Cswip 3.2 Presentations

7/25/2019 Cswip 3.2 Presentations

1/42

Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd World Centre for Materials Joining

EXAMINATION

Examination in 5 (or 8) PartsExamination in 5 (or 8) Parts

(Each part has a 70 pass !ar"#(Each part has a 70 pass !ar"#11 T!"hni"a# Pap!r (1h 15min)T!"hni"a# Pap!r (1h 15min)

$ %&!stions gi'!n ( ans!rs r!*&ir!d)$ %&!stions gi'!n ( ans!rs r!*&ir!d)

%&!stion +1 m&st ! ans!r!d%&!stion +1 m&st ! ans!r!d

-ns!r . oth!r *&!stions /rom th! r!maining 5 *&!stions-ns!r . oth!r *&!stions /rom th! r!maining 5 *&!stions

22 Int!rpr!tation o/ W!#ding ymo#s (1h)Int!rpr!tation o/ W!#ding ymo#s (1h)

Engin!!ring draing has !#ding symo#s /or 12 ointsEngin!!ring draing has !#ding symo#s /or 12 oints Int!rpr!t th! symo#s "omm!nt on any !rrors or in"onsist!n"i!sInt!rpr!t th! symo#s "omm!nt on any !rrors or in"onsist!n"i!s

..3ra"t&r! 3a"! Examination (1h)3ra"t&r! 3a"! Examination (1h)

Examin!Examin!/ra"t&r! /a"!s o/ 2 sp!"im!ns int!rpr!t mod!s o/ /ai#&r!/ra"t&r! /a"!s o/ 2 sp!"im!ns int!rpr!t mod!s o/ /ai#&r!

4T 6!ports (1h)4T 6!ports (1h)

"r&tinis! . 4T 6!ports #ist a## !rrors and a## omissions"r&tinis! . 4T 6!ports #ist a## !rrors and a## omissions

557ra# ( 10 to 15 min)7ra# ( 10 to 15 min) 1 Question: - subject will be related to supervision of welding inspectors1 Question: - subject will be related to supervision of welding inspectors

or to safety mattersor to safety matters


2/42


EXAMINATION

Examination in 5 (or 8) PartsExamination in 5

(or 8) Parts

(Each part has a 70 pass !ar"#(Each part has a 70 pass !ar"#

I/ a "andidat! /or th! !nior W!#ding Insp!"tor Examination do!sI/ a "andidat! /or th! !nior W!#ding Insp!"tor Examination do!s

notnot

ho#d a r!"ognis!d *&a#i9"ation in 6adiographi" Int!rpr!tationho#d a r!"ognis!d *&a#i9"ation in 6adiographi" Int!rpr!tation

(a CWIP or PC4 C!rti9"at!) h! is r!*&ir!d to sit . additiona#(a CWIP or PC4 C!rti9"at!) h! is r!*&ir!d to sit . additiona#

!xamination parts, nam!#y: ;!xamination parts, nam!#y: ;

$$ 6adiographi" Int!rpr!tation (1h .0min)6adiographi" Int!rpr!tation (1h .0min)

$ d!ns! m!ta# !#ds ; st!!#$ d!ns! m!ta# !#ds ; st!!#


3/42


T$E %ENIO& WE'IN) IN%*ECTO&T$E %ENIO& WE'IN) IN%*ECTO&

- !nior W!#ding Insp!"tor may ! >!nior? thro&gh- !nior W!#ding Insp!"tor may ! >!nior? thro&gh!ing p&t in "harg! o/ a t!am o/ W!#ding Insp!"tors!ing p&t in "harg! o/ a t!am o/ W!#ding Insp!"tors

In this ro#! h! may ha'! a pr!dominant#y manag!ria#In this ro#! h! may ha'! a pr!dominant#y manag!ria#

ro#! that r!*&ir!s organising and s&p!r'ising th!irro#! that r!*&ir!s organising and s&p!r'ising th!ir

or@ and so may ha'! tit#! o/ >T!am L!ad!r? oror@ and so may ha'! tit#! o/ >T!am L!ad!r? or>&p!r'isor?>&p!r'isor?

