Considerations to Launch aNuclear Power Program

Daw S MosbahArab Atomic Energy Agency

Tunis

Motivations

Overall Growth in Demand for Energy Linkage between energy and development

Energy Security / Self-Reliance

Energy Diversity

Economics Low operational costs relative to other forms of power

Emissions / Global Warming

Electricity Production CostsElectricity Production Costs cents per kWhr)

85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

05

Oil 8.09

Gas 7.51

Coal 2.21

Nuclear 1.72

4

Increasing Nr. of countries considering introduction of nuclear power

Operating Considering

OverviewA decision to build NPP requires: good planning,

preparedness, investment in human and financial resources

The difference between NPPs and other PP is possessing and dealing with nuclear materials

The decision must based on strong commitment that the nuclear energy used exclusively in peaceful applications and with high standards of safety and security

This commitments require building sustainable national infrastructure

Overview Infrastructures include:

a) “hard”; material facilities, site, grid, radioactive waste equipments

b) “soft”; legislative, regulatory and administrative frameworks, human and financial resources development

c) activities and arrangements needed to implement the project

All partners in the project interested that the national infrastructure needed should be available

developing a nuclear program requires commitment of many subjects and activities related with infrastructure sustainability during the operation, decommissioning and disposal of radioactive waste for about 100 year

Infrastructure WS 5-7 November 2007 7

Sound nuclear infrastructure Is a key to successful construction/operation of NP

19 issues to be tackled

Infrastructure Issues for Nuclear Power Program

ʘ National Positionʘ Nuclear Safetyʘ Managementʘ Funding & Financingʘ Legislative Frameworkʘ Safeguardsʘ Regulatory Frameworkʘ Radiation Protectionʘ Electrical Gridʘ Human Resources Development

Infrastructure Issues for Nuclear Power Program

ʘStakeholder Involvement ʘSite & Supporting Facilities ʘEnvironmental Protection ʘEmergency Planning ʘSecurity & Physical Protection ʘNuclear Fuel Cycle ʘRadioactive Waste

ʘIndustrial Involvement ʘProcurement

10

From “policy decision to consider NP” to “start of operation of first NPP” : will be at least 7-16 years

Declaration of interest in nuclear as an option ENERGY PLANNINGPhase 1: 1-3 years Development of knowledge of commitment/obligation & Assessment (national capacity, role of government..) Milestone: Formal Intention To Implement Nuclear Power Program

Phase 2: 3-7 years Start implementation of INFRASTRUCTURE BUILDING PLAN… Milestone: Invitation To Bids Issued

Phase 3: 3-6 yearsFirst Project Contract Signed CONSTRUCTION of the FIRST NPP Milestone: Ready for Criticality and Operational Testing

Key steps to follow

11

Need step-by-step decision-making to reach

Requires long term commitment of the nation

Technology and market will evolve with time

Jumping into advanced stage without establishing balanced infrastructure : may eventually retard the whole process Potential risk of missing elements:

• Commitment by the Government & prospective Operator• Definition of the role of government and private sector• Human resources development• Public acceptance• Licensing framework etc.

Nuclear power option included within the national energy strategy

First phase: 1-3 yearsConsiderations before a decision to launch a nuclear power programme is taken

MILESTONE 1Ready to make a knowledgeable commitment to a nuclear programme

Second phase: 3-7 yearsPreparatory work for the construction of a NPP after a policy decision has been taken

MILESTONE 2Ready to invite bids for the first NPP

Second phase: 3-6 years NPP implementation

MILESTONE 3Ready to commission and operate NPP

Phases and Milestones

13

Preparing for assuming commitments & obligations

Infr

astr

uct

ure

dev

elop

men

t p

rogr

am1st

. NP

P P

roje

ct

Commissioning

Operation / decommissioning

Nuclear power option included within the national energy strategy

7 – 15 years

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

PHASE 1

MILESTONE 1Ready to make a knowledgeable commitment to a nuclear programme

MILESTONE 2Ready to invite bidsfor the first NPP

MILESTONE 3Ready to commission and operate the first NPP

Feasibility study Bidding process

Pre project Project decision making Construction

Considerations before a decision to launch a nuclear power programme is taken

Preparatory work for the construction of a NPP after a policy decision has been taken

