas widely reported including statements ofAustralian politicians that the Universitywished to avoid ldquodamaging its ties to Chinaincluding funding for its Confucius Instituterdquo(The Guardian 18 April 2013) Bowing to alarge protest the University administrationeventually reversed itself and the Dalai Lamaspoke on campus as scheduled

mdashThe previous August the Confucius Instituteat Sydney had sponsored a lecture by a Chinese

academic known for criticizing the Dalai Lamaas the leading proponent of the ancient ldquofeudalserfdom systemrdquo whereas China which ldquohadalways governed Tibetrdquo had under the PRCregime finally delivered it from ldquoa dictatorshipof monks and aristocratsrdquo The CI howeverasked the professor to concentrate his remarkson the history of Tibetan Buddhism and thetraditional pre-Chinese selection of the DalaiLama (theaustraliancom 13 Aug 2012)

mdashAccording to Ted Foss the Deputy Director ofthe Center for East Asian Studies (CEAS)University of Chicago a picture of the DalaiLama could be hung in the CEAS but not in theprecincts of the Universityrsquos Confucius Institute(CIUC) (The Nation 13 Nov 2013)

mdashBetween July and October 2013 at FudanNankai and Xiamen universities Hanbansponsored a series of workshops for foreigndirectors of Confucius Institutesmdashover 200directors from 188 CIs A generally sympatheticreport on the Fudan workshop published by theUSC Center on Public Diplomacy notes that thelectures included some unprecedented topicsincluding ldquoA New Outlook on ChineseD i p l o m a c y rdquo ldquo H o w t o U n d e r s t a n dContemporary Chinardquo and ldquoHistory of ChineseCulture and Territoryrdquo ldquoThe selection oftopicsrdquo observed the report

is interesting for at least two reasons firstthese contemporary themes are normally notoften debated in Confucius Instituteshellipmoreoften than not CIs donrsquot talk too much abouttopics that are considered ldquosensitiverdquo byHanban and they focus more on topics thataremdashat least at first glancemdashmore apoliticalGenerally speaking there is nothing wrong withthis focus although one may argue that thisapproach does not really help to show andintroduce the ldquoreal Chinardquo to the worldSecondly the selection of topics indicates thatHanban wants to present Beijingrsquos official pointof view to its foreign directors When askedabout what he was told in the session on

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

8

Chinese territory and culture one foreigndirector told me that the lecture of coursenoted that Taiwan and Tibet are part of China

The reporter was not concerned that this wouldbe grist for critics of CIs because rdquoit is onething to tell foreign directors that Taiwan ispart of China while itrsquos another story toactually express this point of viewrdquo Andalthough this happens occasionally ldquomoreoften than not CIs try to stay away from thesetopics and do more apolitical stuff like papercuttingrdquo Still the reporter concludes ldquowhat allthis illustrates however is the fact that CIs arenot apolitical organizations as some CI s arec l a i m i n g rdquo S e e h e r e(httpuscpublicdiplomacyorgblogwhat-foreign-confucius-institutes-directors-learn-china)

mdashObserves Daniel A Bell professor of politicalphilosophy at Tsinghua University Beijingthere is nothing sinister about ConfuciusInstitutes ldquoOf course if they wanted to use themoney to organize a symposium on Tibetanindependence they might run into troublerdquo(The Diplomat 7 March 2011)

mdashFalk Hartig of the Queensland University ofTechnology (Brisbane) published an onlineversion of a paper presented at the 2010 AsianStudies Association of Australia titledldquoConfusion about Confucius Institutes SoftPower or Conspiracy A Case Study ofC o n f u c i u s I n s t i t u t e s i n G e r m a n y rdquo( h t t p a s a a a s n a u ASAA2010reviewed_papersHartig-Falkpdf)The paper included reports of interviews withthe directors of eight German CIs All of themechoed the kind of statement that can beduplicated from many CI directors in the USand elsewhere to the effect that Hanban doesnot tell them what to do or interfere in theiractivities (They are contractually obliged tosubmit their annual plan of activities includingacademic lectures and conferences to Hanbanfor approval) It put Hartig in mind of the oldChinese saying ldquothe sky is high and the

emperor is far awayrdquo in any case as he alsosays ldquothe crucial point is not so much what ishappening at Confucius Institutes [teaching isbarely considered in the study] but much morewhat is not happeningrdquo The following ares ta tements by Con fuc ius Ins t i tu tedirectorsmdashnames withheld by Hartigmdashaboutthe limits of what can be discussed at CIevents

The independence is limited regardingprecarious topics If topics like Tibet or Taiwanwould be approached too critical [sic] thiscould be difficult (Director A)

Even though it is true China is now more openin the cultural sphere the Confucius Institutestaff knows ldquoof course in which context weoperaterdquo (Director B)

According to another study of CIs in BerlinHamburg and Hanover at the Third ConfuciusInstitute Conference in 2008 while there wereldquono direct content-related perceptsrdquo it came upldquothat the following topics are not verywelcomed Tibet Falun Gong and TaiwanrdquoHartig confirmed this statement with one of the(unnamed) directors in his study

Confucius Institutes are not an institute foranti-Chinese [sic] organizations like dissidentgroups or Falun Gong It would be dewy-eyedto affirm this We know where we stand and Ithink we make use of the space we have Butthat Falun Gong appears here thatrsquos a physicalimpossibility (Director B)

I square it with my conscience or with what Iknow about China [in determining] what wecan do and what we cannot do (Director C)

Hartig explicitly refrains from a ldquofinaljudgmentrdquo on self-censorship

but it can be argued that staff members ofConfucius Institutes or members of ConfuciusInstitute councilsmdashmostly recognisedscholarsmdashwouldnrsquot risk their reputations doing

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

9

active propaganda for the Chinese governmentBut on the other hand it is also obvious theywouldnrsquot risk losing the money coming fromHanban by covering anti-Chinese topics [sic]

mdashThe Director of Confucius InstituteUniversity of Chicago Dali Yang is not worriedabout propaganda [at CUIC] becauserdquoStudents taking classes offered by theInstitute are unlikely to be victims ofpropaganda he said lsquoIs it possible thatUniversity of Chicago students are going to bebrainwashedrsquordquo (Chicago Tribune 4 May 2014)

Comment The implication is that censorship ispermissible in courses taught by CI instructorsbecause the students are too bright to be fooledby it Would this be true of the 12000 studentsof K-12 levels in the 43 Confucius Classroomsin Chicago Public Schools

mdashIn an interview Ted Foss the DeputyDirector of the Center for East Asian Studiesat the University of Chicago observed withregard to possible discussions of Tibetanindependence the Tiananmen massacre orFalun Gong at the Chicago Confucius InstituteldquoI think there is a certain amount of selfcensorshiprdquo Instead he allowed there ismoney for that kind of discussion at the CEAS

Comment This is again permissible censorshiphere in a form something like being just a littlebit pregnant censorship can be permittedanywhere in the university so long as there issomewhere it is not where anything can besaid The same sort of statementmdashldquoyou canalways do elsewhere what we canrsquot dohererdquomdashis a common refrain among CI directors

mdashDali Yang Director of the Chicago CIlikewise dismisses concerns about censorshipby saying that conferences on politicallysensitive topics can be sponsored instead bythe Center for East Asian Studies

mdashThe Dean of the School of Arts andHumanities at the University of Texas-Dallas

Dennis Krantz when asked if he would seekHanban funding for a conference on Tibet saidldquoIf I would do a conference on something likethat I have multiple places where Irsquod look forfundingrdquo (Bloombergcom 1 Nov 2011)

mdashDeputy Director of the Confucius Institute atErlangen-Nurenberg Michael Lackner saysldquoConfucius Institutes are not necessarily theright place for debates on topics pertaining totouchy subjects like Tibetrdquo Better to leave suchsubjects to Sinology departments (DeutscheWelle 25 January 2012)

mdashA report in The Australian cited several CIdirectorsrsquo claims of complete freedom fromHanban direction Apparently the reporter didnot ask about the political discretion that mightbe observed by of the directors themselvesHowever Mobo Gao the Director of theConfucius Institute at the University ofAdelaide did offer

that he would be unlikely to invite someone tohis centre to give a talk about Tibetanindependence But in his opinion such politicalactivity would also be out of place within thescholarly context of a Chinese studiesdepartment at a university whether or not ithosts a Confucius Institute See here(httpwwwtheaustraliancomauarchivehigher-educationchinas-soft-power-playstory-fnama19w-1226178665629)

mdashHuman rights are not discussed at theConfucius Institute of the British ColumbiaInstitute of Technology according to BCITofficials because ldquoit is not part of ourmandaterdquo (Vancouver Sun 2 April 2008)

mdashIn the Fall of 2013 Steven Levine emeritusprofessor of Chinese politics and history at theUniversity of Montana wrote to over 200Confucius Institute directors on behalf of aninternational group of China scholars andothers to ask that their Institutes mark the25th anniversary of the Tiananmen events of 4June 1989 with a public activity such as a

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

10

lecture a teach-in or a round table discussionldquothat addresses the relevant historical andcontemporary issuesrdquo The request continuedldquoIn the Analects (224) Confucius himself saidlsquoNot to act when justice commands iscowardicersquo We appeal to your conscience andsense of justice to act with couragerdquo With theexception of one positive message ProfessorLevine received no other response from his twohundred plus correspondents See here(httpwwwchinafilecomDebate-Over-Confucius-Institutescomment-496) and here(httpsinosphereblogsnytimescom20140218)

