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Phn I: CNG NGH SN XUT BIO-ETHANOL

I. TNG QUAN V CNG NGH SN XUT ETHANOL

1. Cng ngh sn xut Ethanol

1. nh ngha

Cng ngh sn xut ethanol l vic thc hin qu trnh chuyn ha cc nguyn liucha tinh bt, ng, xenluloza thnh Ethanol (C2H5OH).

2. Cc phng php sn xut ethanol

Ethanol c th sn xut bng nhiu phng php khc nhau

Cng ngh sn xut ethanol tng hp:Cng ngh sn xut ethanol tng hp sn xut ethanol bng nhiu phng php ho

hc khc nhau. Trong cng ngh tng hp ho du, ethanol c sn xut bng dychuyn cng ngh hydrat ho i vi kh etylen hoc cng ngh cacbonyl ho vimethanol.

Hydrat ho: CH2=CH2 + H2O C2H5OH

Cacbonyl: CH3OH + CO + 2 H2 C2H5OH + H2O

Cng ngh sn xut ethanol sinh hc:

Cng ngh ny da trn qu trnh ln men cc ngun hydratcacbon c trong t nhinnh: nc ng p, ng, sn, mn, g...

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Q

Trong qu trnh sn xut ethanol sinh hc c th phn thnh 2 cng on l cngon ln men nhm sn xut Bio-ethanol c nng thp v cng on chng ct - lmkhan sn xut ethanol c nng cao phi trn vo xng.

Hin nay sn xut cn ch yu l theo phng php sinh hc.

2. Cc ngun nguyn liu sn xut Bio-ethanol

Ngun nguyn liu sn xut Bio-ethanol ch yu t:

Cc loi nguyn liu cha ng: ma, c ci ng, tht nt Cc loi nguyn liu cha tinh bt: sn, ng, go, la mch, la m

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Cc loi nguyn liu cha cellulose

Tuy nhin, ty theo li th v ngun nguyn liu ca mi quc gia, ngi ta chn loinguyn liu c li th nht sn xut Bio-Ethanol nhin liu. Vit Nam, cc ngunnguyn liu thch hp c th sn xut Bio-Ethanol l ma, sn, go, ng v r ng.

3. S khc nhau gia cng ngh xn xut cn thc phm v cn

nhin liu

1. Mc ch s dng

Cn thc phm:

Ngi ta sn xut cn thc phm l pha ch thnh ru v cc loi ung c cn.Cc loi ung ny c dng trc tip cho con ngi nn trong thnh phm ca cnthc phm ch bao gm ch yu l etanol. Cc loi cn u, du fusel, andehyt, axit,este c hi cho sc kho phi cng t cng tt v khng c vt qu ngng quinh.

Ngoi ra, do phi pha long khi pha ch, nn khng bt buc phi sn xut ra cnc nng cao.

Cn nhin liu:

Cn nhin liu c sn xut dng lm cht t. Khi sn xut cn nhin liu ngita khng cn phi tch b cn tp.

Tri vi cn thc phm, cn nhin liu bt buc phi tch nc trit , v nu hmlng nc c trong cn cng cao th lm gim hiu qu ca qu trnh chy v nhhng n ng c thit b, ng thi khi pha cn vo xng s dn n s phn tchpha. Cng chnh v vy m khi sn xut cn nhin liu, ngi ta phi chn gii phpcng ngh thch hp loi b nc trong cn, to ra cn c nng rt cao.

2. S khc nhau trong cng ngh sn xut ethanol thcphm v ethanol nhin liu

S khc nhau trong cng ngh sn xut ethanol thc phm v ethanol nhin liu chyu xy ra cng on cui: chng ct, tch nc:

Cngon

Ethanol thc phm Ethanol nhin liu

Phc tp hn do cn tch trit cc cht c hi cho Khng cn loi b cn

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Chngct

sc khe con ngi: cn u, du fusel, adehyte tp

Tchnc

Khng cn phi tch nc nng nng ethanol Phi tch nc nng nng ethanol ln 99.8%

Ngoi ra, trnh s dng ethanol nhin liu cho cc mc ch khc, cn nhin liusau khi tch nc c bin tnh bng cch thm vo 1,96 5%v/v cht bin tnh. Khi ethanol dng lm nhin liu c gi l ethanol bin tnh. Cht bin tnh c th dngl xng khng ch, naphta.

II. CNG NGH SN XUT BIO-ETHANOL T TINH BT

1. Gii thiu v nguyn liu sn

V c bn c sn gm 3 phn chnh: v, tht c v loi (ngoi ra cn c cung

v r c). V sn gm c 2 phn l v g v v ci: V g c tc dng bo v c v chng mt nc ca c, tuy nhin v g d b

mt khi thu hoch v vn chuyn. V ci l mt lp t bo cng ph bn ngoi, thnh phn ch yu l xenluloza

ngoi ra cn c cha polyphenol, enzim, v linamarin. Phn tht c c cha nhiu tinh bt, protein v cc cht du, mt t polyphenol,

c t v enzim. Loi sn nm tm c dc sut chiu di,thnh phn ch yu l xenluloza. Loi c

chc nng dn nc v cc cht dinh dng gia cy v c ng thi gip thotnc khi phi hoc sy sn.