Activities to implement a first NPP

Maintenance and continuous infrastructure improvement

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

14

Main issues to reach milestones

In each Phase

19 major issues to fulfil

for reaching the corresponding milestone

Each issue requires specific actions during each phase

Infrastructure WS 5-7 November 2007

15

Infrastructure issues and milestones

16

Infrastructure Issue

Milestone 1 – Ready to Make a Knowledgeable Commitment to a Nuclear Programme

Milestone 2 – Ready to Invite Bids for the First NPP Milestone 3 - Ready to commission and operate the first NPP

1. National Position NEPIO established and staffedSafety, security and non-proliferation needs recognizedAppropriate international legal instruments identifiedComprehensive legal framework identifiedEstablishment of effectively independent regulatory body recognizedNuclear power inserted in nation’s development strategyNeeds of project management identifiedHuman resources needs surveyedFinancial resources evaluatedArrangements for handling and storage of radioactive waste identifiedSupply of national and international components and services assessedTransparent communication and interaction regarding the nuclear programme established

National legislation enactedInternational legal instruments adoptedRegulatory body establishedAn effective SSAC establishedFinancial and operational modalities establishedPolicy for nuclear fuel cycle establishedLegal & financial arrangements for decommissioning establishedSocio-political involvement establishedStakeholder involvement established and maintainedPolicy for national industrial participation establishedHuman resources development programme startedSafeguards programme providedSecurity programme providedRadiation protection and emergency plans establishedInternational standards for environmental protection adoptedCommitments and obligations of owner/ operator organisations established

Implementation national laws and regulations assuredRegulatory body funds and staff assuredTechnical & managerial owner’s competence verified by regulatory body Acceptable level of socio-political involvement maintainedSufficient financing availability assuredHuman and physical resources assuredAppropriate funding plan for waste, long term spent fuel management and decommissioning implemented and assured

2 Nuclear Safety Recognized the need for : Relevance of nuclear safety Long-term commitment for the first NPPCooperation in international partnershipsNeed of intergovernmental instruments on safetySupport through international co-operationIndependent regulatory body

Safety responsibilities by all stakeholders recognizedLegal and governmental framework consistent with Fundamental Safety Principles implementedSafety culture evaluatedRegulatory body able to evaluate the safety submission

Safety culture adopted by the constructor, engineer, operator and regulatory body organisationsRegulatory body prepared to determine whether an adequate appreciation for safety is present and with the authority to act independentlyPrograms to maintain technical skills and management attitude to assure strong safety culture are in place

Summary of Conditions to achieve the milestones

17

Outline• Assess implications of launching nuclear programme• Understand the commitment and obligations• Develop nuclear energy strategy

Assessment• National/regional energy plan (& non-electric application)• Assessment of various energy options• Assessment of viability of nuclear option

Understanding the need for development and establishment;• Legal and regulatory framework• Human resources development plan• Financial and operational modality for the ownership/Operation • Industry capability development & localization• Fuel cycle strategies (procurement policy, disposal etc Nuclear power : required long-term commitment and stable policy

First phase : Considerations Before a Decision to Launch a Nuclear Power Program is Taken

18

2nd phase : Policy decision for NP project ~ start of construction

Outline• Ensure the necessary level of technical/institutional competence is

achieved Assessment

• Confirm viability of NP by feasibility study Establish framework and capabilities

• Enact legal framework• Establish regulatory body• Decide financial and operational modality for the ownership and

implementation of NPP project (design assessment, establishing user requirement, tendering bid, bid evaluation)

• Evaluate available technology• Tender bid & Bid evaluation etc.

19

What does a national position need to show

Positive supportStabilityCommitmentClarityCredibility

OpennessHonestySecurityReputation

20

National Position

Commitment of resources Commitment to ensure Legislation in place Commitment to ensure human resources are

developed Commitment to international obligations Commitment for a long time

Coordination of all activities NEPIO

21

National Position

Consensus between all parties Public awareness of the need Nuclear benefit to national prosperity Technology benefits apparent Essential to ensure overall coordination Essential to ensure stable and long term

framework Essential to ensure plans are in place for all

eventualities

22

Nuclear Energy Programme Implementing Organisation

NEPIO

Established at High Government Level Strong Support across government and

industry Adequately funded and staffed Clear Mandate Defined timescale for achievement (max. 24

months)

Nuclear Energy Programme Implementing Organisation (NEPIO)

Safety Fundamentals

10 Fundamental Safety Principles Responsibility for safety Role of government Leadership and management for safety Justification of facilities and activities Optimization of protection Limitation of risks to individuals Protection of present and future generations Prevention of accidents Emergency preparedness and response Protective action to reduce existing or unregulated radiation

risks

25

nuclear legislation To ensure control over nuclear material, facilities and

any other radioactive material

To ensure that nuclear energy and its applications are exclusively used for peaceful uses.