Comment with the one possible exceptionthese Confucius Institutes found it expedient toignore the events of 1989 at Tiananmen

mdashMeiru Liu Director of the CI at PortlandState University in response to a critical pressreport on Confucius Institutes said that herInstitute has sponsored lectures on Tibet

with an emphasis on the beautiful scenerycustoms and tourist interesthellip Wersquove alsoinvited speakers to give lectures that coversuch topics as Chinarsquos economic developmentcurrency US China relations that includestop ics re la ted to Ch ina rsquo s mi l i t a ry environmental and sustainability relations[although she didnrsquot say what the emphaseswere in these lectures]hellipWe try not to organizeand host lectures on certain issues related toFalun Gong dissidents and 1989 TiananmenSquare protests

For one thing she said these are not topics theConfucius Institutes headquarters would like tosee organized by the institutes For anotherldquolsquothey are not [of] major interest and concernsnow by general public at large here in theU S rsquo rdquo S e e h e r e(httpwwworegonlivecombusinessindexssf201103oregon_pacific_rim_roundup_beihtm)

mdashDurham University Professor Don Starrstates Confucius Institutes have no ideological

agenda because they donrsquot even talk about suchthings as human rights He says

another point undermining the notion thattherersquos an ideological agenda at play is that theprogramme just doesnrsquot touch on some keyissues The Chinese are going to avoidcontentious areas such as human rights anddemocracies and those kind of things

(The Diplomat 7 March 2011)

Comment duh

mdashIn an interview the Deputy Director ofCenter for East Asian Studies at the Universityof Chicago Ted Foss said of research projectssubmitted by the Chicago CI to Hanban forfunding ldquothere hasnrsquot been any directinterferencehellipbut there is a certain amount ofself censorshiprdquo However he also said therehas been a certain amount of ldquopush backrdquo fromHanban about research projects submitted bythe C I tha t a re no t concerned w i thcontemporary Chinese development

mdashWhen the dean of students at Tel AvivUniversity closed down a student art exhibitdepicting PRC oppression of Falun Gong aDistrict Court judge ruled the school hadldquoviolated freedom of expressionrdquo due to thedeanrsquos fear that the exhibit would jeopardizeChinese support for the Universityrsquos ConfuciusInstitute and other campus activities Thestudent plaintiffs were awarded court costs(Jerusalem Post 1 October 2009 Chronicle ofHigher Education 22 October 2010)

mdashA University of New South Wales academic(who wished to remain anonymous) toldTharunka [the UNSW student newspaper] thatstaff have been instructed not to speak to themedia about charges of CI censorship ofpolitically fraught issues and that doing somight damage their careers However

former diplomat and visiting Professor at theUniversity of Sydney Dr Jocelyn Chey was

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

11

more forthcoming about her concerns Cheysaid that while China needs to expand itsprogram of cultural exchanges shersquos worriedthat the Confucius Institutersquos funding venturesin universities damage its legitimacy ldquoIt canpre jud ice the independent work o fresearchershellipItrsquos nothing specific about Chinaitrsquos just a matter of academic independencerdquo

The Director of the UNSW Confucius Instituteresponded that the only function of the CI wasto promote Chinese language and culture andnothing else but the Tharunka journalistpointed out that one of the CI board memberswas president and co-founder of the AustralianCouncil for the Promotion of PeacefulReunification of China and Chairman of theOceanic Council for the Promotion of thePeaceful Reunification of China (19 February2 0 1 2 ) S e e h e r e(httptharunkaarcunsweduau963)

mdashIn a directive issued by the CCP to local partycommittees in May 2013 Chinarsquos toppropaganda officials banned the discussion ofseven topics on the grounds that they wereldquodangerous Western influencesrdquo urging thelocal cadres to enforce the ban in universitiesand the media The seven dangerous topicswere universal values freedom of speech civilsociety civil rights the historical errors of theChinese Communist Party crony capitalismand judicial independence The ban wasimmediately protested as the ldquo7 speak-notsrdquo bya political scientist at East China University ofPolitical Science and Law on his websitemdashasseveral of these topics had been openlydiscussed in universities for yearsmdashbut his postwas just as quickly deleted and thereupon thecensors in effect made discussions of the ldquo7speak-notsrdquo an ldquo8th-speak-notrdquo It not onlystands to reason that these topics would beunwelcome in Confucius Institutes too it is wellnigh inevitable since the directive was issuedthrough the same propaganda apparatus of theCCP that controls Confucius Institutes Seeh e r e

(httpwwwglobalpostcomdispatchnewsregionsasia-pacificchina130529censorship-chinese-communist -party) and here( h t t p g l o b a l v o i c e s o n l i n e o r g 20130516chinese-government-bans-seven-speak-not-school-subjects)

Comment there are considerably more than 7or 8 ldquospeak-notsrdquo As Perry Link writes

I will not be persuaded by an objection thatsays the June Fourth example is an extremeand therefore negligible case and that thereare plenty of other things to talk about inbustling Big China I will not be persuadedbecause if we rule out not just June Fourth butall the other ldquosensitiverdquo issuesmdashXinjiang TibetTaiwan Falun Gong Occupy Central the NobelPeace Prize the spectacular private wealth ofleadersrsquo families the cynical arrests of rightsadvocates and sometimes their deaths inprisons and moremdashwe are left with a picture ofChina that is not only smaller than the wholebut crucially different in nature See here(httpwwwchinafilecomDebate-Over-Confucius-Institutescomment-496)

Direct Chinese Political Influences

mdashIn the 2013 version of an annual variety showstaged on China Central Television to mark theChinese Spring Festival a Canadian operavirtuoso Thomas Glenn joined a Chinese operastar in a duet from an old ldquored operardquomdashwhosemeaning was unknown to him as he had neverbeen informed of it since he learned the song in2011 in a program called ldquoI Sing Beijingrdquosponsored by Hanban ldquoI gather CCTV gotahold of my performance through ldquoI SingBeijingrdquo Glenn said ldquoand the ConfuciusInstitute asked me to do the performance forthe [Spring Festival] Gala it was the ConfuciusInstitute that was the liaisonrdquo The irony is thatthe performance in question came from one ofthe Eight Model Operas promoted by MadameMao during the Cultural Revolution thatamong other functions were used to attackConfucius himselfmdashwho was then and for long

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

12

vilified by the PRC regime Including suchlyrics as ldquothe Party gives me wisdom gives mecouragerdquo the song tells of the infiltration of anencampment of ldquobanditsrdquo aka Nationalistsoldiers by a revolutionary hero leading to thefinal destruction of the Nationalists and theirleader The original libretto is said to have beenmeticulously revised by Chairman Mao Wheninformed of the meaning of the song and operaGlenn allowed that put him in am awkwardposition ldquoTo be perfectly honestrdquo he said ldquoIrsquomlargely ignorant of the social context in whichthis comes into play Know that I have a verydeep fondness for the Chinese peoplerdquoComment this is a rare glimpse into what canpass as ldquoculturalrdquo activities in ConfuciusInstitutes (A video of Glenn practicing one ofthe songs is available on YouTube See here(httpwwwtheepochtimescomn2china-newscanadian-performs-red-opera-at-beij ing-propaganda-show-346600html) also)

mdashIn March 2011 the Association of AsianStudiesmdashrepresenting some 8000 Asiascholarsmdashrefused support from Hanban ldquodueto the lack of a firewall separating Chinarsquosgovernment from funding decisionsrdquo(Bloomberg News 1 November 2011)

mdashAmong the ldquoGeneral Principlesrdquo stated in theConstitution and Bylaws of Confucius Institutesis the mandatory requirement that CI languagecourses shall be in Mandarin only ldquoTheConfucius Institutes conduct Chinese languageinstructions in Mandarin using StandardChinese Charactersrdquo What is here misleadinglycalled ldquoStandard Chinese Charactersrdquo refers tothe simplified script officially promulgated bythe Chinese government as a more easilylearned alternative to the traditional charactersin which everything had been written formillenniamdashand much that is not to the liking ofthe regime continues to be written in TaiwanHong Kong Malaysia Singapore Toronto andthe other communities of the Chinese diasporaThe simplified characters have made it possibleto greatly increase literacy in the Peoplersquos

Republic In a detailed critique of the politics ofthe mandatory language rule for CI studentshowever Michael Churchman observes that itwould create a global distribution of scholarsonly semi-literate in Chinese restricted by andlarge to what has been printed in the PRCNative speakers of Chinese knowing therelevant context and idioms and having someexposure to traditional characters may nothave great difficulty deciphering the traditionalcharacters but not foreign students especiallynot those who learn the language at collegeage Unable to read the classics except in theversions translated and interpreted in thePeoplersquos Republic cut off from the dissidentand popular literature of other Chinesecommunities students operating under Hanbanrules Churchman writes cannot even accessldquothe large and growing corpus of material onCommunist party history infighting andfactionalism written by mainlanders butpublished exclusively in Hong Kong andTaiwanrdquo He concludes ldquoThe control throughConfucius Institutes of what can and cannot betaught as Chinese is equally rooted in thecontrol of what can and cannot be discussed inC h i n a rdquo S e e h e r e(httpwwwchinaheritagequarterlyorgarticlesphpsearchterm+206_confuciudincampissue+206)

Commenting on Churchmanrsquos work the ChinaHeritage Quarterly editor Geremie R Barmewrote ldquoOf course for those educated solely insimplif ied characters and thereforelsquounletteredrsquo in the grand corpus of pre-1960sChinese literature history and prior culturecan prove to be challenging if not unreadablerdquoMore generally Professor Jocelyn Chey ofSydney University notes that ldquolearninglanguage is not just a technical skillhellipLanguageis the vehicle of culturerdquo And of politics inways that might surprise Professor Chey givesas an example the tension between thesimplified characters of mainland Chinese andthe old characters which others Taiwanincluded insist represent the true Chinese