Thnh phn sn ti dao ng trong gii hn kh ln: tinh bt 20 - 34%, protein0,8 - 1,2%, cht bo 0,3 - 0,4%, xenluloza 1 - 3,1%, cht tro 0,54%, polyphenol0,1 - 0,3% v nc 60 - 74,2%. Ngoi ra trong sn cn cha mt lng Vitaminv c t. Vitamin trong sn thuc nhm B. Cc Vitamin ny s b mt mt phnkhi ch bin v nht l khi nu trong sn xut ru.

c t trong sn c tn chung l phazolunatin gm 2 glucozit Linamarin vLotaustralin. Cc c t ny thng t p trung v ci. Bnh thngphazolunatin khng c nhng khi b thu phn th cc glucozit ny s gii

phng axit HCN. Sn ti thi lt v phi kh s gim ng k hm lngglucozit gy c k trn. c bit trong sn xut ru, khi nu nhit cao pha long nc nn vi hm lng t cha nh hng n nm men. Hn nacc mui xyanat khi chng ct khng bay hi nn b loi cng b ru.

Thi v thu hoch: Duyn Hi Min Trung: Vng ng bng, vng thp trng thu hoch vo ma h

thu (khong thng 9 n thng 10) nhm trnh ma ma lt, min ni v nhngvng cao thu hoch thng 12 n thng 3.

Ty Nguyn thi v thu hoch nguyn liu sn thng 12 n thng 3.

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Ngun thu mua: Petrosetco Trading s cung cp mt phn nguyn liu sn ltu vo. Bn cnh , Nh my s ch ng quy hoch vng nguyn liu ti mts khu vc nh Qung Ngi, Bnh nh, Ph Yn v Ty Nguyn.

Tiu chun sn lt s dng cho Nh my: Hnh dng lt sn: ng knh 30 70 mm, b dy: 20 30 mm m: 12 14 %kl Hm lng tinh bt: 70 75 %klg Protein: 1,5 1,8 %klg Hm lng tro: 1,8 3,0 %klg Lipid: 0,5 0,9 %klg x: 2,1 5,0 %klg Cc tp cht khc: 3,0 %klg

2. Cc nh cung cp cng ngh sn xut Bio-Ethanol nhin liutrn Th gii

Trn th gii, hin nay c rt nhiu nh cung cp cng ngh sn xut Bio-Ethanol nhinliu. Mt s cc nh cung cp cng ngh sn xut Bio-Ethanol nhin liu hng u trnth gii nh:

Lurgi AG, Frankfurt, c Technip-Coflexip, Paris, Php Delta-T Corporation, Virginia, M Katzen International INC., Cincinnati, Ohio, M Tomsa Destil. S.L, Madrid, Ty Ban Nha Vogelbusch GmbH, Vienna, o

Ngoi cc nh cung cp bn quyn cng ngh k trn, trong lnh vc sn xut Bio-Ethanol nhin liu cn c mt s cc nh cung cp cng ngh, thit b mua bn quyncng ngh ca cc hng nu trn ri t nghin cu pht trin cng ngh, bao gm:

Praj Industries Limited, Pune, n Alfa Laval (India) Limited, Pune, n

Filli impianti, Monteriggioni, Italia Kolon Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd., Kyunggi-Do, Hn Quc Changhae Engineering Co.Ltd, Jeonju, Hn Quc Rushan Risheng Machinery Manufacture Co., Ltd, Trung Quc

Trong phm vi ca cng ny, chng ti trnh by cc dy chuyn sn xut ca ccnh cung cp cng ngh trong cc H s cho thu i vi D n ny, c th:

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Vogelbusch GmbH, Vienna, o Katzen International INC., Cincinnati, Ohio, M Praj Industries Limited, Pune, n Delta-T Corporation, Virginia, M

1. Cng ngh Vogelbusch

2.1.1. Cng on nghin:

Sn lt v n nh my bng xe ti c xung phu tip nhn. Sau sn ctch b tp cht kim loi ri n kho cha.

T kho cha, sn c lm sch s b v cp cho thng cha trung gian trc khi vomy nghin ba.

Sn phm sau nghin c phn loi bng sng phn loi, y nhng sn phmc kch thc cha t s c quay v li thng cha trung gian trc my nghin, btsn vi kch thc t yu cu c cha thng cha bt.

Bi sinh ra s c x l bng h thng lc c bit vi s h tr ca my thi kh.

2.1.2. Cng on h ha ng ha :

Bt sn s c ha trn vi nc sch, hi ngng v dch hm long sau ly tm. Tinh

bt s c chuyn ha/ct mch thnh dextrin, ng a bi enzyme Alpha amylaza nhit , p sut v pH thch hp.

Qu trnh nu s s dng s phun hi trc tip. Dch sau khi h ha s c lm mtbi thit b lm lnh nhanh hot ng iu kin chn khng.

Dch sau khi lm lnh nhanh c cp cho thng ng ha. Ti y, mt phn dchhm long sau ly tm cng c b sung, dung dch H2SO4 iu chnh pH v enzymeGluco-amylaza chuyn ha dextrin, ng a thnh ng Gluc.

2.1.3. Cng on ln men:

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Vogelbusch s dng cng ngh ln men lin tc. Kt qu ca vic s dng cngngh nh vy s gim lao ng, gim lng dung dch CIP (kt qu l gim ha chtv chi ph), cng sut ln men tng khong 130% so vi h thng ln men theom v lm tng sn lng ethanol.

Bn cht ca phng php ln men lin tc l ri u cc giai on ln men m migiai on c thc hin trong mt hoc nhiu thit b ln men c lin h vi nhau.Dng dch s ln lt chy qua cc thng ln men v gim chn c ly ra t bncui cng.

