CPU đa nhân

CPU a nhn

CPU a nhn

CPU a nhn,CPU a li(ting Anh:multi-core) l bvi x ltrung tm (Central Processing Unit) c nhiu n v vi x l c tch hp trn cng mtCPUvt l duy nht. Mt cch khc, chng ging nh s ghp ni nhiu CPU thng thng trc y tr thnh mt CPU duy nht.

CPU a nhn nhn c gii thiu ln u tin vo nm2001bi hngIBMvi loi CPUPower4dnh ring cho ccmy ch. Bt u t cc hng sn xut CPU khc bt u ch n th loi CPU a nhn v nh hng pht trinsn phmca mnh theo theo th loi ny. Hai nh sn xut CPU cho PC ln lAMDvIntelcng c cc phn ng khc nhau:AMD bt u c nh hng ngay choCPUa nhn,Intelcn d dt trong giai on u, nhng cng bt u vo cuc.[1]K t c mt s cnh tranh gia hai hng chim lnh th phnCPUmy tnhtrn phng din a nhn, hiu nng x l v gi bn, s cnh tranh ny vn cn tn ti cho n thi im hin nay v cha c du hiu kt thc.

Phn loi my tnh v chc nng[sa|sa m ngun]Khng nh nhiu ngi hiu rngmy tnhch n gin l nhng chic my ging nh h bit v tng lm vic hng ngy (hoc mt s rt t ngi hiu chng nh nhng chic my tnh cm tay dng cho ccphp tnhcng tr n gin dnh chohc sinh), chng c lm nhiu loi phc v cho cc nhu cu ca nhng ngi s dng khc nhau hoc cho nhiu ngi s dng. Phn phn loi di y s lc gip bn hiu thm v ngha rng hn camy tnhquen dng:

Phn ln ccmy tnhtrn th gii hin nay thuc th loimy tnh c nhn, mt cch hiu n gin l chng dnh cho mt ngi s dng (c nhn) v lm vic vi chng trong duy nht mt thi im. My tnh c nhn c th thc hin nhiu chng trnh khc nhau cc thi im khc nhau, chng c th c s dng rng ri bi nhng ngi s dng vn phng nh mt cng c tr gip cho cng vic, hoc c s dng ngoi ni lm vic ( nh) vi mc ch ch yu cho gii tr, truy cp thng tin thng qua mngInternetton cu hoc cc nhu cu ring khc.

Phn t hn l cc my tnh c thit k cho cc k s, k thut vin, cc nh khoa hc hoc nhng ngi s dng vn phng vi cc ng dng khng thng thng thc hin cc phn mm i hi n nng lc ln hn v s n nh, cc my ny thng c gi lmy trm(workstation)[2].

Phn cn li c s lng t nht, c thit k ring bit ch thc hin mt vi nhim v m c th khng cn n s iu khin cacon ngimt cch lin tc theothi gian: v d ccmy ch phc v cc mc ch khc nhau trong mtmng nhhoc cc mngInternetrng ln.

Khc vi cc loi cc my tnh c lit k trn l cc loi my tnh chuyn dng c bit, chng thng thit k ring cho mt mc ch, ch s dng mt vi phn mm chuyn dng: v d ccmy tnh cng nghiphoc ccmy tnh mt dng nh hn s dngh iu hnh nhngcho cc mc ch khc.

Tr cc my tnh trong nhng giai on pht trin u tin (thng ch thit k cho mt vi chc nng) hoc mt smy tnh lnphc v ring bit cho cc mc chkhoa hcngy nay, ccmy tnhcn li trong thi gian gn y (c phn loi nh trn) thng c th dng thc hin nhiu nhim v khc nhau. Ngi s dng c th ci t ccphn mmkhc nhau (min l chng tng thch vih iu hnhci t trn my tnh ). Ccmy chthng c cho rng ch phc v chuyn cho mt mc ch, cung cp mt loi dch v nhng cng c th chuyn i, thit t li phc v cho cc nhim v khc.

Nhu cu x l a nhim[sa|sa m ngun]Phn trn mi cho thy tt c cc my tnh c th s dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau, tuy nhin trn thc t ccmy tnhcn c th dng cho nhiu mc ch cho cng mt thi im.

i vimy tnh c nhn(cho vn phng v gia nh), v d mt ngi s dngmy tnh son tho mt vn bn bngting Vitth cng c t nht haiphn mmhot ng: phn mm son tho vn bn v mt phn mm h tr b du ting Vit no . Trong v d ny nu ni c haiphn mmng thi hot ng l cha chnh xc, bi xt rng ra th c rt nhiuphn mmang hot ng ch nn (background) trongh iu hnhm nhiu ngi s dng khng nhn ra. i vi ccmy trmvi s khc bit ch cc phn mm chuyn dng v i hi n nh nn cng tng t i vi my tnh c nhn.

i vi ccmy chth ngay c mt s k thut vin hoc ngiqun tr mngcng cho rng chng ch phc v mt vi mc ch ring bit, tuy nhin trn thc t cc my ch c kt hp ng thi cung cp nhiu dch v nu nh chng mnh. Thc t mc s dng trong mt mng nh th c rt nhiumy ch c thit t cung cp nhiu dch v ng thi.

Nhng ni dung cn x l ng thi trn thc hin trn mt my tnh s dng mt CPU n nhn c th tu thuc vo mc cn x l ca ccng dng, s ng dng hot ng cng mt thi im m ngi s dng c th khng nhn thy khi s dng ng thi cc ng dng yu cu x l thp (chng hn ch son tho vn bn kt hp nghe nhc s dng nn) trn mt my tnh c mt dung lng b nhRAMkhng qu thp so vi yu cu cah iu hnh. Tuy nhin vi cc ng dng cn nhiu n x l nh thc hin mt trong cc ni dung: x l ho, bin tpvideo, chigame, nghe nhc v kt hp ng thi vi cc ng dng thng thng (duytweb, son tho...) cng vi mtphn mm dit virusbo v trc tip th ngi s dng s cm nhn r rng v s chm chp ca h thng. Cng s lng v mc ca cc ng dng , nu c x l trn mtmy tnhc haiCPUc lp th h thng s thc hin nhanh hn v him khi xy ra cc hin tng chm chp x l ng dng, li h thng, treo my...

Khi m cch iu hnhv cc ng dng ngy nay ch tm hn nhiu ngiao din, s n nh, kh nngbo mt... p ng mi nhu cu ca ngi s dngmy tnhth cng i hi n nng lc caCPUcn ln ln. Nu nh ccCPUthng dng trong ccmy tnh c nhn bn hin nay c th hot ng trn cch iu hnhli thi nhWindows 95,Windows 98kh nhanh v tt th n cch iu hnhWindows XPhin ti cng tr ln chm chm v c th cn chm hn na nu s dngh iu hnh

HYPERLINK "http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista" \o "Windows Vista" Windows Vistagn y nht ca hngMicrosofttrong thi im u nm2008.