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

13

tradition ldquolsquoItrsquos not simple to say yoursquore going toteach Chinese Itrsquos what sort of Chinese yoursquoregoing to teach what textbooks are you going touse Itrsquos politicalrsquo she saysrdquo See here( h t t p w w w t h e a u s t r a l i a n c o m a u archivehigher-educationchinas-soft-power-playstory-fnama19w-1226178665629)

mdashWriting in June 2014 the Sinologist andjournalist Isabel Hilton noted that Britishuniversities are now heavily dependent onoverseas students of whom Chinese studentsare a large cohort They are welcome she says

What are not welcome and there are manyexamples from around the world are attemptsby Chinese officials to condition intellectual lifein the host institutionsmdashbe it by discouraging avisit by the Dalai Lama or Rebiya Kadeer or ashappened in one case vetting the invitation listto a conference on the sage himselfmdashthroughthreats to discourage future Chinese studentsfrom enrolling in the university Such cases arenot answered by CI MOUs [Memoranda ofUnderstanding] since the dependency is real S e e h e r e(httpwwwchinafilecomDebate-Over-Confucius-Institutescomment-496)

Hilton also writes of her own experience with aCI

I contributed to a short book for 6th Formers(12th graders) on China without knowing thatit was sponsored by a CI The chapter was tothe length requested and it was not until I sawa copy at the launch event that I discoveredthat an entire passage about the work andsubsequent arrest of the Lake Tai campaignerWu Lihong had been excised I wish I couldbelieve that it was just coincidence

mdashA number of incidents of classroomcensorship are reported in an ethnographicstudy by Jennifer Hubbert of ConfuciusClassrooms (nine Chinese teachers) in asecondary school on the West Coast of the USWhenever ldquopolitically laden questionsrdquo

emerged in classroom discussions the teachersrefocused on language issues or culturalactivities

Hubbert explicitly reports that Hanbanteachers were trained to ignore or divertdiscussion of such issues (see McMasterincident below)

Hubbert tells of instances of that descriptionconcerning the status of Taiwan and TibetWhen students were assigned to write reportson Chinese provinces those who chose Tibetwere told to focus exclusively on culturalpractices

The reported interest of many students in the1989 crackdown at Tiananmen Square waslikewise frustrated by teachersrsquo responses inanodyne cultural termsmdashcharacterized by onestudent as ldquolook at the funny bunniesrdquo(Apparently the students had had too manypandas for answers) (Jennifer HubbertldquoAmbiguous States Confucius Institutes andChinese Soft Power in the American ClassroomIn press Political and Legal AnthropologyReview)

mdashA North Carolina man whose wife isTaiwanese relates the experience of hisdaughter in a Confucius Classroom

The first day in class the teacher asked all thestudents with obvious Asian heritage to saywhere their families were from When mydaughter said her mother was from Taiwan theteacher said ldquoTaiwan is part of Chinardquo Monthslater during some free minutes in class mydaughter was looking at a map which showedTaiwan and all of the South China Sea asbelonging to China (naturally since all of theteaching materials come from China) Theteacher approached bent down and whisperedin her ear ldquoTaiwan is part of Chinardquo

( F a c t s a n d D e t a i l s(httpfactsanddetailscomchinaphpitemid=19040) 2008 updated April 2012)

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

14

mdashMcMaster University withdrew from theinternational Confucius Institutes in 2012following a complaint of discriminatory hiringbrought against the school in the HumanRights Tribunal of Ontario The complaint wasfiled by a former CI teacher at the McMasterCI Sonia Zhao who said that the Universitywas ldquogiving legitimation to discriminationrdquobecause her contract forced her to hide herbelief in Falun Gong A copy of Ms Zhaorsquoscontract signed in China and obtained by TheGlobe and Mail included the provision thatteachers ldquoare not allowed to join illegalorganizations such as Falun Gongrdquomdashaproscription that could have been found also onthe Hanban website but was removed after theMcMaster affair In 2012 a year after comingto Canada Ms Zhao recounted that she hadhidden her adherence to Falun Gong from theChinese authorities In interviews connectedwith her case she also revealed how theChinese authorities hide the Falun Gong fromclassrooms of the Confucius Institutes

If my students asked me about Tibet or aboutother sensitive topics I should have the right toexpress my opinionmdashI was not allowed to talkfreely During my training in Beijing they dotell us ldquoDonrsquot talk about that If the studentinsists you just try to change the topic or saysomething the Chinese Communist Party wouldpreferrdquo

Ms Zhaorsquos case against McMaster went tomediation Yet note the implication a Canadianuniversity had to take legal responsibility forpromulgating the political agenda of thePeoplersquos Republic of China

Made aware by the Zhao case of the CI hiringpract icesmdashalthough the Falun Gongproscription had been on the Hanban websitefor some timemdashMcMaster terminated its CIagreement In explanation the assistant vice-president of public and governmental relationssaid ldquowe have a very clear direction onbuilding an inclusive community respect for

diversity respect for individual views andability to speak about thoserdquo In an update onits website in 2013 the University noted thatthe Confucius Institutersquos hiring practiceldquoexcluded certain classes of applicants whichis not consistent with the universityrsquos values ofequality and inclusivity nor with McMasterrsquosanti-discrimination policyrdquo (The Globe andMail 7 February 2013 China Digital Times 22June 2012 Times Higher Education 4 April2013 The New York Times 17 June 2014Bloombergcom 1 November 2011)

Comment The McMaster case would only be anewsworthy effect of a pervasive defect in thestandard agreements between Hanban and USor Canadian universities since the agreementspecifies that the laws and regulations of bothChina and the host country are in force Theeffect is an endemic contradiction thatcondemns the host universities to complicity indiscriminatory hiring inasmuch as beliefs andpractices deemed illegal in China and thusd isqual i fy ing otherwise competentteachersmdashsuch as membership in Falun Gongadvocacy of universal human rights ordemocratic reformmdashare protected by law in theUS and Canada More generally consider theapplicability of the Chinese law of highereducation to American or Canadian academiainsofar as that law is explicitly designed toserve the Chinese Communist Party bypromoting ldquosocialist material and spiritualcivilizationrdquo and upholding the ideologicalorthodoxy of ldquoMarxism-Leninism Mao ZedongThought and Deng Xiaoping Theoryrdquo SeeZhonghua renmin gongheguo jiaoyufa (HigherEducat ion Law o f the PRC) (h t tp wwwmoeeducnpublicfilesbusinesshtmlfilesmoemoe_6192004071311html) Ministry ofEducation of the PRC (1999)

mdashClaims by officials of the Confucius Instituteand the Center for East Asian Studies that theUniversity of Chicago fully controls the hiringprocess of CI teachers from China turn out tobe misleading According to the Chicago faculty

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

15

member in charge of engaging the Chineseteachers Hanban recommends thecandidatesmdashwhose eligibility is thereby limitedby PRC laws and custom no Falun Gonghuman rights advocates etcmdashand no teachersrecommended by Hanban have been rejectedby the University (The Nation 12 November2013)

Comment by this arrangement the Universityis complicit in discriminatory hiring

mdashItalian parliamentarian Matteo Mecacciwrites

In our own investigation in 2011 theInternational Campaign for Tibet (while notidentifying our Tibet connection) requestedresource materials on Tibet from a ConfuciusInstitute at a university in the Washington DCregion Instead of scholarly materials publishedby credible American authors (not to speak ofTibetan writers) what we received were booksand DVDs giving the Chinese narrative on Tibetpublished by China Intercontinental Presswhich is described by a Chinese government-r u n w e b s i t e(httpwwwchinafilecomDebate-Over-Confucius-Institutescomment-496) as operatingldquounder the authority of the State CouncilInformation Officehellipwhose main function is toproduce propaganda productsrdquo

mdashldquoWe donrsquot know anything about the contractthey [Hanban] force their teachers to signrdquosaid Glenn Cartwright Principal of WaterloorsquosRenison University College which houses theInstitute ldquoIrsquom sure they have some conditionsbut whether we can dictate what thoseconditions can be is another storyrdquo (The Globeand Mail 7 February 2013 ldquoMcMaster closingConfucius Institute over hiring issuesrdquo (httpwwwtheglobeandmailcomnewsnationaleducationmcmaster-closing-confucius-institute-over-hiring-issuesarticle8372894))

mdashIn 2008 the academic director of the CI atWaterloo Yan Limdasha former reporter at Xinhua

the CCPrsquos official news agencymdashtook action toprotest the local mediarsquos coverage of a Tibetanuprising and successfully mobilized herstudents to do the same In an article on aNorth American website for Chinese literaturescholars Madam Li recounted these efforts toblock local sympathy for the ldquoTibetanseparatistsrdquo Rallying the CI students to ldquoworktogether to fight with the Canadian mediardquo shetook class time to recount her version ofTibetan history and the current situationThereupon the students launched a campaignagainst the Canadian media protesting tonewspapers TV stations and on the internetagainst coverage they claimed was biased infavor of Tibetans The campaign succeeded tothe extent that one TV station publicallyapologized for its presentation of the conflict S e e h e r e(httpwwwtheepochtimescomn2worldcanadian-spymaster-fadden-warns-confucius-i n s t i t u t e s - a i m - t o - t e a c h - m o r e - t h a n -l a n g u a g e - 3 9 2 4 3 h t m l ) a n d h e r e(httpyaleglobalyaleeducontentconfucius-campus)

mdashThe early versions of the Memorandum ofUnderstandingmdashwith reference to which allinstitutes are foundedmdashstates that thesignatories accept the One-China Policy (withregard to the status of Taiwan) This clause waslater removed