In oth!r "ir"&mstan"!s h! may ha'! a mor!In oth!r "ir"&mstan"!s h! may ha'! a mor!

t!"hni"a##y d!manding ro#! that r!*&ir!s d!tai#!dt!"hni"a##y d!manding ro#! that r!*&ir!s d!tai#!d

@no#!dg! o/ parti"ar a"ti'iti!s@no#!dg! o/ parti"ar a"ti'iti!s

Th! CWIP !nior W!#ding Insp!"tor Co&rs! isTh! CWIP !nior W!#ding Insp!"tor Co&rs! is

int!nd!d to "o'!r asp!"ts o/ oth th!s! ro#!sint!nd!d to "o'!r asp!"ts o/ oth th!s! ro#!s


4/42



TAPIC-L 6E%BI6E=E4T ; TEC4IC-L D47WLEETAPIC-L 6E%BI6E=E4T ; TEC4IC-L D47WLEE

W!#ding T!"hno#ogyW!#ding T!"hno#ogy

(Welding Inspector +++, pl-s#(Welding Inspector +++, pl-s#

4T T!"hni*&!s4T T!"hni*&!s

( a.ility to carry o-t / interpret#( a.ility to carry o-t / interpret#

Cod!sF-pp#i"ation tandardsCod!sF-pp#i"ation tandards

(a.ility to interpret#(a.ility to interpret#

P#anning yst!msP#anning yst!ms

(a.ility to -nderstand and also s-pply(a.ility to -nderstand and also s-pplyinspectioninspection sched-ling to proect sched-le#sched-ling to proect sched-le#

%&a#ity -ss&ran"!%&a#ity -ss&ran"!

(a.ility to plan 1 carry o-t so!e a-diting#(a.ility to plan 1 carry o-t so!e a-diting#


5/42



LE-E6IP F BPE6GII74LE-E6IP F BPE6GII74

- &p!r'isor is a p!rson ho has !!n gi'!n- &p!r'isor is a p!rson ho has !!n gi'!n

a&thority and r!sponsii#ity /or: ;a&thority and r!sponsii#ity /or: ;

p#anning th! or@ o/ oth!rsp#anning th! or@ o/ oth!rs

"ontro##ing this or@"ontro##ing this or@

- &p!r'isor is a >man in th! midd#!? !t!!n- &p!r'isor is a >man in th! midd#!? !t!!n

op!rators and manag!m!nt and s&!"t to pr!ss&r!sop!rators and manag!m!nt and s&!"t to pr!ss&r!s

/rom oth dir!"tions/rom oth dir!"tions


6/42



LE-E6IPLE-E6IP

Is #!ad!rship an ai#ity that a p!rson is >orn?Is #!ad!rship an ai#ity that a p!rson is >orn?

ith or "an it ! a"*&ir!d HHHHHH ith or "an it ! a"*&ir!d HHHHHH

P!rsona#ity is '!ry inJ&!ntia# ; h!n"!P!rsona#ity is '!ry inJ&!ntia# ; h!n"!#!ad!rship som!tim!s "onsid!r!d to ! in th!#!ad!rship som!tim!s "onsid!r!d to ! in th!

>g!n!s? and a p!rson r!/!rr!d to as >a orn>g!n!s? and a p!rson r!/!rr!d to as >a orn

#!ad!r?#!ad!r?

-i#ity to ! a good #!ad!r "an ! impro'!d y-i#ity to ! a good #!ad!r "an ! impro'!d y

!xp!ri!n"! /rom @no#!dg! o/ manag!m!nt!xp!ri!n"! /rom @no#!dg! o/ manag!m!ntt!"hni*&!s thro&gh trainingt!"hni*&!s thro&gh training


7/42Copyright 2005, TWI Ltd World Centre for Materials Joining


TAPIC-L 6E%BI6E=E4T ; LE-E6IP DILL FTAPIC-L 6E%BI6E=E4T ; LE-E6IP DILL F

-KILITA-KILITAComp#!x mixt&r! o/ s@i##s attit&d!s ; s&"h as Comp#!x mixt&r! o/ s@i##s attit&d!s ; s&"h as

!ing pr!par!d to a""!pt r!sponsii#ity!ing pr!par!d to a""!pt r!sponsii#ity

i##ing to dir!"t th! or@ o/ oth!rsi##ing to dir!"t th! or@ o/ oth!rsi##ing, and a#!, to d!#!gat! tas@s to oth!rsi##ing, and a#!, to d!#!gat! tas@s to oth!rs

ha'ing a "ommitm!nt to on!?s staMha'ing a "ommitm!nt to on!?s staM

a#! to so#'! F o'!r"om! pro#!ms (/rom gr!at!r id!ra#! to so#'! F o'!r"om! pro#!ms (/rom gr!at!r id!r

!xp!ri!n"!)!xp!ri!n"!)

a#! to do a## (or most o/) th! or@ don! y on!?s staMa#! to do a## (or most o/) th! or@ don! y on!?s staM

a#! to "omm&ni"at! ; >donards? >&pards? ithin th!a#! to "omm&ni"at! ; >donards? >&pards? ithin th!