Lung x l ca CPU[sa|sa m ngun]CcCPU ch iu hnhyu cu x l ng thi ccphn mmmt cch gin on v xen k nhau khi ngi s dng thc hin ng thi nhiuphn mm(nh trong cc v d nu trn). Miphn mmnu khng i hi mt s x l lin tc th chng c p ng tng phn. a s ccphn mms dng trong vn phng mt cch thng thng nht u c x l nh vy. V d: khi bn ang duytwebv cng son tho mt vn bn s c cc khongthi gianm bn phi c mt trangwebhoc lc bn ang son tho vn bn th c ngha ltrnh duyt weblc c th khng cn thit phi x l bi chng ti xung (download) thng tin phc v hin th ni dung trangweb. y ch l mt v d n gin vi nhng ng dng n gin cho thy vic ccCPUc th phn tch x l cc nhim v mt cch ng thi.

Nu nh ngi s dng thc thi cc phn mm ng dng yu cu n x l ln mt cch ng u th d nhn thy rng h thng c th tr nn chm chp bi mi ng dng li ch c x l ln lt xen k nhau. Nu nh c hai b x l ng thi trong cng mtmy tnhth c hai ng dng ln ny u c th thc hin c tt hn hay khng. Hoc nh c mtCPUnhng ng thi p ng yu cu ca hai hoc nhiu hn cc ng dng trong cng mt thi im th c ci thin c tc lm vic chung camy tnhhay khng?Hy xem mt v d sau: Nu c mt nhm ngi ch trc cng mt phng khm da liu, phng ch cch ca vo mt khong xa.

CPU n nhn, n lung: ging nh vic ch c mt ca vo, v trong c mt bc s ch khm ln lt tng ngi vi iu kin mi ngi ht 10 pht, trong u tin khm ht n gii sau mi n lt nam gii - thi gian khm ht nhm ngi s rt lu v nam gii phi ch lu hn mc d n sm.

CPU n nhn, a lung: ging nh vic c mt ca, mi ngi khm 10 pht, khm xen k c nam gii v n gii. Gii quyt c vic ngi no n trc th xong trc.

CPU n nhn, a lung, c cng ngh phn lung o: Ging nh c mt ca, ai khm xong trc th ra trc (c th di 10 pht), c hai bc s ph nhau chia theo tng cng on lc ny thi gian nhanh hn nhiu cho vic khm tt c nhm ngi.

CPU a nhn: Ging nh phng khm c hai ca, trong c hai nhm bc s c lp v ng thi c th khm hai ngi mt thi im.

CPU c lng cache L2 ln hoc c thm cache L3: Tng ng vi phng ch ngay ca ca phng khm (ngi c yu cu vo khm i vo nhanh hn).

Qua v d trn ta thy rng CPU c kh nng x l nhiu lung, a nhn, c cng ngh siu phn lung...th s x l cng vic nhanh hn. y l lc m ngi c c th tr li cu hi pha trn mt cch t tin rng"c, n ci thin c tc lm vic chung".

Hnh thc s dng nhiuCPUtrn cng mtmy tnhhoc nhiumy tnhkt ni vi nhau tr thnh mt h thngmy tnhln hn cng thc hin mt nhim v hoc ng thi nhiu nhim v c lin quan n nhau c p dng t trc khi xut hin cc CPU hai nhn. Ccmy trmhocmy chtrc y thng c gn nhiu hn mtCPUtrn cng mtbo mch ch c th thc hin cng vic ti u hn, tc nhanh hn. y c th l nhng l do u tin cc nh sn xut phn cng bt tay vo nghin cu cho ra i ccCPUa nhn sau ny.

Cu to vt l ca CPU a nhn[sa|sa m ngun]

Mt CPU hai nhn caIntelc hnh dng bn ngoi nh mt CPU n nhn thng thng

Hai nhn cng c cha trong mt phn din tch nh th ny(phn bi kem tn nhit)Nu nh CPU ch c mt cm b x l bn trong lng n ging nh cc b x l thng thng: cc b x l t th h u tin cho n th h th 7 gn y (nhPentium 4n nhn) c gi l ccCPUch c mt nhn - hay gi cch khc l mtli(cch gi theo thi quen, tuy nhin tlic th gy nhm ln vicu trc corecaIntelnn bi ny hn ch dng).

NhngCPUhai nhn u tin cIntelvAMDsn xut khi t hai nhn x l trong cng mt tm [3]. C ngha trong mtCPUnhn b ngoi nh mtCPUthng thng nhng bn trong n cha cc phn mch in ca c haiCPU, im chung ca n l cc chn cm tip xc visocketcabo mch ch. Nu nh ch nhn hnh dng m khng nhn vo cc thng s trn vCPUth cc loiCPUhai nhn ny khng khc so vi ccCPUn nhn s dng cng loisocket.

Nhiu ngi c th thc mc: Bn trong mtCPUliu c cn khong khng gian trng no khng cho nhn th hai, th t hoc nhiu hn na trong khi tm caCPUvn gi nguyn din tch nh vy. Thc t thkch thccc nhn hin ti caCPU rt nh, phn ca miCPUc kch thc nh hin ti bi chng cn c cc v tr c th kt ni vi ccsocket. Thng thng th cc k hiu casockethin nay c cha ngha v s v tr tip xc gia CPU vbo mch ch, nu nh mtCPUhin ti caIntels dngsocketT (LGA775) hay nhAMDs dngsocket939 th cng c ngha rng chng c 775 hay 939 v tr tip xc. Vi mt s lng kt ni nhiu nh vy th ccCPUnu thit k tm qu nh s khng th p ng c s kt ni giaCPUvibo mch chtheo kiu cm d dng thay th (nu khng mun hn chc vobo mch ch).

Th h CPU a nhn thng dng u tin[sa|sa m ngun]CPU hai nhn ca Intel[sa|sa m ngun]HngIntel gii thiu nhngCPUhai nhn Pentium Extreme Edition v Pentium D u tin vothng 4nm2005pht trin trn nn Pentium 4 Prescott. Thc cht s ra i ca nhng CPU hai nhn u tin ny caIntel mong mun gii thiu ra th trng cng nhanh cng tt nn ccCPUhai nhn u tin: Pentium D, Pentium Extreme Edition (thng gi tt l Pentium EE) cha trong lng n hai nhn caPentium 4mPrescott[4]. Mi mt nhn c giao tip vi mt ng khc nhau vichipset cu bctrnbo mch ch. Chnh v vy m ccchipsetca hngIntelnh i915, i925 hoc ccchipsetca cc hng khc dnh cho cc CPUPentium 4thng thng khng th s dng choCPUhai nhnPentium D(hoc Pentium Extreme Edition). Ccchipsetdng i945, i955X, i975X cho dngmy tnh c nhn bn v E7230 cho dngmy trml nhngchipsetu tin h tr cho nhngCPUhai nhn ny.

CPUPentium Dc cc c tnh di y:

Tc x lCPUt 2,8GHz n 3,2GHz

FSB: 800MHz

M rngEM64T64-bit

H trExecute Disable Bit Sn xut trn cng ngh 90nm(nanomet) C 2 MB L2cache(1 MB mi nhn ring bit v c lp)

S dngSocketT (LGA775)

Vi nhngCPUc s hiu 830 v 840 cn bao gm cng ngh mi caIntell: "EISS" (Enhanced Intel Speed Step), chng c th t ng thay i tc lm vic caCPUtheo nhu cu x l ca h thng gim cng sut tiu th.

Phin bnPentium Extreme Edition840 c tnh nng ging nhPentium D, nhng c mt s khc bit thm nh sau:

H tr cng nghSiu phn lung(HT Technology)[1]. Nh vy vi mi nhn bn trong s tr thnh 2 nhn o (h iu hnhs nhn bit v s dng nh c 4 nhn ng thi).