Internal Hanban documents secured by facultyin some institutions where applications wereunderway for the establishment of an instituteoffer details of how CI representatives are toreport to Chinese consulates and embassiesSuch documents have also revealed a pattern ofdiscriminatory hiring by Hanban of theirteachers and staff

(Lionel M Jensen ldquoCulture Industry Powerand the Spectacle of Chinarsquos lsquoConfuciusInstitutesrsquordquo in China in and beyond theHeadlines 3rd edition 2012 Timothy B Watsonand Lionel M Jensen eds pp 292-93)

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

16

mdashA video and a chapter in an advanced historytext for Confucius Classrooms on ldquoThe War toResist US Aggression in Koreardquo among otherlessons tell that China entered the war whenthe US bombed Chinese villages across theborder The video was originally in thechildrenrsquos section of the Hanban website Itwas taken down in 2012 after ProfessorChristopher Hughes of the London School ofEconomics sent a link to colleagues consideringCI teaching materials Professor Jane TeufelDreyer after studying several such videos andthe events they relate wrote ldquothey areoutrageous distortions of what actuallyhappenedrdquo The sole chapter of the history texton the PRC period within China does notmention the Great Leap Forward or theCultural Revolution (Hanbanorg EpochTimes 27 June 2012)

mdashIn late July of this year the Director-Generalof the Confucius Institutes in Beijing ViceMinister Xu Lin shocked the several hundredscholars attending the annual meeting of theEuropean Association of Chinese Studies(ECAS) in Braga and Coimbra Portugal byordering certain pages torn out of theconference program and the volume ofconference abstracts The Confucius InstitutesHead Office was a co-sponsor of the EACSconference through one of its academicprojects the Confucius China Studies ProgramThere is however an important conditionattached to such Hanban grants namely thatldquoThe conference is regulated by the laws anddecrees of both China and the host countryand will not carryout any activities which aredeemed adverse to the social orderrdquo Therersquosthe rub (again) insofar as certain freedoms ofspeech and belief that are protected by law inEuropean countriesmdashlet alone necessary forproduct ive scho lar ly in terchangesanywheremdashare prohibited by governmentdecree and deemed adverse to the social orderin China

ldquoThis was the first time in the history of the

EACS that its conference materials had beencensoredrdquo observed Professor Roger Greatrexof Lund University the President of theAssociation During and after the conference hepublicly criticized Madam Xursquos actionsaffirming that such interference in theproceedings of a democratically organizeda c a d e m i c o r g a n i z a t i o n i s ldquo t o t a l l yunacceptablerdquo Still if it was a first for theEACS it was not so for the ConfuciusInstitutes Yet rarely have Confucius Institutesrevealed their political aspect so manifestly asin Vice Minister Xursquos meltdown in Braga

Upon inspecting the conference documents atthe time of her arrival Madam Xu brusquelyobserved that the contents of certain abstractswere contrary to Chinese regulations She alsoobjected to parts of the conference programpar t i cu la r l y t o the f avorab le se l f -representations of the co-sponsor the ChiangChing-kuo Foundation (CCKF) of Taiwanmdashincontrast to the lesser notices of the ConfuciusInstitutes Without a by-your-leave Madam Xuforthwith commanded her entourage to removeall the conference programs and abstracts untilher demands for the deletion of the offensivepages were satisfied The documents weresequestered in the apartment of one of theChinese teachers of the Confucius Institute atthe University of Minho in Braga

Throughout the next day while complexnegotiations were taking place between the CIand EACS authorities some three hundredmembers of the Association registering for themeeting were unable to obtain these necessaryconference instrumentsmdashor any cogent reasonfor their absence When the conferencematerials did reappear the day after one pagehad been torn out of the abstracts and threefrom the program By then widespreadresentment of Hanban was being expressed byconference participants And something likeconsternation among attendees from Chinaespecially those who had registered early andwere required by a CI official to turn in their

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

17

copies of the relevant texts because of aldquoprinting errorrdquo

It is not known exactly which abstracts ViceMinister Xu deemed contrary to Chinese lawsand decrees but apparently she was presentedwith a choice of substantially mutilating a 300-page vo lume o f academic papers orwithdrawing Hanbanrsquos association with itChoosing the latter she removed thefrontispiece of the volume advertising thesponsorship of the Confucius Chinese StudiesProgram cancelled Hanbanrsquos participation inthe conference and demanded that itscontribution of 28000 euros be refunded Thispenalty fell on the account of Professor SunLam Director of the Minho Confucius Institutewho had negotiated the grant and now was ineffect fined for her errorsmdasheven as ViceMinister Xu covered her own

The issue objectionable to the PeoplersquosRepublic represented in the missing pages ofthe program was the independent andhonorable presence of Taiwan Beside the self-description of the co-sponsor the ChiangChing-kuo Foundation this included referencesto the book donations and book exhibitorganized by the Taiwan National CentralLibrary Although the program had in fact beencleared in advance with Hanban i tscommendation of the Taiwan contribution wasfor Madam Xu a potent symbolic attack on thePRCrsquos denial of Taiwanrsquos independencemdashacomplaint soon enough echoed in the officialChinese press

Under the headline ldquoTherersquos No Shame inHanban Tearing Up Overseas ConferenceProgramrdquo the Global Times an official tabloidoffshoot of the Peoplersquos Daily lauded MadamXursquos acts of censorship as patriotism and onthe same principle of complying with officialChinese regulations the paper demonstratedhow foreign academics working underHanbanrsquos auspices are expected to censorthemselves The European Association of

Chinese Studies the report warned ldquoshouldnot lack clarity over the gravity of the Taiwanproblem for Chinardquo There should be noconfusion about this it said ldquoThe reference tothe CCK Foundation in the program should nothave appeared in the first placerdquo

Comment the principle here is that foreignscholars funded by or associated with Hanbanshould not lack clarity about the Chinesepol i t ics of their academic work andaccordingly should refrain taking positionsobjectionable to the PRC authorities That istoo often what does go down in ConfuciusInstitutes

Public opinion in China as registered on thepopular internet site Weibo Sina ranged fromsupport for Madam Xu to criticism of ConfuciusInstitutes as a global jokemdashwhich foreignersdont get because of their cupidity In tones ofdismay and anger one participant from thePeoplersquos Republic at the EACS conferencerecounted her experience at length on theinternet complaining as many of hercountrymen have of the large expenditure ofmoney to educate foreigners while so manychildren of the rural poor go unschooled ldquoOnfinding out the truth about what happenedrdquoshe said

I felt speechless and out of breath How couldthe government do its work in this wayhellipspendlarge sums of taxpayer money gathered up bypeople saving on clothing and eating sparinglyon building up the image of the countryhellipfor anegative result taking their ways of doingthings at home with them abroad and takingtheir way of intimidating people at home withthem as they go abroadhellip See here(httpwww21ccomnetarticlesdlplshpl20140806110647html)

Comment The contradictions between theChinese governmentrsquos ldquoways of doing thingsrdquoand the laws and customs of countries hostingConfucius Institutes threaten to become all themore intractable with the advent of the ldquonew

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

18

sinologyrdquo being promoted by Hanban in theform of the Confucius China Study Program(CCSP) Developed in the past few years withthe object of extending Hanbanrsquos reach furtherinto ldquocore teaching and researchrdquo ofparticipating universities the CCSP sponsors avariety of projects on China by foreign PhDstudents faculty members and persons withBA degrees ranging from doctoral researchwith joint Chinese and foreign universitydegrees to international conferences andenhanced language training To be eligiblehowever one must be in an institution that hasa Confucius Institute Hanban will thus acquiredirect control over acceptable researchconference speakers and topics etcmdashsubjectalways to the proviso that the work conforms tothe laws and regulations of China and is notdeemed adverse to social order See here(httpenglishhanbanorgnode_43075html)

Installing and Rejecting Confucius InstitutesThe Conflict of the Faculties

mdashAn article in The Australian spoke of thepossibility that Confucius Institutes could takeo v e r e s t a b l i s h e d C h i n a s t u d i e sdepartmentsmdashsomething that has also beenattempted and sometimes has succeeded in theUS (see below) In this case a review panel atthe University of Newcastle in April 2011proposed that the Newcastle CI join the regularChina faculty ldquountil such time that thediscipline is strengthened by a suitablyqualified staff and that this occurs under theguidance of the Confucius Instituterdquo InOctober the faculty of Education and Artsendorsed the proposal with the proviso thatthe major in Chinese studies ldquobe replaced witha minor in Chinese offered by the ConfuciusInstituterdquo In a document of a month earlierobtained by the paper the convener of theexisting China studies program Xia Liobjected that academic independence was atstake that the university was proposing ldquototransfer in very certain terms the principle ofuniversity autonomy with regard to the size of

the [China studies] discipline suitability ofstaff qualifications of staff research andteaching contents and methodology to a non-academic foreign institutionrdquo Ms Li went on tosay that Chinarsquos own academies anduniversities would not tolerate the like citingthe relocation of the Goethe Institut off thecampus of the Beijing Foreign StudiesUniversity ldquoto avoid the perception of outsidedependence and interferencerdquo The takeoverwas also protested by students of China studiesin a pe t i t i on ask ing f o r ldquo f o r t ru th accountability (and) transparencyrdquo as severalfelt betrayed at being ldquopalmed off to ane x t e r n a l b o d y rdquo S a i d o n e (httptharunkaarcunsweduau963) ldquono oneis really keen about the concept except theUniversityrdquo The China students weresupported by the Chinese Community Councilof Australia and the Newcastle UniversityStudentsrsquo Association The latter noted

