Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
2
Contents The value of biodiversity ( 生物多樣性的價值 )
Instrumental value Intrinsic value
Monetizing the value of biodiversity Conservation Ethics ( 保育的倫理 )
Essay 4.1 our duties to endangered species Essay 4.2 Monks, temples, and trees: the spirit of
diversity Essay 4.3 The importance of value systems in ma
nagement Case study 4.1 Cypress forest conservation o
n Taiwan: a question of value
3
The value of biodiversity
Environmental philosophers customarily divide value into two main types, instrumental or utilitarian and intrinsic or inherent.
The view that biodiversity has value only as a means to human ends is called anthropocentric.
The view that biodiversity is valuable simply because it exists, independently of its use to human beings, is called biocentric or ecocentric.
4
Instrumental value
Four basic categories: goods, services, information, and psycho-spiritual (Table 4.1)
5
6
Intrinsic value
The sorts of things that may possess intrinsic value
Whether intrinsic value exists objectively or is subjectively conferred.
Value in the philosophical sense Biocentric environmental philosophers
– organism is self-organizing and self-directed.
7
Norton’s convergence hypothesis
Anthropocentric instrumental values + non-anthropocentric intrinsic value = conserve biodiversity
8
Burden of proof according to instrumental and intrinsic value systems (Fig. 4.2)
When biodiversity is only instrumentally valuable Burden of proof 是在 conservationists
When biodiversity is intrinsically as well as instrumentally valuable Burden of proof 是在 developers
9
Monetizing the value of biodiversity
The tragedy of the commons (Hardin, 1968) Holmes Rolston III provides an alternative pe
rspective in Essay 4.1 Essay 4.1 Our duties to endangered species
Safe minimum standard (SMS), Bishop (1978) Assumes that biodiversity has incalculable value
and should be conserved unless the cost of doing so is prohibitively high (Fig. 4.3).
10
CBA vs. SMS (Fig. 4.3, p.119)
Standard cost-benefit analysis (CBA) Burden of proof → conservation
Safe minimum standard (SMS) Burden of proof → development
11
12
13
Conservation Ethics (Table 4.2, p.120)
Anthropocentrism In the western religious and philosophical traditi
on, only human beings are worthy of ethical consideration.
All other things are regarded as mere means to human ends.
The Judeo-Christian stewardship conservation ethic Diversity is God’s property, and we, who bear th
e relationship to it of strangers( 陌生者 ) and sojourners ( 寄居者 ), have no right to destroy it.
14
Conservation Ethics (Table 4.2, p.120)
Traditional non-western environmental ethics Muslim (Islam) ( 回教 ), Hinduism( 印度教 ), Jaini
sm ( 耆那教 ), Confucianism ( 孔教 ), Daoism ( 道教 ) (Table 4.3)
Biocentrism ( 生命中心主義 ) Life-centered environmental ethics All living things are of equal inherent worth (Tayl
or, 1986) (Fig. 4.6, p.127) Ecocentrism ( 生態中心主義 )
15
16
17
Biocentrism ( 生命中心主義 )
Rolston’s biocentrism All individual organisms baseline intrinsic value
→ Sentient animals → self-conscious human beings
Species → ecological systems → wholes Taylor’s biocentrism
Equal intrinsic value ： self-conscious human beings, sentient animals, invertebrates, plants, bacteria,
18
Ecocentrism
Leopold land ethic Changes the role of Homo sapiens from
conqueror of the land community to plain member and citizen of it.
A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.
19
Fig. 4.7 Leopold land ethic
20
Supplements
Essay 4.1 our duties to endangered species Essay 4.2 Monks, temples, and trees: the sp
irit of diversity Essay 4.3 The importance of value systems
in management Case study 4.1 Cypress forest conservation
on Taiwan: a question of value
21
http://mail.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/
問題與討論