Khng h tr cng nghEISS.

Cho php thay i h s nhn caCPU, iu ny gip ccngi s dng hiu bitd dngp xungviCPUm khng phi thay ibush thng. y l cch l gii ti sao Pentium EE li khng h tr cng nghEISSbi cng ngh ny mu thun vi cc hnh ngp xungkhi chng t ng gim h s nhn gim tc lm vic ca h thng khi nhu cu x l thp.

Bng thng s CPU hai nhn th h u tin ca hngIntellPentium DvPentium Extreme Edition.CPUModelNumberTc BusSpeedBng thng BusH tr HT?BoxedS-specOEMS-specSteppingCPUIDL2 CacheL3 Cachenhit maxCng sut tiu th maxSocketCng ngh sxstransistor

Pentium D8202,8 GHz800 Mhz6,4 GBpsKhngSL88TSL88TA00F44h2 MB64,1 C95W77590 nm230 triu

Pentium D8202,8 GHz800 Mhz6,4 GBpsKhngSL8CPB00F47h2 MB64,1 C95 W77590 nm230 triu

Pentium D8303,0 GHz800 Mhz6,4 GBpsKhngSL88SA00F44h2 MB69,8 C130 W77590 nm230 triu

Pentium D8303,0 GHz800 Mhz6,4 GBpsKhngSL8CMSL8CMB00F47h2 MB69,8 C130 W77590 nm230 triu

Pentium D8403,2 GHz800 Mhz6,4 GBpsKhngSL8CMSL8CMB00F47h2 MB69,8 C130 W77590 nm230 triu

Pentium D8403,2 GHz800 Mhz6,4 GBpsKhngSL88RA00F44h2 MB69,8 C130 W77590 nm230 triu

Pentium Extreme Edition8403,2 GHz800 Mhz6,4 GBpsCSL8FKA00F44h2 MB69,8 C130 W77590 nm230 triu

CPU hai nhn ca AMD[sa|sa m ngun]Nhng CPU hai nhn caAMDc gii thiu sau so vi cc CPU hai nhn caIntel. Trc khi cc CPU a nhn ca AMD xut hin th dngsn phmAthlon 64 ca AMD khthnh cng, phin bn Athlon 64 FX ctp chPC World Mbnh chngii thng"World Class 2004" dnh cho sn phm xut sc nht trong nm2004[5]. AMD bt u pht trin cc CPU 64 bit bt u t nm2003trn nn cu trc 32 bit-x86 v c s dng rng ri trn ccmy ch,my trmvmy tnh c nhn bn.

Vo thng 5 nm 2005 nhng CPU Athlon 64 X2 hai nhn u tin ca AMD xut hin[6]. Althlon 64 X2 c hai loi theo tng m ring nh sau:

Cache L2dung lng 1 MB (ng vi 512 KB cho mi nhn) m:Manchester Cache L2dung lng 2 MB (ng vi 1 MB cho mi nhn) m:ToledoCng vi cc c tnh khc bao gm:

Tc x l thc t CPU t 2,2GHz n 2,4GHz

Sn xut trn cng ngh 90nm(nanomet) 1GHzHyperTransport S dngSocket939.

Bng thng s CPU hai nhn th h u tin ca hng AMD l Althon 64 X2Part NumberModelNumberCPU SpeedBus Speed(GBps)SteppingL2 CacheMax. Temp.VoltagePowerSocketProcess

ADA3800DAA5BV3800+2,0 GHz4.0E41 MB71 C1,35V-1,4V89 W93990 nm

ADA3800DAA5CD3800+2,0 GHz4.0E61 MB71 C1,35V-1,4V89 W93990 nm




ADV4400DAA6CD4400+2,2 GHz4.0E62 MB71 C1,35V-1,4V89 W93990 nm




So snh cng ngh[sa|sa m ngun]Mc dAMDkhng phi l hng u tin gii thiuCPUhai nhn, nhng cu trc caCPUhai nhn caAMD c nhiu tin b hn so vi ccCPUhai nhn ban u caIntel(Pentium D). Cu to bn trong caAMDcho php cc nhn c th trc tip lin kt vi nhau m khng phi thng quachipset cu bc. hn ch nhc im ny, Intel tngFSB gia tng bng thng gia CPU vchipset cu bc.

Tuy nhin trong giai on ny thit k CPU a nhn ca AMD vn u th hn Intel cc im sau:

1. Khc vi s thay i cu trc caInteltrong CPU hai nhn khin cho khi nng cp h thng cn phi thay thbo mch chdo ccchipsetc khng h tr CPU hai nhn mi. H thng caAMDc th tng thch vi h thng c, ngi s dng c th cn nng cpBIOS c th tng thch viCPUhai nhn mi.Socket939 choAthlon 64vSocket940 cho Opteron vn gi nguyn cho cc CPUAMDhai nhn, cng vi cc chipset c vn h tr bi s giao tip vi CPU khng tr thnh hai dng ring bit cho mi nhn. y l u im th nht ca CPU hai nhnAMDth h u viIntel.

2. Khi thit k cc CPU dng Athlon 64/OpteronAMD c mt s chun b sn cho cc thit k a nhn theo nh hng ban u ca AMD, nn khi cc dng CPU a nhn ra i chng hon ton thch ng vi cc tnh ton vnhit ca CPU. S tc ng vnhit khi tng thm mt nhn nh hng khng nhiu. V d a s cc CPU hai nhnAthlon 64 X2caAMDchy vi tn s 2,2GHz tiu th cng sut 89Wcng bng vi Athlon 64 n nhn hot ng tn s 2,4GHz. So snh gia mt CPU hai nhn nng nht caAMDkhi hot ng tc 2,2 n 2,4GHz tiu th cng sut 110 W vi mt CPU hai nhn caIntelnh Pentium Extreme Edition tiu th cng sut 130 W s thy mt u im th hai ca CPU hai nhn hngAMDso viIntel(xem cc bng trn).

3. Mc d tc x l thc ca cc CPU hai nhnAMDthng thp hn CPUIntel, tuy nhin mt s kt qu kim tra, nh gi hiu nng bng cc phn mm chuyn dng (phn mm benchmark) cho thy hiu nng ca cc CPU hai nhn hngAMDcao hn hiu nng cc CPU hai nhn caIntel nhng phin bn u tin[6]. Nhiuoverclockerv ngi dng thng thng tng s dng hai loi CPU ca cc hng ny cng c nhn xt nh vy.

Cc th h k tip[sa|sa m ngun]

Vi cu trc core cho php c hai nhn s dng chung cache L2

Cc loi CPU a nhn nu trn ch giai on u tin pht trin ca hai hng chim th phn ln trn th trng CPU cho PC. Hin ti thi im vit bi thIntel ra i dng CPU Core Duo, vCore 2 Duos dngvi kin trc core[4]vi nhiu u th hn hn so vi dng CPU hai nhn ca hngAMD. Khng ch dng li hai nhn, hai hng sn xut ny ang tip tc cho ra i cc loi CPU nhiu nhn hn vi cc cng ngh mi[7]

HYPERLINK "http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_%C4%91a_nh%C3%A2n" \l "cite_note-8" [8]Core Duo v Core 2 Duo ca Intel[sa|sa m ngun]Bi chi tit:Core 2 DuoCore Duol cng ngh tip theo ca ccCPUhai nhn u tin (Pentium D, Pentium EE) ca Intel s dngvi cu trc core[4]mang li nhiu ci tin hn. CPU Core Duo c sn xut khng c bao lu th Intel chuyn sang sn xut dng Core 2 Duo vi thm cc ci tin mi m c nh gi l mt bc ngot trong ngnh ch to b vi x l[9]

HYPERLINK "http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_%C4%91a_nh%C3%A2n" \l "cite_note-10" [10]Vi cu trc core c cc ci tin sau:

M rng thc thi ng (Wide Dynamic Execution): c s dng cc CPU th h th 6 (Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III...) c ci tin gip tin on nhanh v su, chnh xc hn.