The Confucius Institute is not an academicinstitution It is a Chinese Government-runcultural institution Students of the Chinesemajor are students of the University ofNewcastle not the Confucius Institute Thisputs autonomous Australian education inj e o p a r d y S e e h e r e(httpwwwtheaustraliancomauhigher-educationnewcastle-asked-to-rethink-chinese-s t u d i e s - d o w n g r a d e s t o r y -e6frgcjx-1226185023954)

In the upshot Newcastle downgraded itsChinese studies major to a minor but backed offthe takeover by the Confucius InstituteHowever Ms Li was offered redundancy asconvenor of the China program and the CIinstructors would be teaching in the minorObserved The Australian

The contentious nature of Confucius Instituteshas meant that universities have taken varioussteps to reassure wary academic staff Thesesteps include the establishment of institutesoutside faculty structures sometimes in a

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

19

building away from the main campus andassurances that institutes will not have anyinfluence over academic programs in Chineses t u d i e s S e e h e r e(httpwwwtheaustraliancomauhigher-educationnewcastle-to-axe-chinese-majorstory-e6frgcjx-1226195978612)

mdashA petition to eliminate Confucius Classroomsfrom the New South Wales public schools withsome 10000 signatures was tabled by theGreens in the NSW Parliament in October2011 Jamie Parker Greens MP from Balmainexplained

The NSW government has admitted that topicssensitive to the Chinese government includingTaiwan Tibet Falun Gong and human rightsviolations would not be included in theseclasseshellipThe Greens are concerned that theintegrity of public education is beingcompromised by opportunities for a foreigngovernment to promote views outside of thecurriculum to school students Teachers arerecruited from China and paid by the ConfuciusInstitutemdashan arm of the Office of ChineseLanguage Council International which isaffiliated to the Chinese Ministry of EducationThey must meet certain criteria including nothaving any involvement in Falun Gong It isclear that the teachers have been politicallyvetted and will be deeply prejudiced towardBeijingrsquos orthodoxy on issues such as TibetTaiwan human rights and the TiananmenSquare massacre The Greens welcome theteaching of Chinese language and culturehowever we must be cautious of foreigngovernment influence within our state schoolsThese classes are very different to otherInternational programs such as the AllianceFrancaise Confucius classes are directly linkedto and funded by the Chinese government Thisis highly problematic in the teaching oflanguage and culture which should be freefrom government bias and control See here(httpnswgreensorgaucontentgreens-mp-opposes-chinese-funded-culture-classes)

mdashIn December 2013 the governing council ofthe Canadian Association of UniversityTeachers (CAUT)mdashrepresenting some 68000t e a c h e r s i n 1 2 0 c o l l e g e s a n duniversitiesmdashcalled upon those colleges anduniversities in Canada currently hostingConfucius Institutes ldquoto cease doing so andthose contemplating such arrangements topursue them no furtherrdquo James Turk theExecutive Director of the Associationexplained ldquoin agreeing to host ConfuciusInstitutes Canadian universities and collegesare compromising their own integrity byallowing the Chinese language CouncilInternational to have a voice in a number ofacademic matters such as curriculum texts andtopics of classroom discussion Suchinterference is a fundamental violation ofacademic freedomrdquo (cautca 17 December2013 Anthropology Today February 2014)

mdashFollowing the lead of CAUT the AmericanAssociation of University Professors in June2014 recommended that

universities cease their involvement inConfucius Institutes unless the agreementbetween the university and Hanban isrenegotiated so that (1) the university hasunilateral control over all academic mattersinc lud ing recru i tment o f teachers determination of curriculum and choice oftexts (2) the university affords ConfuciusInstitute teachers the same academic freedomrightsthat it affords all other faculty in theuniversity and (3) the university-Hanbanagreement is made available to all members ofthe university community

The AAUP objected to the supervision ofConfucius Institutes by an agency of theChinese state itself under a member of thepolitburo and vice-premier of the PRC It alsofound unacceptable the fact that ldquoMostagreements establishing Confucius Institutesfeature nondisclosure clauses and unacceptableconcessions to the political aims and practices

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

20

of the government of Chinardquo specifically notingthe advancement of a state agenda in therecruitment of academic staff the choice ofcurriculum and the restriction of debate Seeh e r e(httpwwwaauporgreportpartnerships-foreign-governments-case-confucius-institutes) andh e r e(httpchroniclecomarticleAAUP-Rebukes-Colleges-for147153)

mdashThe trustees comprising the Toronto DistrictSchool Board (TDSB) agreed to open ConfuciusClassrooms in the districtrsquos primary andsecondary schools beginning in September2014 The Chair of the Board Chris Boltonwho had business relations with China hadbeen arranging this agreement with Hanbansince 2007mdashalthough the trustees would knowlittle or nothing of the matter until 2014 Theirlack of knowledge was a function of the covertway the CI was initiated--a common pattern atthe university level as well (see below)According to a report in The Globe and MailMr Bolton simply informed the trustees at aBoard meeting in May of 2012 that a formalsigning ceremony with the Confucius Instituteshad taken place in Ottawa the previous monthThe ldquotrustees of Canadarsquos largest school boardwere never given an opportunity to vet orapprove a controversial agreement with theChinese government to offer students cultureprograms subsidized and controlled byBeijingrdquo (The Globe and Mail 30 June 2014)Specifically the trustees ldquowere not told aboutkey aspects of the Confucius Instituteincluding the fact that instructors are trainedto self-censor on topics that are politicallytaboo in Chinardquo (17 July 2014) ldquoPerhaps MrBolton thought he was getting a good dealrdquo thepaper editorialized but in fact ldquothe agreementbenefits a foreign government and underminesthe independence of our education systemrdquo (2July 2014) In May 2014 when the news brokeof the imminent opening of the CI inSeptember there was a strong protest fromparents and community members including a

p e t i t i o n a n d w e b s i t e(httpsapjjforgadminsite_managedetailssaynotocicom) initiated by a person associatedwith Falun Gong Marked by a blanket andrather shrill anti-communist animus thepetition would eventually garner some 2000signatures Apart from the volume ofcomplaints however the TDSB trustees wereprimarily concerned with censorship andpropaganda in the classroom and on 11 June acommittee was charged with investigating suchissues the trustees to vote on theirrecommendations on 18 June Mr Bolton theBoard Chair who had negotiated the CI withHanban precipitously resigned from the TDSBshortly before the meeting of the 18th At thatmeeting it was decided not to open the CI inSeptember pending further investigation Thevo te was overwhe lm ing in f avor o fdelaymdashalthough some called ldquoon the board tosever its ties altogether with the Chinesegovernmentrdquo Indeed according to a laterreport the Board was investigating how itcould terminate the contract with Hanban

The Hunan City University had been scheduledto provide teachers for the Toronto schoolsThese CI teachers would have had to passpolitical muster since according to therecruitment page on the universityrsquos websitethe persons recommending the applicants wererequired to primarily evaluate their ldquopoliticalthinking teaching abilities physical and mentalhealthrdquo

Comment I am given to understand thatldquopolitical thinkingrdquo or ldquopolitical ideologyrdquo(zhengzhi sixiang) commonly refers toadherence to the policies and leadership of theCCP

(The Globe and Mail 17 July 2014 see here( h t t p wwwtheglobeandmailcomglobe-debateeditorials confucius-institute-chinese-for-conflict-of-i n t e res t a r t i c l e19401054 ) he re(httpwwwtheglobeandmailcomglobe-debate

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

21

editorialsconfucius-institute-chinese-for-conflict-of-interestarticle19401054) here(httpwwwthestarcomyourtorontoeducation20140626why_the_uproar_over_the_tdsbs_partnership_with_the_confucius_institutehtml)h e r e(httpwwwtheglobeandmailcomnewsnational educationchinese-officials-press-tdsb-not-to-abandon-confucius-institutearticle19217497)h e r e(httpnewsnationalpostcom20140618toronto-public-school-board-delays-china-backed-confucius-institute-amid-fears-it-will-used-be-a s - p r o p a g a n d a - t o o l ) h e r e(httpwwwcbccanewscanadatorontotdsb-de l a y s - d e a l - w i t h - c h i n a - s - c o n f u c i u s -i n s t i t u t e - 1 2 6 8 0 0 1 5 ) a n d h e r e(httpclassroomeditioncatoronto-school-board-seeks-end-to-china-deal)

mdashThe University of Manitoba rejected theConfucius Institute Explained Terry RussellProfessor of Asian Studies

We didnrsquot see how you could reconcile invitingthe Chinese government of which the ConfuciusInstitute is basically an agent of to come oncampus and present programs that wouldnrsquotever actually talk about human rights in China

Or on another occasion Russell said ldquoTheyhave no particular interest in what we wouldcall critical inquiry or academic freedomrdquo(Times Higher Education 4 April 2013 EpochTimes 21 July 2011) According to anotherreliable faculty source to the extent there werefaculty discussions it was reported to theSenate that this was under considerationthrough our Extended Education Faculty notthe core academic faculty but this personheard no detailed report in the SenateAlthough there was some interest in a CI on thepart of the Administration ldquoit was notwelcomed more broadly in part because it wasnot being supported within our small AsiaStudies Centre and would not have been placed

thererdquo (personal communication) Thepresident of the University of Manitoba FacultyAssociation Cameron Morrill also noted(httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20120104debate-over-chinese-funded-institutes-american-universities)