Trong thit k dy chuyn ny, qu trnh ln men c th thc hin gin on bng cchng cc van kt ni gia cc thng ln men cch ly cc thng vi nhau. Khi tng thng s c np liu v ly gim chn ra mt cch c lp (ln men gin on

tng thng).2.1.4. Cng on chng ct tch nc :

S dng cng ngh chng ct a p sut, h thng chng ct h thng chng ct nys dng nhit nng ti u hn v do gim lng hi tiu th.

H thng cc thp gm:

Thp ct I vi kh kh mt phn (MC 1) Thp ct II (MC 2) Thp kh Anehyt (AC) Thp ct tinh I (RC1) Thp ct tinh II (RC2)

Cc thp hot ng mc p sut khc nhau cc thp c th c gia nhit bihi nh ca thp khc.

Hi cn t khu vc chng ct s c gia nhit siu tc nhm nng nhit ln khong115oC v ha hi hon ton. Sau hi cn s c tch nc bng ry phn t 3A.Sn phm cn khan s c a i ngng t, lm mt v tn cha.

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Sau mt thi gian hp ph, thp hp ph b bo ha v thp c ti sinh bng mtphn dng hi cn khan i ra khi thp hp ph. Dng hi cn ti sinh c cha ncs quay tr li khu vc chng ct.

2.1.5. Cng on x l dch hm:

Dch hm thi t thp chng ct c a n my ly tm nhm tch b cc thnhphn rn l lng. Dch hm long sau ly tm, mt phn s hi lu li qu trnh cngngh, phn cn li c a i c c bc hi.

B m tch ra t my ly tm s c trn vi phn cn y t thit b c c, sau c a i sy lm thc n gia sc.

Hi sinh ra t thit b sy, c c s c thu hi v quay tr li qu trnh cng ngh.

2. Cng ngh Katzen

Qu trnh cng ngh gm cc cng on chnh nh sau: Chun b dch, nu v ha lng Ln men v h thng v sinh ti ch (CIP) Chng ct v tch nc Ly tm Hn hp sn phm

2.2.1 Chun b dch, nu v ha lng

Bt sn a vo thng ha trn cng vi nc pha long, bao gm nc cngngh v dng dch hm tun hon (backset). Lu lng dng nc pha long c iukhin bi iu khin mc trong thng ha dch.

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Mc ch c bn ca qu trn bt l nng cng sut h thng nu. Dch bt c tunhon quanh thng trn bt nh bm tun hon ca thng trn bt.

Cc bm nguyn liu nu chuyn dch bt t thng trn bt n thit b nu phunc iu khin dng. Thit b nu phun s dng hi nc 10 bar. ng thi, nc

t thp tinh c th c a vo thit b nu.

Dch bt i vo thng h ha v c tun hon trong thng h ha c iu khindng bi bm tun hon thng h ha. Enzym h ha c a vo thng h hav m bo thi gian lu cho enzym thy phn mt phn tinh bt thnh ngmalto. iu khin pH, dung dch amoniac c bm vo ca ht ca bm tun honthng h ha v c iu khin bng cch kim sot pH trong chu k tun hon.

Dch sau khi h ha c chuyn n thit b lm mt dch bt. Ti y, dng dchhm tun hon (backset) cng c thm vo v axit H2SO4 a vo. iu ny lmgim hm lng cht rn ca dch bt v gim pH, nu cn, m bo iu kin lnmen.

Dch bt c qua mt h thng thit b lm mt h nhit xung nhit lnmen.

2. Ln men v h thng v sinh ti ch

Cc b phn chnh ca h thng ln men bao gm thit b hp ph Ethanol, h thngnhn men, cc thit b ln men vi bm v thit b lm mt, h thng v sinh ti ch,h thng nh lng xt, v h thng lu tr, vn chuyn v nh lng enzym.

H thng ln men to mi trng ph hp cho vic thy phn dextrin thnh dextrozav maltoza v su hn.

Ln men dextroza v malto thnh Ethanol bi chng men saccharomyces cerevisiae.Sut trong qu trnh ln men, nm men tri qua qu trnh pht trin nhanh, v sinh raEthanol, CO2, cc sn phm ph khc v nng lng. Thng ln men xem nh l bnh

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phn ng trong xy ra cng lc thy phn dextrin (ng ha) v ln men. Bnthng ln men, TK-401A-D, mi thng c lm y trong 15 gi. Tng qu trnh lnmen gin on bao gm lm y thng, x ra v lm v sinh trong mt chu k 60 gi.

Hu ht dch bt sau khi h ha a trc tip vo mt trong bn thng ln men. Tuy

nhin, mt phn dch h ha c cp cho thng nhn men, y men ging cnhn ln v pha tng trng mnh t loi b s chm tr khi ln men bng menkh v gim lng men kh s dng.

Nc cng ngh c gia nhit t thng nc cng ngh c s dng ha tancc thnh phn trong thng ha cht dinh dng. Men kh, enzym, nc, v bt k cccht khng sinh c thm vo thng ny, c ha trn v sau chuyn n thngha men. V c chuyn tr li dng dch bt cung cp cho thng ln men ang c

lm y.

trnh cc cht rn kt ta trong thng ln men, dch trong thng c bm tunhon v loi b nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men, duy tr nhit ln men khngi, dch bt c tun hon qua thit b lm mt bn ngoi thng ln men. Khi qutrnh ln men kt thc, dch sau khi ln men c a vo thng cha gim chn.

hn ch s nhim khun v tng hiu sut chuyn ha thnh Ethanol, cc thng lnmen c lm sch ha hc v v sinh sau mi chu trnh. Qu trnh lm sch thc hin p sut cao, u phun quay c th ra cc cht rn trn thnh v y ca cc thng.Cc thit b lm mt dch bt c lm sch bng cch tun hon dung dch v sinh tich thng qua cc ng.