Qun l in nng thng minh (Intelligent Power Capability) cho php tt cc h thng con trong CPU khi khng s dng n tit kim nng lng, tuy nhin chng c th ngay lp tc c kch hot hot ng tr li khi c cc yu cu v x l ln v cn thit n chng.

M rng b nh m thng minh tin tin (Advanced Smart Cache) l mt ci tin ng k trong vi cu trc core, thay v mi nhn s dng mt cache ring bit trong cu trc caPentium Dth nay Intel ci tin c hai nhn u c th dng chung cache L2(xem hnh). Cc th h CPU hai nhn u tin ca Intel s dng mi nhn mtcacheL2 ring bit, gia cc nhn v cc cache khng c mt kt ni no vi nhau nn phi thng quachipset cu bc, s ci tin mi gip cho hiu nng x l tng ln do chng c th s dng chung chim nhiu hn i vi cc nhn phi thc thi x l nhiu hn.

Truy xut b nh thng minh (Smart Memory Access)

Tng tc phng tin s tin tin (Advanced Digital Media Boost) gip tng tc thc thi tp lnhSEE(Streaming SIMD Extension), cho php h tr cc php ton 128 bit, tc l gp i so vi cc CPU c cng hng.

Ngay sau khi ra i thCore 2 DuocaIntel nh bii th cnh tranhtruyn thng ca mnh lAMD. Cng vil trnhgim gi cc loisn phmPentium D,Core Duo,Intel ly li uy tn v ginh li th phn ca mnh sau lot sn phm CPU hai nhn th h u yu th hn so vi cc CPU hai nhnAlthon 64 X2caAMD[9]. Cho n u nm 2008, AMD vn cha c cc bcci tinng k no vt ln so viIntelnh thi k CPU a nhn u tin dngx86xut hin.

Bng di y cho thy thng s mt s CPU a nhnCore 2 Duoca hngInteldnh ring cho ccmy tnh c nhn bn(cp nht n u nm2008).

sSpec#CPU SpeedProcessor #PCGBus SpeedMfg TechSteppingCache SizePackage Type

SLAPK3,16 GHzE8500061333 MHz45 nmC06 MBLGA775

SLAPL3 GHzE8400061333 MHz45 nmC06 MBLGA775

SLA9U3 GHzE6850061333 MHz65 nmG04 MBLGA775

SL9ZF2,66 GHzE6700061066 MHz65 nmB24 MBLGA775

SL9S72,66 GHzE6700061066 MHz65 nmB24 MBLGA775

SLA9V2,66 GHzE6750061333 MHz65 nmG04 MBLGA775

SLAPP2,66 GHzE8200061333 MHz45 nmC06 MBLGA775

SLA942,40 GHzE460006800 MHz65 nmM02 MBLGA775

SL9ZL2,40 GHzE6600061066 MHz65 nmB24 MBLGA775


SLAA52,33 GHzE6540061333 MHz65 nmG04 MBLGA775

SLA9X2,33 GHzE6550061333 MHz65 nmG04 MBLGA775

SLA952,20 GHzE450006800 MHz65 nmM02 MBLGA775


SL9T92,13 GHzE6400061066 MHz65 nmL22 MBLGA775

SLA4T2,13 GHzE6420061066 MHz65 nmB24 MBLGA775

SLA3F2 GHzE440006800 MHz65 nmL22 MBLGA775

SLA982 GHzE440006800 MHz65 nmM02 MBLGA775

SL9SA1,86 GHzE6300061066 MHz65 nmB22 MBLGA775

SL9TA1,86 GHzE6300061066 MHz65 nmL22 MBLGA775

SLA4U1,86 GHzE6320061066 MHz65 nmB24 MBLGA775

SL9TB1,80 GHzE430006800 MHz65 nmL22 MBLGA775

Athlon 64 X2 ca AMD[sa|sa m ngun]Bi chi tit:Athlon 64 X2AMD cng a ra ccchin lcca mnh cnh tranhviInteltrn c hai phng din,cng nghv gi thnh CPU. Trc khi cho ra dngPhenomvothng 12nm2007,thng 9nm2007AMD tung ra th trng sn phm CPU Black Edition nh mt bc m. CPU Black Edition bao gm hai phin bnAthlon 64 X26400+ sn xut trncng ngh90nm vAthlon 64 X25000+ trn cng ngh65 nm.Vi cng ngh 65nm,Althon 64 X25000+ c mt s thay i:

Hot ng vi xung nhp 2,6GHz.

256 KBcache L1, 1 MBcache L2chia u cho hai nhn.

Cho php thay i h s nhn.

Thit kAthlon 64 X25000+ thay i cho phpngi s dngd dngp xungchng, theo AMD th mc tiu thcng sutca CPU ny ch n 75Wkhip xung 3,1 Ghz v 85 W khi p xung 3,4 Ghz[11]. Trn thc t th nhmTest Labca tp chPC World Vietnamth nghimp xungvi CPU ny th c thp xungn nh mc 3,1 Ghz (tng 16% so vithit k) in p1,3 V[12].

CPU ba nhn[sa|sa m ngun]

Mc ny cha ng thng tin v cc tnh nng ca mt CPU c k hoch xut hin trong mt tng lai gnN c th cha thng tin s b hoc phng on m khng phi nhng CPU xut hin trn th trng. Nu loi CPU ny xut hin, xin vui lng sa li mc ny cho ph hp vi ng cnh, thm ch thch dn chng cho s xut hin v b thng bo ny

C th c CPU ba nhn hay khng? Thc t ngoiCPUn nhn cc hng thng sn xut loi a nhn vi s nhn l s chn, iu ny dng nhlogichn khi m thit t cc nhn c tnh cht i xng mt tm hnh vung. Trn thc tAMD c nh thit k mtCPUc ba nhn tung rath trngvo u nm2008nhm cnh tranh viIntelkhi gip ngi s dng c nhiu la chn hn[13]. iu th v l cng b ny ca AMD trc ng mt ngy trcdin n nhng nh pht trin Intel.

CPU ba nhn u tin trnth giiny c m hiuToliman, chng khng phi l mt thit k mi ba nhn trn mt , m l mt CPU bn nhn c ct bt i mt nhn. N s tch hp mt iu khin DDR2, giao din Hypertransport 3.0, mi nhn s dng mt cache L2 ring bit vi 512 KB dung lng. CPU cache L3 vi dung lng 2 MB.

Cho n thi im cui nm 2007 th AMD vn cha cng b v xung nhp, in nng, gi c...ca CPU ny.