Materials and instructors for CIs are selectedand controlled by a branch of the governmentof the Peoplersquos Republic of ChinahellipIt isinappropriate to allow any government eitherforeign or domestic control over a universityclassroom regardless of how much money theyoffer

mdashFrom a China faculty member at theUniversity of Kansas

In our case the main thing was that the dealfor the Confucius Institute came about withoutasking us first I would have told the chancellorand others in the administration about myreservations about such an alliance They didpass it by me and others after it was alreadyagreed to and I was taken aback and beganexpressing objections which were by thenunwelcome and ineffective I did not want aninstitute affiliated with a foreign governmentespecially this one establishing itself inside anAmerican academic institution and did not wantit affecting or influencing our languageteaching program of which I have been a partsince the 1980s I had heard of some schoolsusing the Confucius Institute to supply themwith Chinese teachers which in my view wouldtake away from our professional authority todirect our program and monitor its quality hellip Italso seemed to me intuitively obvious thatothers would share my viewpoint butamazingly many people including good friendsin China studies here and elsewhere have notfelt the same way So far the program existsonly in a separate campus of the university(nearer to Kansas City) and mainly deals withteaching Chinese via remote learning to highschools across Kansas I think that keeping itseparate is perhaps due to the objections some

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

22

of us had We have continued to enjoy completeautonomy in our language program and that isextremely important

mdashStatement by the Chair of the Board andDirector of the Confucius Institute associatedwith Lyon Universities 2 and 3

The Lyon Confucius Institute (LCI) definitivelyceased activities on 23rd September 2013 Thissituation resulted from a disagreement that hadpersisted since September 2012 between theLyon-based administrators of the LCI and theHQ of Confucius Institutes in Beijing (hereaftercalled the Hanban) The LCI was a partnershipbetween the Lyon 2 and Lyon 3 universitiesand Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou)hellipFrom the very establishment of the Institute in2009 the French side (Lyon 2Lyon 3) whileshowing enthusiasm for this partnership thatSun Yat-sen had wanted for some time hadinsisted on the Institutersquos academic andinstitutional independence In addition forlegal and deontological reasons the Institutecould not be integrated in the University itselfand was not to be implicated in its teaching andresearch activities In order to assure thisessential separation between a French publicuniversity and an entity financed and piloted bythe Chinese State the Institute took the form ofan association under the law of 1901 (in otherwords a not-for-profit organization)hellip At themoment of its constitution this arrangementwas not contested by Beijing Tolerated until2012 it seemed that our institutional andin te l l ec tua l independence becameunacceptable to Beijing A new director takinghis instructions direct from Beijing arrived inSeptember 2012 and questioned the content ofour courses and insisted strongly on a deeperintegration of the LCI in the University itselfHe wanted partnerships with our researchcentres in the domain of sinology and held outthe promise of PhD scholarships for ourstudents willing to pursue their studies inChina and suggested that the LCI participatein the teaching of the University degree

programs This interference in the Universityfrom an organization emanating from theChinese state seemed to us inappropriate sinceit would put in doubt our academic freedomand transgress the spirit and the regulations ofthe French Republicrsquos higher education systemIn hindsight we suppose that our firm stance innot acceding to these demands explains why inNovember 2012 the director general of theHanban Madame Xu Lin demanded theresignation of the Chair of the LCI Board andannounced without warning the suspension ofthe Hanbanrsquos annual subsidy Over the courseof the past few months we have tried onnumerous occasions to explain that it wasimpossib le to cede to these new andexponential demands Supported by the LCIrsquosBoard and the President of Lyon 3 Universitywe have attempted for the past year to reachan understanding acceptable to both partiesUnfortunately the inflexible attitude of theHanban has prevented all possibility of acompromise It is with consternation that wewitness the LCI experiment ending in thisimpasse all the more so since we have alwaysmaintained close and fruitful relations withPRC academics and their universities

Gregory Lee Chair of the Board LCI

Florent Villard Director LCI

mdashIn 2007 at the University of Melbourne theChinese Studies Department objected to theestablishment of a Confucius Institute in theFaculty of Arts as a result it was located at adistance from the main campus and mainlydevoted to outreach courses for the corporatesector

C o m m e n t(httpwwwuniversityworldnewscomarticlephp story-20071130094503100) As notedearlier this kind of conflict with the establishedChina program is common as is the solution ofphysically displacing the CI from centralcampus putting it in a branch of the universityoutside the core liberal arts such as the

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

23

education or business school andor devoting itto non-credit adult courses or ConfuciusClassrooms

mdashCopenhagen University rejected a ConfuciusInstitute in 2006 Recently the Dean forAcademic Research at that time who is also al e c t u r e r i n C h i n e s e e x p l a i n e d(httpwwwinformationdk16703000)

We very much would like to keep the universityfree from that sort of political interests andespecially so when the initiative comes from astate that is not democratic We prefer tocollaborate directly with Chinese academics atChinese universities rather than collaboratedirectly with a Chinese government organ

In another personal communication whichalso notes the rejection of a CI at AarhusUniversity the dean elaborates

It is correct that I rejected acceptance of CI atCopenhagen U and now once again at AarhusUniversity There have been various Chineseattempts at various Danish institutions Butregardless what country makes such anadvance my stance has been that it isunacceptable for a Danish university to open itsorganization for another countryrsquos educationalactivities in the shape of a special institute oncampus It would be OK if the activities areoutside the universities as with the BritishCouncil or the Goethe Institutes with whichuniversities can collaborate as they please Butorganizational integration cannot be regardedas complying with the autonomy of theuniversities and their duty to be independentinstitutions of learning We do accept lecturerssent out from other countries but these arehired as individuals and are wholly integratedin our own organizationrsquos academic life and arenot part of anotherrsquos (as are the staff of the CI)In addition the many CI night school andsimilar activities carried out under the aegis ofits affiliations with the universities where theyare located do not accord with the universitysmission to convey research knowledge

mdashAt Stockholm University a medley ofcharges apparently from several sourcesincluding faculty specifiying that in variousways the CI was damaging to the academicintegrity of the institution brought about anindependent investigation The investigationwas largely inconclusive but because itdocumented friction between the Asian facultyand the CI teaching program because theChinese embassy had intervened in an internaldispute involving a CI teacher and because theinvestigator judged it improper for a foreigngovernment to be exercising pedagogicalfunc t i ons i n the un i ve r s i t y i t wasrecommended that the CI be reorganized in aconsortium with other universities and itsChinese teaching should be confined to adulteducation and other non degree courses Inresponse (httpwwwinformationdk167254)the then Dean of Humanities said a decisionhad been taken to remove the CI from theuniversity ldquoSimply the suspicion of influencefrom the Chinese state is a problemrdquo he saidldquoand therefore the Confucius Institute will bean independent institute on the model of theGerman Goethe institutes or the CervantesInstituterdquo Although the university presidenthad explicitly noted this and in 2008 promisedto make these changes so far as can bedetermined from the Stockholm CI website thishas not happened Commenting on theStockholm issues Lionel M Jensen states

Events of this kind offer confirmation of thecriticisms of Hanban and the ConfuciusInstitutes made by observers in AustraliaCanada India and the United States thatChinarsquos investments in cultural understandingthrough language and culture will compromisethe candid discussion inquiry and researchthat are essential to university life

(Jensen opcit 293-94 see also Don StarrldquoChinese language Education in Europe TheConfucius Institutesrdquo European Journal ofEducation 44 65-83 2009 Anders Mellbournldquo I n v e s t i g a t i v e R e p o r t rdquo [ p e r s o n a l

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

24

communication])

mdashThe University of British Columbia has twicerefused an overture to establish a ConfuciusInstitute The first time of which our source aprominent member of the Asia faculty has nodirect knowledge was early on in the Hanbanproject He does have personal knowledge ofthe second attempt in 2010 as he recalls whenldquothe proposal coming out of the [university]administration was discussed and rejected bysenior China and Asia facultyrdquo The faculty hewrites declined for two reasons 1) that the CIadded nothing substantive to the existing UBCChinese program which had no need for moreChinese teachersmdashthough they could use morefunding for those they have and 2) ldquoconcernsabout the tight links between Hanban and theCCPrdquo Having been rejected by the senior Asianfaculty the proposal never got to a negotiationstage Our source himsel f has ldquodeepreservations about Confucius Institutes andtheir suitabi l i ty for North Americanuniversitiesrdquo Referring to the relevance ofnegotiations with Hanban elsewhere he writesldquoAt the end of the day as one colleagueremarked why spend time on making aConfucius Institute be non-toxic when itdoesnrsquot really add to our missionrdquo (personalcommunication) A third attempt by Hanban toenlist the UBC through the forestry school isunder way

mdashThe first CI in the US at the University ofMaryland was introduced and directed by aPhysics professor with ties to the PRC butwithout consulting the then director of theChinese language program (who supplied thisinformation) or the heads of the DepartmentSchool or College in which Chinese languageand culture is taught ldquoThe whole thing was setup in secretrdquo through a relationship betweenHanban and the Physics professor and thenbetween the latter and the Universitypresident Later it was learned from thePhysics professor in charge that it wasarranged this way so he would not have to

answer to anyone in the University but thepresident Initially most of the CI was staffedby scientists with no cogent connection toChinese language teaching More than oneattempt was then made to have the faculty ofthe established Chinese language programagree to accept the CIrsquos authority and directionfor teaching Chinese Hanban offering in returnto supply the teachers their salaries togetherwith the textbooks and course curricula Writesthe erstwhile head of the Chinese languageprogram ldquoDuring my tenure at Maryland wewere never willing to agree to such an obviousploy for external manipulationrdquo (personalcommunication)