3. Chng ct v tch nc

H thng chng ct gm hai thp:

Thp tch gim chn Thp tinh ch

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Hi ethanol ra khi thp tinh vi nng cn ti thiu l 91.7%kl c gia nhit siutc, s dng hi 10 bar ngn cn pha lng i vo h thng tch nc ry phn t, cth lm gim hiu sut hp ph.

Hi ethanol sau khi c gia nhit siu tc c a n cc thp tch nc ry phn

t. Nc c gi li trong cc mao qun ca ry phn t , hi ethanol khan thot ra.

Cc thp tch nc lm vic theo chu k, khi mt thp c ti sinh th mt thp thchin hp ph nc. Qu trnh ti sinh c thc hin chn khng, nc c gii hpkhi cc ry phn t.

Dng sau khi ti sinh bao gm ethanol v nc c a tr li khu chng ct. Dng

ethanol khan c ngng t, lm mt v a i tn cha.

4. Ly tm

Hm thi (whole stillage) c a n thng cha hm thi, ti y hm thi chatrong thng cng c bm tun hon. Hm thi c a n h thng ly tm tchra thnh 2 dng: b m (wet cake) v dch hm long. Phn b m (wet cake) c an my sy lm thc n gia sc. Hm long s c tun hon mt phn tr li

qu trnh cng ngh, phn cn li s c c c bc hi.

2.2.5Phi trn sn phm

Ethanol khan thnh phm c chuyn n mt trong hai thng cha sn phm trunggian. Nu ethanol thnh phm t cht lng (on-spec) s c bm n khu b chasn phm.

Trong trng hp sn phm khng t cht lng (off-spec), n s c a trctip t mt trong hai thng cha sn phm trung gian n thng cha sn phm tunhon. Sau c bm dn dn tr li thp tinh ti sn xut nhm thu hi ethanol.

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Trong qu trnh chuyn ethanol n b lu tr sn phm, ethanol c bin tnh bngcch thm vo 2-5%v xng khng ch.

3. Cng ngh Praj

Qu trnh sn xut ethanol t sn lt da theo phng php chng ct bao gm nghin,loi b ct , h ho, ln men, v chng ct - tch nc. X l nc thi theo phngphp gn lng, x l bio-gas nh l phng php x l c bn v xckh nh l phng php x l ln hai.

Khu cng ngh chnh c th c chia thnh 5 mc chnh nh sau:

Nghin sn v tch ct: Trong khu vc ny, sn lt c lm sch, nghin v hobt to thnh dch bt sn (slury).

H ho: Trong khu vc ny, tinh bt c h ho khong 115oC vi s c mtca enzym.

ng ho v ln men HIFERM-NM: Trong khu vc ny, dch h ho utin c chuyn ho thnh ng, sau ng ln men c c ln menng thi bi nm men kh hot ng to thnh ethanol

Chng ct ECOFINE MPR: Trong khu vc ny, dch bt sau khi ln men cchng ct trong hai h thng thp chng ct to thnh ethanol ngm nc93%v/v. Trong trng hp cn tng nng ln 95% th s dng hi nhiu hn.

Tch b v x l nc thi theo phng php x l methanol ECOMET XPDDch hm c sn xut nh l mt sn phm ph ca khu chng ct, c tchtrong my tch ly tm to thnh b m v dch hm long.

2.3.1. M t cng ngh cho ln men HIFERM-NM

2.3.1.1H ha

Bt sn c x l trong khu vc x l s b sn to thnh dch bt. Ct cng c

loi b trong giai on x l ny. Dch bt ny c s dng lm nguyn liu cho cngon h ha. Dch bt trong khu x l s b sn c ha vi dng ra khi y thptinh.

Dng dch hm tun hon v dch bt c ha trn trong thng chun b dch.N c gia nhit n 105oC. Dch ny c a vo thng h ha u tin. Trongthng h ha ny, dch bt c duy tr 85oC.

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Enzym h ha c thm vo cng vi enzym gim nht. Sau khi h ha, dchbt c lm mt v bm n khu vc ng ha v ln men.

2.3.1.2ng ho v ln men

Men ging c chun b trong bnh chun b men bi dch bt c tit trng vimen kh hot ha. Nhit ti u c duy tr bng cch tun hon qua thit b lmmt bng nc. Cc thnh phn ca bnh chun b men c chuyn n thng ln mens b.

Thng ln men s b c lm y dch bt v np cc cht ca thng nhn men.Mc ch ca vic ln men s b c sc kh (aerated) cho php cc t bo nm men

pht trin nhiu hn v gim s nhim khun ca thng nhn men. Khi cc cht trongthng ln men s b c chuyn n thng nhn men chnh, nng ca nm men cao v cn bn c th gim c thi gian tr lin quan n s pht trin canm men trong qu trnh ln men.

Enzym ng ha c thm vo trong thng ln men. Chng s chuyn ha tinh btthnh ng. y c bn l s chuyn ha ca dextrin thnh dextroza. Mc ch caqu trnh ln men l chuyn cc cht c th ln men c thnh cn.

pH ca dch bt c iu chnh c bn l nh dch hm tun hon (cng l cungcp cht dinh dng) hoc l thm axit vo. Nm men c hiu lc trong mt lngva khi u qu trnh ln men nhanh v kt thc trong vng 60 gi.