CPU bn nhn[sa|sa m ngun]Thng s cc CPU Intel XeonCp nht n thng 2 nm 2008

ShiuCPUCacheClockSpeedFSBSTCngsutSnhn

L2L324

Intel Xeon lot 7000 - Dnh chomy ch

Cng ngh 65 nm

X73508 MB-2,93 GHz1066 MHzMP130 WX

L73458 MB-1,86 GHz1066 MHzMP50 WX

E73408 MB-2,40 GHz1066 MHzMP80 WX

E73306 MB-2,40 GHz1066 MHzMP80 WX

E73204 MB-2,13 GHz1066 MHzMP80 WX

E73104 MB-1,60 GHz1066 MHzMP80 WX

E72208 MB-2,93 GHz1066 MHzMP80 WX

E72108 MB-2,40 GHz1066 MHzMP80 WX

7150N8 MB16 MB3,50 GHz667 MHzMP150 WX

7140M2x1 MB16 MB3,40 GHz800 MHzMP150 WX

7140N2x1 MB16 MB3,33 GHz667 MHzMP150 WX



7120M2x1 MB4 MB3 GHz800 MHzMP95 WX

7120N2x1 MB4 MB3 GHz667 MHzMP95 WX



Cng ngh 90 nm

70412x2 MB-3 GHz800 MHzMP165 WX

70402x2 MB-3 GHz667 MHzMP165 WX

70302x1 MB-2,80 GHz800 MHzMP165 WX

70202x1 MB-2,66 GHz667 MHzMP165 WX

Intel Xeon Lot 5000. Dnh chomy trm

Cng ngh 45 nm

X548212MB-3,20 GHz1600 MHzDP150 WX

X547212MB-3,00 GHz1600 MHzDP120 WX

X546012MB-3,16 GHz1333 MHzDP120 WX

X545012MB-3,00 GHz1333 MHzDP120 WX

E547212MB-3,00 GHz1600 MHzDP80 WX

E546212MB-2,80 GHz1600 MHzDP80 WX

E545012MB-3,00 GHz1333 MHzDP80 WX

E544012MB-2,83 GHz1333 MHzDP80 WX

E543012MB-2,66 GHz1333 MHzDP80 WX

E542012MB-2,50 GHz1333 MHzDP80 WX

E541012MB-2,33 GHz1333 MHzDP80 WX

E540512MB-2,00 GHz1333 MHzDP80 WX

X52726MB-3,40 GHz1600 MHzDP80 WX

X52606MB-3,33 GHz1333 MHzDP80 WX

E52056MB-1,86 GHz1066 MHzDP65 WX

Cng ngh 65 nm

X53658MB-3 GHz1333 MHzDP120 WX

X53558MB-2,66 GHz1333 MHzDP120 WX

L53358MB-2 GHz1333 MHzDP50 WX

L53208MB-1,86 GHz1066 MHzDP50 WX

L53108MB-1,60 GHz1066 MHzDP50 WX


E53358MB-2 GHz1333 MHzDP80 WX



51604MB-3 GHz1333 MHzDP80 WX

51504MB-2,667 GHz1333 MHzDP65 WX

51484MB-2,333 GHz1333 MHzDP40 WX

51404MB-2,333 GHz1333 MHzDP65 WX


51204MB-1,866 GHz1066 MHzDP65 WX

51104MB-1,60 GHz1066 MHzDP65 WX

50804MB-3,73 GHz1066 MHzDP130 WX

50634MB-3,20 GHz1066 MHzDP95 WX

50604MB-3,20 GHz1066 MHzDP130 WX


50304MB-2,67 GHz667 MHzDP95 WX

Intel Xeon Lot 3000

Cng ngh 45 nm

X336012 MB-2,83 GHz1333 MHzUP95 WX

X335012 MB-2,66 GHz1333 MHzUP95 WX

X33206 MB-2,50 GHz1333 MHzUP95 WX

E31106 MB-3,00 GHz1333 MHzUP65 WX

Cng ngh 65 nm

X32308 MB-2,66 GHz1066 MHzUP95 WX

X32208 MB-2,40 GHz1066 MHzUP95 WX

X32108 MB-2,13 GHz1066 MHzUP95 WX

30854 MB-3,00 GHz1333 MHzUP65 WX

30754 MB-2,66 GHz1333 MHzUP65 WX

30704 MB-2,66 GHz1066 MHzUP65 WX

30654 MB-2,33 GHz1333 MHzUP65 WX

30604 MB-2,40 GHz1066 MHzUP65 WX

30502 MB-2,13 GHz1066 MHzUP65 WX

30402 MB-1,86 GHz1066 MHzUP65 WX

Ngun tham kho:All Intel Xeon processors 7000 sequence feature[14]All Intel Xeon processors 5000 sequence feature[15]All Intel Xeon processors 3000 sequence feature[16]

Vi spht trinrt nhanh cacng ngh, ch mtthi gianngn, cc hng sn xut CPU cho ra i loi bn nhn dnh cho c dngmy tnh c nhn bn v ccmy trm,my ch[17]

HYPERLINK "http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_%C4%91a_nh%C3%A2n" \l "cite_note-18" [18]. Tuy hin nay cc phn mm h tr cha nhiu, a phn ngi s dng cn cha nng cp ln loi CPU hai nhn th cc hng bt ugim githnhsn phmcnh tranhv hp dn ngi s dng[19]Vi s ra i ca 6 b vi x l bn nhn Quad-Core Xeon dng 7300, cho n thi im qu IV nm 2007, Intel hon chnh k hoch chuyn cc CPU ca mnh sang vi kin trc core ch sau cha y 15 thng xut hin.[20]Hin nay ccnh my v tinhsn xut CPU ca Intel s khng cn sn xut cc loi CPU th h c (Pentium D, Pentium EE), do vy ccsn phmny hon ton ch cn li di dngtn kho. Nhng CPU bn nhn u tin ca Intel li c ghp ni hai CPU hai nhn thnh mt CPU bn nhn v AMD li vn pht trin theo hng bn nhn c lp.

Trong cuccnh tranhgia hai hng sn xut CPU chomy tnh c nhngia hai hng sn xut hng uIntelvAMDth cho n nayIntelang tm dn trc, b rii thAMDsau khi ng dngvi kin trc corev cc loiCPUsau - c bit l pht trin n cc dng CPU bn nhn[21]. Kt quso snhgia cc CPU ca hai hng trn phn mmbenchmarkbngPCMark 05so snh bn loiCPUbn nhn ca c hai hng cho thy vi cng cp th cc cp CPU ca Intel c im s cao hn so vi cp CPU ca AMD[22]. Cc kt qu th nghim mi nht trong thi im hin ti (u nm2008) cng cha cho thy AMD c s bt ph nh tng thnh cng vi cc loi CPU hai nhn th h u tin[23]

HYPERLINK "http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_%C4%91a_nh%C3%A2n" \l "cite_note-24" [24].

Cuithng 12nm2007,AMDgii thiunn tng Spider[25]bao gm: b x l bn nhnAMDPhenomb x l hadngATI RadeonHD 3800 vi h tr MicrosoftDirectX10.1, bchipsetAMD 7-series vphn mmAMDOverDriver. Nn tng mi ny caAMDc cho l h tr cho vic tri nghim hnh nh mc tuyt i[26]. Nn tng da trn tng hp ccsn phmca cng mt hng ny c th c coi l mt hnh ng p tr cho nn tngCentrino[27]

HYPERLINK "http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_%C4%91a_nh%C3%A2n" \l "cite_note-28" [28]

HYPERLINK "http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_%C4%91a_nh%C3%A2n" \l "cite_note-29" [29]chomy tnh xch tayca Intel m trc y AMD khng th no t tiu chun (v cng l mt trong cc l do AMD quyt nh mua li ATI).