Comment In his comparative study ofConfucius Institutes Lionel M Jensen (op cit)observes that a particular member of faculty isoften the singular agent of the establishment ofthe institute He or she will initiate the projectcoach the university president on theadvantages of a Confucius Institute and act asthe prime mediator with Hanban Although notnecessarily a scholar of Chinese languagehistory or literature this point personaccording to Mr Jensen is very often ethnicallyChinese or Chinese-American and he or shecould well be named the director of theinstitute In this connection Hensen notes

From the vantage of a university leader thepolitics doesnrsquot matter all that much It ispreferable to be meaningfully engaged in Chinathan nothellip Establishing a public mark ofcommitment to China and to the disseminationof Chinese language is simply very cannyacademic business

mdashThe University of Pennsylvania rejected theConfuc ius Ins t i tu te The proposedestablishment of a CI at Pennsylvania involveda furtive end run around the China facultysimilar to the one at Maryland based on anarrangement instead between Hanban and theGraduate School of Education The Chinesestudies faculty discovered this arrangement at

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

25

the last moment when it was about to beendorsed whereupon their exposure of theproceedings ended them The China scholarsissued a statement explaining they did not wanta program of inferior pedagogy competing withtheir own one moreover that would ldquoengage invarious unwelcome soft power initiatives suchas are going on everywhere there are CIsrdquo(Lionel M Jensen opcit pp 287-88Bloombergcom 1 November 2011)

mdashAt UCLA we see the same pattern of stealthas in the establishment of a CI at Maryland andthe failure thereof at Penn ldquothe faculty were onbreak and the initiative was foisted on theuniversity with the assistance of deans andadministratorsrdquo This helps explain why the CIthere was set up in a wing of the university atsome remove from the Asian Languages andCultures Departmentmdashin this case again in theSchool of Education

This is for a very good reason and one that isbroached in most every circumstance in whicha CI initiative is proposed by Hanban with theassistance of a university administrationcompetition between a universityrsquos ownprogram and that offered by Hanban isundesirable

(Jensen opcit p288)

mdashStanford followed the same pattern Theinitiative for a Confucius Institute came from afaculty member of the East Asia departmentmdashaChinese ex-pat with graduate training in theUS also a common momdashand was negotiatedby the Dean of the School of Humanities andSciences without broad faculty consultation oreven notification of the faculty until it was anaccomplished fact (personal communication)For that matter according to an officialspokesperson the president of the Universityldquohas not been involved in that institute or anynegotiations related to itrdquo (Bloomberg News 1November 2011) The Dean a scholar of ancientRome became the Director of the ConfuciusInstitute He has been quoted several times in

the press as being satisfied that Stanford didnot compromise its academic integrity in thearrangement nor has Hanban exerted anypressure that would have that effectmdashonce theoriginal suggestion that Tibet not be mentionedwas rebuffed But then ldquoThe University plansto use [part of] the money for a professorship inclassical Chinese poetry far removed from theTibet disputerdquo Comment No problems

mdashAt the University of New Hampshire a ChinaCommittee consisting of several high-rankingadministrators and the Universityrsquos two Chinaexperts undertook the preliminary CInegotiations After the Chinese partnerinstitution invited the university president andhis family to China final negotiations wereconcluded between the administration theuniversity lawyer and the Chinese partnerwhich eliminated a separate oversightcommittee When the China Committee raisedseveral objections the Committee was told thatits work was completed After four years ofimplementation the Faculty Senate questionedthe UNH-CI terms of agreement The facultysubsequently tabled a language minor that ineffect would be controlled by the UNH-CI andthe college established a committee to reviewthe UNH-CI (personal communication)

mdashAt the University of Chicago the faculty atlarge including Asia scholars other than theCh ina f acu l t y d id no t l ea rn o f t heestablishment of a Confucius Institute untilthey read about in the news The impetus atChicago came from a Chinese ex-pat professorDali Yang with graduate training in the US andresearch in China Initially it seems that eventhe president the provost and dean presidingover the CI Board of Directors knew little aboutthe CI On 4 June 2010 four days after theConfucius Institute was ceremoniously openedthe president and provost had a meeting withrepresentatives of a self-constituted facultyorganization called CORES during which the CIcame under discussion CORES had organizedthe petition signed by 174 faculty protesting

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

26

what they called the ldquocorporatizationrdquo of theUniversity of which the Milton FriedmanInstitute and the Confucius Institute wereprime examples The minutes of this meetingwere circulated to all participants and nocorrections were offered to any of the contentsThe contents featured the objections of twoprominent East Asia scholars Norma Field(Japan) and Bruce Cumings (Korea) to thepolitical character of the Confucius Institutethe role it would now play in determining whatis taught about China and how ldquothey and otherfaculty members who work on East Asia hadeffectively been excluded from discussions andthe decision-making processrdquo They were notalone The minutes also record that PresidentRobert Z immer and Provost ThomasRosenbaum ldquoacknowledged their lack ofinformation on this matter and expressedbewilderment and regret at how thishappenedrdquo

Although the Chicago statutes as reaffirmed bytwo committee investigations mandate facultycontrol of the establishment of entities withteaching responsibilities the Council of thefaculty Senate as the appropriate ldquogoverningbodyrdquo was not al lowed to vote on theintroduction of the CI in 2009 or its renewal in2014 In the latter instance a petition signedby 110 faculty members almost all senior inrank objecting to the presence of theConfucius Institute and calling for a Councilvote on its renewal was effectively blocked inthe Council by the faculty Board of Directors ofthe CI and the President Robert Zimmer aspresiding officer A committee of three Chinascholars established and charged by the CIBoard to make a report on the renewal hadrecommended that the teaching component beeliminated and the research component besubject to greater University control but therecommendation was opposed in Council by thesame Board of Directors (notably including adean and ex-dean) and apparently buried Todate the report has not been seen by the facultyat large and evidently never will be The

renewal is now under consideration by theProvostmdashfor a decision during the summervacation

mdashThe adoption of a Confucius Institute atChicago was cited as precedent for taking on aCI at George Washington University by a GWdean the dean said it increased their comfortlevel (GW Hatchet 17 January 2013)

mdashA member of the Asian faculty at theUniversity of Oregon relates that he found outabout the establishment of the UO ConfuciusInstitute when he read it in the press Hisletters of protest to the administration had noeffect The driving force of the arrangementwas the new president of the UniversityldquoWhatrsquos striking to merdquo he writes ldquois thatthere was no advance warning No publicmeetings No rumors Nothing Orchestratedsilencerdquo (personal communication)

mdashIn an article of 24 July 2008 in Chinascopereferring to Hanban under its original name(National Office for Teaching Chinese as aForeign Language)mdashbut speaking of its currentdirector (Xu Lin)mdashit is described as

a daily affairs organizationhelliporganized by theleaders of 11 ministries under the StateCouncil Its function is to coordinate thevarious ministries and committees to promoteChinese as a national and ethnical enterprisegoing abroad in a ldquosmooth fine and silentrdquo(httpchinascopeorgmaincontentview105792) fashion

mdashOne reason for the lack of knowledge ofConfucius Institutes in the universitycommunity at large is that the agreementsestablishing them ratified by one or tworepresentatives of the host institution areusually secret The model agreement developedb y H a n b a n h a s a n o n d i s c l o s u r eclausemdashalthough the relevant wording issometimes omitted especially in contracts withprestigious universities As published on theHanban website Article 14 reads ( in

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

27

translation from the Chinese part of thebilingual text)

The two parties to the agreement will regardthis agreement as a secret document andwithout written approval from the other partyno party shall ever publicize reveal or makepublic or allow other persons to publicizereveal or make public materials or informationobtained or learned concerning the other partyexcept if publicizing revealing or making itpublic is necessary for one party to theagreement to carry out its duties under theagreement

mdashAmong other universities known to haverejected Confucius Institutes are the followingUC Berkeley (ldquorebuffedrdquo Hanbanrsquos approachJensen opcit) Cornell (spurned invitation fromHanban Bloomberg News 1 November 2011)Harvard (ldquomaybe there was discussion as abroad possibility but nothing seriousrdquoBloomberg News 1 November 2011) UC SanDiego Claremont College Mount HolyokeDickinson State College University ofSherbrooke (The Globe and Mail 22 May2011) Tokyo University Kyoto University TheAustralian National University SouthernDenmark University Aarhus UniversityUniversity of Wisconsin University ofOslomdashand they ldquoremain very happy to haverejected itrdquo (personal communications)

What Is To Be Done

Reflecting on the events of July 2014 at theEuropean Association of China Studies whereHanbanrsquos Director General censoredconference materials including academic textsnot to her liking Professor Christopher Hughesof the London School of Economics wrote ldquoInlight of this (and what we now know about thepressure exerted on Lyon) I really do notunderstand those who still claim that CIs arenot a political instrument of the CCP If theyare not giving you pressure now it is just amatter of time The strategy is clear establishCIs in leading universities to get credibility

spread to smaller ones on the back of that thenstart to exert pressure from the small onescombined with the carrots of the new sinologyproject to penetrate core activities of researchand non-language teaching through the wholeacademic system It really is time for academicsto take a united stand on this especially forthose in more influential institutions to supportcolleagues in less powerful and well endowedinstitutions like Lyon and in Portugalrdquo(personal communication)