Ti giai on u ca chu k, thng ln men c np liu vi dch bt v cc cht ca

thng ln men s b. Ln men l qu trnh sinh nhit. Nhit sinh ra c loi b bngcch tun hon lm mt qua thit b trao i nhit bn ngoi. Bm tun hon cng ccung cp bm dch ln men (gim chn) n thng gim chn. Sau thng lnmen c lm sch vi nc v dung dch xt, v kh trng cho m tip theo.

2.3.1.3Ra CO2

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CO2 rt ra trong sut qu trnh ln men s ko theo mt lng ethanol. CO2 nyc a vo thit b ra CO2 bng nc v

thu hi

lng ethanol b ko theo.

2.3.2 Chng ct

ECOFINE MPR l s cng ngh a p sut vi hai thp chng ct. Cc thp nybao gm cc dng:

Thp th kt hp tch kh nh thp: vn hnh chn khng Thp tinh: vn hnh p sut d

Dch sau khi ln men c gia nhit trong thit b gia nhit s b v a vo nh cathp tch kh nh ca thp th. Mt khu vc nh c cung cp nh ca thpth gi l thp tch kh. Dm chn c a vo thp ny v dng i xung thp th.

Hi nh thp th cha ethanol c chuyn n thp tinh sau khi ngng t. Mtphn nh ca dng hi ny c np vo thp tch kh. Trong thp tch kh cckh ha tan cng vi mt s tp cht c tch ra nh ca thp. Hi ny c ngng

t trong thit b ngng t ca thp tch kh v thnh phn ngng t c a n khuvc thp hn ca thp tinh thu hi ethanol.

Phn cn li ca dm chn tch ra khi dng ethanol i xung di thp th v ly ranh dng nc thi t y ca thp th. Thp th vn hnh chn khng m bonhit vn hnh thp. nhit thp, ha tan ca mui canxi cao hn nn chngkhng kt ta trong thp. V vy thp th t ng cn hn.

Thp tinh c vn hnh p sut tng. Hi c a vo thit b un si y thp,c cung cp y thp.

Cn c lm giu i ra nh v c nng khong 95% v/v. Cn sau tinh ch i rakhi thp v c a i lu tr.

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Dng du fusel t thp tinh c a n thit b tch du fusel, c ho tan vi ncv lp giu du fusel c tch ra. Nc ra du fusel c tun hon tr li thp.

Dng nc tch ra t y thp th mt phn c tun hon li khu vc ln mennh l nc ho tan v phn cn li c a n phn xng x l nc thi.

2.3.3 Tch nc

Qu trnh to thnh cn tinh ch thng qua lp ht m. Hai thp ht m c cungcp cho php vn hnh lin tc: mt thp thc hin qu trnh hp ph trong khi thpkia tin hnh ti sinh.

Nguyn liu l hi qu nhit ca thp tinh, c gia nhit m bo nhit vnhnh, v tun hon n thp ry phn t 1 c gi nh l ang trong giai on tchnc. Sau khi i qua thit b lm kh, hi c ngng t, lm mt v a n b chasn phm.

Mt phn nh ca hi sn phm c a n thp 2 ang trong giai on ti sinh, p

sut chn khng, tin hnh ti sinh.

Giai on ti sinh ht hi nc t cc mao qun ca ry phn t, gip cho thp 2 snsng cho chu k k tip. Nng dng hi thu hi thp, c ngng t v tun hontr li thp tinh.

2.3.4 Ly tm tch b

Qu trnh tch c thc hin bi my tch ly tm lin tc tch b m. Dng chtlng l dch hm long t thit b tch c a qua phn hu k kh, theo sau l phnhu hiu kh.

4. Cng ngh Applied Process Technology International -APTI (Delta-T):

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1. S khi cng ngh sn xut ethanol

Thuyt minh:

Cng ngh sn xut Bio-Ethanol vi nguyn liu l sn lt (cassava chip), snlt c a n khu vc nghin, chun b dch v tch ct, y s to thnh dungdch bt ng nht (cassava slurry). Tinh bt trong dung dch bt c chuyn hathnh ng c kh nng ln men da trn hot ng ca cc enzyme (cng onh ha v nu) v sau ng c chuyn ha thnh Ethanol v CO2 bi hot ngca men (cng on ln men).

Kh CO2 th s c ra s b bng nc tch lng cn b cun theo, sau CO2

c a n phn xng thu hi v ha lng CO2.

Dch sau ln men (gim chn) c nng Ethanol thp (9 14%v/v), cn phi loib ti a lng nc bng phng php chng ct, tinh luyn. Tuy nhin do hin tngim ng ph ca hn hp Ethanol v nc nn sau cng on chng ct Bio-Ethanolthu c ch t nng 95-96 %v/v. s dng lm nhin liu, Bio-Ethanol tiptc c a qua cng on tch nc t nng ti thiu 99,8 %v/v.

Dch hm thi ra t y ca hai thp chng ct th c a n Decanter (my lytm) tch cc thnh phn rn c trong dch hm. Cc bc x l tip theo l syb v x l nc thi c thu hi Mtan.