Thng s cc CPU bn nhn ca AMD

Cho n cui nm 2007, AMD a ra th trng hai CPU bn nhn dngPhenomc s hiu 9500 v 9600. Hai CPU ny ch khc nhau tn slm vic (tng ng vi 2,2 Ghz v 2,3 Ghz), cn li cc thng s nh sau:

Cng nghAMD64C

Simultaneous 32- & 64-bit computingC

L1 Cache (Instruction + Data) mi nhn128 KB (64 KB + 64 KB)

L2 Cache (512KB mi nhn)2 MB

L3 Cache2 MB

Cng nghHyperTransportCng ngh HyperTransport ti 3600MT/s full duplex,hoc ti 14.4GB/sbng thng I/O

Integrated DDR2 Memory Controllerc

Memory Controller Width128-bit

H tr loi RAMPC2-8500(DDR2-1066)PC2 6400(DDR2-800), PC2 5300(DDR2-667),PC2 4200(DDR2-533),v PC2 3200(DDR2-400) unbuffered memory

Bng thng b nhti 12.8 GB/s (b nh knh i)

Total Processor-to-system Bandwidth(HyperTransport plus memory bandwidth)ti 27.2 GB/s

Cng ngh sn xut65nm,SOI (silicon-on-insulator) Technology

cmsocket AM2+ (940-pin) organic micro PGA

Cng sut thit k95 W

Kch thc CPU285 mm2

S transistor450 triu

Thng s cc CPU bn nhn ca Intel

Loi dnh cho my tnh c nhn bnsSpec#ClockSpeedS hiuCPUPCGFSBMfg TechSteppingCacheSizePackageType

SLAWQ2.83GHzQ955005A1333MHz45nmC012 MBLGA775

SLACQ2.66GHzQ670005A1066MHz65nmG08 MBLGA775

SLAWR2.66GHzQ945005A1333MHz45nmC012 MBLGA775

SLAWE2.50GHzQ930005A1333MHz45nmC06 MBLGA775

SL9UM2.40GHzQ660005B1066MHz65nmB38 MBLGA775

SLACR2.40GHzQ660005A1066MHz65nmG08 MBLGA775

Loi CPU dnh cho my trm v my ch, xem bng bn phiCPU tm nhn[sa|sa m ngun]Khi m hai hng AMD v Intel ang cnh tranh nhau cung cp cc CPU cho nhiu loimy tnhthng dng th cc hng khc nhSun Microsystemscng tp trung vo ccsn phmCPU a nhn dnh choth trngmy chv thit bvin thng(router,switchv cc thit b h tngvin thngkhc).Sungii thiu CPU UltraSPARC T2 tn m lNiagara IIvi 8 nhn m theo nh qung co ca h rng b x l ny c kh nng dnh cho nhng "h thng my ch trn mt chip".[30]Sun Microsystemstr li nhngkhch hngphn nn v s yu km trongthit kcc CPU bng mtsn phmc th ng thi x l 64 tp lnh trn 8 nhn vi mi nhn c th x l tm tp lnh ng thi, tc l ci tin gp i stp lnhso vi th hNiagara I[31]Tuy nhin cc th nghim cho thy rng CPU ny khng phi l mnh nht so vi cc CPU hng u hin nay ngay thi im qu III nm2007.[32]Hai hng AMD v Intel cha ra mt cc CPU 8 nhn ca mnh cho n thi im u nm2008, nhng nhiu ngi vn cho rng hai hng ny ang tch cc chun b cho n. Mt s nh phn tch nhn nh rng rt c thAMDs chm ch trong cuc ua thi im gii thiu b x l tm nhn so vi Intel trong qu trnhcnh tranhgia hai hng[33]...v nhiu nhn hn na[sa|sa m ngun]Trc y th ch c cc "siu my tnh" hoc cc h thngmy tnh lns dng nhiu CPU mi c kh nng x l mnh m vi hng nghn tphp tnhmigiy. Ngi s dngmy tnh c nhn bn hin nay c th hon ton chm ti cc tc tnh ton khi mIntela ra cc CPU a nhn trong tng lai. Hin ti Intel ang th nghim ch to cc CPU c cha n 80 nhn nhng cha c k hoch tung chng rath trng[34]Cc chuyn gia nghin cu tii hc Tokyo(Nht Bn) cn cng b mt CPU cha n 512 nhn c xung nhp 500 Mhz vi kch thc 17x17 mm vi 300 triutransistor, tiu th cng sut ch 60W phc v d phng cho cc my ch[35]. Nhng iu ny cho thy rngcng nghCPU a nhn trongtng lais rt c trin vng.

Tr ngi ln nht ca s pht trin CPU a nhn l cc kch thc vt l ca cclinh kincha trong lng n. Kch thctransistor, tit dindy dnni b l nhng thnh phn c bn gy cn tr spht trinca cc CPU a nhn, mi hng u c cc cng ngh sn xut ring lm nh kch thc ca chng. Nhngcng nghmi gn y c th gip tch hp trn 2 ttransistortrong cng mt CPU.[36]Cng ngh ch to CPU tin n mc 32nm (c cng b bi Intel[37]) v cn tip tc nh hn na (tuy hin nay nhiu hng sn xut vn mi p dng rng ri cng ngh 65nm v ch mt s CPU sn xut trn cng ngh 45nm).

a nhn v ng dng[sa|sa m ngun]Bn quyn phn mm[sa|sa m ngun]Trc khi xut hin cc CPU a nhn th c nhiu ngi s dng lo ngi rng khi s dng mt my tnh a nhn th cc hng vith iu hnhs tng gi bn cc phin bnh iu hnhhoc ccphn mm[38]. Nhng ng thi lo ngi ny khng phi thiu cn c bi c nhng tin l tng t. Cc phin bnh iu hnhcho ccmy chthng c phn bit s dng cho mt hoc nhiu hn mt CPU m tu theo s lng CPU m cgi bnkhc nhau.

Tuy nhin, hng phn mmMicrosoft khng yu cu ngi s dng tr thm chi ph cho cch iu hnhWindowscc phin bn c s dng cc b x l a nhn cho n u nm2008[39]. Cch tnh s lng CPU ca hng ny vn tnh trn s lng CPU vt l, nh vy cho d mtmy chs dng duy nht mt CPU c bn nhn, tm nhn hay nhiu hn na th cng ch phi tr chi ph choh iu hnhbng mc nh vi mt CPU n nhn.

Mc d cc b x l a nhn xut hin t rt lu, nhng n nay cha thy ccphn mmthng dng (phc v a s ngi s dng hoc chimth phntng i) c s chnh lch nhau v gi bn gia ccphin bns dng cho CPU n nhn v a nhn. Tuy nhin, trong nhng thi gian k tip c th mt shng phn mms lin kt vi nhau cng tng gi ccphn mms dng trn nhng h thngmy tnhs dng CPU a nhn trong vng mt vi nm ti[40]. C th iu ny s tr thnh tt yu khi m cng nghCPUa nhn pht trin n mi mt CPU vt l cha rt nhiu nhn trong n, v ccphn mmcthit k ti ucho chng.