CompanyCompany




What =a@!s a ood L!ad!r F &p!r'isor What =a@!s a ood L!ad!r F &p!r'isor

%&a#iti!s that ar! asso"iat!d ith a%&a#iti!s that ar! asso"iat!d ith a oodood&p!r'isor ar!: ;&p!r'isor ar!: ;

hashasgood t!"hni"a# s@i## @no#!dg! and good at so#'inggood t!"hni"a# s@i## @no#!dg! and good at so#'ingpro#!mspro#!ms

has ai#ity to *&i"@#y d!t!rmin! prioriti!shas ai#ity to *&i"@#y d!t!rmin! prioriti!s

is int!##ig!nt and "on9d!ntis int!##ig!nt and "on9d!nt

shos good &dg!m!ntshos good &dg!m!nt

has !nth&siasm /or or@ and is &s&a##y "h!!r/ optimisti"has !nth&siasm /or or@ and is &s&a##y "h!!r/ optimisti"

s!ts a good !xamp#! at or@ ; high standards ; #!ads y >!xamp#!?s!ts a good !xamp#! at or@ ; high standards ; #!ads y >!xamp#!?

has no >/a'o&rit!s? and a#! to app#y dis"ip#in! /air#yhas no >/a'o&rit!s? and a#! to app#y dis"ip#in! /air#y

is approa"ha#! ; good #ist!n!r ; and pr!par!d to "onst staMis approa"ha#! ; good #ist!n!r ; and pr!par!d to "onst staM

in/orms staM o/ important d!"isions aM!"ting th!m and >a"@s hisin/orms staM o/ important d!"isions aM!"ting th!m and >a"@s his

t!am?t!am?

is a#! to id!nti/y n!!ds o/ >t!am? and otain !*&ipm!nt andis a#! to id!nti/y n!!ds o/ >t!am? and otain !*&ipm!nt and

trainingtraining




=ora#! =oti'ation o/ taM=ora#! =oti'ation o/ taM

What ar! th! signs o/ #o mora#! in th! or@What ar! th! signs o/ #o mora#! in th! or@

p#a"! p#a"!

Compi#! a ListCompi#! a List

o "an mora#! ! rais!d o "an mora#! ! rais!d

-pp#y good #!ad!rship *&a#iti!s ; #ist a"tions-pp#y good #!ad!rship *&a#iti!s ; #ist a"tions



*&O2CTION *'ANNIN)*&O2CTION *'ANNIN)

P6EB6E GEEL 3-K6IC-TI74P6EB6E GEEL 3-K6IC-TI74

T1 T2 T3

H1 H2N1

N2

N3

W1 W2

S1 S2

T N Ti!rT N Ti!r N !ad N !ad

4 N4 N

4oOO#!4oOO#!

W N Wrapp!r p#at!W N Wrapp!r p#at!

N add#! N add#!




P6EB6E GEEL: Typi"a# Prod&"tion !*&!n"!P6EB6E GEEL: Typi"a# Prod&"tion !*&!n"!

1 Pr!par! draings mat!ria# #ist1 Pr!par! draings mat!ria# #ist

2 7rd!r mat!ria#s ; p#at!2 7rd!r mat!ria#s ; p#at!

. . ; 9ttings ; 9ttings

; h!ads; h!ads

5 5 ; !#ding; !#ding"ons&ma#!s "ons&ma#!s

$ =ar@ o&t, "&t ro## sh!## p#at!s$ =ar@ o&t, "&t ro## sh!## p#at!s




P6EB6E GEEL: Typi"a# Prod&"tion !*&!n"!P6EB6E GEEL: Typi"a# Prod&"tion !*&!n"!