Hiu sut ca cc cng on chnh:

Hiu sut ln men: 94% Hiu sut chng ct: 99% Hiu sut tch nc: 99,5% Hiu sut tng ca nh sn xut chnh (t h ha n tch nc): 90,7%

2. S khi ca cm h thng tip nhn sn nghinth - tn tr - nghin mn

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Cm h thng bao gm t khu tip nhn sn lt n khu vc nghin sn. Sn ltl nguyn liu ca nh my, sau khi ra khi cm ny, sn c nghin mn tothnh bt sn c kch thc t yu cu v chuyn ti cc cng on tip theo ca nhmy. Cm h thng bao gm cc h thng nh sau:

H thng tip nhn sn lt H thng vn chuyn sn lt H thng lm sch s b v b gy s b sn Kho cha sn H thng lm sch H thng nghin v cha bt sn

3.2.1 H thng tip nhn sn lt

Sn c vn chuyn bng xe ti (khong 10-15 tn/xe) n nh my. Sau khi kim tracht lng sn, sn c vo cc phu thu ca h thng tip nhn, sau sns x t phiu cha n h thng vn chuyn nh trng lc vi lu lng n nh.Trong qu trnh tip nhn sn, s pht sinh rt nhiu bi, gy nhim mi trng, do, ti khu vc ny c trang b h thng khng ch v tip nhn bi, bt k bi phtsinh c thu nhn v tun hon li phu cha.

H thng c thit k vi cng sut 48,67 tn/h v hot ng lin tc 24h/ngy, 7ngy/tun.

3.2.2 H thng vn chuyn sn lt

Sn c chuyn t khu ny n khu kia trong cm l nh h thng vn chuyn.Mc ch ca h thng ny nh sau:

Vn chuyn sn t h thng tip nhn sn n h thng lm sch s b v b gy

sn s b Vn chuyn sn sau khi b gy s b n kho cha hoc h thng lm sch Vn chuyn sn t kho cha n h thng lm sch.

3.2.3 H thng lm sch s b v b gy s b sn

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Sn lt c thu nhn ti nh my c lm sch s b trc khi b gy s b.H thng lm sch s b c thit k phn tch kim loi, ct, t v cc thnhphn khc i theo sn. H thng b gy s b nhm gim kch thc ca sn lt, t kchthc ln thnh kch thc nh hn (khong 15 20mm). Sn sau khi b gys b c th c vn chuyn n kho lu tr hoc chuyn trc tip vo sn xut.

3.2.4 Kho cha sn

Kho sn c thit k vi nhng yu cu sau:

L loi kho khp kn, c h thng thng thong Cng sut lm vic bng 70% cng sut cha ca ton b kho H thng tip nhn, vn chuyn, tho liu t ng Khng ch m thp hn 14% v nhit cao hn 35oC bng kh nng t

nhin hay cng bc nhm m bo tn tht di 3% khi lng sau 6 thng tn

cha.3.2.5 H thng lm sch

H thng s nhn sn t kho cha hoc t h thng b gy s b. Mc ch cah thng ny l loi b cc tp cht c mt trong sn lt nh t , ct, kimloi trnh gy nguy hi cho cc ba nghin trong h thng nghin. Sn sau khi lmsch s vn chuyn n h thng nghin. H thng lm sch c thit k vi cngsut 37,31 tn sn lt cho 1h hot ng v hot ng lin tc 24h/ngy, 7 ngy/tun.

3.2.6 H thng nghin v cha bt

H thng nghin c thit k vi cng sut 36,22 tn bt sn/h v vi mc chl nghin sn lt thnh bt t kch thc yu cu cho cc cng on sn xut tip theo.Kch thc v phn trm ht bt c th hin trong bng di y:

STT Kch thc (micron) Bt (% khi lng)

1 250 13 20%

3 >1000 2 4%

4 >1180 1 4%

5 >1400 1 2%

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Bt sn sau nghin c cha ti sil trung gian, ti y bt s c cn t ngv chuyn n khu vc chun b dch bt. Sil trung gian c thit k vi sc cha 2h(tc cng sut lm vic l 63 tn) nhm m bo cc cng on pha sau hot ng lintc trong qu trnh thay li sn hoc cc s c ca my nghin.

3. S dng ca khu vc chun b dch v tch ct

Thuyt minh:

Bt sn sau nghin c ha trn cng vi dng dch t thng TK-1101 gm nccng ngh, dch hm long v dng dch Grits hi lu t nh h thng cyclone cp 2ca h thng cyclone tch ct. Dch bt sau c a n thng TK-1102. C 2thng TK-1101 v TK-1102 u c trang b cnh khuy.

Dch bt t thng TK-1102 c gia nhit ln 40 - 50oC bng dng nc ngng cngngh ti E-1102 trnh tinh bt l lng trong nc. Sau c dn qua thit b ngnht v n h thng cyclone 3 cp tch ct trit .

H thng cyclone cp 1: Dng nh cha 23%khi lng tinh bt v tch schct, c cha thng TK-1110 v c bm PC-1110A/B vn chuyn ncng on h ha. Dng y c bm qua h thng cyclone cp 2.

H thng cyclone cp 2: Dng nh l dng dch bt c hi lu v thng TK-1101 (dng ny vn cn ln mt s tinh bt b khng ha tan v ct hay cn cgi l Grits). Dng y c bm qua h thng cyclone cp 3.

H thng cyclone cp 3: Dng nh c quay v ti u ht ca bm cp dchcho h thng cyclone cp 2. Dng y ch yu l nc v ct tip tc c phntch ti thit b lng v tuyn ni ng thi hi lu trit lng tinh bt b cuntheo.

4. S dng ca khu vc h ha v nu

Thuyt minh:

Dch bt t cm cng ngh chun b dch v tch ct tip tc c ha trn vi ncngng cng ngh ti thng ha trn dch TK-2101. Thng ny c duy tr nhit khong 82oC. Thi gian lu ca dch trong thng l 30 pht. Enzyme Alpha-amylazac a vo nhm b gy tinh bt thnh ng c kh nng ln men. NH3 c thm

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vo iu chnh pH, ng thi cung cp dinh dng cho men. Mt phn dch hmlong c th c b sung vo thng ha trn.

