Counseling Styles and Types!

The ‘Alphabet Soup’ of how we help others!

Client-Centered

• R.E.T. (Rational Emotive [Behavioral] Therapy)

• Rogerian (Founded by Carl Rogers….)

The ‘ABC’s of R.E.T.

• Founded by Albert Ellis in 1955

• One of the very first Cognitive Therapies used.

• Designed to eliminate “stinkin’ thinkin’” about situations and self and how we react to situations.

The ‘ABC’s of R.E.T.

Uncovering irrational beliefs which may lead to may lead to unhealthy negative emotions and replacing them with more productive rational alternatives.

A is for ‘activating event’ [could be actual event, or my interpretation of an actual event]

The ‘ABC’s of R.E.T.

• B is for Beliefs: rational, irrational, evaluations, judgements.

• C is for Consequences: emotions, behaviors, other intended or non-intended consequences

The ‘ABC’s of R.E.T.

• Goal of therapy: Replace rigid perspective of “must” and “always” and “should” with flexibility. Gets clients to think about accepting fallibilities in all persons, including self.

• Challenge present thinking patterns with more rational alternatives

The ‘ABC’s of R.E.T.

• Techniques used: cognitive, emotive, behavioral, imagery (imagination)

• Cognitive: Mental thinking

• Emotive: Changing emotional reaction

• Behavioral: Doing things differently

• Imagery: Imagine how things could be, conversations that could happen, etc.

Ge st ahl taka “Get it together”

• Developed by Frederick (Fritz) Perls

• Emotive in its perspective

• Designed around “bottled up” people, trying to draw out emotional responses

• Aim: Wholeness of person through emotional expression

Ge st ahl taka “Get it together”

• “The empty chair”

• Conversations I never had, but really, really wanted to

• Confrontations too scary to have, but too important not to have!

Ge st ahl taka “Get it together”

• Concepts: "FIGURE" (The stuff that is important to a situation right now)

• Concepts: "GROUND" (The stuff that fades into the background as other things rise to the surface)

Ge st ahl taka “Get it together”

• The goal of therapy, counseling, or personal growth is for the person to become fully capable of "ORGANISMIC SELF-REGULATION," that is, responding from his or her own center and needs, (with attention to sensory, intuitive, emotional, and cognitive modes of experience) within the context of the situation.

Client-centered

• Hurrah for Carl Rogers!

• the 'core conditions' for facilitative (counselling and educational) practice - congruence (realness), acceptance and empathy).  [website describing his practice as a therapist]

• Rogers studied theology prior to pursuing psychology.

Carl Rogers

• Humanist perspective

• Person-Centered Approach (PCA)

• first book, Counseling and Psychotherapy

• 1964, Rogers was selected 'humanist of the year' by the American Humanist Association

Client-centered core values

• Realness in the facilitator of learning

• Prizing, acceptance, trust. – What we are describing is a prizing of the

learner as an imperfect human being with many feelings, many potentialities. The facilitator’s prizing or acceptance of the learner is an operational expression of her essential confidence and trust in the capacity of the human organism.

Client-centered core values

• Empathetic understanding – When the teacher has the ability to

understand the student’s reactions from the inside, has a sensitive awareness of the way the process of education and learning seems to the student, then again the likelihood of significant learning is increased…. [Students feel deeply appreciative] when they are simply understood – not evaluated, not judged, simply understood from their own point of view, not the teacher’s.

Client-centered core values

• Carl Rogers was a gifted teacher. His approach grew from his orientation in one-to-one professional encounters. He saw himself as a facilitator - one who created the environment for engagement.

Alfred Adler (remember him?)

• Thinking, feeling, emotion, and behavior can only be understood as subordinated to the individual's style of life, or consistent pattern of dealing with life. The individual is not internally divided or the battleground of conflicting forces. Each aspect of the personality points in the same direction.

Alfred Adler

• Adlerian individual psychotherapy, brief therapy, couple therapy, and family therapy follow parallel paths. Clients are encouraged to overcome their feelings of insecurity, develop deeper feelings of connectedness, and to redirect their striving for significance into more socially beneficial directions.

Alfred Adler

• Through a respectful Socratic dialogue, they are challenged to correct mistaken assumptions, attitudes, behaviors and feelings about themselves and the world. Constant encouragement stimulates clients to attempt what was previously felt as impossible

Psycho-Analytics

• Psychoanalytic therapists look to uncover the patient's repressed feelings thoughts and motives, and they basically ignore the patient's presenting symptoms.

• Two common techniques of psychoanalytic therapy are free association and dream analysis

Psycho-Analytics

• Repressed memories is a “Biggie” here with this style… what’s going on from the past, and how have you coped with it by “repressing” the memories?