To ensure that nuclear facilities, nuclear materials and any other radioactive material are handled and operated safely and securely through a system of regulatory control.

To ensure that compensation mechanisms are in place in case of nuclear damage

26

International legal instruments

Safeguards

• Establish a State System of Accounting for and Control of nuclear material (SSAC)

• Provide information to the Agency

• Facilitate access by Agency

• Cooperate with the Agency

Regulatory Framework

Authorization (Licensing) Process

Review and Assessment

Inspection

Enforcement

Development of Regulatory Approach, Regulations and Guides

Information and Public Communication

NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE

Natural Uranium Disposal

International Atomic Energy Agency

Human Resource Development

Knowledge and skills needed to support a nuclear programme identified by NEPIO

A HR Development Plan How many people do we need in order to

consider having a nuclear power programme?

action plan for education

A list of required skills and competences has to be elaborated,resulting in a « human resources development plan » :

-Training needs, at engineers and technical staff levels- Scheduling training with nuclear project (procurement, building, operating)

- Human resources policy :o how to select future staff of the nuclear program ?o how to fix motivating salaries ?

need to be matched with country education system,

and socio-cultural context, in order to manage successfully the know-how transfer :

Analyse local education systemEvaluate level of local graduations (technicians, engineers, doctors)Prepare adaptation of existing local training courses to nuclear requirements

Examples of skills and competences :• Nuclear Safety, on site auditing, documentation management, • Operations • Engineering support , modification, • I & C, equipment & system testing, computerised system & equipment, • Maintenance functions including valves, vessel & piping, isolation, machining unit,

welding, spare part management, non destructive testing, • Chemistry, environmental control, Radioprotection, industrial safety • Organisation administration, training and qualification, Emergency Preparedness

Skills requirementsRequired competences during the different project phases correspond to

the list of skills allowing finally a safe and efficient operation of the nuclear plant, including reactor running under all circumstances

Operators in charge of the control room will have to deal with thermo-hydraulics, command-control, neutronics, and crisis management

Manpower Requirements at the Peak during NPPP Construction and Commissioning

Manpower classificationActivity

High-gradeProfessionals Professionals Technicians Craftsmen Total

1. Pre-Project activities 1 27 2 30

2. Project Management

NEPIO 8 47 10 65

Main-contractor 8 22 5 35

3. Project engineering 25 185 160 370

4. Procurement 8 12 10 30

5. Quality assurance / Quality control 8 32 60 100

6. Manufacturing of equipment & components 90 210 600 2100 3000

7. Plant construction 10 80 340 2270 2700

8. Plant commissioning 10 40 50 100 200

9. Operation & maintenance 25 25 140 30 220

10. Nuclear fuel cycle (fuel fabrication) 5 35 70 30 140

11. Nuclear Licensing & Regulation 45 5 50

Total 243 720 1447 4530 6940

N -1 N 9N 2N 0 N 11

HR in Project phasesHR in Project phases

N 5

Preparation phase

Tender preparation, tender,negotiation , site preparation

Signature of the contracts, construction Commissioning

Training development

N 6

feasibility study

First connection

to the grid

Industrial phase of the project

Nuclear programme planning and procurement choice. Involved bodies :• Safety authority• Operator, owner and responsible of the nuclear plant• Consortium between local and foreign industries

Legal and Regulatory frameworks

Work under Project team leadership

Phase 1:

Gap analysis of the local education,

identifying additional education needs and know how transfer

Phase 3: Job task analysis & description, required

skillsPhase 2 : Definition of the structure of organization & administration, completion of “skilled surroundings”

Phase 9 : Beginning of engineers training

in safety, radioprotection,

running, maintenancePhase 8 : Training

center Construction

Phase 6 : On site training Phase 7 : Training center design, including a full scope simulator

Phase 5 :Basic training for operating staff,

trainers, managers (local & abroad)

Phase 4 : Hiring

Human Resources planningHuman Resources planning

N -1 N 9N 2N 0 N 11N 5

Preparation phase

Tender preparation, tender,negotiation, site preparation

Signature of the contracts, construction Commissioning

N 6

feasibility study

First connectionto the grid

The AAEA

It is a sub organization of The Arab league. Established in 1989

13 Arab states are members of AAEA Promote peaceful application of atomic

energy through many activities; training, CRPs, meetings and conferences…..