Dch sau ha trn c bm n thng h ha TK-2201. Thi gian lu ca dch thng h ha l 120 pht thi gian cho enzyme Alpha-amylaza tip tc b gy

nhng chui tinh bt thnh ng n. Sau dch c gia nhit bng hi ti thitb trao i nhit nhm chuyn ha tinh bt trit v tit trng dng dch. H thnggm 3 ni nu dng ng c cung cp nhm to thi gian lu cn thit (15 pht) tit trng. Sau khi nu, dch c lm lnh 2 cp bng gim chn v nc lm mt nnhit 32oC v cung cp cho khu vc ln men.

Dung dch H2SO4 c b sung ti u ra ca thng h ha nhm gim pH xung thchhp cho qu trnh nhn men. Dng dch hm long cng c th b sung vo v tr ny

gim pH, iu ny s lm gim lng H2SO4 tiu th nhng s lm tng thnh phncht rn trong dch.

Trong thi gian di dng nh my, thng ha trn, thng h ha v cc ng ng linquan s c v sinh lm sch bng h thng CIP.

5. S dng ca khu vc nhn men ging v ln men

Thuyt minh:

H thng ln men gm 6 thng, trong thng u tin l thng nhn ging, 4 thngln men cng kch thc v thng cha gim chn. Nh my s dng qu trnh ln mentheo m chuyn ha ng c kh nng ln men thnh Ethanol v CO2 da trn hotng ca men.

Qu trnh nhn men ging din ra thng nhn men TK-3102. Thng nhn men ctrang b cnh khuy v c lm lnh bn ngoi bng bm tun hon v thit b lmlnh. Cc dng np vo thng nhn ging vi cc mc ch nh sau:

Men ging: c hot ha t men kh ng bnh thng ha trn men TK-3101

Dch bt: cung cp ngun thc n cho men Nc cng ngh: gim % thnh phn rn

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Enzyme Gluco-amylaza: chuyn ha dextrin v ng a thnh ng gluc lmngun thc n cho men ging

Ur: l cht dinh dng cho men H2SO4: iu chnh pH thch hp cho qu trnh nhn men Khng kh (kh nn): cung cp Oxy men pht trin Du chng to bt (nu cn).

Qu trnh nhn men theo m v ton b m nhn men s c cp cho thng ln menkhi hot ng ca men t c im ti u, bnh thng thi gian lu dch trong thngnhn men l 12h/m. Sau mi m, thng nhn men, thit b lm lnh v cc ng nglin quan c v sinh lm sch bng h thng CIP ngn nga nhim khun.

Qu trnh ln men theo m vi hiu sut 94% v thi gian lu 48h/m. Qu trnh lnmen sinh nhit nn phi tun hon dch ang ln men qua thit b lm mt bn ngoi duy tr nhit thng ln men khong 32oC.

Sau khi t thi gian ln men, gim chn c bm n thng cha gim chn.Th tch thng cha gim chn bng 1,3 ln th tch thng ln men. Ti y gim chns c cung cp lin tc cho khu vc chng ct. thu hi nng lng, gim chn

trc khi n khu vc chng cp s c gia nhit s b 1 trong 2 thit b trao inhit m tc nhn gia nhit l dch sau nu.

Kh CO2 th s c ra s b bng nc tch lng cn b cun theo, sau CO2c a n phn xng thu hi v ha lng CO2. Kh CO2 sinh ra c th to bt trongthng ln men, do mi thng ln men c trang b cc u phun cht chng to btkhi cn.

Cc thng ln men v ng ng ln quan, cc thit b trao i nhit u c kt nivi h thng CIP lm sch v tit trng. H thng ln men c trang b vi ngng v iu khin cho php lm v sinh hay bo tr bt k thng ln men no cngkhng nh hng n vic cung cp gim chn lin tc.

6. S dng ca khu vc chng ct

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Chng ct l qu trnh lm bay hi ethanol c trong gim chn v nng nng ethanolln xp x 95 %vol.

Ethnaol trong gim chn c tch ra khi dch hm s dng h thng vi 3 thp chngct.

H thng chng ct gm ba thp, bao gm hai thp chng ct th v mt thp chngct tinh. Thp chng ct th #1 vn hnh p sut kh quyn. Thp chng ct th #2vn hnh p sut chn khng v thp tinh vn hnh p sut xp x l 3.4 bar(a).

Gim chn c a n nh ca mi thp chng ct th vi t l nh nhau. Sau khigia nhit, gim chn i vo thp th #1 c nhit sp x l 88oC (190oF), v i vo thpth #2 vi nhit sp x l 77oC (170oF). Sn phm y ca thp th, hay gi l dchhm, c a i x l. Hi ethanol t nh ca cc thp th c ngng t v bmn thp tinh. Ti y n c nng nng ln 95%v. Ethanol ra khi thp tinh ca sang h thng tch nc. Dng ra khi y thp tinh ch yu l nc cng vilng nh ethanol v cc cht hu c d bay hi c quay li qu trnh cng ngh.

H thng chng ct c tnh ton hiu sut s dng nng lng l ln nht. Phnct ca nh thp tinh c s dng cung cp nhit cho cc thp th. Hi ngngt c tun hon li thp tinh lm dng hi lu nh. axit ca sn phm c iukhin bng cch loi b cc kh khng tan trong ethanol vi mt qu trnh ring.