Tng thch vi phn cng[sa|sa m ngun]Trong mc CPU a nhn th h u tin ta nhn thy vn tng thch ca ccCPUa nhn vi h thngphn cngkhng h n gin. Mt s CPU a nhn th h u caAMDc th tng thch vibo mch chc dnh cho cc CPU mt nhn trc khi chng ra i, cc CPU a nhn caIntelth hon ton khng tng thch vi cc bo mch ch s dngchipsetc nu chng khng c thit k li hoc cho ra i phin bn khc.

Cc th h hai nhn, bn nhn k tip ra i thAMDkhng cn gi c li th v s nng cp h thng m khng cn thay ibo mch chna. Ngi s dng mun nng cp ln CPU a nhn cn phi thay th nhiu thit bphn cngkhc ph hp vi chng.

Bo mch chl thit b phi thay th u tin bi cc cu trc mi khng cn c s h tr cachipsetth h c.

B nhRAMcng c s thay i khi thay th sang loiCPUa nhn, chng thng l loi DDR2 thay th cho th h DDR u tin p ng v tc cho cc th h CPU mi. Thng thng th ngi s dng CPU Intel lun phi i mt vi s thay th bo mch ch vRAMbi s pht trin CPU a nhn ca Intel lun cn tng tc RAMdo cu trc hin thi ca Intel c xu hng tng tc b nh.

Ngun my tnhcng l thit b cn phi thay th bi cc h thng mi thng s dng ngun my tnh theo chunATXloi 24 chn phn cung cp in nng chobo mch ch. Ring phn cung cpnguncho CPU trc y thng s dng mt kt ni 4 chn th vi cc h thng mi c th i hi kt ni 8 chn.

Bo mch hophi thay i nu h thng c s dng giao tipAGP. Ton b ccbo mch chth h mi u s dng khePCI Express X16. Nu nh khng chigame 3Dmnh hoc thit k hoth ngi s dng c th la chn mtbo mch chc tch hp sn chc nng ho gim chi ph (tuy nhin s kt hp CPU a nhn vi chc nng hotch hp thng l mt s cc cch i vi ngi chigamev x l ho, ch c th chp nhn chng nh mt bc m trc khi nng cp nn ccbo mch hori trn mtbo mch chva tch hp chc nng hotrn bo mch ch, va c sn khe cmPCI Express X16).

a nhn trn my tnh xch tay[sa|sa m ngun]Ngay t khi cc CPU hai nhn u tin xut hin trn th trng, cc nh sn xutmy tnh xch tay ng dng chng trong ccsn phmca mnh. Nhng CPU a nhn u tin ccmy tnh xch tay ci thin hiu nng tng khong 30% so vi cc CPU mt nhn cng tc trong cc th nghimbenchmark. Ngay cc th h CPU a nhn k tip cc phin bnCPUdi ng cng khng ci thin c hiu nng v kh nng tit kim pin nh mt s nh sn xutCPUtuyn b.

Bi vmy tnh xch taythng thit k cho cc mc ch s dng di ng vi cc ng dng khng i hi nhiu nng lc CPU nn c v chng khng ci thin c tc nhiu. Tr cc loimy tnh xch taychuyn dng chogame, x l hoth cc dngmy tnh xch taythng thng dnh chohc sinh,sinh vin,doanh nhnn thi im u nm2008vn cha l mt bc t ph so vi cc dngmy tnh xch tays dng CPU hai nhn ca th h u tin.

Khai thc hiu nng a nhn[sa|sa m ngun]a nhn v phn mm

CPU a nhn ra i nhng hu ht ccphn mmhin nay u cha c chun b sn sng cho chng[41]. Mc d hiu mt cch n gin th ccphn mmvn hot ng trn chu trn ccmy tnhc trang b CPU a nhn, nhng thc s chng cn c th hot ng tt hn na nu khai thc c ht kh nng ca a nhn[42]. Hu ht ccphn mmhin ti ang c vit cho cc CPU n lung, mi hnh ng x l ca chng u do h iu hnh phn phi n cc lung trong CPU a nhn. Cc hng phn mm cng c l do cha vi vngbin dchli chng ti u vi ccCPUa nhn bi hin ti (u nm2008) cha phi tt c ccmy tnhc th s dngphn mm c trang b b x l a nhn v cha phi cc b x l a nhn u h tr kh nng x l64 bit(s tr thnh thng dng v sau ny). Mt khc, vic chuyn i c th cn phi xy dng li ccth vin lp trnhsn c v cn c cc khonchi phln. Vy th cch thc pht trinphn mmtruyn thng vn l mt s la chn an ton hn vi h.[43]Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cchng phn mmu cha c ng thi v h tr CPU a nhn. Ccphn mms dng chomy ch,my trm h tr x l a lung t trc y, bi chng mt lnh vc ring nn t c ngi s dng my tnh thng thng bit n[2]. i vimy tnh c nhn bn s xut hin nhiu phn mm h tr a lung hn m trc ht l t nhngphn mmcn n kh nng x l ln nh: x l ho, x lvideo...

Cctr chi trn my tnh(game)3Dhin nay cng cha c thit k ti u cho hot ng vi cc CPU a nhn, ch nhm ti hin nay ca chng thng l h tr DX10 v DX10.1 (vi kh nng ho tuyt p h tr trn Windows Vista[44]) nhiu hn, do chng vn thng ch chim mt nhn khi x l CPU a nhn[45].

Tng laiphn mmvn s phi pht trin theo hng ph hp vi CPU a nhn, nht l vi cc phn mm chim ti nguyn caCPUnhiu khi thc thi phn mm . y l mt nh hng tt yu bi khi s dng mt phn mm ln, chng ch chim mt nhn trn CPU th cc nhn cn li s ch c s dng cho cc phn mm, dch v chy ch nn gy lng ph nng lc x l trong khi c kh nng khai thc ton b cc nhn cng hot ng nh vy. Bn hy th quan st biu hot ng thc ti ca cc nhn trong CPU khi s dng phn mm chim nhiu ti nguyn s nhn thy s lng ph ny.[45]Ngc li vi ccphn mmchim ti nguyn thp c th khng nht thit phi vit li ph hp cho cc CPU a nhn bi iu l khng cn thit khi chng khng th chim n trn 10% nng lc x l trn mt nhn (v d nh ccphn mmtr gip b duting Vittrong son tho vn bn ch yu cu x l thp).

a nhn v h iu hnh

Khc viphn mmthh iu hnhcn thit phi h tr cc CPU a nhn a nhn v c th tn dng micng nghca CPU. Nu nhh iu hnhkhng h tr cc CPU a nhn th chng ch nhn dng duy nht mt b x l v c th dn n lm vic khng n nh. Hy th s dngh iu hnhMS-DOSvi cc ng dng c s nhn thy chng hon ton c th khng ph hp v hot ng nhanh hn i vi cc CPU th h trc y bi DOS v cc h iu hnhWindows3.X thng ph hp hn vi cc CPU 16 bit.

Cch iu hnhcn c s dng trong nhng nm2008thng h tr tt i vi cc CPU a nhn bi chng c th nhn dng cc CPU a nhn v phn cc lung x l ti tng nhn phn chia v cn bng gia cc ng dng n lung ti tng nhn ca CPU. t c s h tr a nhn, ngi s dng c th cn n cc bn nng cp hon chnh(service pack, thng vit tt l SP v mt con s ch th t)hoc cc bn nng cp n l. V d viWindows 2000cn nng cp ln SP4,Windows XPcn SP2, i khi c cc bn nng cp ring l dnh ring cho mt vi loi CPU ring bit (v d nh cho dngCore 2 Duoca Intel bng bn KB936357-x86 Windows XP- SP2 caMicrosoft).