Rudolph DreikursSocial Discipline Model

• Man is a social being and his main desire (the basic motivation) is to belong.

• ii) All behavior is purposive. One cannot understand behavior of another person unless one knows to which goal it is directed, and it is always directed towards finding one's place.

• iii) Man is a decision-making organism. • iv) Man does not see reality as it is, but only as he

perceives it, and his perception may be mistaken or biased.

•

Rudolph DreikursSocial Discipline Model

• This model is similar with Relationship-Listening model in that trying to find an underlying cause for misbehaviors and having optimistic belief in the child’s rational capacities. But this is more assertive and intrusive than Relationship-Listening model, and adults or peers need to intervene and redirect the child’s misplaced goals.

Driekurs

• If a child lives with criticism, he learns to condemn.

• If a child lives with hostility, he learns to fight. • If a child lives with ridicule, he learns to be shy. • If a child lives with fear, he learns to be

apprehensive. • If a child lives with shame, he learns to feel

guilty. • If a child lives with tolerance, he learns to be

patient.

Driekurs…

• If a child lives with encouragement, he learns to be confident.

• If a child lives with acceptance, he learns to love.

• If a child lives with approval, he learns to like himself.

• If a child lives with recognition, he learns it is good to have a goal.

Driekurs

• If a child lives with honesty, he learns what truth is.

• If a child lives with fairness, he learns justice.

• If a child lives with security, he learns to have faith in himself and those about him.

• If a child lives with friendliness, he learns the world is a nice place in which to live, to love and be loved.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach which is used by psychologists and therapists to help promote positive change in individuals, to help alleviate emotional distress, and to address a myriad of psycho/social/behavioral issues.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

• Cognitive Behavioral therapists identify and treat difficulties arising from an individual's irrational thinking, misperceptions, dysfunctional thoughts, and faulty learning.

Behavioral Therapy

• What is behavioral therapy?Behavioral therapy is a form of psychotherapy that involves an individual or a family sitting in a room with a counselor to talk about the problems that have led the individual to seek help. Unlike traditional forms of therapy, the focus is on the behaviors of the person and what contributes to these behavioral patterns.

Behavioral Therapy

• For example, if the student is having trouble sitting still, we define the problem and try to describe what happens to cause the problem.

Behavioral Therapy

• We try to flesh out the scene so we can understand what can be modified to get the behavior moving in the right direction. For example, if the teacher likes to have students sit in alphabetical order in the classroom, perhaps a child with ADHD would do better sitting near the teacher's desk.

Behavioral Therapy

• So, even though the child's last name might have required him or her to sit towards the back of the class, we can tweak these rules based on the child's situation.

Transactional Analysis

• I'm OK - You're OK • "I'm OK - You're OK" is probably the best-

known expression of the purpose of transactional analysis: to establish and reinforce the position that recognizes the value and worth of every person. Transactional analysts regard people as basically "OK" and thus capable of change, growth, and healthy interactions.

Transactional Analysis

• Strokes

• Berne observed that people need strokes, the units of interpersonal recognition, to survive and thrive. Understanding how people give and receive positive and negative strokes and changing unhealthy patterns of stroking are powerful aspects of work in transactional analysis.

Transactional Analysis

• Ego States • Eric Berne made complex interpersonal transactions

understandable when he recognized that the human personality is made up of three "ego states". Each ego state is an entire system of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from which we interact with one another. The Parent, Adult and Child ego states and the interaction between them form the foundation of transactional analysis theory. These concepts have spread into many areas of therapy, education, and consulting as practiced today.

Transactional Analysis

• Transactions • Transactions refer to the communication

exchanges between people. Transactional analysts are trained to recognize which ego states people are transacting from and to follow the transactional sequences so they can intervene and improve the quality and effectiveness of communication.

Transactional Analysis

• Contracts • Transactional analysis practice is based

upon mutual contracting for change. Transactional analysts view people as capable of deciding what they want for their lives. Accordingly transactional analysis does its work on a contractual basis between the client and the therapist, educator, or consultant.

Crisis Intervention• I. Plan and conduct crisis assessment (including lethality measures).

II. Establish rapport and rapidly establish relationship.

III. Identify major problems (including the "last straw" or crisis precipitants).

IV. Deal with feelings and emotions (including active listening and validation).

V. Generate and explore alternatives.

VI. Develop and formulate and action plan.

VII. Follow-up and agreement.

Organic Therapies

• Medications (anti-depressants, etc)– Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors

• SSRI’s• Prozac• Paxcil • Zoloft

Organic Therapies

• Anti-psychotic meds (lithium, scopalamine, Thorazine)

• Anti-anxiety meds (Valium, Librium, etc)– Works on GABA receptors to block excitatory

messages to the brain.