OPERATION1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1

011

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

1 Drawings

2 Matria! #r$%&r'nt ( #!at

3 ( )ittings

4 ( *a+s

5 ( w!+ing

%$ns&'a,!s6 Mar-. %&t / r$!! s*!! #!ats7 W!+ !$ngit&+ina! sa's

8 it / w!+ T3 t$ H

9 it / w!+ T2 t$ T3H2

10 it / w!+ N1 t$ H1 ( ( ( ( ( ( (11 it / w!+ N1H1 t$ T2T3H2

12 &t / r$!! W1 / W2 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (13 W!+ W1 / W2 t$ s*!!

14 it / w!+ N2 / N3

15 &t. ass',! / w!+ S1 / S2 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (16 it / w!+ S1 / S2 t$ W1 / W2

17 $'#!t )ina! Ins#%ti$n

18 Prss&r tst

19 S*$t ,!ast / #aint

20 D!ir

Kar Chart or antt ChartKar Chart or antt Chart

Can &s! /orard or r!'!rs!;s"h!d! p#anningCan &s! /orard or r!'!rs!;s"h!d! p#anning



A Preliminary Welding Procedure Specication !pWPS" is written for eac# test weldre$uired

Welder ma%es a test weld in accordance wit# t#e pWPSWelding &nspector records all welding details used for ma%ing t#e test weld !'as-run( details"(EN standard states that an Independent Examiner or Examining Body or a Third

Party Inspector may be required to monitor the qualifcation process)

Welding Procedure Qualication )ecord !WPQ)" prepared giving range of$ualication allowed by t#e Welding Standard !*+ or AS,* &"WPQ) 'pac%age( submitted to &ndependent *.aminer for endorsement !/ usuallyto 0lient"

est weld subjected to destructive testing according to specied met#odsApplication Standard or 0lient may re$uire additional tests suc# as impact tests2

#ardness tests !for some materials - corrosion tests"

3inis#ed test weld is subjected to +4 by t#e specied met#ods(EN tandard requires !isual" #T or PT $ %T or &T)

Welding *roced-re 3-ali4cationWelding *roced-re 3-ali4cation



A WPS is written for a eac# test weld re$uired

Welder ma%es a test weld in accordance wit# t#e WPSWelding &nspector c#ec%s t#at weld is made according to t#e WPS re$uirements(EN standard states that an Independent Examiner or Examining Body or a ThirdParty Inspector may be required to monitor the qualifcation process)

A Welder Qualication 0erticate is prepared giving range of $ualicationallowed by t#e Welding Standard !*+ or AS,* &"#e Welder Qualication certicate is submitted to &ndependent *.aminer forendorsement

est weld may need to be destructive tested for certain materials or weldingprocesses

3inis#ed test weld is subjected to +4 by t#e specied met#ods(EN tandard requires !isual" #T or PT $ %T or &T)

Welder 3-ali4cationWelder 3-ali4cation



estr-cti5e Testingestr-cti5e Testing

#i# +ia'trs

3239''

1 2 . 5

$#$>#


26/42



%B-LIT-TIGE TET: K!nd T!sts%B-LIT-TIGE TET: K!nd T!sts

/# thi"@n!ss o/ oint in t!nsion N sid!/# thi"@n!ss o/ oint in t!nsion N sid!

!nd!nd

/or oint/or oint

thi"@n!ss!s V thi"@n!ss!s V

12mm12mm

/a"! in t!nsion N /a"! !nd/a"! in t!nsion N /a"! !nd root in t!nsion N root !ndroot in t!nsion N root !nd

/or oint thi"@n!ss!s/or oint thi"@n!ss!s

12mm 12mm


27/42



T!sts ar! &s!dT!sts ar! &s!d inst!ad o/ radiography or trasoni" !xaminationinst!ad o/ radiography or trasoni" !xaminationto shoto sho

that satis/a"tory /&sion has !!n a"hi!'!that satis/a"tory /&sion has !!n a"hi!'!

that th! !#d is has no d!/!"tsthat th! !#d is has no d!/!"ts

%B-LIT-TIGE TET: 3i##!t 3ra"t&r! 4i"@ Kr!a@%B-LIT-TIGE TET: 3i##!t 3ra"t&r! 4i"@ Kr!a@

T!stsT!sts

/or"!/or"!