Prominent universitiesmdashStanford Columbiathe University of Chicago the LSEmdashwilling ornot have functioned to legitimate the ConfuciusInstitutes by their participation and therebyjustified and encouraged the inclinations ofother institutions to do likewise Interestingthat the most esteemed universities in AmericaBritain and CanadamdashHarvard and Yale Oxfordand Cambridge Toronto and Bri t ishColumbiamdashhave kept clear of the CI projectostensibly because they already have strongChina programs of their own Yet the same canbe said of Chicago or Columbia so as the UBCprofessor asked ldquowhy spend time on making aConfucius Institute be non-toxic when itdoesnrsquot really add to our missionrdquo True that inthe interest of enlisting the more prestigiousresearch universities Hanban offers moregenerous terms than it does for smallercolleges or municipal school districts Butunless it is holding Stanford Columbia andChicago hostage for their newly constructedcenters in Beijing there seems no cogentreason for these wealthy and well-staffeduniversities to risk their reputations foracademic f reedom and in tegr i ty bysubcontracting teaching and research from aChinese government that has repeatedly shownitself to be inimical to these values On thecontrary precisely because these greatinstitutions are facilitating the global spread ofacademic and intellectual principles contrary tothose upon which they are foundedmdashcontraryto their own universal project of advancinghuman knowledge in the interest of human

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

28

welfaremdashthey ought to reverse courseterminate their relations to the ConfuciusInstitutes and resume their obligation of livingup to the idea of the university Others willfollow

Breaking News

The following important news broke just as thispamphlet was on its way to the printer

On September 25th four days before thecontract of the University of Chicago with theConfucius Institutes of Beijing (Hanban) wasscheduled to run out the University suspendednegotiations for a renewal issuing thefollowing statement

The University of Chicago has informedMadame Xu Lin director-general of Hanbanand chief executive of the Confucius InstituteHeadquarters of the Universityrsquos decision tosuspend negotiations for the renewal of theagreement for a second term of the ConfuciusInstitute at the University of Chicago (CIUC)

Since 2009 the University of Chicago andHanban have worked in partnership to developthe CIUC which has benefited research onChina and collaboration between the Universityof Chicago and academic institutions in ChinaThe University and Hanban have engaged inseveral months of good faith efforts and madesteady progress toward a new agreementHowever recently published comments aboutUChicago in an article about the director-general of Hanban are incompatible with acontinued equal partnership

The University is therefore suspendingnegotiations for the renewal of the agreementat this time The University of Chicago remainscommitted to support ing the strongconnections and longstanding collaborationsbetween University of Chicago faculty andstudents and Chinese scholars students and

institutions As always the University is guidedby its core values and faculty leadership in allmatters of academic importance

The ldquopublished commentsrdquo that purportedlycaused the University to suspend negotiationsfor a renewal of the CIUC appeared in thenewspaper Liberation Daily an official organof the Shanghai Communist Party and wereclearly intended for domestic consumptionThey were near the tail of an article fulsomelypraising Madame Xu Lin Director-General ofthe Confucius Institute The passage inquestion related how with one sentenceMadame Xu was able to intimidate thepresident of the University of Chicago over theissue of a protest of the CIUC by members ofhis facultymdashmistakenly described as 100emeritus professors The reference was to apetition to the Council of the Faculty Senatecalling for termination of the UniversityrsquosConfucius Institute signed by 110 professorsthe great majority senior in rank and still inservice

In translation the key part of the Chinese textread

Madame Xu Lin is smart but more than thatshe combines softness and toughness to a faultand wields the combination as a weapon Manypeople have tasted this At the end of April ofthis year one hundred emeritus professors atthe University of Chicago in the US wrote anopen letter calling for an end to the universityrsquosConfucius Institute Then Xu Lin in a lettersent straight to the President of the Universityof Chicago and in a phone call to theuniversityrsquos representative in Beijing had onlyone sentence to say If you want to end therelationship itrsquos fine with us Her attitudebrought panic to the other side and a quickdecision that the university would continuewith its Confucius Institute

Report has it that no such letter was receivedby the president Robert Zimmer nor was hereduced to panic by Madam Xu And although

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

29

the drama may not be over as of 29th ofSeptember 2014 the University of Chicago hasno contract with the Confucius InstituteConsequently it should receive no monies fromHanban it should not have teachers trainedsupplied and paid by Hanban offeringaccredited courses in its own East Asianprogram it should not be required to submitresearch proposals of its faculty and graduatestudents through the CIUC for approval andfunding by Beijing and it should thus be able torestore the reputation for academic autonomyand integrity that has long distinguished it

This is a slightly revised and updated version ofa pamphlet published in November 2014 byP r i c k l y P a r a d i g m P r e s s(httpwwwprickly-paradigmcom)

The pamphlet can be purchased from TheU n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o P r e s s(httppressuchicagoeduucpbooksbookdistributedCbo20637267html) The SeminaryCoop Bookstore (httpwwwsemcoopcom)and the usual Internet outlets

Marshall Sahlins is the Charles F GreyDis t inguished Serv ice Professor o f

Anthropology Emeritus University of ChicagoA specialist on Polynesian cultures he is knownalso for his cross-cultural and historical studiesHe is the author of a number of booksi n c l u d i n g S t o n e A g e E c o n o m i c s(httpwwwamazoncomdp0202010996tag=theasipacjo0b-20) Culture and PracticalR e a s o n(httpwwwamazoncomdp0226733610tag=theasipacjo0b-20) Islands of History(httpwwwamazoncomdp0226733580tag=theasipacjo0b-20) The Western Illusion ofH u m a n N a t u r e(httpwwwamazoncomdp0979405726tag=theasipacjo0b-20) and What kinship Is--And IsN o t(httpwwwamazoncomdp022621429Xtag=theasipacjo0b-20)

See Xu Lins December 12 2014 interview(httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=Hys6MKkJw8Y) on the Confucius Institutes with BBC

Recommended citation Marshall SahlinsConfucius Institutes Academic Malware TheAsia-Pacific Journal Vol 12 Issue 46 No 1November 17 2014

APJ | JF 12 | 46 | 1

2

presidents and their families on visits to Chinafeaturing first class air travel five star hotelsand celebrity tourismmdashan up-to-date version ofthe imperial guest ritual of the Trsquoang dynasty

Moreover there is the immediate payoff for theuniversities concerned $100000 and up instart-up costs provided by Hanban with annualpayments of the like over a five-year periodand instruction subsidized as well includingthe air fares and salaries of the teachersprovided from China After a period of trainingby Hanban the Chinese teachers are in manycases integrated in the universityrsquos degreeprograms in charge of regular credit coursesHanban also agrees to send textbooks videosand other classroom materials for thesecoursesmdashmaterials that are often welcome ininstitutions without an important China studiesprogram of their own In other wordsAmerican universities and others aresubcontracting teaching to a foreigngovernment

The teaching component of the local ConfuciusInstitute is often complemented by academicprograms such as guest lectures and scholarlyconferences on China Considering that thepolitical constraints in effect on publicdiscussions of certain topics in China areusually followed in Confucius Institutesmdashnotalking of Tibetan independence the status ofTaiwan the fourth of June 1989 at TiananmenSquare Falun Gong universal human rightsetcmdashthese academic events are largelyconsistent with the ldquocultural activitiesrdquo of CIsinsofar as they likewise present a positivepicture of a peaceful harmonious andattractive Peoplersquos Republic From classes onmaking dumpl ings to f i lm showingscelebrations of Chinese festivals andldquotraditionalrdquo folk dances the CIs put on variousldquoculturetainmentsrdquo (as Lionel M Jensendubbed them) for the community at largeAccording to the Constitution and By Laws ofConfucius Institutes the annual plans of localCIs must be submitted to Beijing for approval

and Hanban reserves the right to take any CI tocourt for sponsoring an event it has not firstapproved

But none of this has ever happened say achorus of Confucius Institute Directors Hanbanhas never told us what to do or not to do theysay No plans of CI events no researchproposals have ever been turned down byBeijing And most telling it is claimed thatdespite the great number of CIs the worldaround there have been very few incidents ofacademic malpractice Perhaps so when thematter is a public scandal but something is tobe said for what is considered a violation ofacademic integrity and what therefore passesfor an ldquoincidentrdquo

What usually passes for an incident of this kindis the oft-cited charge of discriminatory hiringagainst McMaster University in 2012 by anerstwhile Confucius Institute teacher fromChina Ms Sonia Zhao who was unable tomaintain her position when she revealed heradherence to Falun Gong Brought before theHuman Rights Tribunal of Ontario the incidentdid become a scandal to the extent thatMcMaster was moved to terminate itsConfucius Institute Yet there are numeroussimilar events of similar implication thatbecause they are too parochial or seeminglyinsignificant never reach public attentionIndeed when the ldquoincidentrdquo consists of self-censorship on the part of a secondary schoolteacher in a Confucius Classroom in Ashtabulawith regard to topics that are politically tabooin China the matter is not likely to come toanyonersquos attention Nor would it be necessaryto go so far as preventing the Dalai Lama fromspeaking on campus to make an offense of thatnature against academic freedom I am told ongood authority that while it is perfectly possibleto hang a portrait of the Dalai Lama in theCenter for East Asian Studies at the Universityof Chicago it would be impossible in theConfucius Institute The quotient of iconicity(ikonicity) in the image is enough to make the

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(Jensen opcit p288)





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Confucius Institutes: Academic Malware 孔子学院 学術的マル · Marshall Sahlins The Confucius Institute is an appealing brand for extending our culture abroad. It has made

Confucius Institutes: Academic Malware 孔子学院学術的マル · Marshall Sahlins The Confucius Institute is an appealing brand for extending our culture abroad. It has made