The Strings

ltalian: Violino (plural) Violini

ExAMPLE 2.1

THE VIOLIN

French: Violon Violons

s-- ----- -&- :

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German: Violine Violinen

(or Geige Geigen)

The violin's four strings are tuned to the following pitches:

ExAMPLE 2.2

,, 723 o 1All the string ranges given in this chaoter mav hP f'Xtf'nrlPrl nnw~rrl hu ho " ~-

(Chords containing one open note)

G string o pen

D string o pen

't! ~ ti ~1 i ~1 9 ! ! j ' i~ i~ 1 -~ I~ ~ F 'F F f

A string o pen tl i if #; #' ~a ~i (qlg # A J i #; st

E strihg o pen ~ a i@' ##; "#! rft -~ #r ~ ~ #~ 1

(Chords containing no open note)

rl li # Note: Accidenta/s are written separately for each chord.

FOUR-NOTE CHOROS FOR THE VIOLIN (PARTIAL LIST)

EXAMPLE 2.8

(Chords containing three open notes)

li

li

li

D,A.andE~ strmgs

o pen

(Chords containing two open notes)

A and E strings o pen

G and E strings o pen

(Chords containing one open note)

G string o pen ~1 1:i i; ~1 i -~ I~ ~ 1! ~a 1 ,s ~s i.,i ~~!

E string

o pen ~ J :; ! , .~ ,, ~1 ; ! #~ 1 (Chords containing no open note)

~ to~ ~to~~~ to~ ~~ t~~ q! to' '~ #~ li~ ~ li~ ~ li~== li~ ~ li Note: Accidentals are written separately for each chord.

Although double stops may be used effectively in sustained chords and at a low dynamic levei, there is not much point in writing tripie and quadruple stops except in fairly loud passages, usually in sharply detached chords where an extra degree ofvolume or accent is wanted. It is, however, eossible to sustain ~he top note or the two top notes of a three-note or four-note e ord:

~ EXAMPLE 2.9

Even inner notes may be sustained, though that possibility is not of much practical use. Since the main objective in tripie and quadruple stops is usually added resonance, those that contain one or more open tones are ordinarily the most effective, besides being the most comfortable to play.

Certain other string effects, although not technically tripie or quadru-ple stops, depend on the sarne principie. For instance, in these passages,

._/ EXAMPLE 2.10

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the player's fingm =ftn~F ;J J1 JG gnnron J J ,pr: r- li

. '--- . f ff p

(d) Capriccio Espagnol J.= 66 sempre non div.

rn 5 1# f 1 f1 ~ 1~r (e) Fifth Symphony

Tchaikovsky

:~.,., W 1C; J" ~ = = fff con desiderio e passione

. (f) Death and Transfiguration

(g) The Rite of Spring

Vivo 'JJJ 1 r arco . div#.J. #li#

PlZZ. - -=tt=

THE VIOLA

ltalian: Viola Viole

EXAMPLE 2.12

'O ...

French: Alto Altos

1111 Range

Li

"

Open Strings

Stravinsky ri

unia. f PiZI. llB '!~ ' Lgj

German: Bratsche Bratschen

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