/ra"t&r! /rom/ra"t&r! /rom

rootroot

ma"hin!dma"hin!d

s#ots#ot

ma"hin!dma"hin!d

s#ots#ot

3ILLET 36-CTB6E3ILLET 36-CTB6E 4ICD;K6E-D4ICD;K6E-D


28/42


*W$T*W$T

t!!#s ar! gi'!n a PWT to r!d&"! r!sid&a# str!ss!s "a&s!dt!!#s ar! gi'!n a PWT to r!d&"! r!sid&a# str!ss!s "a&s!d

y !#dingy !#dingDand also to te!per (soften# the hardest regions ofDand also to te!per (soften# the hardest regions ofthe $A@the $A@

Th!Th! main !n!9tmain !n!9to/ r!d&"ing r!sid&a# str!ss!s is to impro'!o/ r!d&"ing r!sid&a# str!ss!s is to impro'!

r!sistan"! to ritt#! /ra"t&r! ; !xp#ain!d as /o##os: ;r!sistan"! to ritt#! /ra"t&r! ; !xp#ain!d as /o##os: ;

6!sid&a# str!ss!s "an ! high!r than th! max a##o!d6!sid&a# str!ss!s "an ! high!r than th! max a##o!d

d!sign str!ss and ar! po!r/ dri'ing /or"!s /or propagatingd!sign str!ss and ar! po!r/ dri'ing /or"!s /or propagatingJas (&s&a##y "ra"@s)Jas (&s&a##y "ra"@s)

In th! as;!#d!d "ondition, th! st!!# oint has a #o!rIn th! as;!#d!d "ondition, th! st!!# oint has a #o!r

to#!ran"! to Jas that may !"om! initiation points /orto#!ran"! to Jas that may !"om! initiation points /or

ritt#! "ra"@sritt#! "ra"@s

- "ra"@ that "od "a&s! ritt#! /ra"t&r! is "a##!d a >"riti"a#?- "ra"@ that "od "a&s! ritt#! /ra"t&r! is "a##!d a >"riti"a#?

"ra"@"ra"@

Th! siO! o/ a "riti"a# "ra"@ d!p!nds on th! mat!ria#Th! siO! o/ a "riti"a# "ra"@ d!p!nds on th! mat!ria#

to&ghn!ss andto&ghn!ss and tota# str!sstota# str!ssthat th! "ra"@ !xp!ri!n"!s in th!that th! "ra"@ !xp!ri!n"!s in th!

oint (d!sign R r!sid&a#)oint (d!sign R r!sid&a#)

-n as;!#d!d oint may on#y ! a#! to to#!rat! a sma##-n as;!#d!d oint may on#y ! a#! to to#!rat! a sma##


29/42


*W$T*W$T

6!mo'a# o/ 6!sid&a# tr!ss6!mo'a# o/ 6!sid&a# tr!ss

T!mp!rat&r!T!mp!rat&r!

(XC)(XC)

155155 655655 755755 855855 955955 5555 ;55;55

Ai!#dAi!#d

tr!ngthtr!ngth

(4Fmm(4Fmm22 ))

155155

655655

755755

855855

955955Cr;=o st!!# ;Cr;=o st!!# ;

typi"a#typi"a#

C;=n st!!# ;C;=n st!!# ;

typi"a#typi"a#

-t PWT t!mp th!-t PWT t!mp th!

yi!#d str!ngth o/ st!!#yi!#d str!ngth o/ st!!#

r!d&"!d so that it it isr!d&"!d so that it it is

not strong !no&gh tonot strong !no&gh togi'! r!straintgi'! r!straint

6!sid&a# str!ss6!sid&a# str!ss

r!d&"!d to '!ry #or!d&"!d to '!ry #o

#!'!# y straining#!'!# y straining

(typically F B 0,


30/42


*W$T*W$T

Th! to&ghn!ss o/ th! -U may ! impro'!d ; parti"ar#y /orTh! to&ghn!ss o/ th! -U may ! impro'!d ; parti"ar#y /or

th! mor! hard!na#! #o a##oy st!!#s impro'!s ritt#!th! mor! hard!na#! #o a##oy st!!#s impro'!s ritt#!

/ra"t&r! r!sistan"!/ra"t&r! r!sistan"!