Nhngh iu hnhmi ra mt gn y dnh chomy tnh c nhntt yu phi h tr CPU a nhn, v d nhWindows VistacaMicrosoft. Chng cng c cc phin bn ring dnh cho nhng nhm ngi s dng (ngi s dng gia nh, s dng trongdoanh nghip...) v cc phin bn h tr x l 64 bit vi gi bn khc nhau tit kim hn cho tng i tng s dng.

i nghch vi a nhn: Th trng PC gi thp[sa|sa m ngun]Khi m cc hng sn xutCPUc xu hng pht trin cc sn phm CPU a nhn nh mt tt yu trong lch s pht trin camy tnhth vn cn mt th trng khng km si ng cho cc vi x l mt nhn. Cc b x l cho my tnh r tin vn cn trong vng ngm ca cc hng sn xut thit bphn cng.

C hai hngAMDvIntelvn c nhng k hoch sn xut CPU cho cc my tnh r tin, dnh cho ngi thu nhp thp (loi my tnhlow-cost PCvi gi d nh thp hn 350 USD). Hng Intel vi chin lc "5 nm, mt t ngi" nhm gip thc y s ngi s dngInternettrong nm nm ti thm mt tmy tnhna kt ni c vimng ton cu(hin nay s lng ngi s dngInternettrn th gii c tnh l 1 t ngi sau 30 nm pht trin). Nhng k hoch caIntelkhng phi l qu xa vi khi hng ny chun b tung ra bCPUDiamond Viewcng vichipseti km di dngOEMvi gi khong 30USDvi sc mnh tng ng vi CPUPentium Mm hng sn xut trc y. Mc tiu ca gi CPU-chipset ny nhm ti ccmy tnh xch taygi r v cc thit bInternetdi ng(mobile Internet device)ca Intel[46].

Cc hng khc hoc cc d n khc cng ch n th trng PC gi r t trc : D n "Mi tr em mt my tnh" OLPC (One Laptop Per Child) cng c khi ng lu vi gi thnh d nh di 100USDcng dn h gi thnh nhng chicmy tnh xch taytheo d n t mc gi d nh. Ngoi ra, ccthng hiumy tnhgi r nhAsusEEPC, Intel Classmate cng ang c trin khai[46].

Ngoi cc CPU phc v cho ccmy tnh c nhn,my ch,my trmth b vi x l nhng li l mt th trng cn ln hn na. Rt t ngi s dng hiu c rngvi x l nhng c s dng n tngthit b gia dngtrongi sng: t nhng chicti vi,my git, my pht aCD/DVD,u thu truyn hnh s,in thoi di ng...u s dng cc bvi x l nhng. Chng ch l cc vi x l c tc thp v cha cn thit n a nhn nhng theo thng k nhng nm 2000 th chng chim n 96% trn tng s cc vi x l nhng[47], (cho n nay chng c th cn ln hn na do s pht trin ca sn phm dn dng lun ln hn so vi nhng chic PC).

Nhn thc ca ngi s dng[sa|sa m ngun]Nhn thc v tc

Ch c mt s t nhng ngi s dng my tnh c th hiu c ng v cc th loi CPU cng nh vphn cng my tnhni chung c th nhn r cc cng ngh trong cc b x l cng nh cc thnh phn khc lin quan mt h thng c th vn hnh ti u nht. Phn ng s ngi s dng cn li thng cho rng tc x l ca CPU l yu t hng u nh gi mc "c chy nhanh hay khng" mt my tnh. Chnh v vy m h thng chn mt b x l c tc cao m khng ch n cc yu t cn li nh cng ngh ca b x l hoc ton b cc thnh phn khc cu thnh ln mt chicmy tnh. Mt s cn la chn cc CPU hon ton da trn cm tnh, chng hn chn loiCeleroncaIntelthay cho cc b x lPentiumvi mt lp lun rt n gin l tc cao v gi r, hoc chn mt CPUPentium Dthay v chnCore 2 Duobi chng cng gm hai nhn v c tc cao hn. y l cc nhn thc khng ng bi hiu nng thc t mi l vn ng quan tm nht ca cc CPU. Cc kt qu ca qu trnhbenchmark[48]thng phn nh ng hn cc hiu qu lm vic khi so snh gia cc CPU.

Mt s ngi s dng li cho rng hai nhn gip cho tc CPU c tng gp i. V d mt CPUCore 2 Duos hiu E6420 c tc 2,13GHz (mi nhn) th c hai nhn s hot ng vi tc 4,26GHz (tng gp i). iu ny cng khng ng bi c hai nhn khng ng thi cng x l mt ng dng v hai nhn khng gia tc vic x l cng mt yu cu mt cch ni tip nhau. Nhiu kt qubenchmarkcho thy hiu nng ca CPU hai nhn i vi cc ng dng bnh thng (khng c vit li cho cc CPU a nhn) tng ln gp i m chng ch tng thm hiu nng khong 30%[49]. Nhiu ng dng nng nh ccphn mmx l ho, bin tpvideo,game 3Dch hot ng trn mt nhn ca CPU a nhn[45].

Nhn thc v tn gi

Mt s ngi s dng li nhn thc nhm v thng s t tn ca cc CPU. Hai hng sn xutphn cnggn y thay i k hiu ccCPUca h theo cc cch khc nhau.

Intelt tn cc sn phm ca mnh bng mt con s thay v ch mt s thng s chnh vFSBv tc x l. V d cc CPU c s hiu 830, 540, 640...cc con s ny thng lm ngi s dng so snh gia cc con s hiu v nng lc ca CPU, nhng thc cht khng phi nh vy bi c ccCPUc s hiu thp li c hiu nm cao hn CPU c s hiu cao.

AMDt tn theo cc con s c mt quy lut khc hn m c mt s ngi cho rng nhng thng s tng ng vi hiu nng ca mt CPU ca hng khc c cng cu trc x86. V d 3800+, 4200+ nhm hm nhng CPU tng ng vi mtCPUcaIntelc tc x l 3800 Mhz, 4200 Mhz. Thc cht iu ny cha c c s v cng khng c gii thch chnh thc bi c th gy ra tranh ci, kin tng gia cc hng sn xut.

Nng cp vi vng

Trc s ra i t ca cc b x l a nhn trong hai nm gn y, mt s ngi s dng vi v nng cp CPU cho d nhng cng vic thng ngy ca h t cn n x l a lung: chng hn ch duytwebc tin tc, son tho vn bn, s dng vi cc bng tnh v chi ccgamen gin hoc cc game th h c, khng cn x l3Dnhiu m h thng c vn c th p ng c[50]. Trong trng hp ny tuy my tnh ca h cng c ci thin v tc , tuy nhin thi im u nm2008th vn cha phi l thi im nng cp hp l khi m cc hngphn cngang cnh tranh v s xut hin nhiu th hchipsetmi m ch chng mi h tr cc cng nghCPUa nhn sp ti[51]. Nhng s cnh tranh nh vy lun lun thun li hn cho ngi s dng bi c th s hu nhngCPUa nhn vi gi thnh h hn trc[52]



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