GAMBARAN LAJU FILTRASI GLOMERULUS YANG DINILAI

DENGAN METODE MDRD ( MODIFICATION OF DIET IN RENAL

DISEASE ) PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELLITUS TIPE 2 LEBIH DARI 5

TAHUN DI KLINIK SPESIALIS PENYAKIT DALAM DI RSUD A.W

SJAHRANIE SAMARINDA

PROPOSAL TUGAS AKHIR

Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat

Guna Meraih Gelar Sarjana Kedokteran (S.Ked)

OLEH :

RAYDISTA BAFRI

0910015005

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERANPROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN DOKTER

UNIVERSITAS MULAWARMANSAMARINDA

2013

DAFTAR ISI

hal.

HALAMAN JUDUL...............................................................................................i

DAFTAR ISI.............................................................................................................

DAFTAR GAMBAR

DAFTAR TABEL

DAFTAR SINGKATANi

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang

1.2 Rumusan Masalah

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian

1.4.1 Manfaat Ilmiah

1.4.2 Manfaat bagi Peneliti

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1 Diabetes melitus

2.1.1 Definisi

2.1.2 Klasifikasi

2.1.3 Etiologi

2.1.4 Faktor resiko

2.1.5 Patogenesa

2.1.6 Diagnosis

2.1.7 Penatalaksanaan

2.1.8 Pencegahan………………………………………………….……..10

2.1.9 Komplikasi………… ……… ..... .. .…………………..………….10

2.2 Nefropati Diabetik

2.3 Laju Filtrasi Glomerulus

2.4 Metode MDRD

2.5 Kreatinin .…………………………………………………………………19

BAB III KERANGKA KONSEP

ii

BAB IV METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

4.1 Rancangan Penelitian

4.2 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian

4.2.1 Tempat Penelitian

4.2.2 Waktu Penelitian

4.3 Populasi dan Sampel

4.3.1 Populasi

4.3.2 Sampel

4.4 Besar sampel

4.5 Kriteria Sampel

4.6 Cara pemgambilan data

4.6.1 Data Primer…………………………………… ...…………………...24

4.6.2 Data Sekunder………………………………………………………....24

4.7 Instrument Penelitian

4.8 Variabel Penelitian

4.9 Definisi Operasional

4.10 Pengolahan Data…………………… ..…….………………………… ...26

4.11Analisis Data……………………………………………………………...26

4.12 Alur Penelitian…………………………………………………………...27

4.13 Jadwal Kegiatan …………………………………………………………28

DAFTAR PUSTAKAi

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

hal.

Gambar 2.1.1 Klasifikasi DM menurut PERKENI 1998. ............................. 7

Gambar 2.1.2 Patogenesa DM tipe 2 ............................................................. 9

Gambar 2.2 Patogenesis Nefropaty Diabetic…………………………….. 17

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DAFTAR TABEL

hal.

Tabel 2.1 Konsentrasi glukosa sewaktu dan puasa dalam mg/dl

menurut TTGO .......................................................................

.............................................................................................10

Table 2.3 Tahap-tahap penyakit ginjal kronis dan laju filtrasi

Glomerulus…………………………………………………. 20

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DAFTAR SINGKATAN

% : persen

ADA : American diabetic association

ADP : Adenosin diphosphate

AGEs : Advance glycotion end products

ATP : Adenosin trifosfat

CK : Creatin kinase

DM : diabetes mellitus

EKG : Elektrokardiogram

eLFG : estimasi laju filtrasi glomerulus

ENOS : Endothelial nitrot oxide

ESDR : End stage diesis renal

ET-1 : Endothelin 1

GGK : Gagal ginjal kronis

HDL : High densitas lipid

IDMS : isotop dilution –mass spectrometry

KDOQI : Kidney disease outcome quality initiative

KDOQI : Kidney disease outcome quality initiative

LFG : laju filtrasi glomerulus

MDRD : Modification of diet in renal disease

Mg/dl : milligram per desiliter

NKF : National kidney foundation

NIDDM : Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

NO : Nitric Oxida

OHO : Obat hiperglikemi oral

PAI-1 : Plasminogen activator inhibitor -1

PKC : Protein kinase C

PGK : Penyakit ginjal kronis

RSUD :Rumah sakit umum Daerah

SAlb :Serum albumin

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SCr :Serum creatinin

SUD : Serum urea nitrogen

TTGO :Toleransi terganggu glukosa oral

VEGF : Vascular endothelial growth factor

WHO : World Healty Organization

vii

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