6!mo'a# o/ r!sid&a# str!ss i## gi'! st!!#s r!sistan"! to str!ss6!mo'a# o/ r!sid&a# str!ss i## gi'! st!!#s r!sistan"! to str!ss

"orrosion "ra"@ing in "!rtain m!dia ; /or !xamp#! in so&r"orrosion "ra"@ing in "!rtain m!dia ; /or !xamp#! in so&r

oi#Fgas, in ammonia or in "onta"t ith nitrat!s and "h#orid!soi#Fgas, in ammonia or in "onta"t ith nitrat!s and "h#orid!s

It !na#!s a !#d!d "ompon!nt to ! ma"hin!d to a""&rat!It !na#!s a !#d!d "ompon!nt to ! ma"hin!d to a""&rat!

to#!ran"!s that may oth!ris! ! impossi#! d&! "onstant >r!;to#!ran"!s that may oth!ris! ! impossi#! d&! "onstant >r!;

a#an"ing? o/ t!nsi#! and r!sid&a# str!ss!s h!n m!ta# isa#an"ing? o/ t!nsi#! and r!sid&a# str!ss!s h!n m!ta# is

r!mo'!d d&ring ma"hining This may ! r!/!rr!d to as ar!mo'!d d&ring ma"hining This may ! r!/!rr!d to as a

stai#isingY PWTstai#isingY PWT

(G not to .e conf-sed =ith sta.ilised =hen referring to sta.ilising(G not to .e conf-sed =ith sta.ilised =hen referring to sta.ilising

stainless steels .y alloying additions of N. or Ti#stainless steels .y alloying additions of N. or Ti#

7th!r K!n!9ts o/ PWT7th!r K!n!9ts o/ PWT


31/42


*W$T*W$T

PWT Pro"!d&r!s ; Kasi" 6!*&ir!m!ntsPWT Pro"!d&r!s ; Kasi" 6!*&ir!m!nts

- PWT- PWTshod sp!"i/y th! /o##oing: ;shod sp!"i/y th! /o##oing: ;

Th! max h!ating rat!Th! max h!ating rat!

soa@? t!mp!rat&r!


32/42


*W$T*W$T

PWT Pro"!d&r!s ;-dditiona# Consid!rationsPWT Pro"!d&r!s ;-dditiona# Consid!rations

K!/or! a PWT "omm!n"!s it is n!"!ssary to: ;K!/or! a PWT "omm!n"!s it is n!"!ssary to: ;

!"id! th! n&m!r o/ th!rmo"o&p#! atta"hm!nts and th!ir!"id! th! n&m!r o/ th!rmo"o&p#! atta"hm!nts and th!ir

positionspositions


33/42


*ost Weld $eat Treat!ent*ost Weld $eat Treat!ent

Lo"a#is!d PWTLo"a#is!d PWT

PWT pro"!d&r!s a#so n!!d to a#so sp!"i/y: ;PWT pro"!d&r!s a#so n!!d to a#so sp!"i/y: ;

Th! idth o/ th! h!at!d andTh! idth o/ th! h!at!d and


34/42


Crac"ing in Weld JointsCrac"ing in Weld Joints

6E;E-T C6-CDI46E;E-T C6-CDI4

Cra"@ing that o""&rs h!n !#d oints inCra"@ing that o""&rs h!n !#d oints in "!rtain st!!#s"!rtain st!!#sh!nh!n

th!y ar! !ing h!at!d to th!ir PWT t!mp!rat&r! or ar! p&t intoth!y ar! !ing h!at!d to th!ir PWT t!mp!rat&r! or ar! p&t into

!#!'at!d t!mp s!r'i"! itho&t PWT!#!'at!d t!mp s!r'i"! itho&t PWT

( this gi5es this type of crac"ing the na!e( this gi5es this type of crac"ing the na!e

6re?heat8 #6re?heat8 #

&s"!pti#! PWT t!mprang! 500 to $50XC or s!r'i"! .50&s"!pti#! PWT t!mprang! 500 to $50XC or s!r'i"! .50

; 550 XC; 550 XC

Cra"@ing o""&rs in th! -U ; &s&a##y in th! Oon! that has th!Cra"@ing o""&rs in th! -U ; &s&a##y in th! Oon! that has th!

#arg!st grain siO!#arg!st grain siO! (the 6grain gro=th one nearest to the(the 6grain gro=th one nearest to the

f-sion line#f-sion line#

grain grothOon!


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Crac"ing Mechanis!sCrac"ing Mechanis!s

6E;E-T C6-CDI46E;E-T C6-CDI4

6!;h!at "ra"@ing o""&rs !"a&s!: ;6!;h!at "ra"@ing o""&rs !"a&s!: ;

som! str!ngth!ning o/ th! st!!# o""&rs d&ring h!ating to th!som! str!ngth!ning o/ th! st!!# o""&rs d&ring h!ating to th!