The structure of AAEA is similar to that of IAEA; General Conference, Executive Council

Population 312 Million

League Of Arab States (22 Countries)

Gulf Countries:UAEKSAQatarOmanBahrainKuwaitAfrican

Countries :AlgeriaMoroccoTunisiaLibyaEgyptSudanSomaliaDjiboutiComorosMauritania

Other Arab Countries :Lebanon SyriaJordanPalestineYemenIraq

Only 13 countries are memberes in AAEA

The objectives of AAEA

Coordinate among member states in the field of peaceful applications of atomic energy.

Suggest and sponsor many coordinated research projects between Arab States in different fields of atomic energy applications; such as agriculture, industry, medicine and environment.

Assist in manpower development and scientific information concerning nuclear sciences.

Set up unified Arab regulations for radiation protection, nuclear safety and security and safe handling of radioactive materials.

The objectives of AAEA

Encourage innovation and the patents in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy and encourage their applications taking in consideration the safety and security needs.

Support Arab Scientists in the field of nuclear science and technology to attend relevant conferences, seminars and symposia related to the peaceful uses of atomic energy.

Organize and sponsor relevant Arab and regional conferences.

Cooperate effectively with relevant regional and international organizations.

Types of activities

These activities include; training courses, co-ordinated research projects, experts meetings, scientific visits, on-job training, workshops, conferences, seminars and expert missions.

Contributing in knowledge and technology transfer in nuclear field by providing the universities and colleges with proper curricula.

Publishing and translate many books in different fields of nuclear sciences

Publishing a quarterly newsletter

Training subjects

Research reactors and their applications Modeling of nuclear accidents and their effects in the

environment and public health Non- destructive testing and their application in the

industry Medical preparedness for radiation accidents and

recycling the radioactive wastes Use of stable and radioactive isotopes in hydrology

and water resources management Radiation protection in nuclear medicine centers and

radiotherapy

Training subjects

Safety and security of radioactive sources Use of radioactive isotopes in the assessment of residual

pesticides and insecticides in plant crops Use of nuclear techniques in creating a productive and

high quality agricultural species Accelerators and their different applications Use of nuclear techniques in elemental analysis Food irradiation and methods of detecting irradiated food Study of radioactive and chemical pollution Radioactive treatments for polymers for industrial and

medical use

The Coordinated Research Project

It is project put by experts in a certain field according to the needs of sustainable development in the Arab countries and to the human resources and technologies available .

The country interested in participating in the CRP assign a national coordinator.

The CRP implemented by available capabilities in the country and it is possible to share the labs and techniques in other country through AAEA

The national coordinators meet annually and discuss their findings, compile the results and put a progress report.

The CRP supported by many activities: training, expert missions scientific visits, …..

CRPs

Study of chemical and isotopic characteristics of rain water Determination of the sources of surface, ground and shallow

water pollution using hydro chemical and isotopic methods Using mutation technology and tissue culture in producing

improved agricultural crops that resist drought and salinity Fruit flies eradication using sterilized insects technology Preparing standard reference material Food safety and developing tools of detecting irradiated food Using sewage water in irrigation

CRPs

Crops irrigation with saline and brackish water and biological resistance of salts in soil

Use of ionic accelerators Study of trace elements in serum and blood and their relation

with cancer diseases Measurement of radon gas levels in homes Arab project for non-destructive testing in industry (long-term

project) Electricity production and desalination using nuclear power Radiation protection, early warning network and emergency

plans

Refrences

TECDOC-1513 “ Basic Infrastructure for a Nuclear Power Project”, June 2006

TECDOC-1522 “Potential for Sharing Nuclear Power Infrastructure between Countries”, October 2006

TECDOC-1555 “Managing the First Nuclear Power Plant Project”, May 2007

Brochure “Consideration to launch a nuclear power programme” , March 2007

NE series guide NG-G-3.1 “Milestones in the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power, September 2007