7. S dng ca khu vc tch nc

Vic loi b nc, lm khan cn sn xut cn nhin liu c thc hin trongh thng tch nc ry phn t. Ry phn t lm vic c bn l hp ph chn lc phahi. Trong trng hp ny, nc c hp ph trong cc mao qun trong khi ethanolthot ra ngoi. Nc b hp ph s c loi b sut trong giai on ti sinh v ca tr li h thng chng ct thu hi ethanol.

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Qu trnh hp ph thc hin p sut d trong khi qu trnh ti sinh thc hin psut chn khng.

H thng gim axit c thit k loi b CO2 v axit cacbonic lm cho nng axitcao. Phn ln dng cn khan sau khi ra khi thp tch nc c ngng t v a vo

thp kh axit. Mt phn nh hi ethanol khan c a vo y thp kh axit tchkh CO2 cn lu li. Dng lng (sn phm cui cng) thu c y ca thp kh axitc lm mt v chuyn n b cha.

8. S dng ca phn xng thu hi CO2

Thuyt minh: Dng kh CO2 thot ra t khu vc ln men (sau khi c ra s b) cdn n dy chuyn thu hi CO2. Ti y kh CO2 th c x l qua cc cng onsau:

3.8.1. Tch bt F- 8601: Trc tin, kh CO2 th c ra bng nc trong thng tchbt tch ht bt c trong dng kh t cc thng ln men. Lng bt trong thng tchbt s t ng chy trn ra ngoi.

3.8.2. Nn kh CR-8601 A/B (hoc ballon):

Sau khi ra khi thit b tch bt, kh CO2 th c nn trc khi qua thp ra nc.

Ngoi ra, c th dng ballon (thit b tn cha) m bo dng kh c cung cp lintc cho cc cng on sau v m bo p sut u vo cho my nn.

3.8.3. Ra nc VS-8601:

Sau khi c nn, kh CO2 s i qua thit b ra bng nc tch trit cc tp chtho tan trong nc. tit kim nc th lng nc sau khi ra s c dng lmnc ra thng tch bt.

3.8.4. Nn kh CO2 CR-8602A/B:

My nn piston hoc my nn vt ti c s dng nn kh CO2 ln 17-18 bar.

3.8.5. Lm mt E-8601, E-8602:

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Sau khi ra khi my nn, nhit kh CO2 s tng ln, khi s c lm mt 2 cpbng nc lm mt v mi cht lnh NH3 gim nhit ca dng kh CO2 nhmtng hiu qu ca qu trnh tinh ch, ng thi cng lm ngng t hi nc ln trongkh CO2.

3.8.6. Ra KMnO4 VS-8602:

Kh CO2 c nn s i qua thit b ra KMnO4 tch cc hp cht d b oxy ha.Dung dch KMnO4 ra s c tun hon s dng n khi nng dung dch gimn mt mc quy nh th thay mi.

3.8.7. Lc Cacbon hot tnh F-8602:

Dng kh CO2 tip tc i qua thp lc Cacbon hot tnh tch ru, cc hydrocacbonv cc hp cht d chy.

3.8.8. Tch nc F-8603:

Sau khi ra khi thp lc cacbon hot tnh, kh CO2 tip tc c tch nc ti thit btch nc bng ry phn t F-8603. Ti y, hi nc ln theo kh CO2 s c gi li.

Kh CO2 kh s qua h thng ngng t.

3.8.9. Lm lnh v ngng t CO2:

Kh CO2 kh s c ha lng nhit -27oC trong h thng ngng t kh. H thngny bao gm: my nn lnh (dng NH3), thit b trao i nhit E-8603, thp chng VS-8603.

3.8.10. Thit b tch NO2:

Thit b tch NO2 (nu cn) s c lp t loi b bt k vt NO2 no trong CO2 t yu cu CO2 thc phm.

3.8.11. Thng cha VS-8605:

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Sau khi ha lng, CO2 c cha trong thng cha VS-8605 c sc cha 245 tn CO2.Thng cha c thit k kn, c lp chn khng cng nh lp bo n cha CO2lng p sut 17-18 bar, nhit -27oC.

3.8.12. Xut sn phm:

Sn phm t thng cha c xut ra xe bn bng h thng cn xut sn phm.H thng xut sn phm y (Bottom loading) c s dng, bao gm ng tun honhi khp kn cn bng p.

9. S khi ca cm ly tm dch hm - sy b - Biogas XLNT

Thuyt minh:

Dch hm t thng cha (whole stillage tank) c a n my ly tm (decanter). Tidecanter, phn ln (khong 75% khi lng) cc thnh phn rn c trong dch hms c phn tch to thnh b m (wet cake). Dng dch i ra khi decanter gil dng dch hm long (thinslop), mt phn c hi lu li quy trnh cng ngh v

phn cn li a n khu vc thu hi mtan v x l nc thi.

B m c m khong 65-70% khi lng c a n my sy to thnhb kh c m khong 10% khi lng, b kh c cha trong sil c sc cha 7ngy v c bn cho cc nh thu mua dng lm cht n hay thc n cho gia sc. Hinc sinh ra trong qu trnh sy c ngng t v gp vi dng dch hm long an khu vc x l. Trong trng hp my sy b h hng th b m s c a nsil cha, sil cha b m c sc cha 1 ngy.

Dng dch hm long c a i x l k kh thu hi biogas, biogas sinh ra dng lmnhin liu t l hi. Lng nc thi sau khi qua bc x l k kh v cc dng ncthi khc nh: nc thi sinh hot, nc v sinh nh xng, nc x y thp, nc xy l hi, c x l hiu kh, tuyn ni, lng lc v kh trng nc thi t tiuchun x thi ra.

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