PWT t!mpPWT t!mp (or if in as?=elded condition =hile in ser5ice at an(or if in as?=elded condition =hile in ser5ice at anele5ated te!p,#ele5ated te!p,#

str!ngth!ning o""&rs y "arid! /ormationstr!ngth!ning o""&rs y "arid! /ormation

? steels =ith >anadi-!K Chro!i-! and Moly.den-! are !ost? steels =ith >anadi-!K Chro!i-! and Moly.den-! are !ost

s-scepti.le .eca-se these ele!ents are strong car.ides-scepti.le .eca-se these ele!ents are strong car.ide

for!ersfor!ers

th! "arid!s nitrid!s str!ngth!n th! grains so that r!#i!/ o/th! "arid!s nitrid!s str!ngth!n th! grains so that r!#i!/ o/

r!sid&a# str!ss!s ta@!s p#a"! y a## th! strain "on"!ntrating atr!sid&a# str!ss!s ta@!s p#a"! y a## th! strain "on"!ntrating at

th! !a@!r grain o&ndari!sth! !a@!r grain o&ndari!s

i/ th! st!!# "ontains "!rtain #!'!#s o/ imp&riti!s (s&"h as Tin,i/ th! st!!# "ontains "!rtain #!'!#s o/ imp&riti!s (s&"h as Tin,

-rs!ni" Phosphor&s) th!y "on"!ntrat! at th! grain-rs!ni" Phosphor&s) th!y "on"!ntrat! at th! grain

o&ndari!s and r!d&"! th!ir r&pt&r! str!ngtho&ndari!s and r!d&"! th!ir r&pt&r! str!ngth

th! pr!s!n"! o/ #arg! grains in th! -U m!ans that th!th! pr!s!n"! o/ #arg! grains in th! -U m!ans that th!

imp&riti!s ar! mor! "on"!ntrat!d and s&"h r!gions !"om!imp&riti!s ar! mor! "on"!ntrat!d and s&"h r!gions !"om!


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Crac"ing Mechanis!sCrac"ing Mechanis!s

-G7II4 6E;E-T C6-CDI4-G7II4 6E;E-T C6-CDI4

Th! ris@ o/Th! ris@ o/r!;h!at "ra"@ing "an ! minimis!d y: ;r!;h!at "ra"@ing "an ! minimis!d y: ;

&sing st!!# that has '!ry #o imp&rity #!'!#s&sing st!!# that has '!ry #o imp&rity #!'!#s

'ario&s /ormas ha'! !!n d!'!#op!d to r!#at! s!nsiti'ity to'ario&s /ormas ha'! !!n d!'!#op!d to r!#at! s!nsiti'ity to

"ra"@ing to #!'!#s o/ imp&riti!s"ra"@ing to #!'!#s o/ imp&riti!s

/or parti"ar#y s!nsiti'! st!!#s (&s&a##y thos! ith high!r/or parti"ar#y s!nsiti'! st!!#s (&s&a##y thos! ith high!rGanadi&m) !ns&r! that: ;Ganadi&m) !ns&r! that: ;


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3-enched 1 Te!pered %teels3-enched 1 Te!pered %teels

% T TEEL% T TEEL

t!!#s that ar! str!ngth!n!d y rapid "oo#ing /rom an !#!'at!dt!!#s that ar! str!ngth!n!d y rapid "oo#ing /rom an !#!'at!dt!mp!rat&r! (*&!n"hing)t!mp!rat&r! (*&!n"hing)

%&!n"hing t!mp!rat&r! d!p!nds on st!!# "omposition &t typi"a##y%&!n"hing t!mp!rat&r! d!p!nds on st!!# "omposition &t typi"a##y

Q00XCQ00XC

t!!#s ar! '!ry strong in th! *&!n"h!d "ondition &t d&"ti#ity andt!!#s ar! '!ry strong in th! *&!n"h!d "ondition &t d&"ti#ity and

to&ghn!ss &s&a##y too #o /or any app#i"ationto&ghn!ss &s&a##y too #o /or any app#i"ation

T!mp!ring r!d&"!s th! as;*&!n"h!d str!ngth and gi'!s >&sa#!?T!mp!ring r!d&"!s th! as;*&!n"h!d str!ngth and gi'!s >&sa#!?

d&"ti#ity and to&ghn!ssd&"ti#ity and to&ghn!ss

T!mp!ring t!mp!rat&r!s typi"a##y 550 to thro&gh; hard!ning?


38/42



T#i%a! M%*ani%a! Pr$#rtisSTEE TPE Si Mn r M$ Ni N, i!+ : 02;PS


39/42



E[-=PLE o/ % T TEELE[-=PLE o/ % T TEEL

M%*ani%a! Pr$#rtis

STEE TPE Si Mn r M$ Ni N, N

Ot*r

i!+ : 02;PS


40/42



E[-=PLE o/ % T TEELE[-=PLE o/ % T TEEL

T#i%a! *'i%a! $'#$siti$n T#i%a! M%*ani%a! Pr$#rtis 25''=

STEE TPE

Si Mn r M$ Ni N, Ti A! Ot*r

i!+:02;PS

(ma? 0005 > 900 940 ( 1110 16

%:. 960 (020

+050

+160

(

070

(

070

(

20

+004

+006

+004

+0018

" (min 00015> (ma? 0005 > 960 980 (1150 16

%:. 1100 (021

+050

+140

(

080

(

070

(

30

+004

+008

+002

+0020

" (min 00015> (ma? 0005 > 1100 1250 ( 1550 12

%:. is a reistered rade "ame o@ ##'> ?e,osund

*'i%a! %$'#$siti$ns an+ tnsi! #r$#rtis $) s$' HSA st!s &s+ )$r str&%t&ra! a##!i%ati$ns


41/42



W!#ding o/ % T t!!#sW!#ding o/ % T t!!#s

-##oying additions &s!d to a"hi!'! str!ngth!ning a#so i##-##oying additions &s!d to a"hi!'! str!ngth!ning a#so i##gi'! hard!ning o/ th! -Ugi'! hard!ning o/ th! -U

igh!r -U hardn!ss gi'! high!r ris@ o/ "ra"@ing and th!igh!r -U hardn!ss gi'! high!r ris@ o/ "ra"@ing and th!

n!!d to a#ays &s! #o ydrog!n !#ding pro"!ss!s andn!!d to a#ays &s! #o ydrog!n !#ding pro"!ss!s and

a#so th! n!!d to &s! pr!;h!at /or most grad!sa#so th! n!!d to &s! pr!;h!at /or most grad!s

igh!r -U hardn!ss &s&a##y m!an that many o/ th!s!igh!r -U hardn!ss &s&a##y m!an that many o/ th!s!

st!!#s r!*&ir! PWT to impro'! r!sistan"! to ritt#!st!!#s r!*&ir! PWT to impro'! r!sistan"! to ritt#!

/ra"t&r!/ra"t&r!

Car!/ "ontro# o/ h!at inp&t ; not too high ; may !Car!/ "ontro# o/ h!at inp&t ; not too high ; may !

n!!d!d /or som! st!!# typ!s to a'oid so/t!ning o/ th! -Un!!d!d /or som! st!!# typ!s to a'oid so/t!ning o/ th! -U

and #oss o/ str!ngthand #oss o/ str!ngth 3or th! high!st str!ngth grad!s th!r! may ! di\"ty in3or th! high!st str!ngth grad!s th!r! may ! di\"ty in

a"hi!'ing mat"hing str!ngth !#d m!ta# that has gooda"hi!'ing mat"hing str!ngth !#d m!ta# that has good

to&ghn!ss and d&"ti#ityto&ghn!ss and d&"ti#ity


42/42

*re?$eat 1 Interpass Te!perat-re*re?$eat 1 Interpass Te!perat-re

Pr!;!at T!mp!rat&r!Pr!;!at T!mp!rat&r!

-pp#i!d to r!d&"! ris@ o/ "ra"@ing ; h!#ps to a##o to-pp#i!d to r!d&"! ris@ o/ "ra"@ing ; h!#ps to a##o to

!s"ap! /rom th! !#d oint and "an r!d&"! hardn!ss o/ -U!s"ap! /rom th! !#d oint and "an r!d&"! hardn!ss o/ -U

/or som! st!!#s/or som! st!!#s

Pr!;h!at t!mp!rat&r! shod ! "h!"@!d on oth sid!s o/Pr!;h!at t!mp!rat&r! shod ! "h!"@!d on oth sid!s o/

th! oint at a distan"! o/ at #!ast

Documents

Cswip 3.2 Presentations